holt, rinehart and winston p sychology principles in practice read a day in the life answer these...
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HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON1
PSYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
•Read A Day in the Life•Answer these questions for Task #2
• What is the sum of 363 and 499• You found Brand A soup in aisle 10, how will you
find Brand B?• College X and college Y both offer you a
scholarship, how will you choose each one?
Bell Work
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON2
PSYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
Chapter 8THINKING AND LANGUAGE
Section 1: What Is Thinking?
Section 2: Problem Solving
Section 3: Reasoning
Section 4: Decision Making and Judgment
Section 5: Language
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Chapter 8
Motivator “Dog”
Form a mental picture of this word What did you come up with?
You just illustrated the 3 units of thought Symbols, concepts, prototypes
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Chapter 8
Task #2 and 3
#3: Write down the T/F from pg. 178 #4: PQ4R Section 1: Based on the its initial
Title…..hint……… should be 4 ?’s You should be able to answer these questions later
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Thinking is……
1. thinking is the mental activity that is involved in the understanding, processing, and communicating of information. Made possible through the use of symbols, concepts, and prototypes.
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Chapter 8
Question: What are the three units of thinking?
THREE UNITS OF THOUGHT SYMBOLS – objects or acts that stand for something
else CONCEPTS – mentally grouping together objects,
events, or ideas that have similar characteristics such as dogs, horses, etc.
PROTOTYPES – examples of concepts that best exemplify that concept
Section 1: What Is Thinking?
Example
Example
Example
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Chapter 8
Question: What are the three units of thought?
Thinking Symbols Concepts Prototypes
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Chapter 8
Lesson Closing
Go over Thinking about Psychology Answers Task #5: Read/Respond to Case Study Reading
in back of room Keep this packet in your folder
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Chapter 8
US Flag: What do the stars and stripes mean?
Home
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Chapter 8
What are all of these?
Home
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Chapter 8
When you hear the word “Paper” what do you think of?
Home
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Chapter 8
Bell Work Get books/folders Task #6 Solve problems A-E of Figure 8.1 on
pg. 180 Go over answer to A
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Chapter 8
Task #7: PQ4R Section 2
What is problem solving? What are Algorithms and Heuristics? What are some Problem solving methods?
4 More Questions
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Chapter 8
What are Algorithms and Heuristics
Algorithms: a specific procedure that, when used properly and in the right circumstances, will always lead to the solution of a problem. Ex: formulas.
Heuristics: rules of thumb that often, but not always, help us find the solution to a problem. They are shortcuts. Ex: C_ _ FF (cliff)
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Chapter 8
Problem Solving Methods: 9’oclock partners
Trial/Error Difference Reduction Means-End Analysis Working Backward Analogies
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Chapter 8
What is Insight/Incubation?
Insight: coming to understanding suddenly incubation effect: When we arrive at the
solution to a problem when we have not been consciously working on the problem. Ex: taking a break from math problem then suddenly coming up with the solution.
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mental set: the tendency to respond to a new problem with an approach that was successfully used with similar problems. Can sometimes solve a problem, can sometimes cause a problem
functional fixedness: is the tendency to think of an object as being useful only for the function that the object is usually used for.
What are some obstacles to solving Problems
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Chapter 8
What is meant by creativity and problem solving? (popcorn)
convergent thinking: though is limited to available facts, one tries to narrow thinking to find the single best solution.
divergent thinking: one associates more freely to the various elements of a problem. One follows leads that run in various directions; perhaps one that will lead to the solution unexpectedly.
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Chapter 8
Question: What steps can be used to solve problems?
THE ABCDEs OF PROBLEM SOLVING Assess the problem Brainstorm approaches to the problem Choose the approach that seems most likely to work Do it – try the most likely approach Evaluate the results
Section 2: Problem Solving
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Chapter 8
Lesson Closing
Look @ figure 8.6 to solution C-E
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Chapter 8
Bell Work
Task #8: Attempt to problem solve Figure 8.3 on pg. 186 Will Draw example of answer on board
Task #9 Complete thinking about psychology pg. 188
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Chapter 8
Task #10: PQ4R Section 3
What is reasoning? 2 more ?s
Read entire section
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Chapter 8
Key Vocabulary
Reasoning Use of information to reach conclusions
Premise An idea or statement that provides the basic
information that allows us to draw conclusions
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Chapter 8
Question: How do deductive reasoning and inductive reasoning differ?
