homer and the bible in the eyes of ancient...

copy 2012 Koninklijke Brill NV ISBN 978 90 04 22134 5

LEIDENenspbullenspBOSTON2012

Homer and the Bible in theEyes of Ancient Interpreters

Edited by

Maren R Niehofff


CONTENTS

Contributorsensp vii

SETTING THE STAGE

Why Compare Homerrsquos Readers to Biblical Readersensp 3Maren R Niehofff

Canonising and Decanonising Homer Reception of the Homeric Poems in Antiquity and Modernityensp 15Margalit Finkelberg

Scripture and Paideia in Late Antiquityensp 29Guy G Stroumsa

ldquoOnly God Knows the Correct Readingrdquo The Role of Homer the Quran and the Bible in the Rise of Philology and Grammarensp 43Filippomaria Pontani

GREEK-SPEAKING INTERPRETERS

The Ambiguity of Signs Critical σηmicroεῖα from Zenodotus to Origenensp 87Francesca Schironi

Topos didaskalikos and anaphoramdashTwo Interrelated Principles in Aristarchusrsquo Commentariesensp 113Reneacute Nuumlnlist

Philo and Plutarch on Homerensp 127Maren R Niehofff

Philo and the Allegorical Interpretation of Homer in the Platonic Tradition (with an Emphasis on Porphyryrsquos De antro nympharum)ensp 155Katell Berthelot

vi contents


The Dispute on Homer Exegetical Polemic in Galenrsquos Criticism of Chrysippusensp 175Sharon Weisser

Homer within the Bible Homerisms in the Graecus Venetusensp 199Cyril Aslanov

HEBRAIC OR ARAMAIC SPEAKING INTERPRETERS

The Twenty-Four Books of the Hebrew Bible and Alexandrian Scribal Methodsensp 221Guy Darshan

Noblest Obelus Rabbinic Appropriations of Late Ancient Literary Criticismensp 245Yonatan Moss

Re-Scripturizing Traditions Designating Dependence in Rabbinic Halakhic Midrashim and Homeric Scholarshipensp 269Yakir Paz

The Agon with Moses and Homer Rabbinic Midrash and the Second Sophisticensp 299Yair Furstenberg

Midrash and Hermeneutic Reflectivity Kishmursquoo As a Test Caseensp 329Ishay Rosen-Zvi

From Narrative Practise to Cultural Poetics Literary Anthropology and the Rabbinic Sense of Selfensp 345Joshua Levinson

Indexensp 369




THE AMBIGUITY OF SIGNSCRITICAL ΣΗΜΕΙΑ FROM ZENODOTUS TO ORIGEN

Francesca Schironi

Critical signs (σηmicroεῖα) as a philological tool were invented in Alexandria1 when grammarians started working on the lsquopastrsquo literature of the Greeks preparing scholarly editions and forming a canon of Greek authors Later on scholars working on less canonic or non-Greek authors also employed the Alexandrian σηmicroεῖα Valerius Probus for example used them in his editions of Lucretius Virgil and Horace2 while Galen mentions a certain Dioscorides who under the Emperor Hadrian made an edition of Hippo-crates where he marked the spurious passages with obeloi3 This lsquomarkingrsquo system was also adopted by Origen in his study of the Bible

Even if critical signs were apparently popular among ancient scholars working in diffferent fĳields their real function and physical appearance in ancient lsquobooksrsquo are highly debated The problem is worsened by the lack of direct evidence for the Alexandrian scholars as none of their editions or commentaries has reached us by direct tradition4

In order to shed new light on this question I would like to approach it from a comparative point of view focusing in particular on Origenrsquos use of these σηmicroεῖα In one respect Origen offfers better evidence because unlike for the Alexandrian scholars we do have many of Origenrsquos original works at least in the exegetical realmmdashfor example we have some of his commentaries while those of the Hellenistic scholars are lost We also

enspI would like to thank the anonymous referee and Kathleen McNamee for their useful comments and suggestions as well as Maren Niehofff for accepting my paper in this vol-ume though I was not able to attend the Conference ldquoHomer and the Bible in the Eyes of Ancient Interpretersrdquo Jerusalem 305ndash26 2010

1enspOn critical signs see Gudeman 1922 Stein 2007 and also Pfeifffer 1968 115 178 2182enspCf GL 75345ndash6 Probus qui illas in Virgilio et Horatio et Lucretio apposuit ut ltingt

Homero Aristarchus See also Suetoniusrsquo De grammaticis 24 on Valerius Probusrsquo sigla see Jocelyn 1984 1985a 1985b

3enspGalen In Hipp Nat Hom in CMG 591 p 58 7ndash9 Ταύτης ὅλης τῆς ῥήσεως ∆ιοσκορίδης ἑκάστῳ στίχῳ προσέγραψε σηmicroεῖον ὃ καλοῦσιν ὀβελόν οἵῳ σηmicroείῳ καὶ Ἀρίσταρχος ἐχρήσατο παρὰ τῷ ποιητῇ πρὸς τοὺς ὑποπτευοmicroένους ὑπrsquo αὐτοῦ στίχους

4enspNo Alexandrian edition has reached us in its original form The only Hellenistic com-mentaries that have reached us through direct tradition are the lsquopolemicalrsquo commentary of the astronomer Hipparchus (2nd century BCE) on the Phaenomena of Aratus and the commentary on the Hippocratic treatise On Joints by Apollonius of Citium (70 BCE)

88 francesca schironi


have his own testimony on how and why he used critical signs The analy-sis of Origenrsquos use of Alexandrian critical signs aims at two goals fĳirst Origen might help us to understand better how the Alexandrians used critical signs second the analysis of Origenrsquos editorial work and of how he used andmdashin partmdashchanged the system of Alexandrian σηmicroεῖα will also highlight the lsquonecessaryrsquo improvements that the Alexandrian system needed This analysis will show how Origen to some extent introduced these improvements by creating a more reader-friendly system of critical signs

This comparative analysis will focus mainly on the manuscript evidence for the σηmicroεῖα in manuscripts of Homer (for the Alexandrian scholars and in particular for Aristarchus) and of the LXX (for Origen) While critical signs were used by Greek and Latin scholars on many diffferent authors I will focus my attention on the signs used on Homer for two reasons First we know more about them as they are better preserved in ancient manuscripts and papyri Second Homer is the best parallel for Origenrsquos text of interest the Bible In a sense Homer can be seen as the lsquosacred textrsquo of the Greeks who for centuries recognised his greatness and placed the Homeric poems at the core of their education We can even speculate that Origen decided to adopt the Alexandrian critical signs for his edition of the Bible precisely because they had been used for Homer ὁ ποιητὴς καὶ τῆς Ἑλλάδος διδάσκαλος Moreover Homerrsquos tradition (like that of the Bible) was extremely complex and problematic due to the many centu-ries of its oral and written transmission Thus the Bible and the Homeric poems presented similar problems to the philologist who wanted to pre-pare an edition of them

Alexandrian Critical Signs

Between the third and second century BCE the Alexandrian grammar-ians and in particular the triad of librarians Zenodotus Aristophanes and Aristarchus invented the so-called critical signs (σηmicroεῖα) which became the staple of their philological activity They probably started using them in their editorial work on Homer but they seemed to have used these markings for other authors too as papyrological evidence as some ancient and medieval sources seem to prove In particular later compendia like the so-called Anecdotum Romanum5 the Anecdotum

5enspCod Rom Bibl Naz Gr 6 (10th century) in Montanari 1979 43ndash64 spec 54ndash55 West 2003 450ndash555 see also Nauck 1867 271ndash273 and Dindorf 1875 xliindashxliv The Anecdotum

the ambiguity of signs 89


Venetum6 and the Anecdotum Harleianum7 give a list of the critical signs used by the Alexandrians on Homer We also have a passage from Dio-genes Laertius (365ndash66) and a papyrus (PSI 1488)8 that mention critical signs used on the text of Plato9 In the short treatise entitled Περὶ σηmicroείων the grammarian Hephaestion10 (2nd century CE) clearly says that criti-cal signs were used for comedy tragedy and lyric poetry Latin sources like the Anecdotum Parisinum11 and Isidorus of Seville (Et I 21) incorpo-rate the old material on Homer with some other critical signs of various meaning

The fĳirst scholar to use critical signs to mark the Homeric text was Zenodotus of Ephesus the fĳirst librarian of Alexandria between ca 285 and 270 BCE He used the obelos (lsquospitrsquo in Greek) to mark those lines that he considered suspect but did not want to delete completely from the textmdashthe latter operation being carried out when he was certain that they were not authentic The obelos was a short line (mdash) placed next to a line that he considered spurious and thus marked an athetesis Aris-tophanes of Byzantium librarian at Alexandria between ca 204 and 189 BCE introduced other signs the asteriskos () indicated a line repeated elsewhere12 the sigma (Ϲ) and the antisigma (Ↄ) were used together to mark two consecutive lines of identical content13 Finally Aristarchus of Samothrace who was librarian between ca 175 and 145 BCE introduced the diple (gt) a sign with an arrow-like shape which marked lines where Aristarchus had some comments to make (regarding language content myth style etc)14 The diple thus had a very generic meaning equivalent

Romanum is defĳinitely the most important among the lists of Homeric critical signs Very close to this list is the one preserved in the Cod Matrit 4629 copied by Costantin Lascaris and edited by Montanari 1979 65ndash71 spec 69ndash71

thinsp6enspCod Ven Marc 483 (14th century) in Nauck 1867 274ndash276 and Dindorf 1875 xlivndash xlv

thinsp7enspCod Harl 5693 (15thndash16th century) in Nauck 1867 277 and Dindorf 1875 xlvi thinsp8enspCf Plato 142 T CPF (2nd century CE) Bartoletti 1964 and Gigante 1998 thinsp9enspOn the philological activity on Plato at Alexandria see Schironi 200510enspHephaest De signis11enspCod Par Lat 7530 (780 CE) in GL 7 533ndash536 (Fragmentum Parisinum De Notiis)

Nauck 1867 278ndash282 and Dindorf 1875 xlvindashl12enspSch Od 371 ὦ ξεῖνοι τίνες ἐστέ] τοὺς microετrsquo αὐτὸν τρεῖς στίχους ὁ microὲν Ἀριστοφάνης ἐνθάδε

σηmicroειοῦται τοῖς ἀστερίσκοις ὅτε δὲ ὑπὸ τοῦ Κύκλωπος λέγονται καὶ ὀβελίσκους τοῖς ἀστερίσκοις παρατίθησιν ὡς ἐντεῦθεν microετενηνεγmicroένων τῶν στίχων On the asteriskos in papyri of Homer and other authors see now Nocchi Macedo 2011

13enspSch Od 5247 τέτρηνενmdashἁρmicroονιῇσιν ἄρασσεν] Ἀριστοφάνης τὸ αὐτὸ ᾤετο περιέχειν ἄmicroφω διὸ τῷ microὲν σίγmicroα τῷ δὲ ἀντίσιγmicroα ἐπιτίθησιν

