holy cross college (autonomous), tiruchirappalli-2...

1

HOLY CROSS COLLEGE (AUTONOMOUS), TIRUCHIRAPPALLI-2

DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY (2016-2017)

M.Sc. ZOOLOGY: SEMESTER I

(For the candidates admitted from 2016 onwards)

MAJOR CORE 1: FUNCTIONAL MORPHOLOGY OF INVERTEBRATES AND

CHORDATES

Hours/Week:5 Code:P16ZO1MCT01

Credits: 5 Marks:100

OBJECTIVE:

Student learns the functional morphology of invertebrates and chordates

UNIT I

Nutrition: Nutrition in Protozoan, Sponges, Coelenterates and Platyhelminthes - Filter

Feeding in Polychaetes and Mollusca.

Digestive System: Teeth-structure and functions-Dentition in mammals, alimentary canal and associated glands-their histophysiology in mammal.

UNIT II

Respiration: Respiratory organs – Gills, gill book, book lungs, parapodia, trachea, water

vascular system with reference to respiration. Pulmonary respiration in a mammal

Accessory respiratory organs in fishes and birds.

Excretion:Excretory organs & Excretory products in invertebrates and Chordates

UNIT III

Circulatory system - Circulation in Invertebrates – open and closed system. Circulatory System: Evolution of heart and aortic arches and venous system. Circulation in

mammal

UNIT IV

Nervous System : Primitive types - Coelenterates, Echinoderms and Hemichordates.

Advanced types - Nervous system and Learning in Cephalopods.

Nervous System in Mammals - Morphology of the neuron, structure of brain and spinal

cord, cranial nerves; autonomic nervous system. Extra sensory organs.

UNIT V

Chemical Co-ordination: Hormones and neurohormones -Endocrine regulation in annelids

and Molluscs .

Pheromones and Allelochemicals.

Reproduction: Asexual reproduction in Protozoans and Polychaetes.. Anatomy of male and female reproductive systems in Vertebrates.Oviparity , ovo-viviparity

and viviparity in vertebrates. Parental cares in vertebrates.

TEXT BOOK: Barrington, E.J.W. (1979): “Invertebrate Structure and Function”, II Edn. The

English Language Book Society and Nelson.

Thangamani A., Prasannnakumar,S., Narayan,L.M., Arumugam.N.(2007) Animal

diversity Vol.2 Chordata. Saras Publication.

2

REFERENCE BOOKS: Alfred, K. (1967): “Invertebrate Zoology”. Interscience Publishers. New York-

London- Sydney.

Barnes, R.D. (1982): “Invertebrate Zoology” IV Edn. Holt-Saunders International Edition.

Carter, G. S. (1961): “A general Zoology of Invertebrates”. Sidgwick and Jackson Limited. London

Cleveland P. Hickman (1973): “Biology of the Invertebrates”. II Edn. The C.V.

Mosby Company, Saint Louis.

Jordan & Verma (2006) Invertebrate Zoology , Chand & Co.

3


M.Sc. ZOOLOGY SEMSTER- I


MAJOR CORE 2: MOLECULAR AND HUMAN GENETICS

Hours/Week: 5 Code: P16ZO1MCT02

Credit: 5 Marks: 100

OBJECTIVE

Students learn the genetic basis of microbes, basic recombination technology and its

mechanisms, control of gene expressions, molecular basis of human chromosomes,

Karyotyping and its techniques, inherited metabolic disorders and genetic counseling.

UNIT I

Development of molecular Genetics.Role of Bacteria,Virus,C.elegans. Bacterial

conjugation – determining linkage from interrupted mating, mechanics of gene

transfer.Mapping the E. coli chromosome, gradient of transfer, determining gene orderand

fine structure analysis. Bacterial transformation.Bacteriophage genetics – phage cross –

circularity of T2 genetic map –Temperate phage - genetic basis of lysogeny.

Transduction – transducing phages, types, linkage data.

UNIT II

MutationTypes- Lethal,conditional,biochemical, loss of function, gain of function,

Germinal versus somaticmutants .

Molecular basis Errors in DNA replication – transition,transversion, deletion,

duplication, frame shift. Spontaneous lesions – depurination, deamination,oxidatively

damaged bases. Induced mutations – base analogs,mispairing, intercalating agents,

insertional mutagenesis, photoproducts.

Mutation detecting systems-AME‟s test – fluctuation test, SCE(sister chromatid

exchange)

UNIT III

Control of gene expression

Basic control circuits – lac operon system - negative control , positive control,dual control

and arabinose and tryptophan operon models

Gene regulation in eukaryotes – cis and trans controlling mechanisms , steroid hormones

in gene regulation. Haemoglobin , heat shock proteins – feed back inhibition.

Genetic basis of cancer Mutations of proto-oncogenes, mutations of tumour suppressor

genes –p53 gene, retinoblastoma and RBb gene, breast cancer and gene BRCAI and

retroviruses.

UNIT IV

Human Genetics Human chromosome complement, karyotype preparation, chromosome

banding,chromosome painting ,Outline of Human Genome Project and its significance.

Chromosome mapping, Genetic linkage maps Physical map – LOD score for linkage

testing , physical maps.

4

DNA fingerprinting – method and applications, single locus DNA profiling , multiplex

STR – PCR,Y – STR and mtDNA typing.

Gene therapy: Types, sites of gene therapy, protocol, gene therapy against cancer.

ADA, cystic fibrosis, future and ethical issues.

UNIT V

Metabolic disorders

Genetic defects of Carbohydrate metabolism – diabetes, galactosemia , glycogen storage

disease , G6PD deficiency.

Genetic disorders of Protein metabolism -thalassemia, sickle cell anemia, PKU.

Genetic disorders of lipid metabolism - Hyperlipemia, hypercholesterolaemia, Taysachs.

Wilson‟s disease, cystic fibrosis.

Diseases of nucleic acid metabolism – Gout ,Lesch Nyhan‟s syndrome , ADA deficiency.

Pharmocogenetics – primaquine sensitivity, favism.

Genetic counseling

Tools involved - Medical diagnosis, pedigree analysis, estimating risks – the age of 35

threshold, genetic screening.

Prenatal diagnosis -Fetoscopy, radiography, ultrasonography, obtaining sample –

amniocentesis, CVS , Triple test, AFP test and FISH.

Management of genetic disorders- surgical, drug therapy,replacement therapy & gene

therapy.

REFERENCE BOOKS:

Alice Marcus (2009) Genetics, MJP Publishers, Chennai. Bhatnager, et al., (1986) Essentials of Human Genetics. Orients Longman Ltd.

Griffith, et al., (1993) An introduction to Genetic Analysis. V Ed., Freeman and

Company.

Holland, B. and Kyriacou, C., (1993) Genetics and Society. Addison – Wesley.

Jocelyn, E.K., Elliot, S. G., Stephen, T. K. (2014). Lewin‟s Genes XII. Jones and

Bartlett India Pvt. Ltd. Mange, E.J. and Mange, A.P., (1999) Basic Human Genetics. II Ed., Sinaues associates,

Massachusetts.

Niyogi, A.K. and Srivastava, H.C. (1985) Human genetics – Principles and Practice.

Allied Publishers.

Primrose, S.B and Twyman, R.M. (2006). Principles of Gene Manipulation & Genomics, 8

thedition.Blackwell Publishing.

Richi, L., (1994) Human Genetics. WCB Publishers

5

HOLY CROSS COLLEGE (AUTONOMOUS) TIRUCHIRAPPALLI-2

M. Sc. ZOOLOGY: SEMESTER I


MAJOR CORE 3: MOLECULAR BIOLOGY


Credit: 4 Marks:100

OBJECTIVE

The students understand and learn the molecular mechanisms underlying cell cycle, DNA

replication, transcription and translation. Gain insight into principles of membrane transport,

protein sorting and vesicular transport.

UNIT I

Nucleosomes, Sequence organization of eukaryotic DNA, the law of DNA constancy, C-

value paradox, Denaturation- renaturation kinetics, DNA modification, Gene amplification,

Overlapping genes, Transposable elements – Drosophila – p element – plant two-component

signaling systems. DNA rearrangement.

UNIT II The cell cycle, DNA replication – semi conservative, discontinuous-Bi-directional, enzymes

of DNA replication, replication of eukaryotic chromosomes, unscheduled DNA replication,

DNA repair mechanisms.

UNIT III

Transcription of genetic information: Transcription – promoters, enhancers, silencers ,inducer

and repressor- mechanism of transcription in prokaryotes and eukaryotes – capping,

polyadenylation, splicing, spliceosome, introns, exons, RNA polymerases; Processing of

rRNA – ribozyme, mRNA. DNA – RNA hybridization, ribonucleoproteins, transcription factors, transcription regulators – zinc finger, POU, helix-loop-helix, leucine zipper.

UNIT IV

The ribosome and translation of genetic information: Genetic code, ribosome substructure –

ribosome and protein synthesis – translational and post-translational control mechanisms-

comparison of protein synthesis between prokaryotes and eukaryotes, anti-sense RNA -

Protein sequencing methods, detection of post translation.

