homework text for greek 1001 (for use with athenaze volume 1) · homework text for greek 1001 (for...

Homework Text for Greek 1001(for use with Athenaze volume 1)

by Naomi J. NormanDepartment of Classics

T. Keith Dix (instructor)236 Park [email protected]

Table of Contents

Greek 1001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

General Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

Homework Assignments for Week 1 August 23-26 (Chapter 1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5Chapter 1 Vocabulary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

Greek Text . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7Punctuation Marks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7Breathing Marks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7Accent Marks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7The Alphabet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8Alphabet Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8Pronunciation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

Speech Acts and Sentence Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12Exercise on Speech Acts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

Tips on Translating Greek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13Identifying Forms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13Adjectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15Verbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16Sentence Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

Thematic verbs in the present active indicative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

Present Active indicative of �¨�?, Present Active Imperative and Infinitive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

Homework Assignments for Week 2 August 30-Sept 2 (Chapter 2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21Chapter 2 Vocabulary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

Second (o) Declension, Masculine and Neuter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

Accentuation in Greek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

Enclitics and Proclitics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

Homework Assignments for Week 3 Sept 7-9 (Chapter 3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28Chapter 3 Vocabulary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29Homework Exercises for Chapter 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

Table of Contractions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

Homework Assignments for Week 4 Sept 13-16 (Chapter 4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32Chapter 4 Vocabulary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33Homework Exercises for Chapter 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

First Declension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

Alpha Contract Verbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38


Adjectives: Attributive vs. Predicative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43


Present Middle Indicative, Imperative, Infinitive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

Notes on the Middle Voice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48

Homework Assignments for Week 7 Oct 4-7 (Chapter 7) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50Chapter 7 Vocabulary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51Homework Exercises for Chapter 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

Third Declension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54

Homework Assignments for Week 8 Oct 11-14 (Chapter 8) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57Chapter 8 Vocabulary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58Homework Exercises for Chapter 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59


Paradigm of %r+, %r)�, %r� and �¯+, �?�, �� . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64

Homework Assignments for Week 9 Oct 18-21 (Chapter 9) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65Chapter 9 Vocabulary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66Homework Exercises for Chapter 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67

Present Active Participles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70


Homework Assignments for Week 10 Oct. 25-27 (Chapter 10) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74Homework Exercises for Chapter 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75

Formation of the Future Tense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77

Homework Assignments for Week 11 Nov 1-4 (Chapter 11) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78Homework Exercises for Chapter 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79

The Aorist System in Greek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81

Personal Endings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84

Homework Assignments for Week 12 Nov. 8-11 (Chapter 12) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85Homework Exercises for Chapter 12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86

First Aorist Active . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88

Homework Assignments for Week 13 Nov. 15-18 (Chapter 13) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89Homework Exercises for Chapter 13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90

Imperfect of �¨�? and �«�� . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91

Worksheet on Relative Pronouns and Clauses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92


Paradigm of u-stem Adjectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96

Homework Assignments for Week 14 Nov. 22-23 (Chapter 14a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97Homework Exercises for Chapter 14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98

Comparative and Superlative Adjectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100

Homework Assignments for Week 15 Nov 29-Dec 2 (Chapters 14b-15�) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102

Homework Assignments for Week 16 Dec 6-9 (Chapters 15�-16) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103Homework Exercises for Chapters 15�-16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104

Omicron Contract Verbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108

Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110Review Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111

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Greek 1001 Fall 2004

T. Keith Dix236 Park Hall 542-2195email: [email protected] Hours: MTWTh 1-2 pm

Course Texts:

Balme and Lawall, Athenaze vol. 1 (Second edition)Homework text by N. Norman (available at Bel-Jean, 163 E. Broad)

General Course Information:

1. We will go through all of volume one of Athenaze this semester.

2. There will be several tests during the term. Each test, while focusing on the materialcovered since the previous test, will of course be cumulative.

3. There will be many short quizzes. No make-up quizzes will be given, but your twolowest quiz grades will be dropped.

4. There will be a final, cumulative examination on Monday, December 13th: at noon to 3pm, for students in the morning section, and at 3:30-6:30, for students in the afternoonsection.

5. The Classics Department provides free tutors for elementary Greek students in ParkHall 242. A schedule will be distributed as soon as possible.

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Course requirements:

1. Class attendance and participation are essential. You must keep up with theassigned homework. Anyone habitually absent may be dropped from the course at mydiscretion.

Each day you will be considered either:Prepared (on time and have completed homework assignment), orUnprepared (in class but without homework assignment), orAbsent

At the beginning of each class, you will sign a sheet indicating whether you are Prepared(worth 2 points) or Unprepared (worth 1 point). In order to count yourself Prepared,you must be in class, you must have attempted to complete ALL the homework exercisesand to translate EVERY assigned sentence, and you must give those answers if calledupon. Your answers and translations do NOT have to be correct– but you must make anattempt.

If you are Unprepared, I will not call on you in class for homework translation. You willbe asked to participate in other class activities, however. Please attend class even if youare Unprepared, so that you can hear new grammar explanation or review.

2. You are required to take all quizzes, tests and the final.

Grading:

Participation 15%Tests 35%Quizzes 15%Final exam 35%

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General Introduction

Fifth century Greeks wrote in CAPITAL LETTERS, with NOGAPSBETWEENWORDS, withno accents and no breathing marks and virtually no punctuation. All of these conventions sprangup later, some very much later. Consequently the act of reading required a high level ofconcentration and a high degree of literacy. Try it in English on this fragment of Plato’s Apology.

HOWYOUMENOFATHENSHAVEBEENAFFECTEDBYMYACCUSERSIDONOTKNOWBUTIFORMYPARTALMOSTFORGOTMYOWNIDENTITYSOPERSUASIVELYDIDTHEYTALKANDYETTHEREISHARDLYAWORDOFTRUTHINWHATTHEYHAVESAIDBUTIWASMOSTAMAZEDBYONEOFTHEMANYLIESTHATTHEYTOLDWHENTHEYSAIDTHATYOUMUSTBEONYOURGUARDNOTTOBEDECEIVEDBYMEBECAUSEIWASACLEVERSPEAKER

Now, look at it in Greek.

�� !�"�#� !�$&%��'�(*)�+� !�) ,�$*)�-/.*%�"�(� �.) , !�$&%0-1%�,��)�2&,�34�56�7�89�:�;&<&9*5=1> 4 5 6�9�5=�? =&:�4�@ 9�>�A�8�9�56�7 ?�;1@�48 7�B�=�:=<�9�8�CD4 ;16 9�;E4 :�A @ =�B/5�=*7�B�=�? 9�B&=�;1?=�;F89�5 G =&8�=�;D?�AC14B�;�8�>�4�:H;�B�6�4�G�=4�5�6�7�8�=8�=�@�4�5>�4IB�4�6�7�8�?�9�:�:�7�8�7�8J&K�J�L�MEN OP*Q�P*Q*L P*Q J&O R S1T�U�T�V�W�XY�Z/[�\&]�^�_`�Z&T*^*U `�a T�S�Zbc�d&e�f�g�h�i�j�k�g�i�l�c�h�c�m�f�b�f�m�in�o�p�i�d/e�k�g�ke�m�k�o�q�i�r�i

Notice that this Greek excerpt also does not have punctuation marks, accents, or breathing marks.These were all added later when the Greek language became widespread as a universal means ofcommunication and others needed help with pronunciation.

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Homework Assignments for Week 1 August 23-26 (Chapter 1)

for Monday: study the Greek alphabetread and study Athenaze (Ath.), pp. ix-xx

for Tuesday: quiz on the Greek alphabetread and study Ath. pp. 4-6read and study course pack pp. 6-8do alphabet exercise, course pack pp. 7-8

for Wednesday: read and study course pack pg. 11-14 and do the exercises on pg. 11read Ath. pp. 6-7 ("The Athenian Farmer")read and translate Reading 1 A�(p. 3)

for Thursday: study for vocabulary quiz, chapter 1 (vocabulary lists in Ath. + theaddendum in course pack)read and study course pack pp.15-17read Ath. p. 9do exercise 1 G, Ath. pg. 10read and translate Reading 1 B (p. 8)

for Monday: quiz on conjugation in the PAI (Present Active Indicative)read and digest grammar on Ath. pp. 13-15read and translate Reading 2�A (pp. 12-13)

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Chapter 1 Vocabulary

Addendum to the Vocabulary List on Athenaze (Ath) page 2

Nouns:mGRÎW��mGROÅ�Ò: fieldoNYRVPOW��mNYR¢POU�Ò: man, human being, personAÆTOURGÎW��AÆTOURGOÅ�Ò: farmerOÁKOW��O½KOU�Ò: house, home, dwellingPÎNOW��PÎNOU�Ò: toil, workSºTOW��S¸TOU�Ò: grain, food

Adjectives:KALÎW��KAL��KALÎN: beautiful, goodMAKRÎW��MAKR��MAKRÎN: long, largeMIKRÎW��MIKR��MIKRÎN: smallPOLÃW��POLL��POLÃ: much, (plural) many

Addendum to page 8:

Nouns:�LIOW��L¸OU�Ò: sunXRÎNOW��XRÎNOU�Ò: time

Adjectives:»SXURÎW��»SXUR��»SXURÎN: strongXALEPÎW��XALEP��XALEPÎN: difficult

NOTE: The vocabulary lists in the course pack use the standard format found in Greekdictionaries. For nouns, the standard listing consists of nominative singular (mGRÎW),genitive singular (mGROÅ), gender, indicated by the appropriate form of the article (Òindicates masculine, ��INDICATES�FEMININE��TÎ indicates neuter), and English equivalent. For adjectives, the Greek forms listed are all nominative singular, in the standard ordernominative singular masculine �KALÎW), nominative singular feminine (KAL�),nominative singular neuter (KALÎN). For vocabulary quizzes, you need to learn theinformation both in Athenaze and in the course pack.

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Greek Text

A printed page in a modern edition of a Greek text includes punctuation marks, worddivisions, breathing marks, apostrophes, and accents.

Punctuation Marks:& The period (.) indicates that the sentence is complete and that all syntactical

expectations have been met.& The comma (,) operates as it does in English.& The question mark (;) indicates a questions and that all syntactical expectations

have been met.& The semicolon (�) operates as it does in English.

Breathing Marks:& The rough breathing (��) corresponds to the English “h” sound.& The smooth breathing (�’��) signals the absence of the “h” sound.& All initial vowels and diphthongs show breathing marks and so does the letter �.

Accent Marks:& The acute accent ( ) originally indicated ascending pitch on the accented syllable.& The circumflex accent ( a� ) originally indicated ascending and descending pitch

on the accented syllable.& The grave accent ( ` ) originally indicated descending pitch on the accented

syllable.& Today we pronounce all accents with a stress.& The apostrophe ( ’ ) signals a zero, that is the absence of a sound or sounds which

have dropped out, as in the English “don’t.”

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The Alphabet:

The standard Greek alphabet consists of twenty-four letters, as follows.

Form Name Form Name

"�A alpha#�B beta(�G gamma%�D delta&�E epsilon;�Z zeta)�H eta:�Y theta*�I iota ,�K kappa-�L lambda.�M mu

/�N nu+�J xi0�O omicron1�P pi3�R rho4�S�W sigma5�T tau6�U upsilon'�F phi9�X chi$�C psi7��V omega

The alternate sigma form,W, is used only at the end of the word; elsewhere the standardform, S� is used.

The ancient Greeks used only capital letters; the lower case letters came into use duringthe Middle Ages.

Alphabet Exercises

Exercise 1: Practice writing the Greek letters in this space.

9

Exercise 2: Many English words contain Greek roots which are sometimes recognizablewithout much difficulty. In the English words below, the segments in bold type are Greekroots. With the help of a dictionary, suggest a meaning for these Greek roots. Then copythem in Greek letters.

English word meaning of Greek root Greek spelling

1. telegraph

2. apocrypha

3. logical

4. charitable

5. elliptical

Exercise 3: Transliterate the following words into Greek.

i.e., daimon = DAIMON�

1. Kadmos

2. Hektor

3. Agamemnon

4. automatos

5. Sophocles

6. Hera

7. phenomenon (=phainomenon in Greek)

8. sphinx

9. Artemis

10. logos

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Pronunciation:

stop/father a/ha a/mare t�u�v�wFxybible z�{|z&}&~|�E��ganglion (voiced velar plosive; velar nasal, before ��F� ) �� &�|��

�decade �F��epic ��1��double consonant [sd]; zd, z adds, zone �� ¢¡�£�¤F¥ ¦I§©¨1¡�ª ��«¬they /®�¯°aspirated voiceless dental plosive (aspirated tau); fricative th.Top/atheist

±³²�´1µ

¶intrigue ·�¸�¹º¸ ¹» ¼�½1¾¿kind À�Á�ÂÄÃEÅDÆÇlogic È1ÉFÊ�ËDÌÍbilabial nasal; meter ÎEÏÑÐ&ÒEÓEÔÕdental nasal; noon Ö�×ØÖÙdouble consonant [ks]; axiom Ú�ÛFÜÝobstacle Þß�à

ábilabial voiceless plosive; poet â�ã&ä å1æEç&èétrilled alveolar liquid; rhinoceros êìëFíïîðvoiceless fricative [s]; voiced fricative [z] before voicedconsonants ñ*ò�ó�ò�ôEòFõ . symbol, plasma

ö1÷Eø ùDúüû�ý�þ1ÿ ö��

�voiceless dental plosive; topography �� put, boot �� !�"$# %& '(aspirated voiceless bilabial plosive; aspirated pi. Becamefricative in postclassical times: philosophy

)+*-, .�/ .)+021

3aspirated voiceless velar plosive; aspirated kappa. cat 4�5768 9:double consonant [ps]; eclipse ;+<�=?>@long o. ode A�B�CED�FHG�I�J

11

KMLaisle N KOLQPR S

K�Thow U KWV�XYL

XZLfreight; also, digraph representing a single sound [ VXZL

X\Teh-oo; feud ]\^`_a�b�]Zc

d�eei-oo f�g h`f�ikj

l�mtoil ikj$n l7o

l�pboot q�r`s�t2u

v t u + semivocallic i [y]; in classical times iota was weakened to a glidebetween vowels and sometimes omitted in spelling

w�xzy {

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Speech Acts and Sentence Types

[Adapted from Gerda M. Seligson, Greek for Reading (Michigan, 1994), 1]

We speak for a variety of reasons; whenever we speak, we commit a speech act:

1. to give information, we make a statement2. to get information, we ask a question3. to demand an action from someone, we give a command4. to suggest an action, we utter an exhortation5. to wish for something, we make a wish6. to ask for advice, we ask a deliberative question

This information about speech acts will be useful as we consider mood and aspect inGreek.

Exercise on Speech Acts:

Exercise 1: Label the speech acts in the sentences below.

1. Shall I wash the dog

2. Let her wash the dog

3. Is he washing the dog

4. Would that I were washing the dog, instead of studying Greek

5. Wash that dog

6. I am washing the dog

Exercise 2: Add punctuation marks to the sentences above.

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Tips on Translating Greek

Word order is VERY important in English. For example, in English there is aprofound difference between

The boy hit the ball. and The ball hit the boy.

And between

I am strong. and Am I strong.