14enspAn Rom 5411ndash15 gt ἡ microὲν οὗν διπλῆ ἀπερίστικτος παρατίθεται πρὸς τοὺς γλωσσογράφους ἢ ἑτεροδόξως ἐκδεξαmicroένους τὰ τοῦ ποιητοῦ καὶ microὴ καλῶς ἢ πρὸς τὰς ἅπαξ εἰρηmicroένας λέξεις ἢ πρὸς τὰ ἐναντία καὶ microαχόmicroενα καὶ ἕτερα σχήmicroατα πάmicroπολλα καὶ ζητήmicroατα



to a lsquoN(ota)B(ene)rsquo for us Aristarchus also used a particular type of diple the so-called diple periestigmene the lsquodotted diplersquo (gt) to mark those pas-sages where he argued against his predecessor Zenodotus and against his Pergamene contemporary Crates of Mallos15 Of the σηmicroεῖα employed by his predecessors Aristarchus kept the Zenodotean obelos for athetesis16 and the Aristophanic asteriskos for repeated lines17 Like Aristophanes Aristarchus also used a combination of an asteriskos with an obelos ( mdash) to mark repeated lines that he wanted to athetise because they did not belong to that specifĳic passage18

These were the most common signs used by the three greatest Alex-andrian scholars The compendia and the scholia mention other signs as well but the picture is more complicated because their function is not clear and their use in manuscripts and in scholia is not very frequent According to the Anecdotum Romanum for example Aristarchus used the antisigma (Ↄ) alone for lines whose order was transposed and that were unfĳitting for the context19 the use of the antisigma to mark the wrong ordering of lines seems to be confĳirmed by the scholia20 Aristarchus used the antisigma periestigmenon21 the lsquodottedrsquo antisigma (Ↄ) for pas-sages which contained tautologies In one instance however a tautology is marked with the antisigma and the stigme if we trust the scholia in the Venetus A according to Sch Il 8535ndash722 Aristarchus marked three lines (Il 8535ndash7) with the antisigma and marked the following three lines (Il 8538ndash40) with a stigme a simple lsquodotrsquo because they had the same content and he added that one should keep either one of the two groups In this case the antisigma does not seem to have the same function as explained by the Anecdotum Romanum (for transposedunfĳitting lines) but

15enspAn Rom 5416ndash18 gt ἡ δὲ περιεστιγmicroένη διπλῆ πρὸς τὰς γραφὰς τὰς Ζηνοδοτείους καὶ Κράτητος καὶ αὐτοῦ Ἀριστάρχου καὶ τὰς διορθώσεις αὐτοῦ

16enspAn Rom 5419ndash20 mdash ὁ δὲ ὀβελὸς πρὸς τὰ ἀθετοῦmicroενα ἐπὶ τοῦ ποιητοῦ ἤγουν νενοθευmicroένα ἢ ὑποβεβληmicroένα

17enspAn Rom 5421ndash22 ὁ δὲ ἀστερίσκος καθrsquo ἑαυτὸν ὡς καλῶς εἰρηmicroένων τῶν ἐπῶν ἐν αὐτῷ τῷ τόπῳ ἔνθα ἐστὶν ἀστερίσκος microόνος

18enspAn Rom 5423ndash24 mdash ὁ δὲ ἀστερίσκος microετὰ ὀβελοῦ ὡς ὄντα microὲν τὰ ἔπη τοῦ ποιητοῦ microὴ καλῶς δὲ κείmicroενα ἐν αὐτῷ τῷ τόπῳ ἀλλrsquo ἐν ἄλλῳ

19enspAn Rom 5425ndash26 Ↄ τὸ δὲ ἀντίσιγmicroα καθrsquo ἑαυτὸ πρὸς τοὺς ἐνηλλαγmicroένους τόπους καὶ ἀπᾴδοντας

20enspSch Il 2188a (Ariston) πρὸς τὴν τάξιν τῶν ἑξῆς (sc Β 203ndash5) τὸ ἀντίσιγmicroα21enspAn Rom 5427ndash28 Ↄ τὸ δὲ ἀντίσιγmicroα περιεστιγmicroένον παρατίθεται ὅταν ταυτολογῇ καὶ

τὴν αὐτὴν διάνοιαν δεύτερον λέγῃ22enspSch Il 8535-7 (Ariston) αὔριον ἣν ἀρετὴν ltmdashἑταῖροιgt ὅτι ἢ τούτους δεῖ τοὺς τρεῖς

στίχους microένειν οἷς τὸ ἀντίσιγmicroα παράκειται ἢ τοὺς ἑξῆς τρεῖς οἷς αἱ στιγmicroαὶ παράκεινται (sc Θ 538ndash40)middot εἰς γὰρ τὴν αὐτὴν γεγραmicromicroένοι εἰσὶ διάνοιαν



rather it is used according to Aristophanesrsquo system since Aristophanes too used the antisigma (together with a sigma and not with a stigme) to indi-cate lines with the same content23 Another very rare Homeric sign is the keraunion (lsquosign shaped like a thunderboltrsquo Τ) whose meaning is uncer-tain With reference to Homer the keraunion is mentioned only in Sch Od 18282 a line marked by Aristophanes because it was εὐτελής lsquomeanrsquo24 The Anecdotum Romanum remarkably says that such a sign is used very rarely and indicates ldquomany types of philological questions beyond those already mentionedrdquo25

Greek literary papyri provide a wider array of critical signs as Kathleen McNamee has demonstrated26 but it is impossible to trace most of them back to Alexandrian scholarship and give them a specifĳic meaning In con-trast the Venetus A the 10th century manuscript containing the Iliad and which in the margins and interlinear spaces of the text supposedly pre-serves traces of Aristarchusrsquo ekdosis and hypomnema27 uses overwhelm-ingly the securely attested Aristarchean signs the obelos the asteriskos the asteriskos with obelos the diple and the diple periestigmene and only in very few instances other signs appear28 For the present analysis I will thus focus on these fĳive sigla which are better attested and more clearly defĳined in their philological meaning

Aristarchean Critical Signs and Manuscript Evidence

There is an important diffference between how Zenodotus and Aristo-phanes used critical signs on the one hand and how Aristarchus used them on the other As far as we know neither Zenodotus nor Aristo-phanes ever wrote a commentary29 still they used critical σηmicroεῖα This

23enspOther Aristarchean scholia mention antisigma and stigme (Sch Il 2192a) or simply stigmai (Sch Il 2203a) but the meaning of these signs is quite obscure

24enspSch Od 18282 παρέλκετο] ἀντὶ τοῦ ἐφέλκετο εὐτελὲς τοῦτο διὸ καὶ κεραύνιον παρέθηκεν Ἀριστοφάνης

25enspAn Rom 5529ndash30 Τ τὸ δὲ κεραύνιόν ἐστι microὲν τῶν σπανίως παρατιθεmicroένων δηλοῖ δὲ καὶ αὐτὸ πολλὰς ζητήσεις πρὸς ταῖς προειρηmicroέναις

26enspMcNamee 199227enspOn the lsquoAristarcheanrsquo tradition and the Venetus A see Erbse 1969 xlvndashlix Schironi

2004a 11ndash1428enspBird 2009 92ndash94 gives the following fĳigures (taken from Allen 1931) for the critical

signs in the Venetus A diple (1875) diple periestigmene (292) obelos (440) asteriskos (73) asteriskos and obelos (52) obelos and asteriskos (14) antisigma (5) antisigma periestig-menon (2) sigma periestigmenon (3) stigme (3)

29enspCf Pfeifffer 1968 115 212



means that at least in their original conception critical signs were linked only to the ecdotic process and their meaning should have been clear within the ekdosis of Zenodotus or of Aristophanes without any further aid like a separate commentary to explain their function and meaning

Aristarchus was the fĳirst of the Alexandrians to write a commentary (hypomnema) on Homer in addition to his editorial work (ekdosis) This new way of presenting philological work provided a new vehicle by which a scholar could discuss in detail his editorial choices and interpretative issues in the Homeric texts For modern scholars however Aristarchusrsquo innovation has raised the question of how in practical terms he intended the critical signs the ekdosis and the hypomnema to be used together and what these two products (the ekdosis and the hypomnema) looked like30 An additional problem in Aristarchusrsquo system is that the specifĳic meaning of the critical σηmicroεῖον especially the newly introduced diple with its wide and undetermined meaning was impossible to know unless the philolo-gist added some clarifĳication that explained why he marked a specifĳic line with such a sign

In a fundamental article on Aristarchusrsquo scholarship Erbse31 successfully demonstrated that the ekdosis and the hypomnema were two components of the same work at least in the mind of Aristarchus The ekdosis was a lsquopreparatoryrsquo text of Homer which he used as a starting point for his phil-ological and exegetical remarks The hypomnema instead contained the lsquorealrsquo philological work of Aristarchus linguistic analysis grammatical and syntactical remarks polemical arguments against his predecessors vari-ant readings and proposals of atheteseis Pfeifffer32 explained the function of the critical signs within this reconstruction Aristarchus would write a critical sign in his ekdosis next to a line where he had some comments to make and then would write his comments about that line in another roll which contained the commentary The critical signs were thus the link between the edition (ekdosis) and the commentary (hypomnena) they alerted the reader of the ekdosis that a line had a special interest and indicated the corresponding comment in the accompanying hypomnema The reader could easily fĳind the scholarrsquos note in the hypomnema since this was ordered as a running commentary by lemmata (represented by

30enspSee Erbse 1959 van Groningen 1963 16ndash17 Pfeifffer 1968 218ndash219 Van Thiel 1992 Schmidt 1997 Van Thiel 1997 Montanari 1998

31enspErbse 195932enspPfeifffer 1968 218



the lines commented upon) preceded by the same critical signs that were used in the ekdosis

We can visualise the application of Pfeiffferrsquos hypothesis by compar-ing the Homeric ekdosis with remnants of Aristarchusrsquo hypomnema in Plate 1 For the text I use the OCT edition of the Iliad and lsquoreconstructrsquo Aristarchusrsquo hypomnema from the Aristarchean scholia33 preserved in the Venetus A I made this lsquofacsimilersquo easier because the Greek text has word-divisions and diacritics instead of being written in scriptio continua as in a real text on papyrus34 This choice which goes against a faithful paleo-graphical reconstruction was made to allow the reader to recognise more easily the lemmata in the hypomnema and how they work with the refer-ence text of Book 2 and with the critical signs

Pfeiffferrsquos explanation illustrated here is the most rational way to account for such an editorial product Nevertheless it cannot be proved by any evidence because no papyrus fragments have ever been found that provide an example of the presence of two rolls one containing an ekdosis with critical signs and the other containing the hypomnema referring to the same ekdosis with the critical signs as links between the two rolls

I will now briefly review the evidence for Aristarchean critical signs in ancient commentaries on papyrus and in papyri containing the text of Homer As Kathleen McNamee has shown35 the papyrological data we have are very disappointing if we look for Aristarchean signs The closest we can get to an lsquoAristarcheanrsquo hypomnema is POxy 1086 a fragment of a commentary dating to the fĳirst half of the fĳirst century BCE36 that in what has been preserved covers Iliad 2751ndash827 POxy 1086 however is only a commentary and no ekdosis has been found that can be associated with it Certain parts of the text mention or indeed have attached some