UNIT V

Principle of membrane transport – membrane receptors, second messenger system-MAP-

kinase pathway, carrier proteins, active transport, ion channels, signaling from plasma membrane to nucleus - Intracellular compartments and protein sorting – transport of

molecules in and out of nucleus, signal hypothesis - Vesicular traffic in secretory and

endocytic pathways, transport from endoplasmic reticulum through Golgi to lysosome from

plasma membrane via endosomes.

TEXT BOOKS:

DeRobertis, E. D. P. and DeRobertis, E. M. F. (2008) Cell and Molecular Biology VIII

Ed. Lea andFebger International Ed, Philadelphia.

Darner, J., Lodish, H., & Baltimore, D. (2013) Molecular CellBiology.II Ed. W, H, Freeman & Company, New York

6

REFERENCE BOOKS:

Kleinsmith, L. J. & Kish, V. M. (1995) Principles of Cell Molecular Biology.Harper

Collins College Publishers, New York .

Malaeinskii, G, M. & Freifelder, D., (2013) Essentials of Molecular Biology. Jones and

Bartlett Publishers. Boston.

Watson, J. D., Hopkins, N. H., Robertis, J.W., (2007) Molecular Biology of the Gene.

The Benjamin / Cummings Publishers, Boston.

Weaver, F. Robert. (2009) Molecular Biology. WCB / McGraw Hill,Boston.

Geoffrey.M.Cooper (2013) The Cell: Molecular Approach VI Ed, Sinauer Associates, Inc.

Sunderland USA.

7

HOLY CROSS COLLEGE (AUTONOMOUS) TIRUCHIRAPALLI-2

M. Sc. ZOOLOGY - SEMESTER I


MAJOR CORE 4: BIOSTATISTICS AND STATISTICAL PACKAGE FOR SOCIAL

SCIENCES (SPSS) (Theory cum Lab)


Credits:4 Marks:100

OBJECTIVE

Student understands the scope of collection and classification of data in biology. They learn

the different ways of presenting data. They understand the application of various tools to

design an experiment, interpret and make decisions on the data collected. The students learn

to use statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) to enter, edit and analyse data by

applying different tests. They learn to interpret data and to apply the knowledge in their

future research.

UnitI

Definition; Scope of Biostatistics, Variables in biology; Population and sampling, sampling

distribution; Difference between parametric and non – parametric statistics; Data Collection,

Classification, Tabulation. Introduction to Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) for

windows. Variable naming on SPSS –data entry, Analysis of data – Formulation of frequency

tables.

Unit II

Measures of central tendency – Mean, Median, and Mode; Measures of dispersion – Range,

quartile deviation, mean deviation and standard deviation; Skewness and kurtosis;

Diagrammatic representation – Bar and pie chart , histogram, frequency polygon, Frequency

Curve , Logarithmic curves,Scatter plot and line graphs.

Unit III

Correlation – Types, methods – Graphic, mathematical- Pearson‟s correlation co-efficient,

Rank correlation co-efficient, Regression – Simple linear regression, regression equation and

regression line.

Unit IV

Elements of probability – Probability distribution – Binomial, Poisson, Normal, Tests of

significance – hypothesis testing- Type I and Type II error, level of significance. Student ‟t‟

test - One sample„t‟ test, Independent sample and Paired„t‟ test.

Unit V

Chi – square; Application of chi-square test. Chi-square test for Goodness of Fit; Test for

Independence of Attributes.

F‟ test – Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) – One way ANOVA – Two way analysis of variance -

Introduction to Multivariate statistics.

Note: Students will work out problems using SPSS package at the time of examination.

8

REFERENCE BOOKS

STATISTICS

Bailey, N.T. J. (1959).Statistical Method in Biology.The English Language book society and

English University Press Ltd.,

Ipsen, J. and Feigl, ,P. (1970). Bancroft‟s Introduction to Biostatistics. Harper and

RowPublishers, New York, London.

Robert L.Miller John Maltby& Co., (2002). SPSS for Social Scientists.Palcrave Macmillan,

New York.

Snedecor, G. W. & William, G. (1975).Statistical Methods.Harvard University, Oxford &

IBH Publication Co., Calcutta. Bombay, New Delhi.

Sokal, R, and James, F.R. (1973).Introduction to Bio-statistics, W.H. Freeman &Company,

Toppan company, Ltd., Tokyo, Japan.

SPSS

Einspruch, E. L. (2004) Next steps with SPSS. Sage Publications, International educational

and Professional Publisher, Thousand Oaks, London, New Delhi.

Mille , R. L. , Ciaran, A., Fullerton, D. A. and Maltby, J. (2002). SPSS for social scientists

(Version 9, 10, 11).Consultant editor- Jo.Campling,publishersPalgrave MacMillon

(UK.USA) Printed in China

Rajathi, A. and Chandran, P. (2010) SPSS for You. MJP Publishers, Chennai.

9

HOLY CROSS COLLEGE (AUTONOMOUS), TRICHIRAPPALLI-2



MAJOR CORE 5: PRACTICAL I: INVERTEBRATA, CHORDATA,

GENETICS, MICROBIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Hour/Weeks: 6 Code: P16ZO1MCP05

Credit: 4 Marks:100

OBJECTIVE:

Students learn the skills of performing experiments, analyzing the results and discussing the

observations.

Preparation of solutions: Molarity, Normality, Percentage - Calculation of Moles,

micromoles, nano moles, ppm

INVERTEBRATA

Identification and study of sections of coelenterates, Aschelminthes & Annelids to

understand the different types of coelom.

Identification and study of organisms to the type of feeding a) Chaetopterus and b)

Mytilus

Identification and mounting with a suitable diagram of the different types of appendages

in Prawn.

Relationship between the structure and function of a) Parapodia b) Gills c) Green glands

d) Flame cells e) Organs of a) Mechanoreception and b) Photoreception. Identification of

organism and relating it to its physiological importance a) Pila b) Cephalopods

Dissection of neuro-endocrine complex in Cockroach.

Identification and relating the type of reproduction in Protozoans & Polychaetes.

CHORDATA

Relationship between the structre and function of a) skin and its derivatives(scales,nails

and horn) b) Skull of Rabbit c) Dentition in mammals d) Neuron.

Identification and study of accessory respiratory organs in fishes and birds.

Flag label the parts of displayed Arterial and Venous system of Rat.

Relationship of the organism to the type of egg laying.

Identification of given animal for its parental care.

GENETICS

Survey of Mendelian Traits

Salivary gland chromosomes

Pedigree analysis, Human karyotyping, Syndromes, Barr body identification

Polyploidy induction in onion root tip

Mitotic chromosome of mice

Data collection and calculation of gene and genotype frequencies for dominant, recessive and multiple alleles based on Hardy-Weinberg law

MICROBIOLOGY

Preparation of microbiological media- basic media and differential media.

Staining methods: Simple, Negative, acid fast, Gram staining, spore staining.

Motility determination – Hanging drop method.

Culture techniques – Pure culture

10

Determination of microbial growth by turbidometric methods, Study of bacterial

growth curve

Identification of microbes- Colony and Biochemical characteristics,

Antibiotic sensitivity assay

Determination of MIC for antimicrobial chemicals

Isolation of genomic DNA from E.coli.

Isolation of plasmid DNA from bacterial cells by Alkaline Lysis method.

MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Isolation of mitochondria. Site Directed Mutagenesis, UV mutagenesis-DNA repair mechanism.

Models - DNA replication, DNA transcription and protein synthesis

A record of lab work shall be submitted at the time of practical examinations.

11




MAJOR ELECTIVE 1: GENERAL &APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY

Hours/Week: 4 Code: P16ZO1MET01

Credits: 4 Marks: 100

OBJECTIVE

The students learn the microbial diversity, culture and control of microorganisms, microbial

pathogens, industrial fermentation and role of microbes in environmental protection.

UNIT I

History and scope of Microbiology – Contribution of Louis Pasteur, Robert Koch and

Alexander Flemming - Classification of microorganisms – Whittaker‟s five kingdom concept.

Salient features of Mycoplasma, Chlamydiae, Rickettisae,Actinomycetes and fungi. Detailed

structure of virus (HIV and T4 phage), Lytic and lysogenic cycle, structure of bacteria with

special reference to cell wall, flagella, pilus, capsule.

UNIT II

Culture of aerobic and anaerobic microorganisms - bacterial growth, nutritional requirements

and nutritional types, conditions of growth, types of culture media, growth curve,

measurement of growth and methods of maintenance of culture. Identification of Bacteria -

biochemical identification of bacteria -IMVIC test, molecular identification of bacteria, fungi

and viruses.

UNIT III

Microbial diseases of farm and domestic animals, control of microorganisms –

antimicrobial physical agents, chemical agents -antibiotics and other antimicrobial drugs –

selective toxicity, mode of action, mechanism of drug resistance.

UNIT IV

Industrial microbiology – basic design of fermenter, types of fermenter, organisms used and

conditions of fermentation. Fermentation or production of ethyl alcohol, antibiotic- penicillin

and enzymes- protease.