By contrast, word order in Greek is unimportant. Whereas English uses wordorder to distinguish the difference between subject and object (eg., The boy hit the ball vs.The ball hit the boy) and between statement and question (eg., I am strong vs. Am Istrong), Greek instead uses different forms to make those distinctions. Therefore youmust correctly identify forms in order to translate Greek.

Indeed, translating Greek into English involves a 4-step process:1. Identify the form of all of the words in the sentence.2. Identify what kind of sentence it is.3. Transpose the Greek sentence into English word order.4. Translate.

Important Note on Identifying Forms:

Nouns and adjectives have three characteristics: CASE, NUMBER, GENDER.

About Gender:Every noun in Greek has a gender: masculine, feminine or neuter. It is important

to note that nouns can not usually change their gender; in other words, once a masculinenoun, always a masculine noun. It is also important to note that it is almost impossible topredict the gender of a Greek noun; therefore it is imperative that when you memorizevocabulary you also MEMORIZE THE GENDER OF ALL NOUNS.

About Number:Number is the difference between a singular noun and a plural noun; in English

it’s the difference between man and men or between horse and horses. In English mostsingular forms of nouns are different from their plurals. The same is true of Greek;usually the singular form of the noun is not identical to its plural form.

14

About Case:Case tells you what syntactical function the noun fulfills in the sentence. For

example in our sentence “The boy hit the desk,” “boy” is the subject and “desk” is thedirect object; in other words, the subject, “boy,” is performing an action on the directobject, “desk.” In our second sentence, “The desk hit the boy,” the subject is now “desk,”while “boy” is now in the position of the direct object receiving the action. Thisdifference is clear in the English sentence because of the word order; but note that theforms “boy” and “desk” are exactly the same in both sentences though they occupy twodifferent syntactical positions in the 2 sentences. In a Greek sentence, the form for thesubject “boy” would be different from the form for the direct object “boy.” It is thisdifference in form which tells you how to interpret and thus how to translate the nouns ina Greek sentence.

In Greek, there are 5 cases, each of which occupies distinct syntactical positions inGreek sentences.

Case Name Primary Syntactical Function in a Sentence

Nominative Subject of sentenceGenitive To show possession; object of prepositions conveying a

sense of separation or of going away fromDative Indirect object; object of prepositions conveying the notion

of place at whichAccusative Direct object of sentence; object of prepositions conveying

the idea of going towardsVocative To address someone directly

Each case has its own form; for example, for a certain category of nouns (called thesecond declension) the cases are as follows:

Nominative oNYRVPOW

Genitive mNYR¢POU

Dative nNYR¢P¡

Accusative oNYRVPON

Vocative oNYRVPE

Note that the difference in both case and number is reflected in these forms.

Each form is composed of two parts (called morphemes) both of which convey meaning– a stem (called a stem morpheme) and a case ending (called inflectional morpheme). Thestem conveys the root meaning of the word, while the ending indicates case and sosuggests possible syntactical functions for the word within a sentence.

15

Important Note About Adjectives:

As you all know adjectives modify nouns. Let us add some adjectives to our basicsentence:

The angry boy hit the red ball.

The addition of adjectives “angry” and “red” gives us additional information about thenouns in the sentence. Again, in our English sentence, we know that “angry” isdescribing the boy because of word order. In a Greek sentence, however, the sentencecould be written in any of the following ways:

The boy angry red the ball hit.The ball the boy hit angry red.The red boy hit the angry ball.etc.

Since word order does not provide telltale clues on matching adjectives to their nouns,again Greek depends on form to do that. Thus, adjectives must mimic the case, numberand gender of the nouns they modify. For example in our modified sentence,

The angry boy hit the red ball.

Since boy is the subject it would be in the nominative case in Greek; it is singular and theGreek word for boy is a masculine noun. Thus the adjective “angry” in this sentencewould be a nominative, singular, masculine form. Similarly, “red” would be anaccusative (to indicate direct object), singular masculine form to modify the accusative,singular, masculine “ball.”

Since adjectives must be able to modify not only masculine, but also feminine andneuter nouns, adjectives have forms for all three genders.

16

Important Note on Verbs:

Verbs have 6 characteristics: Person, Number, Tense, Voice, Mood and Aspect. Inorder to translate Greek verbs correctly, you must first identify its characteristics.

About Person:The person of a verb refers to its subject. The person can be

1st singular/plural = “I”/ “we”2nd singular/plural = “you”/ “you”3rd singular/plural = “he,she,it”/ “they”

About Number:Number is the difference between a singular verb and a plural verb, in English the

difference, for example, between “is” and “are.” Each person has a singular form and aplural form, eg., I am (1st person singular) and we are (1st person plural).

About Tense:Tense indicates the time of the action. Did it occur in present time, past time or

future time--I eat, I ate, I will eat.

About Voice:Voice indicates the relation between the subject and the verb. In active voice the

subject performs the action of the verb; in passive voice, the subject receives the action ofthe verb. Our basic sentence is in the active voice:

The boy hit the desk. (note that the subject is doing the action of the verb)Let’s change our basic sentence to the passive voice:

The boy is hit by the desk. (note that now the subject is receiving theaction of the verb.)

Greek also has a middle voice. But more about voice later.

About Mood:Mood indicates how the subject views/thinks about the action of the verb. It is the

difference between

The boy hit the desk. and

The boy would like to hit the desk.and

Hit the desk!

17

In our basic sentence, we have a plain statement of fact so the verb in Greek would be inthe indicative mood; in the second example, we have a wish which would be expressed inGreek by either the subjunctive or optative moods; and in the third example, we have acommand which would be expressed in Greek by the imperative mood. More aboutmood later.

About Aspect:Aspect reflects whether or not the action of the verb is completed. It is the

difference between

The boy hit the desk.and

The boy is hitting the desk (while he . . . .)

More about aspect later.

An Extra Note about Verbs:Just as the three characteristics of nouns and adjectives (case, number and gender)

are expressed by their form, so are the six characteristics of a verb (person, number, tense,voice, mood, aspect) expressed by their form. Thus in order to translate a Greek verbcorrectly, it is necessary first to identify fully its form.

18

Important Note on Identifying Sentence Types:

There are several different types of sentences. The three types which we will seemost often this quarter are: 1. the Transitive Active Sentence (TAS), 2. the IntransitiveActive Sentence (IAS), and 3. the Linking Sentence (LS).

The TAS is governed by a transitive verb, a verb which transfers action from asubject to a direct object. The English word order for a TAS is

Subject + Verb � Direct Object.The boy + hit � the desk.

The IAS is governed by an intransitive verb, a verb which does not transfer actionto a direct object. The English word order for a IAS is

Subject + VerbI + think.

The LS is governed by a linking verb, a form of the verb “to be” which links asubject with a predicate. The English word order for a LS is

Subject/Predicate Verb Predicate/SubjectA = B

The rose is red.or

Red is the rose.

Another pattern I am a teacher.

or A teacher am I.

Note how a linking verb can link either a noun with an adjective (called a predicateadjective) or a noun with another noun (called a predicate noun).

An Important Note about LS in Greek:When a linking verb is linking a noun with an adjective, that adjective must agree

with the noun in terms of case (always nominative), number and gender; in other words, ifthe noun is singular and feminine, the adjective must also be singular and feminine.

19

Thematic verbs in the present active indicative

Vowel verbs:

Singular 1st LÃV �V� lengthened thematic vowel

2nd LÃEIW �EIW� Probably from�LUE�SI� �LUEÐ� �LUEI��to which �W�hasbeen added from secondary endings

3rd LÃEI �EI The derivation of the ending is disputed.

Plural 1st LÃOMEN �OMEN

2nd LÃETE �ETE

3rd LÃOUSI�N� �OUSI�N� �ONTI� ��ONSI� ��OUSI

NT�before final I�becomes�NS� which drops N��thepreceding vowel undergoes compensatorylengthening��O �OU�

Epsilon contract verbs:

Singular 1st FIL¤ �¤� ��FIL�V

2nd FILEºW �EºW� ��FIL�EIW

3rd FILEº �Eº ��FIL�EI

Plural 1st FILOÅMEN �OÅMEN ��FIL�OMEN

2nd FILEºTE �EºTE ��FIL�ETE

3rd FILOÅSI�N� �OÅSI ��FIL�OUSI

Contractions��E +�E�EI� �EI��2nd sing., 3rd sing., 2nd plu.)E�+�O� �OU��1st plu.)E�+�long vowel/diphthong �E�drops out��1st sing., 3rd plu.)

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Present Active indicative of EE»»MM¸̧��Present Active Imperative and Infinitive

Singular 1st |~}�� $�� Q� with compensatory lengthening

2nd �� $� �� , originally � �� truncation of sequence of two identicalconsonants �

3rd �� 2�� ¡� � �� retains the original ending �� Plural 1st ��¢�£�� ¢�¤¡� � before ¢ or � usually disappears with compensatory lengthening;

the � is due to the influence of ��7£2nd �� £ � ��¤3rd ¤~¥2��2�� E�� ¦ PG * §©¨`§«ª¬E®¯° before final ± becomes ¯E²�³ which drops n; the preceding vowel

undergoes compensatory lengthening, ´�µ$´Y¶·¹¸º�»·¼¸º7» ½

The accents of the present indicative forms of E»M¸ (with the exception of the second singular) areenclitic rather than recessive ¾Present active imperative of thematic verbs ¿

2nd singular: À�Á�Â Ã+Ä-À�Â~ÂÆÅ Ã+ÄÇÀ7ÂYÈ Present stem + thematic vowel

2nd plural: À�É�Â�Ê�Â Ã+È-À�Ë~Â�Ê7Â�Å Ì+ÍÇÎ7Ï�ÐÒÑ�Ï Present stem + thematic vowel + Ñ7Ï Present active imperative of Ï~Ó�Ô ÕzÖ

2nd singular: ×ÙØ�ÚEÛ Present stem ÜÞÝkßáàãâåä�æ7ÝEß is an enigma â\ç2nd plural: è æ�é7ê Present stem ÜOé�ê

Present active infinitive of thematic verbs ëìí êîê�ïñð ì�í êYß-ï òÆß ì7ó ê~ê�ïôð ò+ß ì ê�õÒï Present stem + thematic vowel ÜÞê�ï

Present active infinitive of ê~ö�÷�øQë

è æ�ï�ùOßð ê�úÒï�ùOß Present stem Ü+ï�ùMß æ before ÷ or ï usually disappears withcompensatory lengthening ûôüÆý�üYþ

21

Homework Assignments for Week 2 August 30-Sept 2 (Chapter 2)

for Monday: quiz on conjugation in the PAI (Present Active Indicative)read and digest grammar on Ath. pp. 13-15read and translate Reading 2A (pp. 12-13)

for Tuesday: quiz on conjugation in Pres. Act. Indicative and Imperative of E»M¸

do exercise 2A (odds) and 2G (evens)read Ath. pp. 15-16 ("Slavery")read and digest grammar on Ath. pp. 20-21 and 31

for Wednesday: quiz on 2nd declension formsdo exercises 2D and 2E

read and translate Reading 2B (pp. 18-19)

for Thursday: vocabulary quiz, chapter 2read and digest grammar on Ath. pp. 26-27

�

for Monday: STUDY, no class on Monday

for Tuesday: read and translate Reading 3A, lines 1-16 (pp. 24-25)do exercise 3A (odds)read and digest grammar on Ath. pp. 31-33read Ath. pp. 28-29 ("The Deme and the Polis")do exercises 3G and D

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Addendum to the Vocabulary List on page 10:

Nouns:oROTRON��mRÎTROU�TÎ: plowDOÅLOW��DOÃLOU�Ò: slave

Adjectives:mRGÎW��mRGÎN��lazy [a "two-ending" adjective, in which the first form isnominative singular masculine AND feminine, the second form is nominativesingular neuter. Two-ending adjectives are compound words. mRGÎW��m�ERGÎW, "not working." Compound adjectives do not have separate feminine forms, but the masculineforms serve for feminine as well.]

Addendum to page 16:

Verbs:oGV��oJV��GAGON: leadBA¸NV��B�SOMAI��BHN: step, walk, goBL�PV��BL�COMAI��BLECA: look, seeLAMBjNV��L�COMAI��LABON: takeSULLAMBjNV��SULL�COMAI��SUN�LABON: help

Nouns:BOÅW��BOÎW�Ò: oxD�NDRON��D�NDROU�TÎ: treeDESPÎTHW��DESPÎTOU�Ò: master

Note: In chapter 2B, Athenaze changes the vocabulary form listed for verbs from thethird person singular present active indicative (L�GEI) to the first person singular presentactive indicative (oGV). The vocabulary lists in the course pack use the standard formatfor verbs found in Greek dictionaries: first person singular present active indicative(oGV), first person singular future active indicative (oJV)-- or in some cases, for verbswithout active forms in the future, first person singular future middle indicative(B�SOMAI); and first person singular aorist active indicative (�GAGON). For vocabularyquizzes, you need to learn the information both in Athenaze and in the course pack.

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Second (o) Declension, Masculine and Neuter

Masculine Masc. Endings Neu. Endings Neuter

Sing. Nom. Ò�KALÏW�mGRÎW O�W O�N TÏ�KALÏN�D�NDRON

Gen. TOÅ�KALOÅ�mGROÅ O�IO > OO (with loss of I�in diphthong beforefollowing vowel) > OU (with contraction)

TOÅ�KALOÅ�D�NDROU

Dat. T¯�KAL¯��mGR¯ (PIE *-oy>) VI > ¡ T¯�KAL¯��D�NDR¡

Acc. TÏN�KALÏN�mGRÎN O�N TÏ�KALÏN�D�NDRON

Voc. «�KAL��mGR� E O�N «�KALÏN�D�NDRON

Plu. Nom. O¼�KALO¹�mGRO¸ O�I A Tk�KALk�D�NDRA

Gen. T¤N�KAL¤N�mGR¤N (PIE *om >) VN T¤N�KAL¤N�D�NDRVN

Dat. TOºW��KALOºW��mGROºW O�IW TOºW��KALOºW��D�NDROIW

Acc. TOÄW�KALOÄW�mGROÃW O�NW�>�OUW A Tk�KALk�D�NDRA

Voc. «��KALO¹��mGRO¸ O�I A «��KALk�D�NDRA

Notes on accent:Final �OI in nominative plural masculine counts as short for purposes of accent.Any noun of the o declension with an accented ultima has circumflex on the ultima in all genitives and datives.In ¡, the long open vowel of V had completely overpowered the I by 100 BCE, so that �I ceased to be written in antiquity. The custom of writing �I under the line is as late as about the eleventh century CE.

24

Accentuation in Greek

The long vowels are H and V; diphthongs are also long except for AI and OI at the ends of words. The short vowels are�E and O.

Originally in Greek, accents denoted changes in pitch; in English, accent is shown by an increasedstress on the accented syllable.

The accent of a Greek work must be learned as a part of its spelling, just as we learn how to stressEnglish (e.g., relative, religious, reconstruct).

In Greek, the accents for nouns and adjectives are persistent, that is they try to stay on the samevowel or diphthong in all forms of the word unless forced by the rules of accentuation to move. But the accents for verbs are recessive, that is they go back from the end of the word as far aspossible.

No matter how many syllables a word has, the accent can appear only over one of the last threesyllables: the ultima (U, the last syllable of the word), the penult (P, the next to last syllable ofthe word) or the antepenult (A, the third syllable from the end).