33enspThat is the scholia by Aristonicus who between the fĳirst century BCE and the fĳirst century CE wrote an entire treatise to explain the meaning of each sign used by Aristarchus and the reasons for its use in each passage of the Homeric text where it occurred The scholia derived from the work of Aristonicus confĳirm that the explanations of the meaning of the critical signs in the ekdosis were the core of the Aristarchean hypo-mnema The phrasing in Aristonicusrsquo scholia is probably diffferent from the original Wortlaut of Aristarchusrsquo commentary but it is the closest we can get to what Aristarchus wrote

34enspFor example the fĳirst three lines of the facsimile of Iliad 2 (ll 109ndash111) would have looked like this

ΤΩΟΓΕΡΕΙΣΑΜΕΝΟΣΕΠΑΑΡΓΕΙΟΙΣΙΜΕΤΗΥΔΑΩΦΙΛΟΙΗΡΩΕΣΔΑΝΑΟΙΘΕΡΑΠΟΝΤΕΣΑΡΗΟΣΖΕΥΣΜΕΜΕΓΑΚΡΟΝΙΔΗΣΑΤΗΙΕΝΕΔΗΣΕΒΑΡΕΙΗΙ

35enspMcNamee 1981 and ead 199236enspThis is the new dating proposed by Lundon 2002 17 in his new edition of the text



Plate 1



critical signs but they are not consistent the diple is present before lem-mata only four times (at ll 27 54 97 and 114 corresponding to Il 2767 785 809 and 819) and Lundon adds this sign in lacuna in three other places where the commentary speaks of a σηmicroεῖον37 Still at least in one place the diple has been omitted at l 44 (which is fully preserved and refers to Il 2782) while the commentary mentions it (l 47) Three obeloi are pres-ent in the papyrus at ll 61ndash62 for the athetesis of lines 791ndash795 in Iliad 238 While it is certainly interesting to see at least one ancient hypomnema showing lemmata with critical signs a total of seven signs for seventy-seven Homeric lines of which forty-six are lemmatized is quite small We could reasonably expect sigla in several places for example marking the many cases of lsquointra-lingualrsquo translation (that is a translation of a Homeric expression into koine Greek) such as appear at ll 9ndash10 (on Il 2757) at ll 35ndash38 (on Il 2776) at ll 40ndash41 (on Il 2 779) etc There are also many entries consisting of a paraphrase of a Homeric line because Homeric syn-tax is diffferent from koine syntax (eg ll 19ndash20 on Il 2764 ll 51ndash54 on Il 2784thinspthinspthinsp) In none of these cases however is there a trace of any sign before the lemma (entirely preserved) nor any mention of a σηmicroεῖον in the entry Such lack of critical signs to indicate linguistic problems is not what one would expect in an Aristarchean hypomnema because Aristonicus who wrote about the critical signs used by Aristarchus on Homer and their meaning in many scholia specifĳies that both lsquointralingualrsquo translations and paraphrases were marked by a critical sign the diple39 POxy 1086 therefore does use critical signs but sporadically and not as consistently as the lsquooriginalrsquo Aristarchean hypomnema would have used them POxy 1086 thus seems already a rather poor version of the original hypomnema in which critical signs would have accompanied all the lemmata and not just a small fraction of them as here

37enspAt ll 11 (on Il 2763 here however also the expression τὸ σηmicroεῖον is in lacuna and is restored by Lundon) 82 (at on Il 2801) and 106 (at on Il 2816)

38enspLine 794 is omitted altogether and the obelos at line 791 is missing39enspFor example in the case of lsquointralingual translationrsquo see Sch Il 16142a (Ariston)

πάλλειν ἀλλά microιν οἶος ἐπίστατο πῆλαι ἡ διπλῆ ὅτι ἀντὶ τοῦ ἐδύνατο microόνος ἐδύνατο χρήσασθαι τῷ δόρατι [thinspthinsp] A [The diple because (ἐπίστατο is used) instead of ἐδύνατο only he was able to use the spear] for an example of syntactical paraphrase see Sch Il 18283a1 (Ariston) οὐδέ ποτ ἐκπέρσει ltπρίν microιν κύνες ἀργοὶ ἔδονταιgt ἡ διπλῆ ὅτι τοιοῦτόν ἐστι τὸ λεγόmicroενον πρότερον αὐτὸν οἱ κύνες κατέδονται ἢ ἐκπέρσει καὶ οὐκ ἔστιν ἐλλιπὴς ὁ λόγος ὥσπερ οὐδ ἐπ ἐκείνου ldquoτὴν δ ἐγὼ οὐ λύσω πρίν microιν καὶ γῆρας ἔπεισινrdquo (A 29) |thinspthinspthinspthinspA [The diple because this is the meaning lsquothe dogs will eat him before he will sack the cityrsquo And the sentence is not elliptical as it not (elliptical) in this line τὴν δ ἐγὼ οὐ λύσω πρίν microιν καὶ γῆρας ἔπεισιν (Il 129)]



As McNamee40 and Lundon41 have shown POxy 1086 is a product of higher quality because it goes beyond the simple paraphrase and the fun-damentals of Homeric scholarship Yet POxy 1086 is not a lsquopurersquo excerpt of the very hypomnema of Aristarchus because even if much of the con-tent is indeed Aristarchean at least one sign is not among those that the sources attribute to him the X sign (to be understood as meaning χρηστόν or χρήσιmicroον lsquousefulrsquo or χρῆσις lsquopassagersquo)42 which appears in margin at ll 43 (on Il 2780) 57 (on Il 2788) and 112 (on Il 2816) The overlap with many scholia from Aristarchus leads us to conclude that POxy 1086 was writ-ten by someone who had philological interests and probably had access to the original hypomnema of Aristarchus as well as to other commentar-ies Therefore POxy 1086 is the result of excerpting many good scholarly sources among which Aristarchusrsquo hypomnema but it is unlikely to be an lsquoexcerptedrsquo copy of only Aristarchusrsquo hypomnema43

The case of POxy 1086 is important for our analysis because the papyrus is dated to the fĳirst half of the fĳirst century BCE which means that it was written within ca 100 years from Aristarchusrsquo activity Thus POxy 1086 shows how already at a very early stage the original signs tended to be omitted or only partially reported

Ancient ekdoseis of Homer provide richer evidence because quite a few of them have critical signs though they are a minority if we count them among all the Homeric papyri found in Egypt McNamee counted a total of thirty-two papyri44 that present the critical signs of Aristarchus While obeloi and diplai are quite frequent the other signs are far less numerous of these thirty-two papyri for example only fĳive have other Aristarchean signs in addition to the usual obeloi and diplai PTebt 14 (diple peri-estigmene asteriskos with obelos and antisigma but no diple)45 PLond

40enspMcNamee 1981 249ndash25041enspLundon 200242enspCf McNamee 1992 19ndash2143enspCf Lundon 2001 839 Lundon 2002 does not explicitly say so but the title of the

monograph (Un commentario aristarcheo al secondo libro dellrsquoIliade POXY VIII 1086) is revealing

44enspOriginally McNamee 1981 247 fn 2 had a list with only seventeen papyri but McNamee 1992 28ndash29 has a more complete list

45enspTurner-Parsons 1987 38ndash39 (no 12)



Lit 27 (asteriskos)46 PHawara (diplai periestigmenai)47 POxy 3445 = PLondLit 14 (antisigma and asteriskos but no obelos)48 PSI 18 (asteriskos with obelos together but no diple)49 Among these fĳive papyri the most ancient and thus for us the fĳirst text preserving critical signs is PTebt 14 dating back to the 2nd century BCE but PHawara is certainly the richest among them For this reason I will focus on the latter manuscript alone as well as because among these fĳive Homeric papyri PHawara is the only one that partly overlaps with the portion of Iliad 2 covered by POxy 1086

PHawara a luxury edition of Book 2 of the Iliad has many critical signs50 However when compared with the Venetus A the number of Aristarchean critical signs in PHawara is quite slim The following table lists the critical signs reported by the Hawara Homer the Venetus A and POxy 1086 for Iliad 2751ndash827 (the lines covered by POxy 1086) blank spaces indicate where the lines (or the lemmata in the case of the hypomnema) are fully preserved and no sign is in evidence51

PHawara has fewer signs than the Venetus A and the hypomnema in POxy 1086 This is probably because it is not a scholarly product like either of the other two As McNamee has rightly pointed out52 the signs might have been added in PHawara just because it was a luxury copy with intellectual ambitions From the table we could even speculate that even when the text was copied in a roll with intellectual pretensions not all the signs were preserved because they were not essential to the text itself a scribe might have limited himself to copying only some lsquosamplesrsquo just to make the text appear more lsquolearnedrsquo In fact the critical signs preserved

46enspFor additional bibliography on and an image of this papyrus see Schironi 2010 108ndash109 (no 12)

47enspCf Sayce 1889 McNamee 2007 269ndash271 For additional bibliography on and an image of this papyrus see Schironi 2010 140ndash141 (no 28)

48enspFor additional bibliography on and images of this papyrus see Schironi 2010 146ndash147 (no 31)

49enspCf Manfredi 1979 47ndash51 (no 6)50enspAs reported by McNamee 2007 269 obelos at Il 2737 794 860ndash861 875ndash876 diple at

Il 2481 659 701 722 727 730 741 [followed by a single dot] 742 802 807 809 827 830 838 839 856 858 863 872 diple periestigmene at Il 2484 634 658 674ndash675 697 724 746 801 There are also antisigmai but they are not used in the Aristarchean way that is to mark lines which are not in the right order rather they signal textual variants

51enspData are taken from Lundon 2002 25ndash26 McNamee 2007 269 covers only PHawara and her data have some discrepancies with those reported by Lundon for this papyrus (cf footnote 50)

52enspMcNamee 1981 253



in papyri often are those dealing with very basic linguistic explanations while those addressing more difffĳicult and philologically-oriented ques-tions were often omitted53

More importantly a closer look at the function of critical signs within the text raises a signifĳicant question because in all those Homeric papyri the signs are extremely difffĳicult to interpret This is certainly true for the diple as already pointed out by McNamee54 because the diple covers a wide array of topics and without the original accompanying commentary it is impossible to determine its meaning In order to interpret a diple in

53enspCf McNamee 1981 248ndash25154enspMcNamee 1981 252 ead 1992 8

Iliad Book Two (line numbers)

PHawara Venetus A POxy 1086

763 Diple Lemma in lacuna diple restored by Lundon in the lacuna

767 Diple Diple782 Mention of a σηmicroεῖον in the

explanation but no diple in the fully preserved lemma

785 Diple Diple791 Obelos No obelos in the fully preserved

lemma792 Obelos Obelos793 Obelos Obelos794 Obelos Obelos Line missing 795 Obelos Obelos801 Diple Diple Lemma partly in lacuna diple

restored by Lundon in the lacuna mention of a σηmicroεῖον in the explanation

802 Diple Diple807 Diple Diple809 Diple Diple Diple816 Lemma partly in lacuna diple


819 Diple Diple820 Diple Line missing827 Diple Diple



Homeric papyri modern scholars can consult the corpus of the scholia in the Venetus A and in particular the scholia derived from Aristonicus If medieval scholia have preserved a note by Aristonicus referring to the line at issue they can explain the lsquosilentrsquo diple in the papyrus But if no note by Aristonicus is preserved in the scholia maiora then the diple in the papyrus will remain silent