Food microbiology - food spoilage and food preservation, fermented foods, probiotics and

prebiotics.

UNIT V

Microbiome – Animal(Domestic) and Human microbiome .Microbes of air, water,

soil.Symbiotic and asymbiotic nitrogen fixation, biofertilizers – mass production, advantages

and disadvantages. Bioremediation of metals, oil – superbug and pesticides – bioleaching.

Quorum sensing and bacterial chemotaxis.

12

TEXT BOOKS:

Lansing.M.Prescott (2002) ,Microbiology,V Ed.Mcgraw Hill Science.

Pelczer, M. J. and Reid, R. D. (1990).Microbiology.McGraw Hill Book Company, New

York

REFERENCE BOOKS:

Ananthanarayanan, R. and JeyaramPaniker, C. K. (2010). Textbook of Microbiology.

Orient Longman limited, Madras.

Atlas, M., Ronald. (2013). Principles of Microbiology. II Ed. WCB McGraw Hill,

Boston.

Black, G., Jacquelyn (1996).Microbiology – Principles and Applications III. Ed. Prentice

Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jercy.

Casida, L. E. (1999). Industrial Microbiology. New Age International Publishers, New

Delhi.

Creager, J. C., Black J.D., Davison V. E. (1990). Microbiology – Principles and

Applications . Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey.

Dubey, R. C. and Maheshwari, D.K.(2014). A Text book of Microbiology. S. Chand and

Company Ltd.

Joanne, M., Linda,W., Sherwood,M. and Christopher, J. W.(2014). Prescott‟s Microbiology,

VIII Ed. McGrawHill International, Boston.

Stainer, R .Y., Ingraham, J. L., Wheelis, M. L. and Painter, P.R. (2008) General

Microbiology, Macmillan, London.

Talaro, P. K. and Talaro, A. (2009).Foundations in Microbiology III Ed. WCB McGraw

Hill, Boston.

McNeil and Harvey, L. M. (1990). Fermentation. Blackwell Scientific Publication .

13




MAJOR ELECTIVE 1 : SERICULTURE



OBJECTIVE:

To infuse sound knowledge about the silkworm, their economic importance and diseases and

to disseminate Sericulture as a need - based curriculum.

UNIT -I:

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND SILKWORM BIOLOGY :Prospects and status - Silk

producing species - their distribution - Bombyxmori - life cycle - organization of larvae,

pupae and moth - structure of the silk gland.

UNIT-II:

MORICULTURE : Mulberry - varieties - distribution – methods of cultivation and preparation -

Harvest - Transport and preservation of leaves. Feeding and nutrition - specificity of diet - Factors

of nutrition - Diet and growth. Pest and diseases.

UNIT-III:

SILKWORM REPRODUCTION AND GENETICS: Reproduction - Growth and

Development of silkworms - Physiology of molting in different varieties (Uni, bi and

multivoltine) - Endocrinology of reproduction and development. Genetics - mutation

breeding and development of new strains.

UNIT-IV:

PATHOGENIC DISEASES AND PEST: Pathology - Viral, bacterial, fungi and protozoan

diseases - control mechanisms. Uzifly menace.

UNIT-V:

SILKWORM REARING AND SILK REELING: Rearing operations - Selection and

construction of rearing house. Incubation – Hatching – breeding, Harvesting etc., Reeling, Re-

reeling techniquestechniques - lacing skinning. Re-reeling.

REFERENCE BOOKS

Eikichi, H. (1999). Silkworm Breeding (Translated from Japanese). Oxford & IBH

Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.

Ganga, G. (2003). Comprehensive Sericulture Vol-II: Silkworm Rearing and Silk Reeling.

Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.

14

Ganga, G. and SulochanaChetty, J. (1997).An Introduction to Sericulture. Oxford & IBH


HisaoAruga. (1994). Principles of Sericulture (Translated from Japanese). Oxford & IBH


Mahadevappa, D., Halliyal, V.G., Shankar, D.G. and Bhandiwad, R., (2000). Mulberry Silk

Reeling Technology Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.

Otsuki, R. and Sato, S.(1997). Silkworm Egg Production (Translated from Japanese). Oxford

& IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.

Soo-Ho Lim, Young-Taek Kim, Sang-Poong Lee. (1990). Sericulture Training Manual -

Published by FAO - USA. Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.

Veda, K., Nagai, I. and Horikomi, M. (1997). Silkworm Rearing (Translated from Japanese).

Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.

Wu Pang-Chuan and Chen Da-Chuang.(1994). Silkworm Rearing - Published by FAO -

USA. Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.

15

HOLY CROSS COLLEGE (AUTONOMOUS) TIRUCHIRAPPALLI

M. Sc. ZOOLOGY: SEMESTER II (For the candidates admitted from 2016 onwards)

MAJOR CORE 6: DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY

Hours/Week: 5 Code:P16ZO2MCT06


OBJECTIVE

The student learns and understands the principles of polarity symmetry and process of

chemodifferentiation, and signaling pathways during development are understood. The

student also learns the mechanism of cell-cell interaction, organizer induction, and

differentiation during development, including role genes in gonadal development.

UNIT I:

Basic concepts of development:Potency,commitment,specification,induction,competence,

determination and differentiation; morphogenetic gradients; cell fate and cell lineages ; stem

cells; genomic equivalence and the cytoplasmic determinants; imprinting; mutants and

transgenics in analysis of development.

Genes contributing to gonad development – Role of SF1, WT1, SRY and SOX 9

UNIT II

Polarity, symmetry and chemodifferention of egg. Role of maternal contribution in early

embryogenesis – masked RNA

Molecular perspectives of fertilization: Recognition of egg and sperm, sperm attraction,

acrosome reaction, species –specific recognition, cortical reaction, activation of egg

metabolism, fusion of genetic material.

UNIT III

Totipotency and pleuripotency of cleavage and gastrula nuclei – nuclear transplantation

experiments in amphibians – Embryonic stem cell and its application.

Genes that pattern Drosophila body plan: morphogenetic gradients, cascades and signaling

pathways in Drosophila development – Homeo box concept and its role.

UNIT IV:

Cell-cell interaction, adhesion and communication – Organizer and induction: Spemann‟s

classical experiment, molecules of Nieukoop center – activin, noggin, BMP4, Wnt, FGF and

retinoic acid – chemistry and mechanism.Limb development in vertebrates.Post embryonic

development – larval formation, metamorphosis,Environmental regulation of development.

UNIT V:

Differentiation – definition, differentiation at tissue level - epithelio-

mesenchymal interaction, differentiation at organ level – cyclopia and acephaly, role of Hox

D gene, Hox A gene. Concept of gene knock out, abnormal differentiation – teratoma and

teratogens.Programmed cell death.

16

TEXT BOOK:

Gilbert, B. F., (2006) Developmental Biology, VIII Ed. Sinaur Associates Inc. Publishers,

Sunderland, Massachusetts USA.

REFERENCE BOOKS:

Balinsky, B.I., (1981). Introduction to Embryology. V Ed., Saunders, Toppan.

Lewis Wolpert, (2002). Principles of Development. II Ed., Oxford University Press.

Nakamura, O., &Sulo, J., (1978). Organizer - A milestone of a HalfCentury from

Spemann - Elsevier/North Holland Biomedical Press.Amsterdam.

Russo, V.E.A., Brody, S., Cove, D and Ottolenghi, S., (1992). Development. The

Molecular Genetic Approach. Springer Verlag, Berlin.

VasundaraRao (1994). Developmental Biology - A Modern Synthesis.

Oxford IBH, New Delhi.

17

HOLY CROSS COLLEGE(AUTONOMOUS)TRICHIRAPPALLI

M.Sc. ZOOLOGY: SEMESTER II


MAJORCORE 7– BIOCHEMISTRY

Hours /Week: 5 Code: P16ZO2MCT07


OBJECTIVE

The student learns and understands the chemical constituents of living matter. The student

also learns the structure, classification and metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and

nucleic acids.

UNIT I

Chemical constituents of living matter: Water- Colligative properties. Electrolytic

dissociation intocations and anions -HandersonHasselbach‟s equation

Carbohydrates: Classifications, structure and properties of mono, di and polysaccharides

(homo and polysaccharides), glycogenesis,glycogenolysis, glycolysis,Kreb‟s cycle,HMP

pathway, gluconeogenesis, glyoxylate pathway. Regulation and hormonal control of

carbohydrate metabolism.

UNIT II

Amino acids: Structure, classification and physicochemical properties of amino acids,

essential amino acids, glycogenic and ketogenic amino acids, biosynthesis and catabolism of

tyrosine.

Proteins: Classification and properties of proteins.Levels of structure in protein architecture,Enzymes:Types of Enzymes. Structure of Lysozyme, mechanism of enzyme

action,enzyme kinetics, enzyme inhibitors, coenzymes.

UNIT III

Lipids:Structure, Classification and biological significance, fatty acid, triglycerides,

compound lipids, phospholipids, sphingolipids, glycolipids, steroids and prostaglandin.