The ACUTE accent: appears over U, P or Aappears over short vowels, long vowels or diphthongs

Restrictions:CAN appear over the U ONLY when a pause followsCANNOT appear over the P when it is accented and contains a longvowel or diphthong and the U contains a short vowelCAN appear over the A ONLY when the U contains a short vowel

The GRAVE accent: appears ONLY over the Uappears over short vowels, long vowels or diphthongs

Restrictions:CAN ONLY replace an acute accent over the U when there is nopause

The CIRCUMFLEX accent: appears ONLY over the U and Pappears ONLY over long vowels or diphthongs

Restrictions:MUST appear over the P when the P is accented and contains a longvowel or diphthong and the U contains a short vowelCANNOT appear over the P when the U contains a long vowel ordiphthong

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POSSIBILITIES OF ACCENTS

Antepenult Penult Ultima Examples

� � oNYRVPOW

� � mNYR¢POU

~ � N�SOW��LÅON

� � � N�SOU

� � � FÎBOW

� � � L�VN

� � LELUK¢W

� � POTAMÎW

~ 1ERIKL�W

� KA¹�M�NV

� = short vowel � = long vowel

The "Contonation" Rule:

contonation = accent + return to standard pitchshort syllable = 1 mora; long syllable = 2The rule: Contonation can be followed by no more than one mora before the end ofthe word (or phrase pronounced as one word unit).

Accent Exercise:

Given the form K¸NDUNOW, put the proper accent on these forms.

KINDUNOU KINDUN¡ KINDUNOI KINDUNOIW KINDUNOUW KINDUNON

Given the form MÅYOW, put the proper accent on these forms.

MUYON MUY¡ MUYOIW MUYOUW MUYOU MUYVN

Given the form »ATRÎW, put the proper accent on these forms.

»ATRON »ATR¡ »ATROIW »ATROUW »ATROU »ATRVN

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Enclitics and ProcliticsSome words do not appear to have any accent. They are so closely attached to thepreceding or following word as to become a part of it. Such words are called enclitics andproclitics. Compare, for example, what happens to the English word “not” whencombined with “is” into “isn’t.” Some Greek enclitics are TIW (the indefinite pronoun),MOU��MOI��ME��SOU��SOI��SE (personal pronouns), TE (conjunction), GE (particle), POU�PVW��POT��POY�N and POI (indefinite adverbs), and most forms of the present indicativeof E»MI (sum).

In Greek, an accented syllable cannot be followed by more than two unaccented syllables(the "contonation" rule); so the following changes occur when an enclitic leans onto aword: 1. When preceding a 1-syllable enclitic: a word with a circumflex on the ultima (KALOÅ) keeps its accent and the enclitic has noaccent: KALOÅ�GE��a word with an acute on the ultima (mDELFÎW) keeps its accent as acute and does notchange it to a grave and the enclitic has no accent: mDELFÎW�TIW�a word with an acute on the penult (F¸LOW) keeps its accent and the enclitic has no accent:F¸LOW�TIW�

2. When preceding a 2-syllable enclitic:a word with an acute on the penult (F¸LOW) is followed by enclitic with accent on ultima(acute on short ultima and circumflex on long ultima): F¸LOW��ST¸N�or mNYR¢PVNTIN¤N�

3. When preceding a 1- or 2-syllable enclitic:a word with an acute accent on the antepenult (FILÎSOFOW) adds an acute (never a grave)on its ultima and the enclitic has no accent: FILÎSOFÎW�TIW�or�FILÎSOFÎW��STIN.a word with a circumflex on the penult (DOÅLOW) adds an acute (never a grave) on theultima and the enclitic has no accent: DOÅLÎW�TE�or DOÅLÎW��STIN�

If an enclitic is followed by another enclitic, all but the last adds an acute to its ultima:DUNATÎN��ST¸�SO¸�POTE

Some words of one syllable never have an accent of their own, but attach themselvesclosely to the following word; these words are called proclitics. Examples are Ò��O¼��OÆ�OÆK��OÆX��N��E»W��K�

If a proclitic is followed by an enclitic, the proclitic is accented: E»�L�GEI but E½�TIW

27

antepenult penult ultima 1-syllable enclitic 2-syllable enclitic

mDELFÎWretains accent, none onencliticmDELFÎW�TIW

KALOÅretains accent, none onencliticKALOÅ�GE

F¸LOWretains accent, none onencliticF¸LOW�TIW

retains accent; accent on ultima of encliticF¸LOW��ST¸N

DOÅLOWadds acute on ultima: none on enclitic

DOÅLÎW�TE DOÅLÎW��STIN

FILÎSOFOWadds acute on ultima; none on enclitic

FILÎSOFÎW�TIW FILÎSOFÎW� S T I N

Mark the accents on the words below:

oNYRVPOW�TIW oNYRVPOW��STIN oNYRVPOI�TINEW oNYRVPON�GE

mNYR¢POIW��STIN mNYR¢POU�TINOW oNYRVPON�TINA mNYR¢POUW�POYEN

mNYR¢PVN�GE�POU

28

Homework Assignments for Week 3 Sept 7-9 (Chapter 3)

for Monday: STUDY, no class on Monday

for Tuesday: read and translate Reading 3A, lines 1-16 (pp. 24-25)do exercise 3A (odds)read and digest grammar on Ath. pp. 31-33read Ath. pp. 28-29 ("The Deme and the Polis")do exercises 3G and D

for Wednesday: read and translate Reading 3A, lines 17-26 (p. 25)do form ID chart (all form ID charts are in this course pack)vocabulary quiz, chapter 3

for Thursday: read and translate Reading 3� (pp. 30-31)

for Monday: STUDY FOR TEST (chapters 1-3)

29



Verbs:M�NV��MEN¤��MEINA: stay, wait, wait forP¸PTV��PESOÅMAI��PESON: fallPROSXVR�V��PROSXVR�SV�PROSXVR�SOMAI��PROSEX¢RHSA: (+ dative) gotoward, approach

Nouns:L¸YOW��L¸YOU�Ò: stone

Adjectives:A½TIOW��A»T¸A��A½TION: responsible, to blameDUNATÎW��DUNAT��DUNATÎN: possibleM�GAW��MEGjLH��M�GA: big


Verbs:LÃV��LÃSV��LUSA: loosen, releaseLE¸PV��LE¸CV��LIPON: leave

Nouns:DEºPNON��DE¸PNOU�TÎ: dinnerPAºW��PAIDÎW�Ò�or��: child, boy, girlPAT�R��PATRÎW�Ò: father

Adjectives:mNDREºOW��mNDRE¸A��mNDREºON: bravePOLLO¸��POLLA¸��POLLj: manyTOSOÅTOW��TOSAÃTH��TOSOÅTO: so great (plural), so many

30

Homework Exercises for Chapter 3Form Identification PAID¸ON��PAID¸OU�TÎ� PA¸DEIOW��PA¸DEION PAIDEÃV��PAIDEÃSV�

�PA¸DEUSA

Given the dictionary listings above, identify fully the forms below. LIST ALL POSSIBLEIDENTIFICATIONS (ignore the Vocative case). For each identification, first list therelevant part of speech (e.g., noun, verb, adjective) and then its characteristics (5 for averb, 3 for a noun or adjective).

Part of Verbs Nouns/Adjectives

Form Speech Person # Tense Voice Mood Case # Gender

PAIDEÃEIW

PAIDE¸OU

PA¸DEIOW

PAIDEÃEIN

PAID¸¡

PAIDE¸¡

PAIDEÃV

PAID¸A

PAID¸OU

PAIDEÃOUSI

PAIDEÃETE

PA¸DEION

31

Table of Contractions

Combinations Result Combinations Result Combinations Result

A�+�A �� E�+�A H�+�I

A (long) + A A��long� E +�A�(long) H H�+�AI

A + A��long� E�+�H H�+ EI ��×

A�+�I E�+�AI H�+�×

A�+�AI AI E�+�× × H�+�H

A��long) +�I E�+�E H�+�E ��H

A�+� E�+�I EI H�+�OI ��¡

A�+�E E�+�EI

A�+�H

A�+ EI#

A (long) E�+�OI OI O�+�E

A�+�EI* e +�O OU O�+�O OU

A�+�× E�+�V V O�+�EI

A�+�O E�+�¡ ¡ O�+�OI OI

A�+�V

A�+ OU#

V e +�U EU O�+�×

A�+�OI ¡ O�+�H

O�+�V V

O�+�¡ ¡

* = genuine diphthong with the sound of one vowel gliding into another, though inclassical times the sound eventually became single

# = spurious diphthong, that is to say a long vowel which occurs as the result ofcontraction or compensatory lengthening

32


for Monday: TEST (chapters 1-3)

for Tuesday: read and digest grammar on Ath. pp. 38-42do exercises 4B (evens), 4G�(odds), 4D (evens) and 4E (odds)read Ath. pp. 43-45 ("Women")

for Wednesday: quiz on first declensionread and translate Reading 4A (pp. 37-38)read and digest grammar on Ath. pp. 47-50do exercise 4K

for Thursday: vocabulary quiz chapter 4do noun-adjective agreement worksheet (all noun-adjectiveworksheets are in the course pack)read Ath. p. 284 on syllables and accentsread and translate Reading 4B (pp. 46-47)

for Monday: quiz on M�GAW��MEGjLH��M�GAread and digest grammar on Ath. pg. 56-59do exercises 5B (odds) and 5G (evens) read and translate Reading 5A (p. 55)

33


Memorize all parts of the dictionary entry; know this vocabulary list in either direction,i.e., from Greek to English and from English to Greek


Verbs:mKOÃV��mKOÃSOMAI��KOUSA�: listen, hear�Y�LV��YEL�SV��Y�LHSA: wish, be willing�XV��JV�SX�SV��SXON: have, holdYEVR�V��YEVR�SV��YE¢RHSA: watch, seePOI�V��POI�SV��PO¸HSA: do, makeXA¸RV��XAIR�SV��XA¸RHSA: rejoice

Nouns:oGGELOW��mGG�LOU�Ò: messengermN�R��mNDRÎW�Ò: man, husbandGUN��GUNAIKÎW��: woman, wife�ORT��ORT�W��: festivalYUGjTHR��YUGATRÎW��: daughterKAIRÎW��KAIROÅ�Ò: time, right timeKR�NH��KR�NHW��: springM�THR��MHTRÎW��: motherÇDR¸A��ÇDR¸AW��: water jarXORÎW��XOROÅ�Ò: dance, chorus


Verbs:PE¸YV��PE¸SV��PEISA: persuadeSTENjZV��STENjJV��ST�NAJA: groan

Nouns:G��G�W��: land, earth, groundÒDÎW��ÒDOÅ��: road, way, journey

34

Homework Exercises for Chapter 4

Noun/Adjective Agreement Worksheet:Nouns AdjectivesDESPÎTHW��DESPÎTOU�Ò KALÎW��KAL��KALÎNO»K¸A��O»K¸AW�� M�GAW��MEGjLH��M�GAD�NDRON��D�NDROU�TÎ

Given the dictionary entries listed above, identify each form listed below by case, numberand gender and then write the correct form of the adjective/s to modify the noun. (Ignorethe Vocative case.)

Form Case # Gender Adjective/s

DESPÎTHW

O»K¸AW

O»K¸AI

D�NDRA

DESPÎTOU

DESPOT¤N

D�NDROIW

D�NDR¡

O»K¸AN

DESPÎTAW

DESPÎTHN

D�NDRON

DESPÎT×

O»K¸AIW

35

First Declension

Table of stem vowel + case endings:

Feminine Masculine

Sing. Nom. A� �or�A�� H A� �W H�W

Gen. A� �W�or�H�W�� H�W A� �O (< A� �(I)O)

Dat. A� �I�or�H�I H�I A� �I� H�I

Acc. A� �N�or�A�N H�N A� �N� H�N

Voc. A� �or�A H A� A or H

Plu. Nom./Voc. A�I

Gen. (A�¤N/Ionic ��VN > ��VN > ) ¤N

Dat. A�IW

Acc. (A�NW >) A�W

1. Attic has H for original A� of the earlier period.

2. A� did not become H in Attic:a. when preceded by R, as in �M�RA� ��M�RA�Wb. when preceded by E or I, as in O»K¸A� ��O»K¸A�W

Rules for alpha/eta:1. If nominative singular ends in alpha preceded by vowel or rho, alpha is kept throughoutsingular.2. If nominative singular ends in alpha preceded by consonant other than rho, alpha ischanged to eta in the genitive and dative singular.3. If nominative singular ends in eta, eta is kept in all cases of singular.

36

First declension feminine

(A)art.

(A) adj. (A) noun (B) adj. (B)noun

(C1) (C2)

Sing. Nom. � KAL� KR�NH �D¸A� O»K¸A� YjLATTA MjXAIRA

Gen. T�W KAL�W KR�NHW �D¸A�W O»K¸A�W YALjTTHW MAXA¸RA�W

Dat. T� KAL� KR�N× �D¸ O»K¸ YALjTT× MAXA¸R

Acc. T�N KAL�N KR�NHN �D¸A�N O»K¸A�N YjLATTAN MjXAIRAN

Voc. « KAL� KR�NH �D¸A� O»K¸A� YjLATTA MjXAIRA

Plu. Nom. A¼ KALA¹ KR�NAI �uDIAI O»K¸AI YjLATTAI MjXAIRAI

Gen. T¤N KAL¤N KRHN¤N �D¸VN O»KI¤N YALATT¤N MAXAIR¤N

Dat. TAºW KALAºW KR�NAIW �D¸AIW O»K¸AIW YALjTTAIW MAXA¸RAIW

Acc. TkW KALA�W KR�NA�W �D¸A�W O»K¸A�W YALjTTA�W MAXA¸RA�W

Voc. « KALA¹ KR�NAI �uDIAI O»K¸AI YjLATTAI MjXAIRAI

A. Eta in the nominative, eta throughout the singular. (= Type 1)B. Long alpha in the nominative, long alpha throughout the singular. (= Type 2)C1. Short alpha in the nominative, after S��J��C��TT��SS��Z��LL��AIN: -A� ��HW��HI��A�N��A� � (= Type 3)C2. Short alpha in the nominative, after E��I��R: -A� ��A�W��A� I��A�N��A� ��(= Type 4)[My rule: If you know the nominative and genitive, you can predict the dative and accusative.Nominative and accusative vowel are always the same; genitive and dative vowel are always the same.]

37

Notes on accentuation:1. In nominative plural, final -AI is treated as short (as with -OI in 2nd decl. masc. nom. pl.)2. Genitive plural of all first declension substantives has ¤N. But, feminine genitiveplural of adjectives and participles in -OW has the same accent and form as the masculineand neuter (as in �uDIOW��D¸A� ��uDION, genitive plural �D¸VN).