However even the obelos or the asteriskos are ambiguous though to a lesser extent than the diple The obelos alerts the reader that those lines are suspicious but only in a hypomnema could the reader understand why Aristarchus did not like them Similarly the asteriskos indicates that some lines are repeated elsewhere but again without a commentary there is no way to know where else these lines occur in the text unless one reads through the entire edition (in the hope that the repeated line occurs somewhere close to where the asteriskos has been found)

No doubt Aristarchusrsquo philology was a formidable achievement in his time Aristarchus improved on the work of his predecessors for example he reinserted in his editions lines that Zenodotus had deleted without any compelling reason More importantly even when expressing very subjec-tive judgments Aristarchus based his decisions on the text itself and on internal consistency rather than adopting preconceived lsquoaestheticrsquo crite-ria like the decorum (πρέπον) which were common before his time In this sense his activity represents a step forward compared to his predecessors and it is for this reason that he was considered a model in the centuries to come55 But although Aristarchusrsquo philological approach to critical and editorial work was sound there were difffĳiculties associated with the phys-ical presentation of his work The ekdosis-hypomnema system is in itself a complete and rather sophisticated philological tool but it is useful only if a reader can access both texts and in particular the hypomnema because critical signs are lsquomutersquo in themselves The ekdosis alone with the sigla is mostly useless from a philological point of view

This was not a problem for the lsquoaveragersquo reader of Homer because as it has been abundantly shown56 common readers were not interested in subtle philological discussions but rather in having a sound text of

55enspThis does not mean that Aristarchusrsquo activity was not criticized scholars in Perga-mum especially Crates of Mallos had opposite views on philological and critical issues though they often employed the same type of methodology see Schironi 2004b Papyri also show critical signs which do not derive from Aristarchusrsquo work see McNamee 1981 253ndash254

56enspSee Erbse 1959 296 McNamee 1981 250



Homermdashthat is a text in which spurious lines had been either taken out or marked with the obeloi by the Alexandrian scholars The ekdosis alone was enough for this readership Other critical signs that might be pres-ent in such ekdoseis would likely be ignored by the average reader who would not be interested in them in the fĳirst place it was enough that the ekdosis could claim a scholarly lsquopedigreersquo which in the late Hellenistic and Roman periods meant the Aristarchean Homeric text at least in terms of numerus versuum57 Such lack of interest in philological details in the gen-eral audience probably led later copyists to omit Aristarchean signs from the majority of Homeric copies This is the reason for the meager evidence for critical signs in Homeric papyri both in commentaries and in texts of the Iliad and Odyssey

Origenrsquos Critical Signs

If Aristarchusrsquo system of siglaekdosishypomnema was not able to reach a wide audience and ultimately disappeared from the common book market58 why were these signs adopted by later critics both in the Roman and the Christian worlds While we do not know much about the work of Probus on Latin poets and of Dioscurides on Hippocrates we have more information about Origen

Origen (185ndash254 CE) adopted the Greek system of σηmicroεῖα within his editorial work of the Bible and he explicitly explains why he adopted the critical signs in various passages of his own work He was born and edu-cated as a grammatikos at Alexandria and he probably worked there until the 220s so his familiarity with Alexandrian scholarship is beyond doubt Indeed Origen himself traces back his adoption of the σηmicroεῖα from the

57enspThis lsquopreparatoryrsquo ekdosis by Aristarchus circulated outside the Museum and coin-tained a text of the Iliad and the Odyssey that had been purged of securely spurious lines which crept into the textual tradition due to oral recitations over the centuries Oral per-formances led to the proliferation of diffferent texts of the Homeric poems which though basically identical in terms of plot and structure had diffferent or additional lines (the so-called lsquoplus versesrsquo) as Homeric quotations in Plato Isocrates Aristotle as well as Ptole-maic Homeric papyri demonstrate After 150 BCE papyri show a standardized text of Homer in which the number of lines is similar to our vulgate This signifĳicant change has been persuasively connected with the editorial activity of the Alexandrian grammarians and in particular of Aristarchus Cf Pasquali 1952 201ndash247 West 1967 Haslam 1997 In particular on oral recitations of Homer and its pre-Alexandrian transmission see the very diffferent theories proposed by Janko 1994 29ndash38 Nagy 1996 and West 2001 3ndash32

58enspFor a clear summary of the question relating to the book trade and book production in antiquity see Johnson 2004 157ndash160 (with bibliography)



Greeks in his letter to Africanus (Ep Afric in PG XI 5625ndash574) in which he talks about the obeloi as τοὺς καλουmicroένους παρrsquo Ἕλλησιν ὀβελούς The fol-lowing passage from his Commentary to Matthew is key to understanding Origenrsquos use of the Greek critical signs

Comm Mt 1514 (38727ndash38824 Klostermann) νυνὶ δὲ δῆλον ὅτι πολλὴ γέγονεν ἡ τῶν ἀντιγράφων διαφορά εἴτε ἀπὸ ῥᾳθυmicroίας τινῶν γραφέων εἴτε ἀπὸ τόλmicroης τινῶν microοχθηρᾶς ltεἴτε ἀπὸ ἀmicroελούντωνgt τῆς διορθώσεως τῶν γραφοmicroένων εἴτε καὶ ἀπὸ τῶν τὰ ἑαυτοῖς δοκοῦντα ἐν τῇ διορθώσει ltἢgt προστιθέντων ἢ ἀφαιρούντων τὴν microὲν οὖν ἐν τοῖς ἀντιγράφοις τῆς παλαιᾶς διαθήκης διαφωνίαν θεοῦ διδόντος εὕροmicroεν ἰάσασθαι κριτηρίῳ χρησάmicroενοι ταῖς λοιπαῖς ἐκδόσεσιν τῶν γὰρ ἀmicroφιβαλλοmicroένων παρὰ τοῖς Ἑβδοmicroήκοντα διὰ τὴν τῶν ἀντιγράφων διαφωνίαν τὴν κρίσιν ποιησάmicroενοι ἀπὸ τῶν λοιπῶν ἐκδόσεων τὸ συνᾷδον ἐκείναις ἐφυλάξαmicroεν59 καὶ τινὰ microὲν ὠβελίσαmicroεν ltὡςgt ἐν τῷ Ἑβραϊκῷ microὴ κείmicroενα (οὐ τολmicroήσαντες αὐτὰ πάντη περιελεῖν) τινὰ δὲ microετrsquo ἀστερίσκων προσεθήκαmicroεν ἵνα δῆλον ᾖ ὅτι microὴ κείmicroενα παρὰ τοῖς Ἑβδοmicroήκοντα ἐκ τῶν λοιπῶν ἐκδόσεων συmicroφώνως τῷ Ἑβραϊκῷ προσεθήκαmicroεν

Now it is clear that among the manuscripts there was great discrepancy [and for various reasons] because of the carelessness of the scribes or because of evil daring of some [copyists] or because of the correctors of the text already written down who did not care [to correct it properly] or because some added or took away whatever they decided when they were correcting it Therefore with Godrsquos will we contrived to fĳix the discrepancy in the manuscripts of the Old Testament using as a guiding principle the other editions Judging what is in dispute in the Septuagint because of the discrepancy of the manuscripts we kept what the other editions agreed upon And we marked with an obelos some lines because they were not present in the Hebrew version (not daring to delete them altogether) other lines we marked with asteriskoi so that it was clear that they were not present in the Septuagint and we took them from the other editions which agree with the Hebrew Bible

Origen wanted to lsquofĳixrsquo the textual discrepancies among various manuscript traditions of the Bible60 and the choice of those two signs and their mean-ing is quite interesting61 The obelos is used to mark lines or longer pas-sages that were present in the LXX but not in the Hebrew Bible According

59enspOn the correct interpretation of this sentence see Neuschaumlfer 1987 91ndash9260enspOn Origenrsquos evaluation of the Biblical tradition see Sgherri 197761enspIt must also be noted that these are the only signs which Origen himself says he used

in his editorial work in the Bible However Epiphanius who had probably never seen the original edition of Origen also mentions the lemniskos (divide) and the hypolemniskos (ndash) similarly the combination of asteriskos and obelos is attested only in Biblical manuscripts or later sources but never in Origen See Field 1875 I liindashlx Stein 2007 147ndash152



to the modern terminology62 the obelos in Origenrsquos system marks a lsquoplusrsquo with reference to the lsquotext of departurersquo which in this case is the Hebrew Bible This is quite interesting because if Origen used the signs with the original Alexandrian meaning the obelos in the LXX marked lines consid-ered suspicious qua absent in the Hebrew Bible Thus Origen seems to use the LXX as the reference text on which his διόρθωσις operates and to use the Hebrew Bible as a lsquocorrectiversquo text so that when a passage or phrase is missing in the latter the philologist needs to be alerted

The asteriskos is more complex to analyse Aristophanes of Byzantium and Aristarchus used it to indicate a line repeated elsewhere Did Origen keep that meaning Since he used the Greek text of the LXX as a reference text and used both obeloi and asteriskoi on it rather than on the Hebrew text we fĳirst need to understand how he could lsquomarkrsquo passages that were not present in the LXX As Neuschaumlfer demonstrated63 the ekdoseis that Origen says he used to correct the LXX when the latter was missing parts of the Hebrew Bible (ldquoἵνα δῆλον ᾖ ὅτι microὴ κείmicroενα παρὰ τοῖς Ἑβδοmicroήκοντα κ τν λοιπν κδόσεων συmicroφώνως τῷ Ἑβραϊκῷ προσεθήκαmicroενrdquo) are the other Greek versions of Aquila Theodotion and Symmachus whose text was closer to the Hebrew original64 and thus could supplement the omissions of the LXX The only way in which Origen could mark these omissions in the LXX with an asteriskos was to insert the missing passages directly in the text of the LXX by using excerpts taken from the other Greek versions This means that Origenrsquos lsquoeditionrsquo with critical signs must have been dif-ferent from the original LXX it was an lsquoenlargedrsquo LXX with additions from the Hebrew Bible taken from the other Greek versions Used in this way then the asteriskos does not mean repetition but indicates a lsquominusrsquo that is these are lines missing in the reference textmdashthe LXXmdashand added from Aquilarsquos Theodotionrsquos or Symmachusrsquo versions of the Hebrew Bible65

62enspI am adopting the defĳinition of Tov 1992 236 63enspNeuschaumlfer 1987 94ndash9664enspOn these three translations see Jellicoe 1968 76ndash9965enspInterestingly this new meaning of the asteriskos is attested in Isidorus of Seville

(Et 1212 Asteriscus adponitur in his quae omissa sunt ut inlucescant per eam notam quae deesse videntur) In his explanations Isidorus indeed seems to mix the Alexandrian use of critical σηmicroεῖα with the later Christian use Some scholars (Neuschaumlfer 1987 125 and 388 fn 175 Stein 2007 146 and now Nocchi Macedo 2011) have tried to fĳind a similarity in the use Origen makes of the asteriskos with that of Aristarchus by saying that this sign in both authors marks lsquoversus iteratirsquo In particular in the synoptic edition of the Hexapla the asteriskos would have alerted the reader that certain passages missing in the LXX were instead to be found lsquorepeatedlyrsquo in the other Greek versions of Theodotion Symmachus and Aquila and in the Hebrew Bible I cannot share this view for at least two reasons First