Oxidation of fatty β & γ acids, ketosis, biosynthesis of fatty acids, triglycerides and

cholesterol.

Integration of metabolism: Major metabolic pathways and control sites, key junctions –

glucose –6-PO4, pyruvate and acetyl co-A.

UNIT IV

Porphyrins:Haemoglobin synthesis, catabolism,haemoglobin as a buffer.Biological

oxidation:Oxidoreductases –cytochromes, redox potential, oxidative phosphorylation, energy

rich compounds.

Nucleic acids: Free nucleotides – structure, properties and functions of RNA and DNA,

synthesis and degradation of purine and pyrimidine. Biologically important nucleotides.

18

UNIT V

Signal transduction: Hormones and their receptors, steroid hormone receptor and gene

action. Peptide hormone receptor (cell surface receptors), signaling through G-protein

coupled receptors, signal transduction pathways, cAMP, cGMP, phosphatidyl inositol and

calcium as second messengers,insulin receptor ,regulation of signaling pathways.

TEXT BOOK:

Murray, R. K., Granner, D. K., Mayes, P. A., Rodwell, V. W. (2012) Harper‟s Illustrated

Biochemistry.29th

Edition,McGraw Hill companies.Inc .

REFERENCE BOOKS:

Jain, J.L., Sunjay Jain and Nitin Jain (2004).Fundamentals of Biochemistry, S. Chand &

Company Ltd., New Delhi.

Lehninger, A. L., Nelson, D. K., and Cox, M. M. (2010).Principles of Biochemistry.

CBS Publishers and distributors, New Delhi.

Satyanarayanan, U (2014). Essentials of Biochemistry, Uppala Author – Publisher Interlinks,

Vijayawada

Stryer, L. (2011) Biochemistry. W. H. Freeman and Company, New York.

Voet.D.,Judith, G. Voet, Charlotte W. Pratt. (2014).Fundamentals of

Biochemistry.John Wiley& Sons Inc. New York.

19

HOLY CROSS COLLEGE (AUTONOMOUS) TIRUCHIRAPPALLI – 2



MAJOR CORE 8: STEM CELL BIOLOGY



OBJECTIVE

The students understand and gain knowledge the basic concepts of stem cells - embryonic

and adult stem cells,Pleuripotency and reprogramming. The students understands the

application of stem cells in therapy. The students gets an insight into cell principles of culture

techniques.

UNIT I

Stem Cell – Overview of Stem cell Biology, Fate mapping of Stem Cells. Cell cycle control,

Checkpoints, Senescence of Dividing Somatic cells. Embryonic development - Generation

and manipulation of Mouse and Human Embryonic Stem Cells.

UNIT II

Primordial Germ cells and Germ cell development. Epigenetics and Reprogramming in

Stem Cell Biology. Molecular mechanisms of self-renewal, Pluri/multipotency and lineage

differentiation.

UNIT III

Stem cell niche in Drosophila germ line. Hematopoietic stem cells: Repopulating Patterns of

Primitive Hematopoietic Stem cells, Molecular Diversification and Developmental

Interrelationships, Lymphopoiesis and Hemangioblast.

UNIT IV

Stem cell bank-Aseptic techniques for cell culture room. Preparation of cell culture media,

cell viability assays, Cytotoxicity assays. Signal transduction pathways in normal and

diseased conditions.

UNIT V

Skin Stem cells, Neural Stem cells, Liver stem cell, Pancreatic Stem cells and Cancer stem

cells. Stem Cell treatment to diseases. Novel sources of multipotent stem cells. Ethical

issues associated with Stem Cells.

REFERENCE BOOKS:

Bruce Alberts, Dennis Bray, Julian Lewis, Martin Raff, Keith Roberts, James D.

Watson.(1994). Molecular Biology of the Cell, 3rd

Edition,ISBN -10: 0815316208

Scott F. Gillbert(2000).Developmental Biology, 6th

Edition.Sunderland(MA): Sinauer

Associates

Marshak,E.(2001)Stem Cell Biology by, Cold Spring Harbar Symposium Publication.

William J. Williams, Ernest Eeutler, Allan JU. Erslev, Marshall A. Lichtman.

(1991).Hematology4th

edition

David Clark and Nanette Pazdernik (2010) 1st Edition Elsevier.

20


M.Sc. ZOOLOGY SEMSTER II


MAJOR CORE 9: PRACTICAL II DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY,

BIOCHEMISTRY, ANIMAL CELL CULTURE TECHNIQUES, EVOLUTION,

BIOINFORMATICS & MICROTECHNIQUES

Hours/Week: 6 Code: P16ZO2MCP09


OBJECTIVE

The students learn the, observe and learn the structure and organization of cells, their

chemical composition through qualitative and quantitative estimations. Students observe the

germ cells and embryonic development of an organism.

DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY

Cell dissociation

Sperm smear preparation

Urchin development/ Zebra fish development,Hydra regeneration.

Observation of regeneration potential in tadpole

BIOCHEMISTRY

Estimations : Carbohydrates -Total free sugar, reducing sugar, glycogen.

Proteins - Total proteins, amino acids.

Lipids - Total lipids, cholesterol.

Creatinine

DNA isolation and estimation.

RNA - Estimation.

Enzyme assay -Michaelis - Menten constant.

- ( amylase / carbonic anhydrase )

Haemoglobin

Calcium.

Estimation of sodium and potassium using Flame photometer

Paper chromatography (circular and ascending )

ANIMAL CELL CULTURE TECHNIQUES

Aseptic techniques – Autoclave

Preparation of cell culture media, sera and reagents

MTT Assay for cell viability.

Counting of viable cells using Trypan Blue, AO/EtBr staining.

LDH Assay for cytotoxicity

Isolation of protein and determination of its molecular weight through SDS – PAGE.

Identification and confirmation of specific protein through Western Blotting.

21

EVOLUTION

Experimental evidences of Lamarckism (Any two)

Experimental evidences of Darwinism (Any two)

Mimicry and colouration

Convergent evolution –Flight, aquatic life, marsupials and placenta

BIOINFORMATICS

Pair wise sequence alignment- BLAST

Multiple Sequence Alignment – CLUSTALW.

Phylogenetic analysis

Sequence annotation tool- GenScan, Interpro Scan

ORF prediction tools PCR

Primer designing.

Calculation of phi – psi angles – Ramachandran Plot.

Molecular visualization tool – RASMOL, PYMOL

Model structure refinement using SPDBV.

Validation of protein structures using What Check

MICROTECHNIQUES:

Micrometry, Histology, Histochemistry of Carbohydrates, Proteins, lipids and Nucleic

acids (DNA ).

A record of lab work shall be submitted at the time of practical examinations.

22




MAJOR ELECTIVE 2: EVOLUTION AND BIOINFORMATICS

Hours/Week: 4 Code: P16ZO2METO3


Objective:

Evolution -The student understands and gain knowledge about emergence of evolutionary

thoughts and population genetics.

Bioinformatics- Student learns about the genes and genomes and the techniques involved in

their sequence and structural analysis.

Unit I:

Emergence of evolutionary thoughts:

Lamarck, Darwin – concepts of variation, adaptation, struggle for existence, fitness and

natural selection, mendelism; spontaneity of mutations; the evolutionary synthesis, origin of

cells and unicellular evolution. Origin of basic biological macromolecules; abiotic synthesis

of organic monomers and polymers; concept of Oparin and Haldane; experiment of Miller

(1953); the first cell; evolution of prokaryotes; origin of eukaryotic cells; evolution of

unicellular eukaryotes.

Unit II:

The mechanisms: Population genetics- populations, gene pool, allelic frequency; Hardy-

Weinberg law; concepts and rate of change in gene frequency through natural selection,

migration and random genetic drift; adaptive radiation and modifications; isolating

mechanisms; speciation; allopatricity and sympatricity; convergent evolution evolution:

sexual selection; co-evolution with suitable examples.

Unit III:

Genomics – Definition of genome and genome sequencing, genome map; types of genome

maps and their uses, map repositories; GDB – Genome database, NCBI- Entrez human

genome map viewer, OMIM- Online mendelian inheritance in man.

Unit IV:

Gene annotation – Structural annotation (Locating coding regions and other structural

element of the gene). Various approaches in gene prediction: ORF Prediction, gene prediction

in prokaryotes, gene prediction in eukaryotes.

Unit V:

2D Electrophoresis, Immobilized pH gradient, sample preparation, detecting protein on gel;

electro-blot, image analysis, digital imaging – spot detection and quantification, gel

matching. Data analysis – database for 2D gel. Analysis of protein sequences using ExPASY

tools and peptide mass finger print analysis using MASCOT.

23

REFERENCE BOOKS

EVOLUTION

Daniel, M. (2009). Taxonomy Evolution at Work . Narosa Publishing House. New Delhi.

Dodson, E.O. and Dodson, P.(1976). Evolution Process and product, Nostrand Company,

New York.