38

First Declension Masculine

Sing. Nom. DESPÎTHW NEA�N¸A�W

Gen. DESPÎTOU -OU is borrowed from gen. sing. of 2nd decl. NEA�N¸OU

Dat. DESPÎT× NEA�N¸A

Acc. DESPÎTHN NEA�N¸A�N

Voc. D�SPOTA Nom. in A�W, voc. in A� ; nom. in THW, TA�W�

voc. in -A�; other nom. in HW, voc. in HNEA�N¸A�

Plu. Nom. DESPÎTAI NEA�N¸AI

Gen. DESPOT¤N NEA�NI¤N

Dat. DESPÎTAIW NEA�N¸AIW

Acc. DESPÎTA�W NEA�N¸A�W

Voc. DESPÎTAI NEA�N¸AI

39

Alpha Contract Verbs

Present Active Indicative:

Singular 1st TIM¤ �¤� <�TIMjV

2nd

TIMwW �wW� <�TIMjEIW

3rd

TIMw �w <�TIMjEI

Plural 1st TIM¤MEN �¤MEN <�TIMjOMEN

2nd

TIMlTE �lTE <�TIMjETE

3rd

TIM¤SI(N) -¤SI < TIMjOUSI

Present Active Imperative:

2nd

singular:T¸MA� �A� <�T¸MAE Present stem + thematic vowel

2nd plural: TIMlTE �lTE <TIMjETE

Present stem + thematic vowel + TE

Present Active Infinitive:

TIMlN �lN TIMjEEN�> TIMA� EN�> TIMlN Present stem + thematic vowel + EN

Contractions:� A + v/ o/ ou >�V��1st singular, 1st plural, 3rd plural indicative)A�+�EI�>��(2nd singular, 3rd singular indicative)�A�+�E� �A� ��2nd plural indicative, 2nd singular and 2nd plural imperative,

present active infinitive)

40


for Monday: quiz on M�GAW��MEGjLH��M�GA

read and digest grammar on Ath. pg. 56-59do exercises 5B (odds) and 5G (evens) read and translate Reading 5A (p. 55)

for Tuesday: quiz on �AV contract verbsdo form identification worksheet

for Wednesday: do noun-adjective agreement worksheetread and digest grammar on Ath. pp. 64-69

for Thursday: vocabulary quiz chapter 5read and translate Reading 5B (pp. 62-64)read Ath. pp. 59-61 ("Gods and Men")


41

Chapter 5 VocabularyAddendum to the Vocabulary List on page 54:

Verbs:oPEIMI��mP�SOMAI: be awayBOjV��BO�SOMAI��BÎHSA: shoutDI¢KV��DI¢JV��D¸VJA: pursueZHT�V��ZHT�SV��Z�THSA: seek, look forÒRjV��ÓCOMAI��EÁDON: seeTIMjV��TIM�SV��T¸MHSA: honorTR�XV��DRAMOÅMAI��DRAMON: runFEÃGV��FEÃJOMAI��FUGON: fleeFULjTTV��FULjJV��FÃLAJA: guard

Nouns:KÃVN��KUNÎW�Ò�or��: dogLAG¢W��LAG¢�Ò: hareLÃKOW��LÃKOU�Ò: wolfO»K¸A��O»K¸AW��: houseÓROW��ÓROUW�TÎ: mountain, hillPjPPOW��PjPPOU�Ò: grandfather

Adjectives:oKROW��oKRA��oKRON: top (of)�jYUMOW��jYUMON: careless


Verbs:mPOFEÃGV��mPOFEÃJOMAI��mP�FUGON: flee away, escapeGIGN¢SKV��GN¢SOMAI��GNVN: get to know, learnYAUMjZV��YAUMjSOMAI��YAÃMASA: wonder at, am amazed, admirePjSXV��PE¸SOMAI��PAYON: sufferTÃPTV��TÃCV��TUCA: strike

Nouns:MÅYOW��MÃYOU�Ò: story

Adjectives:mGAYÎW��mGAY��mGAYÎN: good ��oGRIOW��mGR¸A��oGRION: savage, wild, fiercePR¤TOW��PR¢TH��PR¤TON: first AÆTÎW��AÆT��AÆTÎ: -self, -selves; him, her, it,

them

42

Homework Exercises for Chapter 5Form Identification:

TIMjV TIMHTÎW��TIMHT��TIMHTÎN

TIM��TIM�W�� TIMHT�W��TIMHTOÅ�Ò (note, this will decline like Ò�DESPÎTHW)



TIMwW

TIMHTAºW

T¸MA�

TIMw

TIMHTÎN

TIMHT�W

TIM¤MEN

TIMlN

TIMHTjW

TIMjW

TIMlTE

TIM¤N

TIMHTOÃW

TIM�

TIM¤

TIMHT�N

43

Noun/Adjective Agreement Worksheet:

Nouns Adjectives/PronounsDESPÎTHW��DESPÎTOU�Ò AÆTÎW��AÆT��AÆTÎÒDÎW��ÒDOÅ�� POLÃW��POLL��POLÃKR�NH��KR�NHW��



DESPOT¤N

ÒDOºW

DESPÎTHN

DESPÎT×

ÒDÎN

ÒDÎW

KR�NAW

KRHN¤N

ÒDOÃW

DESPÎTAIW

DESPÎTHW

KR�NHN

KR�NH

ÒDOÅ

ÒD¯

DESPÎTAW

KR�N×

ÒD¤N

44

Adjectives: Attributive vs. Predicative

ATTRIBUTIVE PREDICATIVE

TÏ�oKRON�ÓROW the lofty mountain oKRON�TÏ�ÓROW the top of the mountainTÏ�ÓROW�oKRON

��M�SH�mGORj the central market M�SH��mGORj the center of the market��mGORk�M�SH

��SXjTH�N�SOW the farthest island �SXjTH��N�SOW the edge of the island��N�SOW��SXjTH

Ò�MÎNOW�PAºW the only son MÎNOW�Ò�PAºW�PA¸ZEI the boy plays aloneÒ�PAºW�MÎNOW�PA¸ZEI

Ò�AÆTÏW�mN�R the same man AÆTÏW�Ò�mN�R the man himselfÒ�mN�R�AÆTÏW

O¼�PjNTEW�POLºTAI the whole body ofcitizens��PlSA�4IKEL¸A the whole of Sicily

O¼�POLºTAI PjNTEW all the citizensPjNTEW�O¼�POLºTAI

45



for Tuesday: read and digest grammar on Ath. pp. 74-78read course pack pages 47-49read and translate Reading 6A (pp. 73-74)

for Wednesday: quiz on present middle indicative verb formsdo form ID chart do exercises 6G��6D� 6E (evens), 6Z (odds)read Ath. pp. 81-83 ("Myth")

for Thursday: read and digest grammar on Ath. pp. 86-89read and translate Reading 6 B (pp.84-86)do exercise 6H (1-6)

for Monday: read and digest grammar on Ath. pp. 96-101do exercise 7B read and translate Reading 7A (pp. 95-96)vocabulary quiz chapter 6

46


Addendum to the Vocabulary List on page 72:Verbs:mPOKTE¸NV��mPOKTEN¤��mP�KTEINA:killmFIKN�OMAI��mF¸JOMAI��mFIKÎMHN:arrive, arrive atBASILEÃV��BASILEÃSV��BAS¸LEUSA:ruleBOHY�V��BOHY�SV��BO�YHSA: helpBOÃLOMAI��BOUL�SOMAI��BOUL�YHN:wish, wantG¸GNOMAI��GEN�SOMAI��GENÎMHN:becomeD�XOMAI��D�JOMAI��D�XYHN: receive

�KFEÃGV��KFEÃJOMAI��J�FUGON: flee�RXOMAI��LEÃSOMAI��LYON: come, goPE¸YOMAI��PE¸SOMAI��PIYÎMHN: obey(middle of PE¸YV�

P�MPV��P�MCV��PEMCA: sendPL�V��PLEÃSOMAI��PLEUSA: sailSZV��S¢SV��SVSA: saveFOB�OMAI��FOB�SOMAI��FOBHSjMHN:fear, am afraid of, am frightened

Nouns:BASILEÃW��BASIL�VW�Ò: king�TAºROW��TA¸ROU�Ò: comrade,companion�M�RA��M�RAW��: dayNAÅW��NE¢W��: ship

N�SOW��N�SOU��: islandNÃJ��NUKTÎW��: nightPjPPAW��PjPPOU�Ò: fatherPARY�NOW��PARY�NOU�� : maiden, girl

Addendum to the Vocabulary List on page 84:Verbs:�J�RXOMAI��JELEÃSOMAI��J�LYON: goout of, come out of�G�OMAI��G�SOMAI��GHSjMHN: leadMjXOMAI��MAXOÅMAI��MAXESjMHN:fightPAR�XV��PAR�JV��PAR�SXON:provide, give

POREÃOMAI, POREÃSOMAI�

�POREUSjMHN: go, walk, march, journeyPROXVR�V��PROXVR�SV�

PROEX¢RHSA: go forward, comeforward, advance

Nouns:PÃLAI��PUL¤N�A¼: gates

English derivatives:phobia, labyrinth, parthenogenesis, basil, hegemony, nautical, pylon, ephemeral,tympanum, nyctophobia, genesis

47


Form Identification:

BOULEÃV��BOULEÃSV��BOÃLEUSA BOUL��BOUL�W��BOULHTÎW��BOULHT��BOULHTÎN BOÃLOMAI��BOUL�SOMAI��BOUL�YHN

Given the dictionary listings above, identify fully the forms below. LIST ALL POSSIBLEIDENTIFICATIONS (excluding the Vocative case). For each identification, first list therelevant part of speech (e.g., noun, verb, adjective) and then its characteristics.



BOULEÃV

BOUL�W

BOÃL×

BOÃLESYAI

BOULHTO¸

BOULAºW

BOULEÃETE

BOULÎMEYA

BOULA¸

BOULHTOºW

BOÃLESYE

BOULEÃEIN

BOULHTÎN

BOUL¤N

BOULHT�

BOULEÃEI

BOULHT¯

48

Present Middle Indicative, Imperative, Infinitive

LÃV FIL�V TIMjV

Indicative

MAI LÃ�O�MAI LÃOMAI FIL��O�MAI FILOÅMAI TIMj�O�MAI TIM¤MAI

SAI LÃ�E�SAI LÃ×��LÃEI FIL��E�SAI FIL��FILEº TIMj�E�SAI TIMw

TAI LÃ�E�TAI LÃETAI FIL��E�TAI FILEºTAI TIMj�E�TAI TIMlTAI

MEYA LU�Î�MEYA

LUÎMEYA FILE�Î�MEYA

FILOÃMEYA TIMA�Î�MEYA

TIM¢MEYA

SYE LÃ�E�SYE LÃESYE FIL��E�SYE FILEºSYE TIMj�E�SYE TIMlSYE

NTAI LÃ�O�NTAI LÃONTAI FIL��O�NTAI FILOÅNTAI TIMj�O�NTAI

TIM¤NTAI

Imperative

SO LÃ�E�SO LÃOU FIL��E�SO FILOÅ TIMj�E�SO TIM¤

SYE LÃ�E�SYE LÃESYE FIL��E�SYE FILEºSYE TIMj�E�SYE TIMlSYE

Infinitive

SYAI LÃ�E�SYAI LÃESYAI FIL��E�SYAI FILEºSYAI TIMj�E�SYAI TIMlSYAI

Second person singular indicative:E��S�AI� yields ×�(written EI in the Old Attic alphabet, before 403 BCE), which is usually given as theproper spelling in the texts of the tragic poets, whereas EI�is printed in the texts of prose and comedy. EI was often written for HI��×) after 400 BCE, since both had the sound of a close long e. �EI issometimes called Attic and Ionic in contrast to �×�of the other dialects, including the Koine. (Smyth628)

NOTE: Final �AI is counted short (�MAI��SAI��TAI��NTAI��SYAI).

49

Notes on the Middle Voice

From Smyth, Greek Grammar:

Middle usually denotes that subject acts on himself or for himself, as LOÃOMAI wash myself ,mMÃNOMAI defend myself (lit. ward off for myself).

The passive borrows all its forms, except in the future and aorist tenses, from the middle.

Deponent verbs have an active meaning but only middle (or middle and passive) forms.

The middle represents the subject as doing something in which he is interested. He may dosomething to himself, for himself, or he may act with something belonging to himself.The object of the middle (1) may belong in the sphere of the subject, as his property, etc: I washmy hands, or (2) it may be brought into the sphere of the subject: they sent for the hoplites, or (3)it may be removed from the sphere of the subject: I sell my house (lit. give away).

Direct Reflexive Middle: subject acting directly on himself. Self is here the direct object. Verbsexpressing external and natural acts: anoint oneself, wash oneself, adorn oneself, crown oneself,exercise oneself.Indirect Reflexive Middle: subject as acting for himself, with reference to himself, with somethingbelonging to himself. Self often the indirect object: provide for oneself, guard against, choose(take for oneself), furnish.Causative Middle: subject has something done by another for himself: for I had you taught this; tohave food served up.Reciprocal Middle: With dual or plural subject middle may indicate reciprocal relation. Verbs ofcontending, conversing (questioning, replying), greeting, embracing, etc.

Middle lays stress on conscious activity, bodily or mental participation, of agent.In verbs that possess both active and middle:BOULEÃESYAI deliberate, BOULEÃEIN planSTAYMlN�measure, STAYMlSYAI calculateSKOPEºN look at, SKOPEºSYAI consider�XESYAI cling toPAÃESYAI cease

Active is often transitive, middle intransitive.

Passive voice represents subject as acted on. Passive voice has been developed from the middle. With the exception of some futures and the aorist, middle forms do duty as passives: A¼REºTAI,takes for himself, ie chooses, and so is chosen.

50

From Seligson, Greek for Reading:

Subject of active verb = agentDirect object of active verb = patient

Subject of passive verb = patient

Subject of middle verb = agent and beneficiary, or= agent and patient

Agent and beneficiary: subject both acts and benefits by action:F�REI, carries; F�RETAI, wins (for his own)FULjTTEI��guards; FULjTTETAI, guards against

Agent and patient: may seem simply reflexiveKOSMEº, adorns; KOSMEºTAI, adorns himselfFA¸NEI, shows; FA¸NETAI, shows himself, seems

51

Homework Assignments for Week 7 Oct 4-7 (Chapter 7)

for Monday: read and digest grammar on Ath. pp. 96-99do exercise 7B read and translate Reading 7A (pp. 95-96)vocabulary quiz chapter 6

for Tuesday: do form ID chart read and digest grammar on Ath. pp. 100-101do exercise 7D quiz on 3rd declension forms

for Wednesday: vocabulary quiz chapter 7read and digest grammar on Ath. pp. 106-109do noun-adjective agreement chart do exercises 7Z (evens) and 7H (odds)

for Thursday: quiz on 3rd declension formsread and translate Reading 7B (pp. 104-106)read Ath. pp. 102-103 ("Homer")


52



Verbs:A¼R�V��A¼R�SV��EÂLON: take, seize�PA¸RV��PAR¤��P�RA: lift, raise EÇR¸SKV��EÇR�SV��HÍRON: find, discoverKELEÃV��KELEÃSV��K�LEUSA: order, tellPARASKEUjZV��PARASKEUjSV��PARESKEÃASA: prepare

Nouns:A½J��A»GÎW, Ò or �: goatYjLATTA��YALjTTHW��: seaÓNOMA��ÑNÎMATOW��TÎ: namePÎLIW��PÎLEVW��: city


Verbs:mPOKR¸NOMAI��mPOKRIN¤��mP�KRINA: answerBjLLV��BAL¤��BALON: throw, put, peltM�LLV��MELL�SV��M�LLHSA: intend, be about toÒRMjV��ÒRM�SV��¨RMHSA: set in motion, set out, start, rushPAÃV��PAÃSV��PAUSA: stop; middle intransitive = stop (+ part.) or cease from (+ gen.)

NOTE: Beginning with chapter 7B, Athenaze lists nominative, genitive, and gender foreach new noun; so that information will no longer appear in the course pack vocabularylists.