Such an application of the asteriskos is an innovation it is Origenrsquos adap-tation of Aristarchusrsquo system and was dictated by the diffferent kind of analysis that Origen was interested in Origen needed to mark diffferences between two versions of the same text for Aristarchus however rather than a comparison between two (or more) manuscripts the philological work instead consisted in a study of the internal consistency of the poem itself66

Why did Origen choose only the obelos and asteriskos These two signs were not the only ones introduced by the Alexandrians There were many others like the widely used diple Origen does not give us any reason for his choices but it is worth exploring this issue because Origenrsquos choices can give us some indication about how the Alexandrian signs were used Among the signs securely used by Aristarchus (the obelos the asteriskos the diple and the diple periestigmene) the obelos and the asteriskos are the only ones that have a rather unequivocal meaning and can be under-stood even without a hypomnema The reader of an ekdosis with obeloi for example may still wonder why a certain line is athetised but he neverthe-less knows that such line is considered spurious and this is an unambigu-ous piece of information In the same way the asteriskos alerts the reader that the line is repeated elsewhere only if he is interested the curious reader will try to fĳind out where the repetition occurs but in itself the information given by the asteriskos is sound The case of the diple is very diffferent because this sign gives only a very generic piece of information lsquonota benersquo leaving the reader in great disappointment because without a hypomnema he can only wonder what such an interesting point might be Similarly the diple periestigmene hints at a scholarly polemical debate but provides in itself no detail The diple and the diple periestigmene made the availability of a hypomnema absolutely necessary The reason whymdashI thinkmdashOrigen chose to use only the obelos and the asteriskos is that his edition was not meant to be accompanied by a hypomnema In this sense

this meaning of versus iterati is not what the Alexandrians meant by lsquorepeated linesrsquo which for them were lines occurring elsewhere in the same poem not in other editions of the same poem Second as my reconstruction will show I do not think that Origenrsquos critical signs were written in the synoptic Hexapla

66enspThe question of whether or not Aristarchus used manuscript evidence to prepare his edition is debated There is no positive evidence that he collected many diffferent texts of Homer for his constitutio textus (all the references to editions κατὰ πόλεις or editions κατrsquo ἄνδρα come from Didymus see West 2001 50ndash73 esp 67ndash72) In any case Aristarchusrsquo atheteseis or notices of repeated lines stem mostly from an internal analysis of the text of Homer which is a diffferent operation to what Origen was doing



we might even say that Origen took over the system of Zenodotus or Aris-tophanes of Byzantium rather than the one of Aristarchus whose work and system of critical signs seem to be closely related to the existence of a commentary

Certainly Origenrsquos neglect of the diple did not arise from his lack of interest in lsquocommentingrsquo upon the text In fact Origenrsquos exegetical work on the Bible was extensive and he wrote several commentaries to books of the Septuagint Although many of his exegetic works are lost and those which reached us are often very fragmentary67 a search through the TLGE has shown that Origen never mentions critical signs in an exegetic contextmdashthat is he never links them with a specifĳic passage in his edi-tion of the Old Testament The passage from the Commentary to Matthew reported above is a very useful source for the understanding of Origenrsquos use of critical signs but it is somehow an excursus outside the aim of the commentary itself which was not focused on the Septuagint but on the Gospel of Matthew Similarly the use of σηmicroεῖα is mentioned in Origenrsquos Commentary to John68 and in his Commentary to the Romans69 but again outside the context of the exegesis to the Gospel of John or Romans The only exegetical work on the Septuagint where Origen seems to connect his exegesis to his critical signs is the Fragments on Psalms transmitted under his name where on Psalm 144 one reads (In Psal 144 v 13 vol 3 3569ndash10) Ὠβέλισται δὲ τό ldquothinspἩ βασιλεία σου βασιλεία πάντων τῶν αἰώνωνrdquo (Psal 14413) This work however is probably interpolated70 and this sug-gestion might even be confĳirmed by the fact that elsewhere Origen never links his exegesis with his sigla on the text rather a later commentator using Origenrsquos edition could have made that observation about the pres-ence of the obelos next to line 13 of Psalm 144 Origen seems thus to keep the use of the critical signs strictly limited to the ecdotic process with no link between the editorial activity and the exegetical one

67enspFor a full list of Origenrsquos exegetic works and how they are preserved (ie by direct tradition in Latin translations as fragments in catenae and scholia or completely lost except for the title) see Nautin 1977 242ndash260

68enspComm Jo 2816137 τὸ δὲ ldquoἘγενήθη πνεῦmicroα θεοῦ ἐπrsquo αὐτῷrdquo (Num 237) βελίσαmicroεν microήτε αὐτὸ microήτε παραπλήσιόν τι αὐτῷ εὑρόντες ἐν ταῖς λοιπαῖς ἐκδόσεσιν

69enspComm Rom 19217ndash20 Scherer Σ]αφῶς | δὲ ἡ γραφὴ λέγει ldquoἘπ[ίστευσ]εν δὲ Ἀβραὰmicro τῷ Θεῷ καὶ ἐλογίσθ[η αὐτῷ] | εἰς δικαιοσύνηνrdquo (Gen 156) και [ ] τῶν ἄλλων ἐκδό[σ]εων [ ] τα ἐν τῇ Γενέσει τὸ Ἀβ[ ] α βελίσαmicroεν ἐπείπερ π[ ] and in Comm Rom 1343ndash5 Scherer τοῦτο δὲ ζητήσεις ἐν τῷ Ἡσαίᾳ ἢ ἐν ταῖς ἄλλαις τῶν Παροιmicroιῶν ἐκδόσεσιν ἐν τῷ ldquoΤαχινοὶ ἐκχέαι αἷmicroαrdquo (Is 597 Prov 116) ὃ microετὰ στερίσκων προσετέθη ν τ κδόσει τν βδοmicroήκοντα See also Origen Comm Ep Rom Section XIII l 20

70enspDevreesse 1970 1ndash88 spec 3 and 6



Origenrsquos Critical Signs and Manuscript Evidence

Where were Origenrsquos signs placed and what was their relationship with Origenrsquos philological masterpiece the Hexapla a comparative edition collecting the texts of the Bible in six synoptic columns71 This is a long-debated question Some scholars72 think that the signs were in the Hexapla the fĳifth column of the Hexapla would have consisted of the lsquocorrectedrsquo version of the LXX with the critical signs The main objection to such a reconstruction is that in a synoptic edition there is no need of critical signs to mark the diffferences between the Hebrew and Greek versions because they are self-evident from a synoptic comparison Rather critical signs would have been useful in a text where only the lsquoenlargedrsquo Greek version was present and would have highlighted what was present in the original LXX but absent in the Hebrew version (obelos) and what was present in the Hebrew version and in other Greek versions like Theodo-tion Aquila and Symmachus but absent in the original LXX (asteriskos) With such a Greek text furnished with unambiguous and clear critical signs a reader would have been perfectly equipped to debate with a Jew and know what the textual diffferences between his own sacred text and that of his opponent were 73

Such a picture74 is confĳirmed by the ancient sources which talk about the Hexapla but never mention the presence of the σηmicroεῖα (Eusebius75 Jerome76 and Rufĳinus)77 or if they mention the critical signs we doubt

71enspThe order and content of the six colums of the Hexapla is generally reconstructed as follows the Hebrew Bible the Hebrew Bible transcribed into Greek letters Aquila Sym-machus LXX and Theodotion The problems connected with the Hexapla its function and physical appearance are many and much debated for a useful summary see Jelli-coe 1968 100ndash133 Fernaacutendez Marcos 2000 204ndash220 and Grafton-Williams 2006 86ndash132 More specifĳic bibliography pertinent to the present topic will be quoted in the following footnotes

72enspNautin 1977 456ndash457 Neuschaumlfer 1987 96ndash98 Schaper 1998 9ndash10 Also Field 1875 whose edition of Hexaplaric fragments is still authoritative has critical signs in his text

73enspThat this was the main scope of Origenrsquos undertaking is testifĳied by Or Ep Afric in PG XI 6020ndash617 Cf Sgherri 1977 16ndash17

74enspAlready suggested by Devreesse 1954 113ndash115 Mercati 1958 xxxivndashxxxv Kahle 1960 115ndash116 Jellicoe 1968 124 cf also Grafton-Williams 2006 88 108 116ndash117 (but Williams 2006 72 and 149 is ambiguous about whether she thinks critical signs were in the Hexapla or not) For a brief summary of this debate (with additional bibliography) see Fernaacutendez Marcos 2000 213ndash215

75enspEuseb HE 616 Cf Nautin 1977 311ndash316 Neuschaumlfer 1987 9776enspHieron Comm in Pauli Ep ad Tit 39 in PL 26595B Cf Nautin 1977 328ndash33177enspRuf HE 6164ndash3 (sic) in GCS 9 p 555 8ndash18 Cf Nautin 1977 332ndash333



whether they ever saw the Hexapla like Epiphanius78 More importantly such a picture is confĳirmed by manuscript evidence The fragments we have of the Hexapla are preserved in two palimpsests the so-called Cairo-Genizah Palimpsest (Cambridge University Library Taylor-Schechter 12182 dating to the 7th century and containing portions of Psalm XXII)79 and the so-called Mercati Palimpsest (Bibl Ambr O 39 sup dating to the 9thndash10th century)80 The Cairo-Genizah Palimpsest has a synoptic text which has been reconstructed as follows81 original Hebrew (col 1mdashnothing has been preserved) Hebrew transcribed into Greek letters (col 2) Aquila (col 3) Symmachus (col 4) LXX (col 5) and Theodo-tion (col 6mdashnothing has been preserved) Similarly the Mercati Palimp-sest has the synoptic Hexaplaric text of some Psalms82 in fĳive remain-ing columns original Hebrew (col 1mdashnothing has been preserved)83 the Hebrew version in Greek letters (col 2) Aquila (col 3) Symmachus (col 4) a Greek version diffferent from both LXX and Theodotion (col 5) and another Greek version that might be the so-called lsquoQuintarsquo (col 6)84 This manuscript unlike the Cairo-Genizah one also alternates the text of each Hexaplaric Psalm with its Septuagint version and with a catena comment-ing on the psalm Despite the diffferences in layout and content in none of these Hexaplaric manuscripts is there any trace of critical signs On the contrary the medieval manuscripts which preserve the critical signs of Origen like the Codex Marchalianus (Vat Gr 2125 6th century CE containing all the Prophets)85 and the Codex Colberto-Sarravianus (Voss Gr Q 8 + Cod Par Gr 17 + Cod St Petersburg v5 5th century CE) have only the Greek text

78enspEpiph De mensuris et ponderibus 7 on the Hexapla see also Epiph Panarion 6435 in GCS 31 p 4073ndash40811 cf Neuschaumlfer 1987 97

79enspCf Taylor 1900 see also Jenkins 1988 90ndash102 and Grafton-Williams 2006 98ndash9980enspCf Mercati 1958 Kahle 1960 Jellicoe 1968 130ndash133 see also Jenkins 1988 88ndash90 and