Dobzhansky, T., Hecht, M.K. and Steer, W.C. (1970).Evolutionary Biology. Educational

division / Meredith corporation. New York.

Durrett, R.(2004). A probability model for DNA sequence. Springer Publishing, New Delhi.

Kadar, N. and Ram, N. (2008). Organic Evolution,Rastogi Veer Bala, Meerut.

Katz, A and Debarshish , B.(2007). Genomic and evolution of microbial eukayotes.Oxford

uni. New York.

Mayr, E. (1963). Animal species and evolution.The Belkmp Press of Harvard Uni. Press,

Cambridge.

Stebbins, G.L. (1970). Processes of organic evolution. Prentice – Hall of India , Private

Limited, New Delhi.

BIOINFORMATICS

Arthur, M.L. (2007). Introduction to Genomics. Oxford Uni . Press, USA.

David, W. M. (2001). Bioinformatics sequence and Genome Analysis, Cold spring Harbor

Laboratory Press.

Jonathan , P. (2015). Bioinformatics and Functional genomics, III edition..Wiley Blackwell

Lovric, J. (2011). Introducing Proteomics: From concepts to sample separation, mass

spectrometry and data analysis .Wiley.

24




MAJOR ELECTIVE 3: ENDOCRINOLOGY

Hours/Week: 4 CODE: P16ZO2MET04


Objective:

To make the students to learn the objectives and scope of comparative endocrinology,

anatomy, morphology and histology of endocrine tissues of vertebrates, crustacean and insect

endocrine organs and their functions.

UNIT-I:

INTRODUCTION TO ENDOCRINOLOGY: Introduction, objectives and scope of

endocrinology - modern concepts and problems in Endocrinology - endocrine glands in

crustaceans, insects and vertebrates. Experimental methods of hormone research - general

classes of chemical messengers.

UNIT-II:

PITUITARY AND THYROID GLANDS Pituitary gland - characteristics, structural

organization - hormone secretion and its functions - Hypothalamic control. Thyroid gland -

structural organizations, metabolic effects of thryroid - effects on reproduction - parathyroid

its structure and functions.

UNIT-III:

PANCREAS AND ADRENAL GLANDS Structure of pancreas, pancreatic hormones and

their functions. Structural organizations of adrenals, functions of cortical and medullary

hormones.

UNIT-IV:

INSECTS AND CRUSTACEAN ENDOCRINOLOGY Concepts of neurosecretions -

endocrine systems in crustaceans - endocrine control of moulting and metamorphosis -

neuroendocrine system in insects - endocrine control of moulting - metamorphosis and

reproduction.

UNIT-V: VERTEBRATE REPRODUCTIVE ENDOCRINOLOGY

Structure of mammalian testis and ovary - male and female sex accessory organs - hormones

of testis and ovary - estrous and menstrual cycle - hormones of pregnancy - parturition -

hormonal control of lactation. Hormonal control of metamorphosis in an anuran amphibian.

REFERENCE BOOK

Barrington, E.J.W. (1985). An introduction to general and comparative

endocrinology.Claredon Press Oxford.

25

Bentley, P.J. (1985). Comparative vertebrate endocrinology, Second Edition, Cambridge

University Press. Cambridge.

Haris, G.W. and. Donovan, B.T (1968).The Pituitary Gland. S. Chand and Co.

Ingleton, P.M. and Bangara, J.T. (1986).Fundamentals of comparative vertebrate

endocrinology, Kluwer Academic Publishers.

Mac Hadley.(1992). Endocrinology, 3rd Edition.Prentice - Hall Inc. A Simon & Schuster

Company, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey. USA..

Turner, C.D. andBangara,J.T. (1986).General endocrinology.Saunders International Student

edition. Toppan Company Limited. Tokyo. .

26




MA/M.Sc/M.RSc./M.Com

NON-MAJOR ELECTIVE I: HUMAN GENETICS

Hours/Week: 5 Code: P16ZO2NMT01

Credit:3 Marks:100

OBJECTIVE: The central objectives for this course are to broaden and deepen the

knowledge and understanding of genetics and genetic principles. Specific objectives of

this course are to provide an understanding on Mendelism, Gene Structure and expression,

Sex determination and Genetic diseases.

UNIT I

Introduction to Mendelism.Mendel‟s laws in human genetics.Mendelian traits – Pedigree

analysis - Multiple alleles (ABO and Rh factor) - Polygenic inheritance.

UNIT II

Genes and Chromosomes.Human karyotype. Chromosomal abnormalities – syndromes –

Learning disabilities.

UNIT III

Sex determination –X linked inheritance, sex limited and sex influenced genes ,Y linked

inheritance , Mutation and mutagens.

UNIT IV

Genetic diseases – inborn errors of metabolism - PKU, Albinism, Alkaptonuria.Cystic

fibrosis, Diabetes and hypercholesterolemia.Consanguinous marriages. Cancer- genetic

markers (BRCA1 & 2, Rb, Cervical, Prostate), Congenital defects, Teratogens.

UNIT V

Detection of genetic diseases - RFLP, FISH, PCR, ASO probe analysis. Prenatal diagnosis- Invasive and non-invasive techniques.Diagnosis of metabolic disorders.

REFERENCE BOOKS

Alice Marcus (2010). Human Genetics.Narosa Publishing house.

Gardener, A. and Davies, T. (2010).Human Genetics (2

nd edition). Viva Books Private

limited.

Jocelyn E. Krebs, Elliot S. Goldstein, Stephen T. Kilpatrick (2014). Lewin‟s Genes XI. Jones

and Bartlett Publishers, LLC.

Mange, E.L. and Mange, A. P. (1999).Basic Human Genetics (2nd

edition).Sinauer

Associates, Inc, Publishers Sunderland, Massachusetts.

Robert.H.Tamarin (2004) Principles of Genetics (7th edition) McGraw-Hill Companies.

27


M. Sc. ZOOLOGY - SEMESTER III


MAJOR CORE 10: ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY

Hours/Week:5 Code: P16ZO3MCT10

Credit: 5 Marks:100

OBJECTIVE

Students understand the concepts of homeostasis with reference to temperature,

osmotic concentration and pressure. They also understand the physiology of digestion,

respiration, excretion and nervous coordination and receptor mechanisms. They learn the

concepts of energy transformations in nature and biological systems and their applications.

UNIT I

Homeostatic mechanisms

Thermoregulation: Temperature compensation in poikilotherms ,Temperature Regulation in

homeotherms, Physical, chemical and neural regulation. Concept of acclimation and

acclimatization.

Osmotic and ionic regulation: Response to hyperosmotic and hyposmotic media with

reference to crustaceans and fishes.

Stress and adaptations: Adaptations to pressure - High altitude , buoyancy, biological

rhythms. Jet- lag and its remedies.

UNIT II

Respiration- Comparative physiology of respiration in relation to different habitats,

transport of gases ,exchange of gases, neural and chemical regulation of respiration.

Circulation and Excretion

Blood and circulation: Blood corpuscles, haemopoiesis and formed elements, plasma

function, blood volume and its regulation and haemostasis . Comparative anatomy of heart

structure, myogenic heart, cardiac cycle, heart as a pump, blood pressure, blood volume

regulation, neural regulation, ECG - principle and significance.

Excretion: Comparative physiology of excretion in relation to different habitats, kidney -

urine formation, concentration, elimination, micturition , regulation of water balance.

UNIT III

Muscular co-ordination: Chemistry and Molecular mechanism of muscular contraction.

Nervous co-ordination: Gross anatomy of brain and spinal cord, Neuron- resting membrane

potential, action potential, propagation of action potential, interneuron transmission, Central

and peripheral nervous system - neural control of muscle tone and posture.

Receptor mechanism: Chemoreception- Chemical senses , taste and smell, Phonoreception

– Physiology of hearing, Photoreception - Photochemistry of vision.

UNIT IV

Endocrine system

Basic mechanism of hormone action - Neuro endocrine mechanism in insect growth and

reproduction.Endocrine glands: Hypothalamus, Pituitary axis, Pineal gland, Thyroid,

Parathyroid , Pancreas and adrenal – Hormones secreted, functions and disorders.

28

UNIT V

Reproductive systems

Anatomy of Human reproductive systems – Hormones secreted, physiology and regulation.

Hormone control of menstrual cycle, Pregnancy, Parturition and lactation.Disorders of ovary

– amenorrhea, dysmenorrhea, polycystic ovary syndrome, menopause, Hormonal

contraceptive agents, Hormonal replacement therapy.

Assisted Reproductive technologies (ART) – Artificial insemination, surrogate

motherhood, IVF, GIFT, ZIFT and ICSI ; Oocyte banking and donation.

TEXT BOOKS:

Hoar, W.S., (1987) General and Comparative Animal Physiology.Prentice Hall.

Prosser, C.L. and Brown (1985) Comparative Animal Physiology III Ed. W.B.

Saunders Company, Philadelphia

REFERENCE BOOKS :

Brobeck, J.R. (1973) Best and Taylors physiological basis of Medical practice. IX Edn.

Williams Wilkins Company.