English derivatives:xenophobia, ophthalmologist, pyromaniac, ballistic, eureka, thalassocracy, politics,eponymous, anonymous, oenophile = enophile, oenology = enology, panorama

53


Form Identification:PÅR��PURÎW�TÎPUR��PUR�W��

PURSÎW��PURS��PURSÎNPÅROW��PÃROU�Ò

PURÎV



PÅR

PUR¤

PÅROW

PURSj

PURÎW

PUROÅMEN

PUR�

PÃROU

PURSÎN

PURS��

PUROÅSI�N�

PURS¸�N�

PURSOÅ

PURS¤N

PUR�W

PUR¸

54

Noun/Adjective Agreement:

Nouns AdjectivesXEIM¢N��XEIM¤NOW�Ò M�GAW��MEGjLH��M�GAPÅR��PURÎW�TÎ T¸W��T¸

PAºW��PAIDÎW�� S¢FRVN��S¤FRON (3rd declension adj.)

Given the dictionary entries listed above, identify each form listed below by case, number andgender and then write the correct form of the adjective/s to modify the noun. (Ignore Vocative.)

Form Case # Gen. Adjective/s

XEIM¤NOW

PUR¤N

PAID¸

PAIS¸

PAºDA

XEIM¢N

XEIM¤NA

PURÎW

PÅR

PUR¸

PAºDEW

PAIDÎW

PURS¸

XEIM¤SI

XEIM¤NI

55

Third Declension

Stems in the 3rd declension end either in consonants (hence the alternate name, "consonantdeclension"), or in the vowels �I and �U. The third declension shows much more variety than the1st and 2nd declensions because some of its nouns have variable stems, with different forms of thestem appearing in different sets of cases, and some feature contraction of vowels in the endings.

I. Case Endings:

Masc./Fem. Neuter

Singular Nom. – or �W –

Gen. �OW �OW

Dat. �I �I

Acc. �A or �N –

Voc. – or �W –

Plural Nom./Voc. �EW �A�

Gen. �VN �VN

Dat. �SI�N� �SI�N�

Acc. �AW �A

II. Accentuation:

Stems of one syllable (monosyllabic stems) accent the case ending in genitive and dative of allnumbers; �VN takes the circumflex accent. The gen. plu. of PAºW�is an exception to this rule.

Singular Nom. A½J PAºW

Gen. AIGÎW PAIDÎW

Dat. A»G¸ PAID¸

Acc. A½GA PAºDA

Voc. A½J PAº

Plural Nom./Voc. AÁGEW PAºDEW

Gen. A»G¤N PA¸DVN

Dat. A»G�E��S¸�N�� mJ¸�N� PAID�S¸(N)�>�PAIS¸(N)

Acc. A½GAW PAºDAW

56

III. General Rules:

A. for nouns ending in��P��B��F (labials) or��K��G��X��velars/palatals)These nouns use �W�in the nom. and voc. singular and -A��in the acc.Note that the presence of �W�in the endings will result in double consonants in the nom. andvoc. singular and dat. plural.

Singular Nom. KL¢C FÃLAJ

Gen. KLVPÎW FÃLAKOW

Dat. KLVP¸ FÃLAKI

Acc. KL¤PA FÃLAKA

Voc. KL¢C FÃLAJ

Plural Nom./Voc. KL¤PEW FÃLAKEW

Gen. KLVP¤N FULjKVN

Dat. KLVC¸(N) FÃLAJI(N)

Acc. KL¤PAW FÃLAKAW

B. for nouns ending in �D��Y��T�(dentals)All dentals are lost before sigma: note the forms of the dative plural.Neuter nouns use no ending in nom. and voc. singular, and either the final tau is dropped(in accordance with the law that says a noun can end only in a vowel, �R��N��or��W) or analternative stem is used in nom. and voc. singular. The nom. acc. voc. plural form of the neuter has short A, like all neuter forms.

Singular Nom. PAºW PRlGMA F¤W

Gen. PAIDÎW PRjGMATOWFVTÎW

Dat. PAID¸ PRjGMATI FVT¸

Acc. PAºDA PRlGMAF¤W

Voc. PAº PRlGMA F¤W

Plural Nom./Voc. PAºDEW PRjGMATA F¤TA

Gen. PA¸DVN PRAGMjTVNFVT¤N�

Dat. PAID�S¸(N)�>�PAIS¸(N) PRjGMASI(N)

FVS¸(N)

Acc. PAºDAW PRjGMATA F¤TA

57

C. for nouns with stem ending in �L��R (liquids) or��N (nasal)These nouns either:(1) use no ending in the nom. singular with strong-vowel form of stem, or(2) use �W�in the nom. singular. Nouns with final �N� do not have the �N� in the dat. plural, but there is no compensatorylengthening.

Singular Nom. XEIM¢N DA¸MVN pLW

Gen. XEIM¤NOW DA¸MONOW nLÎW

Dat. XEIM¤NI DA¸MONI nL¸

Acc. XEIM¤NA DA¸MONA pLA

Voc. XEIM¢N DAºMON –

Plural Nom./Voc. XEIM¤NEW DA¸MONEW pLEW

Gen. XEIM¢NVN DAIMÎNVN nL¤N

Dat. XEIM¤SI(N) DA¸MOSI(N) nLS¸(N)

Acc. XEIM¤NAW DA¸MONAW pLAW

Note the accents in XEIM¢N: acute in nom. and voc. sing, circumflex in most other forms,because an accented long penult followed by short ultima must have a circumflex.

The adjective S¢FRVN��S¤FRON follows the same pattern as the nouns above:

Masculine/Feminine Neuter

Singular Nom. S¢FRVN S¤FRON

Gen. S¢FRONOW

Dat. S¢FRONI

Acc. S¢FRONA S¤FRON

Voc. S¤FRON

Plural Nom./Voc. S¢FRONEW S¢FRONA

Gen. SVFRÎNVN

Dat. S¢FROSI(N)

Acc. S¢FRONAW S¢FRONA

58



for Tuesday: read and digest grammar on Ath. pp. 114-116do exercise 8B

read and translate Reading 8� (pp. 112-114)

for Wednesday: read and digest grammar on Ath. pp. 124-129, course pack pp. 62-64do noun/adjective agreement chart quiz on present middle participle formsdo form ID chart

for Thursday: quiz on 3rd declension formsdo noun/adjective agreement chart study the place words on Ath. pg. 124 (Word Building)read and translate Reading 8� (pp. 122-124)

for Monday: vocabulary quiz chapter 8read Ath. pp. 117-120 ("Athens: A Historical Outline")read and digest grammar on Ath. pp. 135-137do exercises 9B (evens) and 9G (odds)read and translate Reading 9� (pp. 133-135)

59



Verbs: (note all of these verbs are deponent)DIAL�GOMAI��DIALEG�SOMAI��DIELEJjMHN: talk to, converse with�POMAI��COMAI��E»PÎMHN: (+ dat.) follow�RGjZOMAI��RGjSOMAI��E»RGASjMHN: workYEjOMAI��YEjSOMAI��YEASjMHN: see, watch, look at


Verbs:mNABA¸NV��mNAB�SOMAI��mN�BHN: go up�GE¸RV��GER¤��GEIRA: (transitive active) wake (someone) upEÈXOMAI��EÈJOMAI��EÆJjMHN (or �UJjMHN): prayKAY¸ZV��KAYI¤��KjYISA: (transitive active) make (someone) sit down; (intransitiveactive) sit down (with reflexive pronoun); (intransitive middle) sit down

English derivatives:dialogue, erg, ergonomics, theater, vespers, theology, poet, cathedral, agora, politics

60


Noun Adjective Agreement:

Nouns AdjectivesPÅR��PURÎW��TÎ S¢FRVN��S¤FRONYEÎW��YEOÅ��Ò LUÎMENOW��LUOM�NH��LUÎMENONYjLATTA��YALjTTHW��POIHT�W��POIHTOÅ�Ò


PÅR

YALjTTHW

PUR¸

YEOÅ

POIHTOÅ

YEOÅW

YjLATTAN

POIHT�N

YE¤N

YE¯

YALjTTAW

YEO¸

PUR¤N

YEÎW

PURÎW

YALATT¤N

61


J�NOW��J�NOU�Ò JEN¸A��JEN¸AW�� JEN¸ZV J�NIOW��JEN¸A��J�NION

Given the dictionary listings above, identify fully the forms below. LIST ALL POSSIBLEIDENTIFICATIONS. For each identification, first list the relevant part of speech (e.g., noun,verb, adjective, participle) and then its characteristics (5 for a verb, 3 for a noun or adjective, 5 fora participle [tense, voice; case, number, gender]).



J�NOUW

JEN¸AW

JEN¸ZEIN

JEN¸ZV

J�NOU

JEN¸AIW

J�NON

JENIZÎMENOI

J�NVN

JENIZOM�N×

JENIZOM�NOIW

JEN¸A

J�NIA

JENIZÎMEYA

J�N¡

J�NOIW

JEN¸ZOUSI�N�

62


Nouns AdjectivesmN�R��mNDRÎW�Ò EÂW��M¸A��N or DÃO�(as appropriate)M�THR��MHTRÎW�� PlW��PlSA��PlND�NDRON��D�NDROU�TÎ


mN�R

D�NDRON

MHTRÎW

D�NDR¡

MHT�RA

MHTR¸

mNDRÎW

D�NDROIW

MHT�REW

oNDRA

D�NDRA

MHTRjSI

mNDR¤N

MHT�RVN

oNDREW

D�NDROU

mNDRjSI

63

Third Declension

D. for nouns with irregular stem ending in �RThe nouns PAT�R, M�THR, and YUGjTHR have three visible stems: a strong-vowel stemending in �THR, a short-vowel stem ending in �TER��and a weak grade (no vowel) ending in �TR (or �TRA in dative plural, where �R� between consonants becomes �RA�). The strong-vowel appears in nom. sing.; the weak grade in gen. sing., dat. sing., and dat.pl; the short-vowel in acc. sing. and all plural cases except dat. Accentuation on these nouns in the nom. and voc. sing. is irregular: the voc. sing. ofPAT�R has recessive accentuation (PjTER), as do the nom. and voc. sing. of M�THR

�M�THR, voc.�M�TER) and of �YUGjTHR� (YUGjTHR, voc. YÃGATER).Elsewhere the accent of these three words falls on the stem-ending �ER� (or �RA� in dat.pl.) or on the case ending.For PAT�R and M�THR, the monosyllabic stem rule applies, while YUGjTHR�is treatedsimilarly by analogy.The noun mN�R�is similar: the strong-vowel stem appears in the nominative��mN�R), theshort-vowel in the voc. sing. (oNER), and the weak form in �R� in the other cases, where �D��is developed between �N� and �R�.The monosyllabic stem rule applies to mN�R, except that the nom. sing. and dat. plur.(based on disyllabic stems) are accented on the second syllable and the voc. sing. hasrecessive accent.

Singular Nom. PAT�R M�THR YUGjTHR mN�R

Gen. PATRÎW MHTRÎW YUGATRÎW mNDRÎW

Dat. PATR¸ MHTR¸ YUGATR¸ mNDR¸

Acc. PAT�RA MHT�RA YUGAT�RA oNDRA

Voc. PjTER M�TER YÃGATER oNER

Plural Nom./Voc. PAT�REW MHT�REW YUGAT�REW oNDREW

Gen. PAT�RVN MHT�RVN YUGAT�RVN mNDR¤N

Dat. PATRjSI�N� MHTRjSI�N� YUGATRjSI�N� mNDRjSI�N�

Acc. PAT�RAW MHT�RAW YUGAT�RAW oNDRAW

64

E. for nouns with stem ending in��NT�

These nouns either:(1) use �W�in the nom. and voc. singular, in which case the �NT�drops out and thepreceding vowel exhibits compensatory lengthening; or(2) use a strong-vowel (i.e., long vowel/diphthong) form of the stem without the tau (dropped for phonetic reasons) and with no ending in the nom. singular.The voc. sing. is either like the nom. (ÑDOÃW, voc. ÑDOÃW) or has the weak-vowel form ofthe stem with no ending (and final �T� is simply dropped) (G¸GA�W, voc. G¸GA�W; G�RVN,voc. G�RON).In the dat. plur., the ending �SI causes elimination of �NT� and compensatory lengtheningof the preceding vowel: ÑDÎNT�SI(N) > ÑDOÅSI(N), G¸GANT�SI(N) > G¸GA�SI(N), G�RONT�

SI(N) > G�ROUSI(N).

Singular Nom. ÑDOÃW G¸GA�W G�RVN

Gen. ÑDÎNTOW G¸GANTOW G�RONTOW

Dat. ÑDÎNTI G¸GANTI G�RONTI

Acc. ÑDÎNTA G¸GANTA G�RONTA

Voc. ÑDOÃW G¸GA�W G�RON

Plural Nom./Voc. ÑDÎNTEW G¸GANTEW G�RONTEW

Gen. ÑDÎNTVN GIGjNTVN GERÎNTVN

Dat. ÑDOÅSI(N) G¸GA�SI(N) G�ROUSI(N)

Acc. ÑDÎNTAW G¸GANTAW G�RONTAW

65

Paradigm of PlW, PlSA, PlN and EÂW, M¸A, �N

Adjectives of the consonant declension with a separate set of forms for the feminine inflect thefeminine like a noun of the first declension ending in �A� �

The feminine is made from the stem of the masculine/neuter by adding the suffix - IA(semivocalic I), which is combined with the preceding syllable in different ways.

Singular Nom./Voc. PlW PlSA PlN

Gen. PANTÎW PjSHW PANTÎW

Dat. PANT¸ PjS× PANT¸

Acc. PjNTA PlSAN PlN

Plural Nom./Voc. PjNTEW PlSAI PjNTA

Gen. PjNTVN PAS¤N PjNTVN

Dat. PlSI(N) PjSAIW PlSI(N)

Acc. PjNTAW PjSAW PjNTA

PlSA stands for PANTSA from PANT� IA.A� of PlN (for PA�N�T��) is irregular and borrowed from PlW.The accents of PANTÎW and PANT¸ follow the monosyllabic stem rule; PjNTVN and PlSI�N� donot.PlSI�N� is from PjNT�SI�N�.PAS¤N follows the usual pattern for first declension nouns (�¤N from j-VN).

Singular Nom. EÂW M¸A �N

Gen. �NÎW MIlW �NÎW

Dat. �N¸ MIw �N¸

Acc. �NA M¸AN �N

The stem for EÂW��M¸A��N�is SM (M with zero-grade vowel).The stem �N is from SEM- . Initial S before a vowel becomes the rough breathing. Original final Mpreceded by a vowel becomes N�M¸A stands for SM�¸A.EÂW is from��N�W.The accent of �NÎW and �N¸ follows the monosyllabic stem rule.Note the accent of the feminine genitive and dative, MIlW and MIw.