Grafton-Williams 2006 98 100ndash101 (but their reconstruction is not precise especially in terms of the content of the sixth column)

81enspTaylor 1900 382enspIn particular Psalms XVII XXVI XXVIIIndashXXXI XXXIVndashXXXV XLV XLVIII LXXXVIII83enspSome scholars even suppose that this fĳirst column was never present in this manu-

script as well as in the Cairo-Genizah (and hence in the original Hexapla) on this question see Jenkins 1988 Norton 1988 Flint 1988

84enspThe nature of this edition and the problematic content of the fĳifth and sixth columns are discussed in Mercati 1958 xvindashxxxv See also Fernaacutendez Marcos 2000 213

85enspCf Ziegler 1952 32ndash36 The Hexaplaric labels and the marginalia seem to have been added by a second hand see Ziegler 1952 62



This evidence suggests that critical signs were not written in the Hexapla but in a stand-alone Greek edition of the lsquoenlargedrsquo LXX by Ori-gen I have called this Greek Bible edited by Origen an lsquoenlargedrsquo LXX because it consisted of the original LXX with additions from Theodotion Aquila and Symmachus for the passages missing in the LXX but included in the Hebrew Bible and marked with asteriskoi

Such a reconstruction seems now to be confĳirmed by a papyrus (PGrenf 15) which though edited over a century ago86 has been overlooked by scholars interested in Origen My forthcoming study on this papyrus87 has shown that this is likely to be a very old copy of the edition of the Greek Bible by Origen The papyrus written very close to the time of Origen (it has been dated to the late 3rd century or early 4th century) contains a passage of Ezekiel (512ndash63) The text is marked by critical signs (asteri-skoi) that correctly indicate passages absent in the LXX but present in the Hebrew Bible This papyrusmdashI arguemdashis a testimony for the edition of the Bible developed by Origen for which the Hexapla was a preparatory (though extremely important) step Critical signs were only necessary in this Greek-only text Moreover they were very useful in their clarity and lack of ambiguity

Origen Improving on the Past

Origen had an extensive knowledge of Alexandrian critical and exegeti-cal methodology as Neuschaumlfer demonstrated88 Indeed his being at Alex-andria certainly facilitated his familiarity with all this scholarly material and he made full use of Alexandrian technical language and criteria Yet Origenrsquos use of critical signs and exegetical technique seems to go against what we think of Alexandrian and in particular Aristarchean practice which required a close link between the ekdosis and the hypomnemata In fact Origen seems to improve on the Alexandrian system as developed by Aristarchus by selecting the least ambiguous signs and getting rid of over-meaningful diple In this he goes back to the system of Zenodotus and Aristophanes but he also gives a personal contribution by making the critical signs even less ambiguous

86enspThe fĳirst edition was by Grenfell 1896 9ndash11 See Ziegler 1952 36 87enspSchironi (forthcoming) For an overview of papyri containing Origenrsquos works (but not

the Hexapla) see McNamee 197388enspNeuschaumlfer 1987



In Origenrsquos edition the meaning of the obelos and the asteriskos is very clear as soon as the reader sees them in the margin of the text they just mean an omission or an addition to the LXX compared to the Hebrew Bible Moreover these additions and omissions are not the result of a philological choice like in the atheteseis of the Alexandrians In fact when Aristarchus obelised a line he had to write the reasons for his choice in a commentary because that was a lsquopersonalrsquo choice whether or not sup-ported by manuscript evidence Origenrsquos obeloi and asteriskoi on the con-trary do not refer to a subjective choice but rather report lsquoa factrsquo the manuscript evidence This is an important diffference because when used in this sense these σηmicroεῖα are self-explanatory they state a fact rather than marking a judgment

In Origenrsquos system critical signs fĳinally speak on their own because they are part of the edition and deliver their message with no need of commentaries This does not mean that Origen did not write commen-taries dealing with philological and textual problems in fact Origen was quite interested in textual criticism in his exegetical work89 Despite that even when dealing with philological questions of additions and omissions his commentaries do not refer to the critical signs but can be used alone with any edition of the LXX In the same way Origenrsquos edition of the Bible provides critical information about the diffferences with the Hebrew Bible without the need of a commentary Both works the ekdosis and the hypomnema are independent This I argue is an improvement on the Aristarchean system because Origenrsquos use of the σηmicroεῖα is clear economic and unambiguous

This change in format was due to the diffferent focus of Origen and of Aristarchus The goals of the two scholars as well as their audiences were diffferent While Aristarchusrsquos critical activities were addressed to a specialised audience that was interested in and could appreciate philological details Origen in principle wrote for all Christians in order to provide them with a good textual tool to debate with the Jews To reach a wider audience Origen needed to be direct clear and simple and indeed his system proved to be fĳit for this scope Anyone can read PGrenf 15 and understand its content fully provided that he knows the equation obelos = lsquoplusrsquo and asteriskos = lsquominusrsquo in the original LXX with respect to the Hebrew Bible

89enspCf Neuschaumlfer 1987 103ndash122



Origenrsquos critical signs were useful in the absence of a synoptic edition because they could lsquosummarisersquo the lsquoquantitativersquo content of the Hexapla in one Greek-only text They also were unambiguous because they clearly indicated lsquoplusesrsquo (the obelos) and lsquominusesrsquo (the asteriskos) between the reference text (LXX) and the comparandum (the Hebrew Bible) They were economic because all the information was included in one book with no need of other devices like the hypomnema which instead was necessary in the Aristarchean system Therefore if the Alexandrians had the merit of being the πρῶτοι εὑρεταί of a system that had great potential in schol-arship Origen improved on his Alexandrian predecessors and made this system part of a scientifĳic language which by defĳinition is standardised economic and unambiguous

Bibliography

Abbreviations

An Rom = Anecdotum Romanum de notis criticis ed Montanari F in Studi di fĳilologia omerica antica I ed Montanari F Pisa Giardini 1979 54ndash55

CPF = Corpus dei papiri fĳilosofĳici greci e latini Testi e lessico nei papiri di cultura greca e latina ed Adorno F et al Firenze Olschki 1989ndash2002

Epiph De mensuris et ponderibus = Epiphanii episcopi Costantiae opera ed G Dindorf vol IV De mensuribus et ponderibus De gemmis Pseudo-Epiphanii Homiliae Leipzig 1862ndash1863

Epiph Panarion = Epiphanius Panarion (Adversus haereses) ed K Holl Epiphanius Ancoratus und Panarion Baumlnde 1ndash3 Ancoratus und Panarion GCS 25 31 37 Leipzig 1915ndash1933

Euseb HE = Eusebius Historia ecclesiastica ed G Bardy Eusegravebe de Ceacutesareacutee Histoire eccleacute-siastique 3 vols Paris 1952ndash1958

Gal In Hipp Nat Hom = Galenus In Hippocratis de natura hominis commentaria tria ed Mewaldt J Corpus medicorum Graecorum vol 591 Leipzig-Berlin 1914

Hephaest De signis = Hephaestion De signis in Hephaestionis enchiridion cum commen-tariis veteribus ed M Consbruch Leipzig 1906 7312ndash7615

Hieron Comm in Pauli Ep ad Tit = Hieronymus Commentarii in Pauli Epistulam ad Titum PL 26 555ndash600

Or Comm Ep Rom = Origenes Theol Commentarii in epistulam ad Romanos (I1ndashXII21) (in catenis) ed Ramsbotham A ldquoDocuments The commentary of Origen on the epistle to the Romansrdquo Journal of Theological Studies 13 (1912) 209ndash224 (I) 357ndash368 (II) amp 14 (1913) 10ndash22 (III)

Or Comm Ez = Origenes Theol Fragmenta ex commentariis in Ezechielem PG XIII 664ndash665

Or Comm Jo = Origenes Theol Commentarii in evangelium Joannis (lib 19 20 28 32) ed Preuschen E in Origenes Werke vol 4 GCS 10 Leipzig 1903

Or Comm Mt = Origenes Theol Commentarium in evangelium Matthaei (lib 12ndash17) ed Klostermann E in Origenes Werke vol 101ndash102 GCS 401ndash402 Leipzig 1935ndash1937



Or Comm Rom = Origenes Theol Commentarii in Romanos (III5ndashV7) (P Cair 88748 + cod Vat gr 762) ed Scherer J ldquoLe commentaire dlsquoOrigegravene sur Rom III5ndashV7 Drsquoapregraves les extraits du papyrus no 88748 du museacutee du Caire et les fragments de la Philocalie et du Vaticanus Gr 762 Le Caire LlsquoInstitut Franccedilais dlsquoArcheacuteologie Orientale 1957

Or Ep Afric = Origenes Theol Epistula ad Africanum PG XI 47ndash86Or Hom Ez = Origenes Theol Homiliae in Ezechielem ed Baehrens WA in Origenes

Werke vol 8 GCS 33 Leipzig 1925 319ndash454Or In Ez = Origenes Theol Selecta in Ezechielem ( fragmenta e catenis) PG XIII 768ndash

825Or In Psal = Origenes Theol Fragmenta in Psalmos 1ndash150 [Dub] ed Pitra JB Analecta

sacra spicilegio Solesmensi parata vol 2 Tusculum 1884 444ndash483 vol 3 Venice 1883 1ndash364

Ruf HE = Rufĳinus Historia ecclesiastica ed by T Mommsen in Schwartz AndashMommsen T Eusebius Werke Band 2 Die Kirchengeschichte Die Lateinische Uumlbersetzung des Rufĳinus GCS 9 3 vols Leipzig 1903ndash1909

SchthinspthinspthinspthinspIl = Scholia Graeca in Homeri Iliadem (scholia vetera) ed H Erbse 7 vols Berlin 1969ndash1988

SchthinspthinspthinspthinspOd = Scholia Graeca in Homeri Odysseam ed W Dindorf voll 2 Oxford 1855

Secondary Sources

Allen T W (1931) Homeri Ilias IndashIII Oxford Clarendon PressBartoletti V (1964) Diogene Laerzio III 65ndash66 e un papiro della raccolta fĳiorentina in

Meacutelanges Eugegravene Tisseacuterant vol I ldquoStudi e Testirdquo 231 Cittagrave del Vaticano 25ndash30Bird G (2009) Critical SignsmdashDrawing Attention to ldquoSpecialrdquo Lines of Homerrsquos Iliad in the

Manuscript Venetus A in Recapturing a Homeric Legacy Images and Insights from the Venetus A Manuscript of the Iliad Hellenic Studies 35 ed Dueacute C Washington DC Center for Hellenic Studies Harvard University 89ndash115

Devreesse R (1954) Introduction agrave lrsquoeacutetude des manuscrits grecs Paris Klincksieckmdashmdash (1970) Les anciens commentateurs grecs des Psaumes Cittagrave del Vaticano Biblioteca

apostolica vaticanaDindorf W (1875) Scholia Graeca in Homeri Iliadem vol 1 Oxford Clarendon PressErbse H (1959) Uumlber Aristarchs Iliasausgaben Hermes 87 275ndash303mdashmdash (1969) Praefatio in Scholia Graeca in Homeri Iliadem (scholia vetera) vol I Erbse