DEDUCTIVE AND INDUCTIVE REASONING DIFFER 9. Deductive Reasoning – a conclusion is arrived at by
reasoning from a general principle to a specific conclusion 10. Inductive Reasoning – a conclusion is arrived at by
reasoning from many specific observations to a general principle
11. confirmation bias: tendency to prove, or confirm, one’s hypothesis rather than disprove it.
Section 3: Reasoning
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Chapter 8
Examples
Deductive All Men are Mortal Spiderman is a man Therefore Spiderman is
Mortal All apples are a fruit Fruit grow on trees So, all apples grow on
trees
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Chapter 8
Lesson Closing
Task #11: Complete Thinking about Psychology on Pg. 191
Answer Task #9 as class Work on Projects
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Chapter 8
Bell work Task #12: PQ4R Section 4 What strategies can be used in Decision
making? 4 more ?s
Go over Answers to Task #11
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Chapter 8
Question: What strategies can be made in decision making?
STRATEGIES IN DECISION MAKING Weighing the Pluses and Minuses – choosing among
goals or courses of action to reach goals by using a balance sheet
Shortcuts in Decision Making and Judgment – use heuristics or shortcuts
The Framing Effect (read)– refers to a way in which wording affects decision making
Section 4: Decision Making and Judgment
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Chapter 8
Question: What strategies can be made in decision making?
HEURISTICS OR SHORTCUTS Representativeness Heuristic – making decisions about a
sample according to the population that the sample appears to represent
Availability Heuristic – making a decision on the basis of information that is available in the immediate consciousness
Anchoring Heuristic – making a decision based on certain ideas or standards that a person holds and which hold an anchor for the person
Section 4: Decision Making and Judgment
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Chapter 8
What is Over-Confidence? People tend to have too much confidence in their
decisions, right or wrong Reasons
Unaware of how flimsy evidence isPay attention to ex.’s that confirm, ignore those that do notTend to bring about things they believe in
Studying for a test when you think you are capable of an A if you do
Section 4: Decision Making and Judgment
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Chapter 8
Lesson Closing Watch part of video: Thinking and Language
Finish it tomorrow Test Monday
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Chapter 8
Bell Work Task #13: Thinking bout Psych. Pg.194 Finish Video Test Monday
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Chapter 8
Task #14
PQ4R Section 5 5 ?s
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Chapter 8
What is Language and its components?
The communication of ideas through symbols that are arranged according to rules of grammar
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Chapter 8
Question: What are the basic elements of language?
BASIC ELEMENTS OF LANGUAGE Phonemes – basic sounds of a language Morphemes – units of meaning in language Syntax – way in which words are arranged to
make phrases and sentences
Section 5: Language
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Chapter 8
What are Semantics Semantics (Read aloud)
Study of word meaning Involves the relationship b.t. languages and the things
depicted in language
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Chapter 8
What are the Stages of Language Dev.? Crying, cooing, and Babbling
Most effective form of expression for newborns Similar World wide up to 9-10 months
Words, Words, Words Beginning of word formation and TRUE language 18 months = 24 words Overextension: Extending meanings to refer to things they don’t yet have
words for
Dev. Of Grammar (Read aloud) Age development gradually leads to the increase of words in a sentences to
convey their meaning Over-regularization: applying normal rules to all words
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Chapter 8
How do we learn language?
Hereditary Influences (LAD) Language acquisition device which people
believe we have the natural tendency to acquire language
Environmental Influences Children learn language in part, by observing and
imitating other people
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Chapter 8
What is Bilingualism? Bilingualism
Ability to speak more than one language The earlier a child starts on another language the better
as research supports
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Chapter 8
Lesson Closing Task #14
Exploring Diversity Answer: pg. 197 Task #15: Case Study: Answer pg. 200 Task #16: Time to work on Monday
Thinking bout Psych: pg. 201