Eckers, R. & Randal, D. (1987) Animal Physiology.CBS Publishers and

Distributors.

Gordon, M. S., Bartholomew, G. A., Grinnel, A. D., Jorgensen, C. B. White, F.N., (1971)

Animal Function - Principles and Adaptations. Macmillan Co. London.

Lehninger, A. L., Nelson, D.L. and Cox, M.M., (1993) Principles of Biochemistry. CBS

Publishers and Distributors.

Marieb, E.N. (2007) Essentials of Human Anatomy and Physiology. Published by

Dorling Kindersley (India)Pvt. Ltd.

Nelson, S, K. (1985) Animal Physiology - Adaptation and Environment.Cambridge

University Press.

Rastogi, S.C. (2005) Essentials of Animal Physiology IV Edn.Published by New Age

International (P) Ltd.

29



M.Sc. ZOOLOGY - SEMESTER III

MAJOR CORE 11: IMMUNOLOGY



OBJECTIVE

The course is designed to study the antigens, immunoglobulin, humoral and cell mediated

immune responses and complement activation. Students also learn about tumor immunology,

histocompatability systems, organ trasnsplantation and mechanisms of immune tolerance,

autoimmunity, hypersensitivity and inflammation. They also understand the principles of

various immunological techniques.

UNIT I

Immune System- Primary and secondary Lymphoid organs-structure and functions.

Types of Immunity – Innate, acquired, passive, active, primary, secondary, humoral and cell

mediated.

Antigens – Immunogenicity, antigenicity, Immunogens, adjuvants, epitopes, Hapten and

carrier.

Immunoglobulins– Structures, types, distribution and biological functions. Genetic basis of

Antibody diversity, Ig-class switching.Super Immunoglobulins.

UNIT II

Humoral immune response – Antigen processing & presentation –T-cell receptor, T, B cell

activation-clonal proliferation-cytokine influence-kinetics of primary and secondary immune

response-Regulation of antibody synthesis.

Cell mediated immune response- Phagocytosis, role of TC, Macrophages and NK-cells,

ADCC-influence of cytokines. Mechanism of CMI.

Complements- Mode of activation, classical and alternate pathways, Toll like receptors.

UNIT III

Major Histocompatibility (MHC) systems – Genetics organization of MHC in mouse, HLA

in man. Structure and functions of MHC molecules.

Organ transplantation – Types of Graft, allograft rejection (pathology, mechanism and

immune suppression) graft versus host reaction.

Tissue typing tests – Lymphocytotoxicity and MLR.

Tumour Immunology – Tumour antigens, immune response to tumour, immune

surveillance, immunodiagnosis, immunotherapy for the treatment of cancer (antibodies and

vaccines).

UNIT IV

Immune tolerance- Types-natural, acquired (mechanism of T &B cell) tolerance.

Autoimmunity – Theories, mechanism, disorders (organ specific and systemic).

Hypersensitivity – Types, mechanisms and disorders.

30

Immune response to-viral (HIV), bacterial (tuberculosis),parasitic (malarial) infections,

congenital (SCID, LAD and CGD) and Acquired Immuno deficiencies.

UNIT V

Hybridoma technique-Production and applications of monoclonal antibodies.

Antigen –Antibody reactions – Precipitation and agglutination.

Immunotechniques– Immunodiffusion, ELISA, RIA, Western Blot, Immuno fluorescence

antibody technology, Flow cytometry, FISH and GISH.

REFERENCE BOOKS:

Fathimunisa Begum 2014.Immunology. PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd., Delhi

Kuby, J.(2012) Immunology. W.H. Freeman & Company, New York.

Lydyard, M..Whelan ,A. and. Fanger ,M.V. (2000). Instant Notes in Immunology.

Peter Delves, Seamus Martin, Dennis Burton, Ivan Roitt, (2006), XI Edition,Roitt‟s

Essential Immunology Wiley – Blackwell publications.

Roitt, I., (2010), Essential Immunology, VI edition, Elsevier Science Publishing Company,

New York.

Tizard, I.R. (1995) Immunology-An introduction IV Ed. Saunders College Publications,

Philadelphia.

31


M. Sc. ZOOLOGY: SEMESTER III


MAJOR CORE 12: APPLIED ECOLOGY



OBJECTIVE

Student understands the concept of habitat, niche, ecosystem, natural resources, their

prospects, concepts of biodiversity and conservation. They also understand the source, effect

and control of environmental pollution, the nature of human population growth and its

limitations the application of remote sensing in ecosystem management

UNIT I

Ecological principles

Habitat & niche: Concept of habitat and nichewidth and overlap, fundamentals &realised

niche; resource partitioning, character displacement.

Community ecology: Nature of communities, community structure and attributes, levels of

species diversity and its measurement, edges ,ecotone and ecological dominance.

Ecological succession: Types, mechanism, changes involved in succession, concept of

climate and climatic changes – Chipko movement and Koyoto movement

Species interactions: Types of interactions, interspecfic competition, herbivore, carnivore,

pollination and symbiosis.

Ecosystem: Indian ecosystem – terrestrial (forest and grass land )& aquatic (fresh water,

marine & estuarine)

UNIT II

Natural resources and their conservation

Non-renewable: Minerals - their distribution and prospects; Energy , fossil fuel,

nuclear energy.

Renewable :Energy - solar , wind and tidal energy. Water - availability, consumption and

prospects in India. Forest - deforestation, afforestation in India.

Biodiversity Conservation: Principles of conservation, major approaches to management,

Indian case studies on conservation/management strategy (Tiger Project, Sanctuary and

National park, Biosphere reserves), Invasive species. Wildlife conservation & Management.

UNIT III

Air pollution: Source, pollutants and effects of CFC, ozone, acid rain - global

warming, emission standards, monitoring and control of pollution.

Water pollution : Sources, effects - sewage and industrial wastes - BOD, COD, oxygen

demanding wastes - biotechnology of waste water treatment - oxidation ponds, sewage

and culture of aquatic organisms, biogas from sewage, control standard of water -

eutrophication. Heavy metal pollution, pesticides, biomagnifications, pest outbreak, biological and

integrated pest management -biopesticides

32

Oil pollution: Coastal pollution - Oil Slicks and Spills, Post gulf war effects.Role of super

bug.

Land pollution : Solid waste accumulation, hospital waste and management. Water

logging - pollution indicators, Waste land development.Vermiculture – Introduction, vermin

culture processing and Economic importance of vermicompost.

UNIT IV

Radiation pollution: Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Chernobyl, Three Miles Island, Japan

calamity 2011

Disaster Management:

Definition, Factors and Significance; Difference between Hazard and Disaster.

Natural Disasters – Earthquakes, Volcanic Eruption, Landslides, Snow Avalanches, Floods

and Flash Floods, Cyclones, Tsunamisand Droughts

Man Made Disasters- Fires and Forest Fires. Nuclear, Biological and Chemical

disaster.Road Accidents.

Law and environmental protection: India‟s environmental laws and policy. Pollution

Control Boards - Central and State Government and NGO, International environmental

policy, Earth Summit and World Summit.

UNIT V

Population dynamics: Characteristics of a population; age structure of population,

population growth curves,Malthusian and logistic growth - r & k selection, world

human population growth, pressure of population on land, urbanization and crowding,

human carrying capacity of the earth; future of human population.

Remote sensing: Techniques involved - aerial photograph, satellite images - thermal,

infra red, radar images; ecological applications - resource exploration, pollution

monitoring, environmental impact assessment, ecorestoration, predicting natural hazards.

Space travel: life support system in space vehicle, Exobiology – space ecosystem

TEXT BOOK

Sharma, B.K. (2005). Environmental chemistry.Goel Publishing House, Meerut, 11th Edition.

Odum,E.P. (2001) Fundamentals of Ecology. IV Edition. Saunder

company,Philadelphia,London.Toppan Company, Ltd,Tokyo,Japan.

REFERENCE BOOKS:

Asthana, D. K., and Meera, A. (2001) Environment – Problems and solution. S. Chand

& Company LTD, New Delhi.

Cunninghan, P. W. and Saigo, W.B. (1999) Environmental Science. V Ed. McGraw

Hill, New York.

33

Dhawan,N.G. and Khan,A.S.(2014). Disater Management and Preparedness.(Based on the

syllabus prescribed by UGC for Disater Management Education).CBS Publishers. New

Delhi.

Edward, I. N. (1996).Applied Ecology & Environmental Management.Wiley-Blackwell; 2

edition

Goel, P.K. (1997). Water Pollution - Causes, Effects and Control. New Age

International (P) Limited Publishers

Kudesia, V.P. (1986). Air Pollution. PragatiPrakashan, Meerut.

Nobel, J., Richard, T. Wright, S. (1996) Environmental Sciences. V Edition.

Shah, S.A. (1988) Forestry for People, Indian Council of Agricultural Research -

KrishiAnusandhuBhavan, Pusa, New Delhi.

Sharma, B.K. and Kaur, H. (1997) An Introduction to Environmental Pollution. Goel

Publishing House, Meerut.