H Berlin De Gruyter 1969 xindashlxxviiiFernaacutendez Marcos N (2000) The Septuagint in Context LeidenndashBostonndashKoumlln BrillField F (1875) Origenes Hexaplorum quae supersunt vols IndashII Oxford Clarendon PressFlint P W (1988) Columns I and II of the Hexapla the evidence of the Milan Palimpsest

(Rahlfs 1098) in Origenrsquos Hexapla and Fragments Papers Presented at the Rich Seminar on the Hexapla Oxford Centre for Hebrew and Jewish Studies 25th [sic]ndash3rd August 1994 ed Salvesen A Tuumlbingen Mohr 125ndash132

Gigante M (1998) Un papiro attribuibile ad Antigono di Caristo PSI 1488 Vite dei Filosofĳi in Papiri Filosofĳici Miscellanea di studi II STCPF 9 Firenze Olschki L S 111ndash114

Grafton A ndash Williams M (2006) Christianity and the Transformation of the Book Origen Eusebius and the Library of Caesarea Cambridge MA Belknap Press of Harvard Uni-versity Press

Grenfell B P (1896) An Alexandrian Erotic Fragment and Other Greek Papyri Chiefly Ptole-maic Oxford Clarendon Press

Gudeman A (1922) sv Kritische Zeichen RE 11 Stuttgart 1916ndash1927Haslam M (1997) Homeric Papyri and Transmission of the Text in New Companion to

Homer eds I Morris and B Powell Leiden Brill 55ndash100Janko R (1994) The Iliad A Commentary vol 4 Books 13ndash16 Cambridge University Press

1992Jellicoe S (1968) The Septuagint and Modern Study Oxford Clarendon Press



Jenkins R G (1988) The First Column of the Hexapla the Evidence of the Milan Codex (Rahlfs 1098) and the Cairo Genizah fragment (Rahlfs 2005) in Origenrsquos Hexapla and Fragments Papers Presented at the Rich Seminar on the Hexapla Oxford Centre for Hebrew and Jewish Studies 25th [sic]ndash3rd August 1994 ed Salvesen A Tuumlbingen Mohr 88ndash102

Jocelyn H D (1984) The Annotations of M Valerius Probus I CQ 34 464ndash478mdashmdash (1985a) The Annotations of M Valerius Probus II CQ 35 149ndash161mdashmdash (1985b) The Annotations of M Valerius Probus III CQ 35 466ndash474Johnson W A (2004) Bookrolls and Scribes in Oxyrhynchus TorontondashBufffalondashLondon

University of Toronto PressKahle P E (1960) The Greek Bible Manuscripts used by Origen JBL 79 111ndash118Lundon J (2001) POxy 1086 e Aristarco In Atti del XXII Congresso Internazionale di Papiro-

logia eds I Andorlini et al Florence Istituto papirologico G Vitelli 827ndash839mdashmdash (2002) Un commentario aristarcheo al secondo libro dellrsquoIliade POXY VIII 1086

Firenze (proekdosis)Manfredi M (1979) Papiri dellrsquo Odissea Seminario papirologico 1977ndash78 Firenze Istituto

papirologico G VitelliMercati G (1958) Psalterii Hexapli reliquiae I Codex rescriptus Bibliothecae Ambrosianae O

39 sup cura et studio Mercati G Cittagrave del Vaticano Bibliotheca VaticanaMcNamee K (1973) Origen in the Papyri Classical Folia 27 28ndash51mdashmdash (1981) Aristarchus and Everymanrsquos Homer GRBS 22 247ndash255mdashmdash (1992) Sigla and Select Marginalia in Greek Literay Papyri Bruxelles Fondation

Egyptologique Reine Elisabethmdashmdash (2007) Annotations in Greek and Latin Texts from Egypt ldquoAmerican Studies in Papy-

rologyrdquo 45 New Haven CT American Society of PapyrologistsMontanari F (1979) Studi di fĳilologia omerica antica I Pisa Giardinimdashmdash (1998) Zenodotus Aristarchus and the Ekdosis of Homer in Editing Texts Texte

edieren ed by G Most ldquoAporematardquo 2 Goumlttingen Vandenhoeck amp Ruprecht 1ndash21Nagy G (1996) Poerty as PerformancemdashHomer and Beyond Cambridge Cambridge Uni-

versity PressNauck A (1867) Lexicon vindobonense Recensuit et adnotatione critica instruxit Augustus

Nauck Accedit Appendix duas Photii homilias et alia opuscula complectens St Peters-burg Eggers

Nautin P (1977) Origegravene Sa vie et son œuvre Paris BeauchesneNeuschaumlfer B (1987) Origenes als Philologe Basel F ReinhardtNocchi Macedo G (2011) Formes et fonctions de lrsquoasteacuterisque dans les papyrus litteacuteraires

grecs et latines Segno e Testo 9 3ndash33Norton G J (1988) Observations on the First Two Columns of the Hexapla in Origenrsquos

Hexapla and Fragments Papers Presented at the Rich Seminar on the Hexapla Oxford Centre for Hebrew and Jewish Studies 25th [sic]ndash3rd August 1994 ed Salvesen A Tuumlbin-gen Mohr 103ndash124

Pasquali G (1952) Storia della tradizione e critica del testo Firenzesup2 Felice le MonnierPfeifffer R (1968) History of Classical Scholarship vol 1 From the Beginnings to the end of

the Hellenistic Age Oxford Oxford University PressSayce A H (1889) The Greek Papyri in Hawara Biahmu and Arsinoe with Thirty Plates

W M Flinders Petrie et al London Field (and) Tuer 24ndash37Schaper J (1998) The Origin and Purpose of the Fifth Column of the Hexapla in Origenrsquos


Schironi F (Forthcoming) PGrenf 15 and Origenrsquos edition of the LXXmdashmdash (2004a) I frammenti di Aristarco di Samotracia negli etimologici bizantini Intro-

duzione edizione critica e commento ldquoHypomnematardquo 152 Goumlttingen Vandenhoeck amp Ruprecht



mdashmdash (2004b) Review of Cratete di Mallo I frammenti Edizione introduzione e note a cura di Maria Broggiato La Spezia 2001 Historiographia Linguistica 3123 (2004) 449ndash456

mdashmdash (2005) Plato at Alexandria Aristophanes Aristarchus and the lsquoPhilological Tradi-tionrsquo of a Philosopher CQ 552 423ndash434

mdashmdash (2010) Τὸ microέγα βιβλίον Book-ends End-titles Coronides in Papyri with Hexametric Poetry ldquoAmerican Studies in Papyrologyrdquo 48 Durham NC American Society of Papy-rologists

Schmidt M (1997) Variae Lectiones oder Parallelstellen was notierten Zenodot und Aristarch zu Homer ZPE 115 1ndash12

Sgherri G (1977) Sulla valutazione origeniana dei LXX Biblica 58 1ndash28Stein M (2007) Kritische Zeichen Reallexikon fur Antike und Christentum Sachworter-

buch zur Auseinandersetzung des Christentums mit der antiken Welt XXII 133ndash163Taylor C (1900) Hebrew-Greek Cairo Genizah Palimpsests from the Taylor-Schechter Collec-

tion Including a Fragment of the Twenty-Second Psalm According to Origenrsquos Hexapla Cambridge University Press

Tov E (1992) Textual Criticism of the Hebrew Bible Minneapolis Fortress Press AssenMaastricht Van Gorcom

Turner GE ndash Parsons P J (1987) Greek Manuscripts of the Ancient World ldquoBulletin Supple-mentrdquo 46 London2 University of London Institute of Classical Studies

Van Groningen B A (1963) EKDOSIS Mnemosyne 4e seacuterie 16 1-17Van Thiel H (1992) Zenodot Aristarch und andere ZPE 90 1ndash32mdashmdash (1997) Der Homertext in Alexandria ZPE 115 13ndash36West M L (2001) Studies in the Text and Transmission of the Iliad MuumlnchenndashLeipzig

Saurmdashmdash (2003) Homeric Hymns Homeric Apocrypha Lives of Homer Cambridge MAndash

London Loeb Classical LibraryWest S (1967) The Ptolemaic Papyri of Homer ldquoPapyrologica Coloniensiardquo 3 Koumlln West-

deutscher VerlagWilliams M (2006) The Monk and the Book Jerome and the Making of Christian Scholar-

ship Chicago University of Chicago PressZiegler J (1952) Ezechiel Goumlttingen Vandenhoeck amp Ruprecht