66


for Monday: read Ath. pp. 117-120 ("Athens: A Historical Outline")read and digest grammar on Ath. pp. 135-137do exercises 9B (evens) and 9G (odds)read and translate Reading 9a (pp. 133-135)

for Tuesday: quiz on present active participle formsdo exercise 9D

do noun/adjective agreement chart do exercise on personal pronouns, reflexive pronouns, possessiveadjectives in course packread and digest grammar on Ath. pp. 145-148

for Wednesday: quiz on declensions of BASILEÃW��PÎLIW��oSTU

do exercise 9Z (2, 4, 6) and 9H (2, 4, 6)do form ID chartread and translate Reading 9� (pp.142-144)

for Thursday: vocabulary quiz chapter 9read Ath. pp. 139-140 ("The City of Athens")


67


Memorize all parts of the dictionary entry; know this vocabulary list in either direction, i.e., fromGreek to English and from English to Greek


Verbs:oGV��oJV��GAGON: lead, drive�PAN�RXOMAI��PANELEÃSOMAI��PAN�LYON: come back�SY¸V��DOMAI��FAGON: eatKjMNV��KAMOÅMAI��KAMON: be sick, be tiredP¸NV��PIN¤��PION: drink


Verbs:AÆJjNV��AÈJV��HÈJHSA: increaseKA¸V��KAÃSV��KAUSA: burn, (middle intransitive = burn, be on fire)SIGjV��SIG�SOMAI��S¸GHSA: be silentT�RPOMAI��T�RCOMAI��TERCjMHN: enjoy

English derivatives:sarcophagus, panegyric, stoa, aristocracy, ambidextrous, theology, hieroglyphics, Nike sneakers,parthenogenesis, gerontology, democracy, Uranus, pomp, and Mesolithic

68


For practice with personal pronouns, reflexive pronouns, and possessive adjectives, translate the

following:

1. T�N�ÒDÏN�AÆTÏW�ÒRw.

2. AÆTOÅ�T�N�O»K¸AN�AÆT��ÒRw.

3. AÆTÏW�ÒRw�AÆTOÃW.

4. AÆT��ÒRw�T�N�S�N�O»K¸AN.

5. AÆT��ÒRw�TÏ�AÆTÏ�D�NDRON.

6. AÆTÏW�ÒRw�AÆT¤N�TÏN�KÃNA.

7. SÄ�ÒRwW�ME�

8. SÄ�L�GEIW�AÆTOºW�TÏN�MÅYON.

9. SÄ�ÒRlW�TÏN�SÏN�PAºDA.

10. ÒR¤��MAUTÎN��mLLq�OÆX�ÒR¤�ÇMlW.

11. Ò�PAºW�ÒRw�TÏN��AUTOÅ�KÃNA.

12. Ò�PAºW�ÒRw�TÏN�KÃNA�AÆT�W.

13. �MEºW�GkR�OÆK��Y�LOMEN��MlW�AÆTOÄW�SZEIN.

14. SÄ�L�GEIW�SEAUT¯.

15. SÄ�L�GEIW�SEAUT�.

16. SÄ�L�GEIW��MO¸.

17. oGV�Tk�ÇM�TERA�M�LA�PRÏW�T�N��M�N�O»K¸AN.

18. KAY¸ZV�ÇPÏ�TÏ��M�TERON�D�NDRON.

19. OÆK��Y�LOMEN��MlW�AÆTOÄW��PA¸REIN.

20. Tk�M�LA�METq�AÆT¤N�FEÃGEI.

21. Tk�M�LA��AUTk�FILEº.

22. Ò�PAºW��AUTÏN�FILEº.

23. Ò�PAºW�AÆT�N�FILEº.

24. Ò�PAºW�TÏN�KÃNA��AÆT�W�FILEº.

25.��PAºW��AUT�N�FILEº.

26. ��PAºW�TÏN�KÃNA�AÆTOÅ�FILEº.

69

Noun/Adjective (Participle) Agreement:

Nouns AdjectivesmRISTERj��mRISTERlW�� TIM¤N��TIM¤SA��TIM¤N¼ERÎN��¼EROÅ�TÎ LÃVN��LÃOUSA��LÅONPAT�R��PATRÎW�Ò

Given the dictionary entries listed above, identify each form listed below by case, number andgender and then write the correct form of the adjective/s to modify the noun. (Ignore the Vocativecase.)


PAT�R

¼ERÎN

mRISTERjN

mRISTERlW

mRISTERjW

¼EROºW

PAT�REW

PATRjSI�N�

mRISTERAºW

mRISTERj

¼ERj

¼ER¤N

PAT�RA

PAT�RAW

mRISTERw

¼ER¡

PATR¸

70


BASILEÃW��BASIL�VW�Ò BASILEÃV��BASILEÃSV��BAS¸LEUSABASILE¸A��BASILE¸AW�� BAS¸LEIOW��BASILE¸A��BAS¸LEIONBASIL¸W��BASIL¸DOW��

Given these dictionary listings, identify fully the forms below. LIST ALL POSSIBLEIDENTIFICATIONS.


Form Speech

Person # Tense Voice Mood Case # Gender

BASIL�VW

BASILE¸AW

BASILEÃOMEN

BASILEUÎMENOW

BAS¸LEIA

BASIL¸DA

BASILEÅSI

BASILEÃVN

BASILEº

BASILEÃONTEW

BASILEÃOUSAI

BASILE¸AN

BASIL¸DEW

BASILEUOM�NVN

BAS¸LEIOW

BASIL�A

71

Present Active Participles

Participles of the active voice have stems in NT. The masculine and neuter follow the thirddeclension, the feminine follows the first declension.

Most stems in ONT make the nominative singular masculine without W, like the noun GERVN,dropping the T and lengthening O to V.But stems in ONT in the present and second aorist of MI-verbs (DIDOÃW��DOÃW), and all stems inANT��ENT��UNT add W, lose NT, and lengthen the preceding vowel (-OUW, -A�W, -EIW, -U�W).

The nominative neuter singular of all participles drops final T of the stem.

The feminine singular is made by adding - IA (semivocalic I) to the stem: LÃOUSA�< LUONT� IA��OÌSA�< ÓNT� IA�

The accent of monosyllabic participles is an exception to the monosyllabic stem rule.

72

Present active participles of contract verbs

Singular Nom. FIL��VN�>� FIL¤N FIL��OUSA��>� FILOÅSA� FIL��ON�>� FILOÅN

Gen. FIL��ONTOW�> FILOÅNTOW FILE�OÃSHW�> FILOÃSHW FIL��ONTOW�> FILOÅNTOW

Dat. FIL��ONTI�>� FILOÅNTI FILE�OÃS×�>� FILOÃS× FIL��ONTI�>� FILOÅNTI

Acc. FIL��ONTA�>� FILOÅNTA FIL��OUSA�N�> FILOÅSA�N FIL��ON�>� FILOÅN

Voc. FIL��ONTEW�> FILOÅNTEW FIL��OUSAI�> FILOÅSAI FIL��ONTA�>� FILOÅNTA

Plural Nom./Voc. FILE�ÎNTVN

>�FILOÃNTVN FILE�OUS¤N�> FILOUS¤N FILE�ÎNTVN

>�FILOÃNTVN

Gen. FIL��ONTSI�> FILOÅSI FILE�OÃSAIW�> FILOÃSAIW FIL��ONTSI�> FILOÅSI

Dat. FIL��ONTA�W�> FILOÅNTAW FILE�OÃSA�W�> FILOÃSA�W FIL��ONTA�>� FILOÅNTA

Singular Nom.

TIMj�VN >� TIM¤N TIMj�OUSA>� TIM¤SA TIMj�ON�>� TIM¤N

Gen. TIMj�ONTOW > TIM¤NTOW TIMA�OÃSHW�>� TIM¢SHW TIMj�ONTOW�> TIM¤NTOW

Dat. TIMj�ONTI�>� TIM¤NTI TIMA�OUS×�>� TIM¢S× TIMj�ONTI�>� TIM¤NTI

Acc. TIMj�ONTA > TIM¤NTA TIMj�OUSAN�>� TIM¤SAN TIMj�ON�>� TIM¤N

Voc. TIMj�ONTEW > TIM¤NTEW TIMj�OUSAI�>� TIM¤SAI TIMj�ONTA�>� TIM¤NTA

Plural Nom./Voc.

TIMA�ÎNTVN > TIM¢NTVN TIMA�OUS¤N�>� TIMVS¤N TIMA�ÎNTVN�> TIM¢NTVN

Gen. TIMj�ONTSI > TIM¤SI TIMA�OÃSAIW�>� TIM¢SAIW TIMj�ONTSI�> TIM¤SI

Dat. TIMj�ONTAW > TIM¤NTAW TIMA�OÃSA�W�>� TIM¢SAW TIMj�ONTA�> TIM¤NTA

73

Third Declension

F. for nouns with stems in I�and UStems in I�and�U�vary with stronger stems, of which E�in the cases other than nom., acc.,and voc. sing. is a survival.EI�and�EU�before vowels lost their I�and�U��I�and�U�of diphthongs often disappear before afollowing vowel; they become semivowels, I �and� U��which are not written. So�POLE� I ��I��POLE� I ��EW��which contract to PÎLEI�and�PÎLEIW�There is also a stem in H��as in Homeric�PÎLH�OW��whence�PÎLE�VW��by transfer ofquantity (quantitative metathesis).Dat. pl.�PÎLE�SI�for�PÎLI�SI�is due to the analogy of forms from stems in�EI��EU�Final �VW of the genitive singular does not prevent the acute from standing on theantepenult: PÎLEVW retains the accent of the earlier PÎLH�OW, which became PÎLEVW bytransfer of quantity. The accent of the gen. pl. follows that of the gen. sing.Acc. pl. PÎLEIW is probably borrowed from the nom. pl.

Singular Nom. PÎLIW (<�PÎLI�W) oSTU

Gen. PÎLEVW (<�PÎLH�OW) oSTEVW (<�oSTH��OW)

Dat. PÎLEI (<�PÎLEI�I) oSTEI (<�oSTEU�I)

Acc. PÎLIN (<�PÎLI�N) oSTU

Voc. PÎLI oSTU

Plural Nom./Voc. PÎLEIW (< PÎLEI�EW) oSTH (<�oSTE��A)

Gen. PÎLEVN (<�PÎLEI�VN) oSTEVN (<�oSTEU��VN)

Dat. PÎLESI�N) oSTESI�N�

Acc. PÎLEIW oSTH� (<�oSTE��A�

74

G. for nouns with stems in EU��AU��OU:Stems in EU show pure form only in vocative; other forms are derived from the stronger stem HU�HU and A�U�before a consonant become EU, AU, as in BASILEÃW��BASILEÅSI, from BASILHUW��BASILHUSI�Stems lose U�before case endings beginning with a vowel, U (semivocallic�U��passing into�W��vau, "digamma"��BASIL�VW��BASILEº��BASIL�A��BASIL�A�W come from BASIL��8��OW��BASIL��8��I��BASIL��8��A��BASIL��8��AW, by transfer ofquantity ("quantitative metathesis").In BASIL�VN, E is shortened from the H of BASIL�VN (a long vowel may be shortened before another long vowel).Nominative plural of EU nouns in older Attic ended in -�W (BASIL�W), derived either from -�EW by contraction or from -�HW bytransfer of quantity.

Singular Nom. BASILEÃW < BASILHUW NAÅW <�NA�UW BOÅW

Gen. BASIL�VW < BASIL��8��OW NE¢W <�NH�8��ÎW BOÎW < BO�8��ÎW

Dat. BASILEº <�BASIL��8��I NHÚ <�NH�8��¸ BOÚ

Acc. BASIL�A� <�BASIL��8��A NAÅN BOÅN

Voc. BASILEÅ NAÅ BOÅ

Plural Nom./Voc. BASIL�W N�EW � BÎEW

Gen. BASIL�VN <�BASIL�VN NE¤N <�NH¤N BO¤N

Dat. BASILEÅSI�N� <�BASILHUSI NAUS¸�N� <�NA�USI BOUS¸�N�

Acc. BASIL�A�W <�BASIL��8��AW NAÅW BOÅW

75

Homework Assignments for Week 10 Oct. 25-27 (Chapter 10)


for Tuesday: read and digest grammar on Ath. pg. 152-155, 158-160read and translate Reading 10� (pp. 156-157)do noun/adjective agreement worksheet

for Wednesday: Quiz on future formsread and digest the grammar on Ath. pp. 166-170do exercise 10B (odds) and 10G (evens)do form ID charts

for Monday: quiz on future formsread and translate Reading 10� (pp. 165-166)read Ath. 162-163 ("Festivals")

for Tuesday: vocabulary quiz chapter 10read and digest grammar on pp. 176-181read and translate Reading 11� (pp. 175-176)


Beginning with Chapter 10, Athenaze lists three principal parts for every verb; so there will nolonger be an addendum for each chapter here in the course pack.

English derivatives:Nike, encephalitis, hydraulic, sophomore

76



Nouns AdjectivesPÎLIW�PÎLEVW�� S¢FRVN��S¤FRONoSTU��oSTEVW�TÎ LÃVN��LÃOUSA��LÅONBASILEÃW��BASIL�VW�Ò


PÎLIW

oSTU

oSTEI

BASILEÃW

PÎLIN

PÎLEIW

oSTEVN

BASILEº

BASIL�A

BASIL�W

PÎLEVN

PÎLESI

oSTESI

oSTH

BASILEÅSI

BASIL�AW

77


POL¸TEUMA��POLITEÃMATOW�TÎ POL¸THW��POL¸TOU�ÒPOLIÎW�POLIj��POLIÎNPOLITEÃV��POLITEÃSV��POL¸TEUSA PÎLIW��PÎLEVW��



POLITEÃEIW

POLITEÃMATA

PÎLEVW

POLIlW

PÎLEIW

POLITEÃONTOW

PÎLESI

POL¸T×

POLITEÃMATOW

PÎLIN

POLITEÃOUSI

POLITEUOM�NOIW

POL¸THN

POLITEÃMASI

PÎLEI

POLIÎN

POL¸TAIW

POLI¤N

78

Formation of the Future Tense

1. The future stem is formed by adding the tense-suffix -S�O�E to the verb-stem: LÃSV�

LÃSOMAI��Y�SV from T¸YHMI; DE¸JV from DE¸KNUMI.

2. In verbs showing strong and weak grades, the ending is added to the strong stem: LE¸PVLE¸CV��T�KV�T�JV��PN�V�PNEÃSOMAI��D¸DVMI�D¢SV.

3. Verb stems ending in a short vowel lengthen the vowel before the tense suffix (A to Hexcept after E��I��R): TIMjV�TIM�SV��FIL�V�FIL�SV.

4. Verb stems ending in L��M��N��R, add -ES�O�E-; then S drops and E contracts with thefollowing vowel: FA¸NV (FAN-), FAN¤ from FAN��SV; ST�LLV (STEL-), STELOÅMEN fromSTEL��S�OMEN.

5. Labial (P��B��F) and palatal (K��G��X) stops at the end of the verb-stem unite with S toform C or J. Dentals (T��D��Y) are lost before S.KÎP�T�V��KOP��KÎCV��KÎCOMAI��BLjP�T�V��BLAB��BLjCV��BLjCOMAI��GRjFV�GRjCV��GRjCOMAI��PL�KV��PL�JV��PL�JOMAI��L�GV��L�JV��L�JOMAI��TARjTTV��TARAX��TARjJV�TARjJOMAI��FRjZV��FRAD��FRjSV��PE¸YV��PIY��PEIY��PE¸SV��PE¸SOMAI�

6. When E or O is added to the verb stem, it is lengthened to H or V: BOÃLOMAI��BOUL�E��BOUL�SOMAI��nL¸SKOMAI��nL�O��nL¢SOMAI.