Sinha, R,K. (1996) Biodiversity - Global Concerns. Common Wealth Publishers.

http://www.amazon.com/Edward-I.-Newman/e/B001HMNLSS/ref%3Ddp_byline_cont_book_1

34


M.Sc. ZOOLOGY: SEMESTER III


MAJOR CORE 13: PRACTICAL III- ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY, IMMUNOLOGY,

APPLIED ECOLOGY, BIOTECHNOLOGY AND NANOTECHNOLOGY

Hours/Week:6 Code:P16ZO3MCP13


OBJECTIVE: Students learns the skills of performing experiments, analyzing the results

and discussing the observations.

ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY

Metabolism: Metabolic rate with reference to Partial pressure of Oxygen (PO2) and

temperature in fish (abrupt and compensatory effect).

Osmo-ionic regulation: Salt loss and Salt gain in Fish/Crab in media of different ionic

concentration.

Excretory Physiology: Quantitative estimation of Ammonia, Urea and Uric acid in terrestrial

and aquatic organisms.

Flag labeling of Neuro-endocrine system in Cockroach .

Effect of insulin / adrenaline on blood sugar

Measurement of Premenstrual tension through Blood Pressure measurement

Menstrual cycle and basal body temperature.

Ovulation test using human saliva.

IMMUNOLOGY

Preparation of erythrocyte and protein antigens, Immunization, Blood sampling method and

sampling antisera. Natural haemagglutination . Double Immunodiffusion. Single Radial

Immunodiffusion.Immuno electrophoresis.Complement mediated haemolysis.

ELISA – Demonstration. Immunodiagnostic test – Pregnancy test

APPLIED ECOLOGY

Study of Water Quality Index (WQI) using 9 parameters such as pH, Temperature, Turbidity,

Conductivity, Total solids, DO, BOD, Nitrate, Phosphates and Coliform count /Membrane

filtration method.

Estimation of Nitrites, Silicate and COD.

Effect of pollutants on primary productivity of a freshwater ecosystem.

Determination of LC 50

BIOTECHNOLOGY

Isolation of genomic / plasmid DNA

Agarose gel electrophoresis of DNA- Gel Documentation, Quality checking of DNA by UV

spectrophotometer.

DNA fragmentation using restriction enzymes (Group).

Southern and Western blot (Demonstration)

35

PCR (Demostration)Virtual lab – Molecular cloning of DNA in bacterial and eukaryotic

systems. Nucleotide sequence.

NANOTECHNOLOGY

Synthesis of silver and gold nanoparticles.

Characterization of nanoparticles- SEM, UV visible and IR spectroscopy

Anti bacterial activity of nanoparticles against- E.coli and S.aureus(Disc diffusion method)

A record of lab work shall be submitted at the time of practical examination.

36



(For the candidates admitted from 2016onwards)

MAJOR ELECTIVE 3: BIOTECHNOLOGY& NANOTECHNOLOGY



OBJECTIVE

The course is designed to study about the basic techniques involved in genetic engineering,

different tools used to construct rDNA and its applications in medicine, agriculture, animal

husbandry, industry, animal and plant tissue culture.

UNIT I

Construction of genomic libraries (Shotgun cloning and cDNA libraries)

Vectors - properties of ideal vector – Types of vectors - Plasmids, Bacteriophage -

lambda and M13, cosmids , phasmids , SV40 , yeast and Adeno associated viruses,

Artificial chromosomes (YACs, BACs, PACs, MACs and HACs).

Cutting and joining of DNA - Restriction endonucleases - types and functions,

Ligation - homopolymer tailing, linkers and adaptors.

Site directed mutagenesis and transposan tagging.

Host cells: E. coli, Bacillus, yeast, insect cell lines and mammalian cell lines. Gene transfer techniques - Calcium chloride transformation, calcium phosphate co-

precipitation, DEAE - dextrin, electroporation, protoplast fusion, microinjection,

biolistic delivery, lipofection, retrovirus.

UNIT II

Selection and screening of transformants: Insertional inactivation - genetic

complementation, immunological screening - DNA probes and colony hybridization,

reporter genes

DNA sequencing: Maxim & Gilbert method and Sanger method. PCR – Automated DNA

sequencing, Cycle sequencing and Next generation sequencing. SNP and its applications.

Animal cell culture: Primary culture- secondary culture - cell lines- cell culture media –

applications of cell culture.

Plant cell-tissue culture: Micropropogation, callus culture, protoplast culture, anther-

pollen culture, somaclonal variation, cybrids and hybrids- Agro bacterium mediated gene

transfer – applications of plant tissue culture - Synthetic seeds.

UNIT III

Applications of Biotechnology

Biotechnology of medical and diagnostic products: Insulin, growth hormone,

vaccines - r-subunit vaccines, live vaccines, DNA-based vaccines and edible vaccines ,

recent development in the production of HBV, HIV, malaria vaccines.

Protein engineering:Enzyme engineering - gene shuffling- Chimeric proteins- subtilisin, alpha anti trypsin (AAT) and genetic engineering of antibodies

Biotechnology in agriculture: Transgenic plants - transgenic silencing- terminator gene

concept.

Biopesticides: Bacillus thuringiensis,Baculo virus, Nif-gene regulation expression

Biotechnology in aquaculture: Ploidy induction, gynogenesis, androgenesis, transgenic

fish.

37

Biotechnology in animal husbandry: Gamete selection, embryonic sex selection,

embryo manipulation, In-vitro fertilization, demi embryos, embryo transfer. Animal

cloning.

Transgenic live stock : Production, growth promotion, feed efficiency and pharming,

Safety in biotechnology. Implications of GMO

UNIT IV

Production of nanoparticles and applications – Types-physical,chemical and biological-

Fungi, Yeast, Bacteria and Actinomycetes. Collision/Coalescence mechanism of primary

particle formation, agglomertates and aerogels. Use of nanoparticles as molecular imaging

probes. Techniques used in Nanobiotechnology – Optical microscopy, Atomic force

microscopy, SEM, optical microscopy and X-Ray diffraction to study the dynamic events in

cell

UNIT - V

Applications of Bionanotechnology. Microarray technology. Nanopore technology Nanobiotechnology for Human health- A remedy for all diseases. In vitro diagnosis. Medical

Applications of Nanoparticles & Nanosystems. Nano drug delivery. Conventional drug

delivery & targeted drug delivery and advantages. Delivery profile, Role of Nanotechnology

in drug delivery & Cancer Biology

REFERENCE BOOKS :

Kannan.S.Krishnan.M.R.,Thirumurugan.S.Achiraman (2012) Methods in Molecular Biology.

Babiuk, L.A., John, P. Philips and Murray Moo Young (1989). Animal

Biotechnology,Pergamm Press, Oxford.

Glick, B.R. and Pasterick Jack, J., (2001) Molecular Biotechnology. ASM Press,

London.

GorDard and Lucessen, E. (1993) In-vitro Culture of Animal Cells. Butter worth –

Heinemann Publications.

Higgins, I. J., Best, D.J. and Jones, J., (1988) Biotechnology - Principles and

Applications.Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford.

Marx, J.L., (1989) A revolution in Biotechnology.Cambridge University Press.

Old, R. W. and Primrose, S.B., (1991) Principles of Gene Manipulation.Blackwell

Scientific Publications.

Primrose, S,B., (1999) Molecular Biotechnology. Panima Publications, New Delhi.

Primrose SB and R.M.Twyman (2006) Principles of Gene Manipulation and Genomics Blackwell Publishing

Smith John, E., (1990) Biotechnology New Revolution.Orbis, London

VandanMohod, (1999) Biotechnology - Recent development.Book enclave, Jaipur.

Watson, J.D., Michael Gilman, Jan Witkowski and Mark Zoller., (1999) Recombinant

DNA.Scientific American Books W. H. Freeman & Company, New York.

38

Balasubramanian, D., Bryce, C.F.A., Dharmalingam, K., Green, J. and Kunthala Jayaraman

(2004). Concepts in Biotechnology, XIV edition, University Press

39




MAJOR ELECTIVE 3: DRUG BIOLOGY AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY



OBJECTIVE

The student learns the basics of drug designing, screening and nanotechnology

DRUG BIOLOGY

UNIT I

Drug Development:

Development of drug, drug life cycle, drug development time lines, stages of drug discovery,

strategic issues in drug discovery, emerging approaches to drug design and discovery, drug

metabolism, physical, chemical properties, pharmacokinetic action of drug on human body.

UNIT II

Drug Design:

Computer aided drug design, methods of computer aided drug design, ligand design methods, docking algorithms and programs, drug design approaches, Strategy for target identification

and validation, Lead compound identification and optimization.

UNIT III

Drug Screening:

Combinatorial chemistry and library design, virtual screening, drug likeliness and compound

filters, absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion and toxicity (ADMET) property

prediction, computer based tools for drug design.

NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY

UNIT IV

Introduction to Nanotechnology:

Application and benefits of nanotechnology ; Basics tools for nanotechnology – Principals of

scanning force microscopy, Scanning electron microscopy ,Transmission electron

microscopy; Nanoinprint, Lithography ,Bimolecular recognition .