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ltFEFF4f7f75288fd94e9b8bbe5b9a521b5efa7684002000410064006f006200650020005000440046002065876863900275284e8e5c4f5e55663e793a3001901a8fc775355b5090ae4ef653d190014ee553ca901a8fc756e072797f5153d15e03300260a853ef4ee54f7f75280020004100630072006f0062006100740020548c002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e003000204ee553ca66f49ad87248672c676562535f00521b5efa768400200050004400460020658768633002gt CHT ltFEFF4f7f752890194e9b8a2d7f6e5efa7acb7684002000410064006f006200650020005000440046002065874ef69069752865bc87a25e55986f793a3001901a904e96fb5b5090f54ef650b390014ee553ca57287db2969b7db28def4e0a767c5e03300260a853ef4ee54f7f75280020004100630072006f0062006100740020548c002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e003000204ee553ca66f49ad87248672c4f86958b555f5df25efa7acb76840020005000440046002065874ef63002gt CZE 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 DAN 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 DEU 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 ESP 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 ETI 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 FRA 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 GRE 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 HEB ltFEFF05D405E905EA05DE05E905D5002005D105D405D205D305E805D505EA002005D005DC05D4002005DB05D305D9002005DC05D905E605D505E8002005DE05E105DE05DB05D9002000410064006F006200650020005000440046002005D405DE05D505EA05D005DE05D905DD002005DC05EA05E605D505D205EA002005DE05E105DA002C002005D305D505D005E8002005D005DC05E705D805E805D505E005D9002005D505D405D005D905E005D805E805E005D8002E002005DE05E105DE05DB05D90020005000440046002005E905E005D505E605E805D5002005E005D905EA05E005D905DD002005DC05E405EA05D905D705D4002005D105D005DE05E605E205D505EA0020004100630072006F006200610074002005D5002D00410064006F00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002E0030002005D505D205E805E105D005D505EA002005DE05EA05E705D305DE05D505EA002005D905D505EA05E8002E002D0033002C002005E205D905D905E005D5002005D105DE05D305E805D905DA002005DC05DE05E905EA05DE05E9002005E905DC0020004100630072006F006200610074002E002005DE05E105DE05DB05D90020005000440046002005E905E005D505E605E805D5002005E005D905EA05E005D905DD002005DC05E405EA05D905D705D4002005D105D005DE05E605E205D505EA0020004100630072006F006200610074002005D5002D00410064006F00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002E0030002005D505D205E805E105D005D505EA002005DE05EA05E705D305DE05D505EA002005D905D505EA05E8002Egt HRV 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 HUN 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 ITA 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 JPN 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 KOR ltFEFFc7740020c124c815c7440020c0acc6a9d558c5ec0020d654ba740020d45cc2dc002c0020c804c7900020ba54c77c002c0020c778d130b137c5d00020ac00c7a50020c801d569d55c002000410064006f0062006500200050004400460020bb38c11cb97c0020c791c131d569b2c8b2e4002e0020c774b807ac8c0020c791c131b41c00200050004400460020bb38c11cb2940020004100630072006f0062006100740020bc0f002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e00300020c774c0c1c5d0c11c0020c5f40020c2180020c788c2b5b2c8b2e4002egt LTH 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 LVI 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 NLD (Gebruik deze instellingen om Adobe PDF-documenten te maken die zijn geoptimaliseerd voor weergave op een beeldscherm e-mail en internet De gemaakte PDF-documenten kunnen worden geopend met Acrobat en Adobe Reader 50 en hoger) NOR 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 POL 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 PTB ltFEFF005500740069006c0069007a006500200065007300730061007300200063006f006e00660069006700750072006100e700f50065007300200064006500200066006f0072006d00610020006100200063007200690061007200200064006f00630075006d0065006e0074006f0073002000410064006f0062006500200050004400460020006d00610069007300200061006400650071007500610064006f00730020007000610072006100200065007800690062006900e700e3006f0020006e0061002000740065006c0061002c0020007000610072006100200065002d006d00610069006c007300200065002000700061007200610020006100200049006e007400650072006e00650074002e0020004f007300200064006f00630075006d0065006e0074006f00730020005000440046002000630072006900610064006f007300200070006f00640065006d0020007300650072002000610062006500720074006f007300200063006f006d0020006f0020004100630072006f006200610074002000650020006f002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e0030002000650020007600650072007300f50065007300200070006f00730074006500720069006f007200650073002egt RUM ltFEFF005500740069006c0069007a00610163006900200061006300650073007400650020007300650074010300720069002000700065006e007400720075002000610020006300720065006100200064006f00630075006d0065006e00740065002000410064006f006200650020005000440046002000610064006500630076006100740065002000700065006e0074007200750020006100660069015f006100720065006100200070006500200065006300720061006e002c0020007400720069006d0069007400650072006500610020007000720069006e00200065002d006d00610069006c0020015f0069002000700065006e00740072007500200049006e007400650072006e00650074002e002000200044006f00630075006d0065006e00740065006c00650020005000440046002000630072006500610074006500200070006f00740020006600690020006400650073006300680069007300650020006300750020004100630072006f006200610074002c002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e00300020015f00690020007600650072007300690075006e0069006c006500200075006c0074006500720069006f006100720065002egt RUS 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 SKY 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 SLV 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 SUO 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ErrorControl WarnAndContinue FlattenerIgnoreSpreadOverrides false IncludeGuidesGrids false IncludeNonPrinting false IncludeSlug false Namespace [ (Adobe) (InDesign) (40) ] OmitPlacedBitmaps false OmitPlacedEPS false OmitPlacedPDF false SimulateOverprint Legacy gtgt ltlt AddBleedMarks false AddColorBars false AddCropMarks false AddPageInfo false AddRegMarks false BleedOffset [ 0 0 0 0 ] ConvertColors NoConversion DestinationProfileName (None) DestinationProfileSelector WorkingCMYK Downsample16BitImages true FlattenerPreset ltlt PresetSelector MediumResolution gtgt FormElements false GenerateStructure false IncludeBookmarks true IncludeHyperlinks false IncludeInteractive false IncludeLayers false IncludeProfiles true MarksOffset 6 MarksWeight 0250000 MultimediaHandling UseObjectSettings Namespace [ (Adobe) (CreativeSuite) (20) ] PDFXOutputIntentProfileSelector WorkingCMYK PageMarksFile RomanDefault PreserveEditing false UntaggedCMYKHandling LeaveUntagged UntaggedRGBHandling 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CONTENTS

Contributorsensp vii

SETTING THE STAGE

Why Compare Homerrsquos Readers to Biblical Readersensp 3Maren R Niehofff

Canonising and Decanonising Homer Reception of the Homeric Poems in Antiquity and Modernityensp 15Margalit Finkelberg

Scripture and Paideia in Late Antiquityensp 29Guy G Stroumsa

ldquoOnly God Knows the Correct Readingrdquo The Role of Homer the Quran and the Bible in the Rise of Philology and Grammarensp 43Filippomaria Pontani


The Ambiguity of Signs Critical σηmicroεῖα from Zenodotus to Origenensp 87Francesca Schironi

Topos didaskalikos and anaphoramdashTwo Interrelated Principles in Aristarchusrsquo Commentariesensp 113Reneacute Nuumlnlist

Philo and Plutarch on Homerensp 127Maren R Niehofff

Philo and the Allegorical Interpretation of Homer in the Platonic Tradition (with an Emphasis on Porphyryrsquos De antro nympharum)ensp 155Katell Berthelot

vi contents











Indexensp 369





Francesca Schironi







































































Plate 1





























































































































Bibliography

Abbreviations























Secondary Sources





















































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FRA 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HEB 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 HRV 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 HUN 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 ITA ltFEFF005500740069006c0069007a007a006100720065002000710075006500730074006500200069006d0070006f007300740061007a0069006f006e00690020007000650072002000630072006500610072006500200064006f00630075006d0065006e00740069002000410064006f00620065002000500044004600200070006900f9002000610064006100740074006900200070006500720020006c0061002000760069007300750061006c0069007a007a0061007a0069006f006e0065002000730075002000730063006800650072006d006f002c0020006c006100200070006f00730074006100200065006c0065007400740072006f006e0069006300610020006500200049006e007400650072006e00650074002e0020004900200064006f00630075006d0065006e007400690020005000440046002000630072006500610074006900200070006f00730073006f006e006f0020006500730073006500720065002000610070006500720074006900200063006f006e0020004100630072006f00620061007400200065002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e003000200065002000760065007200730069006f006e006900200073007500630063006500730073006900760065002egt JPN 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 KOR ltFEFFc7740020c124c815c7440020c0acc6a9d558c5ec0020d654ba740020d45cc2dc002c0020c804c7900020ba54c77c002c0020c778d130b137c5d00020ac00c7a50020c801d569d55c002000410064006f0062006500200050004400460020bb38c11cb97c0020c791c131d569b2c8b2e4002e0020c774b807ac8c0020c791c131b41c00200050004400460020bb38c11cb2940020004100630072006f0062006100740020bc0f002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e00300020c774c0c1c5d0c11c0020c5f40020c2180020c788c2b5b2c8b2e4002egt LTH 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 LVI 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 NLD (Gebruik deze instellingen om Adobe PDF-documenten te maken die zijn geoptimaliseerd voor weergave op een beeldscherm e-mail en internet De gemaakte PDF-documenten kunnen worden geopend met Acrobat en Adobe Reader 50 en hoger) NOR ltFEFF004200720075006b00200064006900730073006500200069006e006e007300740069006c006c0069006e00670065006e0065002000740069006c002000e50020006f0070007000720065007400740065002000410064006f006200650020005000440046002d0064006f006b0075006d0065006e00740065007200200073006f006d00200065007200200062006500730074002000650067006e0065007400200066006f007200200073006b006a00650072006d007600690073006e0069006e0067002c00200065002d0070006f007300740020006f006700200049006e007400650072006e006500740074002e0020005000440046002d0064006f006b0075006d0065006e00740065006e00650020006b0061006e002000e50070006e00650073002000690020004100630072006f00620061007400200065006c006c00650072002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e003000200065006c006c00650072002000730065006e006500720065002egt POL 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 PTB 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 RUM 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 RUS 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 SKY ltFEFF0054006900650074006f0020006e006100730074006100760065006e0069006100200070006f0075017e0069007400650020006e00610020007600790074007600e100720061006e0069006500200064006f006b0075006d0065006e0074006f0076002000410064006f006200650020005000440046002c0020006b0074006f007200e90020007300610020006e0061006a006c0065007001610069006500200068006f0064006900610020006e00610020007a006f006200720061007a006f00760061006e006900650020006e00610020006f006200720061007a006f0076006b0065002c00200070006f007300690065006c0061006e0069006500200065002d006d00610069006c006f006d002000610020006e006100200049006e007400650072006e00650074002e00200056007900740076006f00720065006e00e900200064006f006b0075006d0065006e007400790020005000440046002000620075006400650020006d006f017e006e00e90020006f00740076006f00720069016500200076002000700072006f006700720061006d006f006300680020004100630072006f00620061007400200061002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e0030002000610020006e006f0076016100ed00630068002egt SLV 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 SUO 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 SVE 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 TUR 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 UKR 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 ENU (Brill Webready 2v1) gtgt Namespace [ (Adobe) (Common) (10) ] OtherNamespaces [ ltlt AsReaderSpreads false CropImagesToFrames true ErrorControl WarnAndContinue FlattenerIgnoreSpreadOverrides false IncludeGuidesGrids false IncludeNonPrinting false IncludeSlug false Namespace [ (Adobe) (InDesign) (40) ] OmitPlacedBitmaps false OmitPlacedEPS false OmitPlacedPDF false SimulateOverprint Legacy gtgt ltlt AddBleedMarks false AddColorBars false AddCropMarks false AddPageInfo false AddRegMarks false BleedOffset [ 0 0 0 0 ] ConvertColors NoConversion DestinationProfileName (None) DestinationProfileSelector WorkingCMYK Downsample16BitImages true FlattenerPreset ltlt PresetSelector MediumResolution gtgt FormElements false GenerateStructure false IncludeBookmarks true IncludeHyperlinks false IncludeInteractive false IncludeLayers false IncludeProfiles true MarksOffset 6 MarksWeight 0250000 MultimediaHandling UseObjectSettings Namespace [ (Adobe) (CreativeSuite) (20) ] PDFXOutputIntentProfileSelector WorkingCMYK PageMarksFile RomanDefault PreserveEditing false UntaggedCMYKHandling LeaveUntagged UntaggedRGBHandling UseDocumentProfile UseDocumentBleed false gtgt ltlt AllowImageBreaks true AllowTableBreaks true ExpandPage false HonorBaseURL true HonorRolloverEffect false IgnoreHTMLPageBreaks false IncludeHeaderFooter false MarginOffset [ 0 0 0 0 ] MetadataAuthor () MetadataKeywords () MetadataSubject () MetadataTitle () MetricPageSize [ 0 0 ] MetricUnit inch MobileCompatible 0 Namespace [ (Adobe) (GoLive) (80) ] OpenZoomToHTMLFontSize false PageOrientation Portrait RemoveBackground false ShrinkContent true TreatColorsAs MainMonitorColors UseEmbeddedProfiles false UseHTMLTitleAsMetadata true gtgt ]gtgt setdistillerparamsltlt HWResolution [600 600] PageSize [453543 680315]gtgt setpagedevice

vi contents











Indexensp 369





Francesca Schironi







































































Plate 1





























































































































Bibliography

Abbreviations























Secondary Sources


























































Francesca Schironi







































































Plate 1





























































































































Bibliography

Abbreviations























Secondary Sources




















































































































Plate 1





























































































































Bibliography

Abbreviations























Secondary Sources


















































































































































































Bibliography

Abbreviations























Secondary Sources
































































Secondary Sources




















