7. So-called "Attic futures" occur when S is preceded by A� or E and these vowels are notpreceded by a syllable long by nature or position. S�is dropped and �AV and �EV arecontracted to -¤� When I precedes S, the ending is �I��S��V which contracts to -I¤.KAL�V��KAL¤��KALOÅMAI��LAÃNV��LA��L¤��KAY�ZOMAI��KAYED��KAYEDOÅMAI�MjXOMAI��MAXE��MAXOÅMAI��ÓLLUMI��ÑL�E��ÑL¤�

8. All verbs in �ANNUMI have futures in �j�S�V, -¤: SKEDjNNUMI��SKEDA��SKED¤. Similarly some verbs in -ENNUMI: mMFI�NNUMI��mMFIE��mMFI¤��STÎRNUMI��STOR�E��

STOR¤.

9. Verbs in -IZV of more than two syllables drop S and insert E, thus making -I�S��V, �I�S��OMAI, which contract to -I¤ and -IOÅMAI: NOM¸ZV��NOMID�� makes NOMIS�V��NOMI��V�

NOMI¤� NOMI¤ etc. are due to the analogy of the liquid verbs.

79

Homework Assignments for Week 11 Nov 1-4 (Chapter 11)

for Monday: quiz on future formsread and translate Reading 10� (pp. 165-166)read Ath. 162-163 ("Festivals")

for Tuesday: vocabulary quiz chapters 10 and 11Aread and digest grammar on pp. 176-181read and translate Reading 11� (pp. 175-176)

for Wednesday: read and digest grammar on Ath. pp. 189-191do exercises 11K (odds), 11M (evens), and 11N (odds)read Ath. pp. 184-184 ("Greek Science and Medicine")read and translate Reading 11� (pp. 187-188)

for Thursday: quiz on 2nd aorist formsdo noun/participle agreement sheet do form ID chart

for Monday: quiz on 2nd aorist active participle formsread and digest grammar on Ath. pp. 196-198read and translate Reading 12� (pp. 194-196)

PLEASE NOTE: It is expected that all of you will do the Word Building Exercises in each chapteron your own. These are very useful for building vocabulary.

English derivatives:genesis, paschal, scope, Philadelphia, psychiatrist and all the other -iatrist words,anthropology and all the other -ology words

80


Noun/Participle Agreement:

Nouns ModifiersmDELFÎW��mDELFOÅ�Ò LAB¢N��LABOÅSA��LABÎNmRGÃRION��mRGUR¸OU�TÎ GENÎMENOW��GENOM�NH��GENÎMENONDRAXM��DRAXM�W�� D¸VN��DION

Form Case # Gen.

Modifiers

mRGÃRION

DRAXM�W

mDELFOºW

mRGÃRIA

DRAXM�

DRAXMjW

mDELFÎW

mRGUR¸OU

DRAXM¤N

mRGUR¸OIW

mDELFOÃW

mDELFO¸

DRAXMA¸

mRGUR¸¡

DRAXM�N

mDELF¤N

mDELFÎN

81


MANYjNV��MAY�SOMAI��MAYON MAYHT�W��MAYHTOÅ�ÒMjYHMA��MAY�MATOW�TÎ MAYHTÎW��MAYHT��MAYHTÎN



�MAYON

MAYHTÎN

MANYjNVN

MANYANOM�NHW

MAYÎNTI

�MjYOMEN

MANYjNEIN

MAY�MASI

MAYHTOºW

�MAYEW

MAYOÅSA

MANYjNOUSA

MAYHT�

MjYE

MANYANOÃSAIW

MAYHTAºW

MAY¢N

82

The Aorist System in Greek

In the indicative mood, aorist is used to refer to simple, unique occurrences in the past:& Dikaiopolis’ brother opened the door.& The god Asklepios healed Philip.

You have already noticed that the temporal augment � for the aorist occurs only in theindicative mood. This is because, in the aorist, only the indicative mood emphasizes time. All other forms of the aorist usually emphasize, instead, aspect.

Aspect refers to how one views the action of the verb6that is, whether the action is viewed ascompleted vs. incomplete, customary vs. a single occurrence, a general truth vs. a specificoccurrence. Present tense has an incomplete, customary, or habitual aspect; aorist tenseconveys a completed or simple (i.e., one time occurrence) aspect.

Note the difference between these two indicative sentences.& Mother takes her medication every day. (present time, customary aspect = present

tense = LAMBjNEI)& I took a present to the party. (past time, simple aspect = aorist = �LABON)

Outside of the indicative, aorist emphasizes aspect and does not refer to time. Note, forexample, the difference between these two imperatives:& Mother, take your pill every day! (customary aspect = present imperative = LjMBANE)& Take the money and run! (simple aspect = aorist imperative = LjBE)

Note, LjMBANE and LjBE are each translated into English by “take!” but that two differentaspects are conveyed.

Also, note that certain verbs denote a state of being or an action which by its nature iscontinuous; these verbs may require a somewhat different translation in the aorist to denotesimple aspect (i.e., the action at a single moment in time). Often the aorist of such verbsrefers to the single moment in time at which the subject enters in the state of being or beginsthe continuous action; these are called ingressive aorists.

& �XV = I have �SKON = I came to have, I got& BASILEÃV = I am king �BAS¸LEUSA = I became king& DAKRÃV = I am crying �DjKRUSA = I began to cry

83

In progress, mere occurrence, completed

1st principal part: Progressive (imperfect) aspect stemAorist: merely names action– aorist or neutral aspectA�ORISTOW = unlimited, indefinite, undefined time. Doesn't show limitation of continuance(expressed by imperfect) or of completion with permanent result (expressed by perfect)Perfect: completed action

Progressive Aorist-Neutral Perfective

Past was teaching taught had taught

Present is teaching teaches has taught

Future will be teaching will teach will have taught

Aorist = mere occurrence of action in past.Action regarded as event or single fact without reference to length of time it occupied.

Uses of aorist may be explained by figure of point in time:1. The starting point (ingressive aorist): "become ruler," "fell in love," "become silent"2. The end point (resultative aorist) "I brought"3. The whole action, concentrated to a point (complexive aorist)

Aorist enumerates and reports past events. It may be employed in brief continuous narration. As a narrative tense it is often used to state the chief events and facts, while the other pasttenses set forth subordinate actions and attendant circumstances.

Greek aorists active and middle have no futureExist only as past tense

Outside of the indicative, aorist emphasizes aspect and does not refer to time.

84

1st/ sigmatic aorist:

Most form aorist stem by means of morpheme {S}Verbs whose roots end in liquid or nasal consonant do not have sigmatic aorist, but insteadlengthen the root vowel: MENV��EMEINA

Aorist appears in dictionary as 3rd principal part

Formation of 1st Aorist stem:Labial �P��B��F) �S�=�CDental��T��D��Y��and�Z�<=�SD>) +�S�= SPalatal/guttural��K��G��X) +�S�=�J

Smooth Middle Rough

Labial (lips) P B F

Dental (teeth) T D Y

Palatal/guttural (palate) K G X

2nd/ root aorist:Aorist stem + thematic vowel + secondary endingsMANYANV��EMAYON

Most 2nd aorists belong to type which has weak grade of root and accent originally on thethematic vowel. Old accent is preserved in infinitive and participle, as LIPEºN��LIP¢N.Becomes characteristic of the aorist, without regard to the original distribution

Accentuation of the imperative is normally recessive, but strong aorist middle -OÅ from -��S�O (with accent on thematic vowel) is an exception

Second person singular of five verbs is oxytone in 2nd aorist active imperative:E»P��LY��EÇR��»D��LAB��Plurals accented�E»P�TE��LY�TE��etc.

Past time marked by prefix called augmentAbsence means present or future timeVerb stems beginning with consonant prefix E Those beginning with vowel lengthen vowelIf verb has prefix, augment appears after prefix

85

Personal Endings

Primary/Secondary = Non-past/Past

ACTIVE MIDDLE

PRIMARY SINGULAR 1st A��MI �MAI

2nd �W�(for��SI)��YA��SYA) �SAI

3rd �SI��for��TI)� �TAI

PLURAL 1st �MEN �MEYA

2nd �TE �SYE

3rd �NSI�(for��NTI) �NTAI

SECONDARY SINGULAR 1st �N �MHN

2nd �W��SYA �SO

3rd u �TO

PLURAL 1st �MEN �MEYA

2nd �TE �SYE

3rd �N��SAN �NTO

86

Homework Assignments for Week 12 Nov. 8-11 (Chapter 12)

for Monday: quiz on 2nd aorist participle forms, active and middleread and digest grammar on Ath. pp. 196-199read and translate Reading 12 A (pp. 194-196)

for Tuesday: quiz on 1st aorist formsdo form ID chartdo exercises 12G, 12H (evens)

for Wednesday: vocabulary quiz chapters 11B and 12read and digest grammar on pp. 207-209read and translate Reading12B (pp. 204-206)

for Thursday: read Ath. pp. 200-203 ("Trade and Travel")quiz, 1st aorist participle


87



FRONT¸ZV��FRONTI¤��FRÎNTISA FRONTIST�W��FRONTISTOÅ�ÒFRONT¸W��FRONT¸DOW�� FRONTISTIKÎW��FRONTISTIK��FRONTISTIKÎN



FRONT¸ZVN

FRONT¸ZONTOW

�FRONT¸SAMEN

�FRONT¸SV

FRONT¸SASYAI

FRONTISTIKÎN

FRONT¸DA

FRONTISTA¸

FRONT¸ZEIN

FRONTIZÎMEYA

FRONT¸SATE

FRONT¸SASA

FRONTISTIKO¸

FRONTIST¤N

�FRÎNTISE�N�

�FRÎNTISAW

FRONT¸SON

�FRONT¸SANTO

FRONT¸ZOUSI

88


LÃV��LÃSV��LUSA �LÃSIW��LÃSEVW�� LÃSIOW��LUS¸A��LÃSION



LÃSETE

LÃSIA

LÃONTOW

LÃSEI

LÃSEVW

LÃSOUSI

�LUSE

LUOM�NHN

LÃSETAI

LUSOÃSHW

LÃSESYAI

LÃEIN

LÃSIN

LÅSAI

LUS¸OIW

�LÃSV

LÃSESI�

LÅSON

89

First Aorist Active

Athematic formation

Indicative Sing. 1st �LUS�MI� �LUSA�

2nd �LUS�WI �LUSAW

3rd �LUS�TI �LUSE From perfect, no personal ending

Plural 1st �LUS�MEN �LUSAMEN

2nd �LUS�TE �LUSATE

3rd �LUS�N�T� �LUSAN

Imperative 2nd Sing. LÅSON Ending obscure in origin

2nd Plu. LÃSATE

Infinitive LÅSAI Old dative ending

Participle LUSANTW��LUSANT IA��LUSANT

>LÃSAW��LÃSASA��LÅSAN

The secondary endings of the 1st aorist active were originally added to the stem ending in �S� (athematic formation).From �LUS�MI came �LUSA (a vowel may take the place of an original liquid or nasal after a consonant).The A spread to the other forms of the indicative (except 3rd singular active), imperative (except 2nd singular active andmiddle), infinitive, and participle.

90

Homework Assignments for Week 13 Nov. 15-18 (Chapter 13)


for Tuesday: read and digest grammar on Ath. pp. 213-217do exercise 13D (1-10)read Ath. pp. 218-221 ("The Rise of Persia")

for Wednesday: quiz on imperfect indicative formsread and translate Reading 13� (pp. 212-213)do form ID chartread and digest grammar on Ath. pp. 224-225

for Thursday: quiz on relative pronoundo worksheet on relative pronouns and clauses in course packread and translate Reading 13� (pp. 223-224)read and digest grammar on Ath. pp. 226-228do exercises 13H (odds)

for Monday: quiz on vocabulary chapter 13read and digest grammar on Ath. pp. 234-238read and translate Reading 14� (pp. 233-234)

English derivatives for chapters 12 and 13:gerontology, cacophony, orthodontics, taxometer, emporium, nautical, euphony,megalopolis, barbarian

91


Form Identification chart:�SUXjZV��SUXjSV��SÃXASA �SUX¸A��SUX¸AW�� SÃXIOW��SÃXION



�SUXjZVN

�SUX¸AW

�SÃXION

�SÃXAZON

�SUXjZON

�SUX¸OIW

�SÃXASAN

�SUXjSAN

�SUXAZÎMENOW

�SUXAZÎMEYA

�SUXI¤N

�SUX¸AN

�SÃXAZE

�SUXjSANTOW

92

Imperfect of E»M¸ and EÁMIImperfect of E»M¸�sum (the verb "to be"):

Singular 1st

ÿ�� ÿ �

Old Attic · is from

� � (Hom.) =

�� augmented + the secondary ending �, which becomes a (as inthe first aorist).�� was formed by analogy to

�� .2nd

��

3rd

��

The 3rd plural was originally

�� , contracted from

�� (Hom.); this

�� came to be used as 3rd singular.

Plural 1st

��

2nd

��

3rd

�� is imported from the sigmatic aorist.

Imperfect of EÁMI�ibo (the verb "to go"):

Singular 1st

!#" $ %�&' (

ú is the stem &' augmented ( )* with the iota gone subscript)

2nd

+�, -. /�0 1 +, -2

3rd

+�, - 3 1 +, -

Plural 1st

+�4 , 3

2nd

+65 ,

3rd

+ . 0 3 1 +�, . 0 3

93

Worksheet on Relative Pronouns and Clauses

In the following English sentences, underline the relative clause, circle the relativepronoun, and place a box around its antecedent (when one is expressed).

1. The poet who wrote the book is good.

2. The poet whose book we sent to the publisher is good.

3. The poet to whom we dedicated the book is good.

4. The poet whom we educated is good.

5. The girl who helped the children will get the reward.

6. Who(ever) helped the children will get the reward.

7. Who steals my purse steals trash.

8. Many people dislike what they don’t understand.

9. Whoever wins will be praised.

Rewrite these sentences to include a relative clause.

1. I love hot coffee.

2. A biting dog is a nuisance.

3. The big book is a bad thing.

4. A small book is a better thing.

94

In the following Greek sentences, the relative pronoun has been omitted, and its antecedenthas been underlined. Give the number, gender, and case for each underlined noun; supplythe missing relative pronoun; and identify it by number, gender, and case. Then translatethe sentence.

��NAÅW��FÎRTIA��FERE��N�MEGjLH�

��Ò�oNYRVPOW��ÒR¤��N�KALÎW�

��STIN�D¸KHW�ÑFYALMÎW��Tk�PjNYq�ÒRw�

��MAKjRIOW�oNYRVPOW��NOÅN��XEI�

��O¼�YEO¹�FILOÅSIN��AÆTÏW�mPOYN�SKEI�N�OW�

��Ò�mN�R��b"TÎSSA�YERAPEÃEI��%AREºÎW��STIN��

��NAÅW��N��b"TÎSSA��PLEI��N�MEGjLH�

��GUN��mN�R��N�BASILEÃW��b"TÎSSj��STIN�

��Ò�NEAN¸AW��T¤N�.OUS¤N��PILANYjNETAI��TÏN�B¸ON�DIAFYE¸REI�

DIK�: justicemPOYN�SKV: dieN�OW��H��ON: youngYERAPEÃV: help, heal

�PILANYjNOMAI: forgetsomething (+gen. case�DIAFYE¸RV: destroy

Transform the two simple sentences into a single complex sentence by replacing thepersonal pronoun with a relative pronoun and then translate into Greek.