UNIT V

Types of Motor proteins: Linear and Rotary motors, Structure of Motor proteins, Motility

properties of motors, ATP hydrolysis mechanism of various motor proteins. Protein based

nanocrystals, microbial nanoparticle production.Nanomechanistic devices from DNA.

Biosensors; Application of biochips, DNA –chip, Protein chip, Application of colloidal

particles, bacterial motors. Drug delivery system.

REFERENCE:

DRUG DESIGN: Tommy, L. (2002).Textbook of Drug Design and Discovery, Third Edition (Forensic

Science) Ed by P. K.Larsen.andUlf Madsen.

http://www.amazon.in/s/ref%3Ddp_byline_sr_book_1?ie=UTF8&field-author=Tommy%2BLiljefors&search-alias=stripbooks

http://www.amazon.in/s/ref%3Ddp_byline_sr_book_2?ie=UTF8&field-author=Povl%2BKrogsgaard-Larsen&search-alias=stripbooks

http://www.amazon.in/s/ref%3Ddp_byline_sr_book_3?ie=UTF8&field-author=Ulf%2BMadsen&search-alias=stripbooks

40

David, W. M. (2001). Bioinformatics sequence and Genome Analysis, Cold spring Harbor

Laboratory Press.

Jonathan , P. (2009). Bioinformatics and Functional genomics, 2nd

edition.Sinauer Associates,

Inc.

Lovric, J. (2011). Introducing Proteomics: From concepts to sample separation, mass

spectrometry and data analysis .Wiley.

NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY:

Babiuk, L.A., John, P. Philips and Murray Moo Young (1989). Animal

Biotechnology,Pergamm Press, Oxford.

Glick, B.R. and Pasterick Jack, J., (2001) Molecular Biotechnology. ASM Press,

London.

GorDard and Lucessen, E. (1993) In-vitro Culture of Animal Cells. Butter worth – Heinemann Publications.

Higgins, I. J., Best, D.J. and Jones, J., (1988) Biotechnology - Principles and

Applications.Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford.

Marx, J.L., (1989) A revolution in Biotechnology.Cambridge University Press.

Old, R. W. and Primrose, S.B., (1991) Principles of Gene Manipulation.Blackwell

Scientific Publications.

Primrose, S,B., (1999) Molecular Biotechnology. Panima Publications, New Delhi.

Primrose SB and R.M.Twyman (2006) Principles of Gene Manipulation and Genomics

Blackwell Publishing

Smith John, E., (1990) Biotechnology New Revolution.Orbis, London

VandanMohod, (1999) Biotechnology - Recent development.Book enclave, Jaipur.

Watson, J.D., Michael Gilman, Jan Witkowski and Mark Zoller., (1999) Recombinant

DNA.Scientific American Books W. H. Freeman & Company, New York.

41


DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY


MA/M.Sc/MRSc/M.Com Degree course

SEMESTER III

NON-MAJOR ELECTIVE 2: HUMAN HEALTH CARE

Hours/Week: 5 Code:P16ZO3NMT02


OBJECTIVE

Students learn about tips for living a healthy life related to the body & mind, nutritional guide

and balanced diet, body care through health screening, motherhood, complementary medicine

and first aid.

UNIT I:

Introduction to Structure & Functions of the body: Parts of body -Organs and Systems.

Personal hygiene-General care of eyes and defects of vision. Ears- general care, do‟s and

don‟ts. Skin – Routine care and anti-aging strategies. Hair – general care, cleaning tips,

prevention of hair loss, anti dandruff strategies. Teeth – flossing, brushing, checkups, dental

do‟s.

UNIT II

Concept of health & disease: Factors promoting health.Healthy living- Nutrition guide –

food pyramid, moderation, variety, five basic food groups, balanced diet, healthy weight

range.

Health screening – periodic screening for CV diseases, Cancer, Thyroid, AIDS, STD,

Diabetes mellitus. Menstrual hygiene & related problems-amenorrhea, dysmenorrhea, PMS.

UNIT III Mental health: Body & Mind relationship. Mind in disease.Care of mental health. Yoga.

Fitness- exercise, warm up, cool down. Stress management- physical, emotional, mental.

Time management.

UNIT IV

Growth of body & Reproduction: Motherhood- Pregnancy – confirmation, physical and

emotional changes, Labour and delivery, common problems during pregnancy, Nutritional

guidelines.

Child care- Developmental milestones – new born, toddler and pre-school,parenting-skills.

UNIT V

Complementary Medicine and First Aid: Facts about alternative medicine – Naturopathy,

Homeopathy, Ayurveda, Unani, Siddha.

First Aid Kit, First Aid procedures for dehydration, heart attack, fractures and dislocation,

heat stroke, poisoning, electric shock, bleeding and burns.

42

REFERENCE BOOKS:

Harold Shryockand Hubert O. Swartout (1970) Your Health and You, Vol. I, The

Stanborough Press Ltd., England.

LakshmanaSarma, and Swaminathan, S. (2008) Speaking of Nature Cure- Regain, Retain

and Improve Health the Drugless Way, Sterling Publications Pvt., Ltd., New Delhi.

NeelamKhetarpaul, G.P., and Bhardway, I, G. (2001) Health and Nutrition – A guide with

special reference to mother and child, Kalayani Publications, New Delhi.

Shanti Ghosh, (2007) Nutrition and Child Care – A Practical Guide. Londson Publishers

Pvt., Ltd., New Delhi.

St. John Ambulance (2009).First Aid to the injured, Third edition, 5th issue.

Walia, B.N.S., Shah, P.M., and Kusum P Shah , (1979) Practical Mother and Child Health Care. Orient Longman, New Delhi.

43


M.Sc. ZOOLOGY: SEMESTER IV


SELF STUDY PAPER : BIOLOGICAL TECHNIQUES AND BIOPHYSICS

Credit: 2 Code: P16ZO4SST01

Marks:100

OBJECTIVE

Students understand the principles of light, radioactivity and working mechanism of various

techniques such as microscopy, radioactive counters, photometry, chromatography,

centrifuges, pH meter, electrophoresis and blotting techniques.

UNIT I

Light – biophysical aspects of vision. Principle and applications of microscopy – phase

contrast, polarizing, fluorescence, interference and electron microscope (SEM, TEM and STEM) – AFM & CLSM - microscopic measurements, LASER- principle and applications,

Spectrophotometer. NMR & ESR spectroscopy, structure determination using X ray

diffraction and NMR, Mass spectrometry, surface plasma resonance.

UNIT II

Radioactivity - properties of different types of radioisotopes, biological tracers – nature of

ionizing radiations, Measurements of radioactivity –radioactive counters, Isotopes as

biological tracers, Incorporation of radio isotopes in biological tissues & cell, molecular

imaging of radioactive material, safety guide lines.

UNIT III

Principles of microtechnique – fixation, histological and histochemical staining methods for

proteins, carbohydrates, lipids and nucleic acids, Different fixation and staining techniques

for electron microscope. Immunocytochemistry – principles and applications- in situ

localization by FISH and GISH Photometry – Principle and applications of flame photometry and

flow cytometry

UNIT IV

Chromatography - principle and applications –column, gas-liquid, gel permeation, ion-

exchange affinity, TLC, HPLC and GC-MS, MALDI-TOF,LC-MS.Centrifugation – concepts

of relative centrifugal force, sedimentation co-efficient, preparative and analytical, ultra

centrifugation, differential, gradient and zonal centrifugation and their applications.

UNIT V

Electrophoresis – principle and applications - continuous and discontinuous, dissociating and

non-dissociating system, paper, agarose, poly acrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE),

immunoelectrophoresis, isoelectric focusing, 2D gel electrophoresis, DGGE/TGGE.

44

TEXT BOOK:

Upadhyay, A., Upadhayay, K. and Nirmalendu, N. (2002) Biophysical

chemistry.Himalayan Publishing House, Mumbai.

REFERENCE BOOKS

Keith Wilson and John Walker(2010) Principles and techniques of Biochemistry and

Molecular Biology VII Ed.Cambridge University Press,New york

Casey, E. J. (1962). Biophysics - Concepts and Mechanisms. East West Press Pvt.,

Ltd., New Delhi.

Daniel, M. (2005).Basic Biophysics for Biologist. Agro Botanical Publishers,

Bihaner, India.

Narayanan, P. (2007). Essentials of Biophysics.New Age International (P) Ltd.

Publishers.

Plummer, T.D. (1978).An introduction to Practical Biochemistry. Tata McGraw Hill Publishing Company Limited, New Delhi.

Rodney, C. 2004.Biophysics An Introduction. John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Skoog, A. D. and James, J. L. (1992). Principles of Instrumental Analysis. Saunders

GoldenSunberst Series.

Vasanthan, P. and Gautham, N. (2002). Biophysics. Narosa Publishing House,

New Delhi.

holy cross college (autonomous), tiruchirappalli-2...

Documents