The boy was blind. The man led him onto the ship. Ò�PAºW�TUFLÏN��N�ÖN�Ò�mN�R�E¹W�T�NNAÅN��GAGEN�

1. They prayed to Asklepios. His temple was at Epidauros.

2. The boat was big. It was in the harbor.

3. The boat was big. On it Dikaiopolis and Philip were sailing.

95

Third Declension H. for nouns with stems in �S�Stems in sigma are contracted where �S� falls out between the vowel of the stem and the vowel of the ending.So, G�NOW (stem GENES�), gen. GENE(S)�OW�G�NOUW, dat. GENE(S)�I�G�NEI.In a large group of neuter nouns the �ES� ending appears in the O-grade form �OW in nom., acc., voc. sing., as in G�NOW.Neuters with stems in �AS��TÏ�G�RAW) have �AW in these cases.Masc. and fem. acc. plu., when contracted, borrow the form of the contracted nom. plu. The acc. plu. �EIW is not derived from �EAW.In dat. plu., union of S of the stem and S of the ending produces SS, which is reduced to S without lengthening the precedingvowel.Masculine stems in ES with nominative in �HW are proper names (Ò�4VKRjTHW, Ò�%HMOSY�NHW); the feminine TRI�RHW is anadjective used substantively ("triply fitted:" ��TRI�RHW��NAÅW�, "ship with three banks of oars").Proper nouns in �HW have recessive accent in the vocative.TRI�RVN ( from TRIHR��VN) has irregular accent by analogy to the other forms.

Singular Nom. TÏ�G�NOW �TRI�RHW

4VKRjTHW TÏ�G�RAW

Gen. G�NOUW� < G�NES�OW TRI�ROUW < TRI�RES�OW 4VKRjTOUW G�RVW < G�RAS�OW

Dat. G�NEI� < G�NES�I TRI�REI� < TRI�RES�I 4VKRjTEI G�RAI < G�RAS�I

Acc. G�NOW TRI�RH� < TRI�RES�A 4VKRjTH G�RAW

Voc. G�NOW TRI�REW 4¢KRATEW G�RAW

Plural Nom./Voc. G�NH� < G�NES�A TRI�REIW� < TRI�RES�EW G�RA < G�RAS�A

Gen. GEN¤N� < GEN�S�VN TRI�RVN� < TRIHR��VN G�R¤N < GERjS�VN

Dat. G�NESI(N) < G�NES�SI TRI�RESI(N)

< TRI�RES�SI G�RASI�N� < G�RAS�SI�N�

Acc. G�NH TRI�REIW G�RA < G�RAS�A

96

When �ES� of the stem is preceded by E, the forms are inflected as follows:

Singular Nom. :EMISTOKL�W < :EMISTOKL�HW

Gen. :EMISTOKL�OUW < :EMISTOKL�E�S�OW

Dat. :EMISTOKLEº < :EMISTOKL�E�S�I

Acc. :EMISTOKL�A� < :EMISTOKL�E�S�A After E, EA contracts to A�.

Voc. :EMISTÎKLEIW < :EMISTÎKLEEW

The adjective mLHY�W��mLHY�W also has its stem in �ES- and shows contraction.

Masc./Fem. Neut.

Singular Nom. mLHY�W mLHY�W

Gen. mLHYOÅW <�mLHY�S�OW > mLHYOÅW

Dat. mLHYEº < mLHY�S�I�> mLHYEº

Acc. mLHY� < mLHY�S�A� mLHY�W

Voc. mLHY�W mLHY�W

Plural Nom./Voc. mLHYEºW <�mLHY�S�EW mLHY� < mLHY��A

Gen. mLHY¤N < mLHY�S�VN�>� mLHY¤N

Dat. mLHY�SI(N) < mLHY�S�SI�> mLHY�SI(N)

Acc. mLHYEºW mLHY�

97

Paradigm of�U-stem Adjectives

Like PlW��PlSA��PlN, adjectives with U-stems have masculine and neuter forms of the 3rd

declension, with a separate set of forms for the feminine which inflect like a noun of thefirst declension ending in �A� �

The feminine is made from the stem of the masculine/neuter by adding the suffix - IA(semivocalic I) to the e-grade stem, TAXE U�- IA. The masculine and neuter forms followthe pattern of nouns with stems in I and U.

Masc. Fem. Neu.

Singular Nom. TAXÃW TAXEºA TAXÃ

Gen. TAX�OW TAXE¸AW TAX�OW < TAXE U�OW

Dat. TAXEº TAXE¸ TAXEº < TAXE U�I

Acc. TAXÃN TAXEºAN TAXÃ

Voc TAXÃ TAXEºA TAXÃ

Plural Nom./Voc. TAXEºW TAXEºAI TAX�A

Gen. TAX�VN TAXEI¤N TAX�VN

Dat. TAX�SI�N� TAXE¸AIW TAX�SI�N�

Acc. TAXEºW TAXE¸AW TAX�A Masc. acc. is from thenominative

98

Homework Assignments for Week 14 Nov. 22-23 (Chapter 14A)

for Monday: quiz on vocabulary chapter 13read and digest grammar on Ath. pp. 234-238read and translate Reading 14� (pp. 233-234)

for Tuesday: quiz on comparative and superlative adjectives and adverbsdo exercise 14B (all)do first noun-agreement chart for Chapter 14read and digest grammar on Ath. pp. 244-246

for Monday: quiz on demonstrative adjectivesdo second agreement chart for Chapter 14do exercise 14Dread and translate Reading 14� (pp. 243-244)

During the Thanksgiving break, you should STUDY, STUDY, STUDY–make good use of this time toreview and master your forms and vocabulary.

English derivatives for chapter 14:oligarchy, praxis, hoplite soldier, polemic, metaphor, strategic, monarchy, agonistic

99


Nouns AdjectivesMjXH��MjXHW�� mME¸NVN��oMEINONPL�YOW��PL�YOUW��TÎ mLHY�STATOW��mLHYESTjTH��mLHY�STATONSTRATI¢THW��STRATI¢TOU�Ò


Form Case # Gen.

Adjective/s

MjXHW

PL�YOW

PL�YEI

STRATI¢THN

STRATI¢T×

PL�YESI

PL�YH

MAX¤N

STRATI¢TAIW

MjXAW

PL�YOUW

MjXHN

STRATI¤TAI

STRATI¢TAW

MjXH

MjXAI

STRATI¢THW

100

Nouns AdjectivesMjXH��MjXHW�� ÔDE��DE��TÎDE��gen��TOÅDE��T�SDE��TOÅDE�PL�YOW��PL�YOUW��TÎ OÍTOW��AÉTH��TOÅTO��gen��TOÃTOU��TAÃTHW��TOÃTOU)BASILEÃW��BASIL�VW��Ò


Form Case # Gen Adjective/s

MjXHW

PL�YOW

PL�YEI

BASIL�A

BASILEº

PL�YESI

PL�YH

MAX¤N

BASILEÅSI�

MjXAW

PL�YOUW

MjXHN

BASIL�W

BASIL�AW

MjXH

MjXAI

BASILEÃW

101

Comparative and Superlative Adjectives

I. Comparative in��TEROW��TERA� ��TERON

Masculine Feminine Neuter

Sing. Nom. mLHY�STEROW mLHYEST�RA mLHY�STERON

Gen. mLHYEST�ROU mLHYEST�RAW mLHYEST�ROU

Dat. mLHYEST�R¡ mLHYEST�R mLHYEST�R¡

Acc. mLHY�STERON mLHYEST�RAN mLHY�STERON

Voc. mLHY�STERE mLHYEST�RA mLHY�STERON

Plu. Nom./Voc. mLHY�STEROI mLHY�STERAI mLHY�STERA

Gen. mLHYEST�RVN mLHYEST�RVN mLHYEST�RVN

Dat. mLHYEST�ROIW mLHYEST�RAIW mLHYEST�ROIW

Acc. mLHYEST�ROUW mLHYEST�RAW mLHY�STERA

II. Superlative in��TATOW��TATH��TATON

Masculine Feminine Neuter

Sing. Nom. mLHY�STATOW mLHYESTjTH mLHY�STATON

Gen. mLHYESTjTOU mLHYESTjTHW mLHYESTjTOU

Dat. mLHYESTjT¡ mLHYESTjT× mLHYESTjT¡

Acc. mLHY�STATON mLHYESTjTHN mLHY�STATON

Voc. mLHY�STATE mLHYESTjTH mLHY�STATON

Plu. Nom./ Voc. mLHY�STATOI mLHY�STATAI mLHY�STATA

Gen. mLHYESTjTVN mLHYESTjTVN mLHYESTjTVN

Dat. mLHYESTjTOIW mLHYESTjTAIW mLHYESTjTOIW

Acc. mLHYESTjTOUW mLHYESTjTAW mLHY�STATA

102

III. Comparative in -IVN��ION

Masculine/Feminine Neuter

Sing. Nom. KALL¸VN KjLLION

Gen. KALL¸ONOW

Dat. KALL¸ONI

Acc. KALL¸ONA�KALL¸V KjLLION

Voc. KjLLION

Plu. Nom. Voc. KALL¸ONEW�KALL¸OUW KALL¸ONA�KALL¸V

Gen. KALLIÎNVN

Dat. KALL¸OSI�N��<�KALL¸ON�SI�

Acc. KALL¸ONAW�KALL¸OUW KALL¸ONA�KALL¸V

The accusative plural masculine/feminine form KALL¸OUW is borrowed from the nominativeplural.

103

Homework Assignments for Week 15 Nov 29-Dec 2 (Chapters 14B-15�)

for Monday: quiz on demonstrative adjectivesdo second agreement chart for Chapter 14do exercise 14Dread and translate Reading 14� (pp. 243-244)

for Tuesday: read Ath. pp. 238-240 ("The Rise of Athens")quiz on vocab. for chap. 14, including adjectives and adverbs on pp.234-236

for Wednesday: read and digest grammar on Ath. pp. 252-254read and translate Reading 15� (p. 251)

for Thursday: quiz on athematic second aorist formsread and digest grammar on Ath. pp. 261-263do exercise 15B (evens) and 15G (3, 6, and 7)

for Monday: quiz on o-contract verbsdo verb synopsis chart in course packread and translate Reading 15� (pp.259-261)read Ath. pp. 255-256 ("Aeschylus's Persae")

English derivatives for chapter 15:cosmology, necrophiliac, Nike shoes, patriotic, progeny, ambidextrous

104

Homework Assignments for Week 16 Dec 6-9 (Chapters 15�-16)

for Monday: quiz on o-contract verbsdo verb synopsis chart in course packread and translate Reading 15� (pp.259-261)read Ath. pp. 255-256 ("Aeschylus's Persae")

for Tuesday: NO GREEK CLASS; GO TO YOUR FRIDAY CLASSES!

for Wednesday: vocabulary quiz chapter 15do noun-adjective agreement worksheet read and digest grammar on Ath. pp. 269, 276-277read and translate Reading 16A (pp. 267-268)do exercise 16B

for Thursday: quiz on verbs with athematic presents and imperfects do form ID, noun-adjective agreement worksheets read and translate Reading 16B (pp. 275-276)read Ath. pp. 271-273 ("The Athenian Empire")

Students in the morning section:Your final is scheduled for Monday, December 13, noon-3 pm.

Students in the afternoon section:Your final is scheduled for Monday, December 13, 3:30-6:30.

THE FORMAT WILL BE LIKE YOUR WEEKLY TESTS, ONLY LONGER. ESTIMATED TIME FOR COMPLETION: 2 HOURS. PLEASE CONSULT THE TUTORS IN PARK HALL 242 FOR EXTRA HELP.

Grading:

Participation 15%Tests 35%Quizzes 15%Final exam 35%

105

Homework Exercises for Chapters 15�-16

Give a synopsis in the 2nd person singular of the verb� �LEUYERÎV��LEUYER¢SV��LEUY�RVSA

(Note: you do not yet know the forms in the shaded boxes.)

ACTIVE VOICE MIDDLE VOICE PASSIVE VOICE

INDIC. SUBJ. OPT. INDIC. SUBJ. OPT. INDIC. SUBJ. OPT.

PRES. PRES.

IMPF. IMPF.

FUT. FUT.

AOR. AOR.

PERF. PERF.

PPF. PPF.

INFINITIVE PARTICIPLE INFINITIVE PARTICIPLE INFINITIVE PARTICIPLE

PRES. PRES.

FUT. FUT.

AOR. AOR.

PERF. PERF.

For participles, give the nominative singular masculine form.

Write out here the: 2nd person singular present active imperative:

2nd person singular present middle imperative:

2nd person singular aorist active imperative:

2nd person singular aorist middle imperative:

106


Nouns AdjectivesNOÅW��NOÅ�Ò mLHY�W��mLHY�WM�ROW��M�ROUW�TÎ DHLOÃMENOW��DHLOUM�NH��DHLOÃMENONNAÃTHW��NAÃTOU��Ò



NAÃTHW

M�RVN

M�RESI

NOÅW

NAÃTOU

NAUT¤N�

NOÅ

M�RH

NOºW

NAÃTAW

M�ROW

107

Form ID:

DÃNAMAI��DUN�SOMAI��DUNHSjMHN DÃNAMIW��DUNjMEVW��DUNATÎW��DUNAT��DUNATÎN



�DUNjMEYA

DUNATÎN

DÃNASYAI

DÃNAMIN

DÃNASYE

DUNATO¸

DUNjMENOI

DUNATAºW

DÃNASO

DUNjMEVN

DUNjMESI

�DÃNASYE

DUNjMENOW

DUNjMEIW

�DÃNATO

DUNAT�N

DUNATOºW

DUNAT¤N

DÃNANTAI

108


Nouns AdjectivesNAÅW��NE¢W�� oJIOW��mJ¸A��oJION��gen.mJ¸OU��mJ¸AW��mJ¸OU�BOÅW��BOÎW��Ò S¢FRVN��S¤FRON��gen.�S¢FRONOW�

�TOW��TOUW��TÎ mLHY�W��mLHY�W��gen.�mLHYOÅW�

Form Case # Gen.

Adjective/s

�TH

NE¢W

BOÅN

�TOUW

�T¤N

NAÅW

BOÎW

�TESI

N�EW

BOÚ

NAUS¸N

BOÅW

BOUS¸

�TOW

NHÚ

109

Omicron Contract Verbs

Present Active Indicative:

Singular 1st DHL¤ <�DHLÎV

2nd DHLOºW <�DHLÎEIW

3rd DHLOº <�DHLÎEI

Plural 1st DHLOÅMEN <�DHLÎOMEN

2nd DHLOÅTE <�DHLÎETE

3rd DHLOÅSI�N� <�DHLÎOUSI�N)

Present Active Imperative:

2nd singular: D�LOU <�D�LOE Present stem + thematic vowel

2nd plural: DHLOÅTE <�DHLÎETE Present stem + thematic vowel + TE

Present Active Infinitive:

DHLOÅN <�DHLÎEEN Present stem + thematic vowel +� �EN

Present active participles:

Sing. Nom./Voc.798;:=<?>A@

> B9C;D;EGF H9I;J=K;LNMNO P Q > R9S;T=UWVYX Z [ R9S;T=\;U=] > R9S;T;UNVN]Gen. ^9_;`=a;b=c9d=b?e > ^9_;`=bWfYc9d=bge h9i;j=k;kNlNmWion > h9i;j=kWlYm=ign h9i;j=p;k=q9r=k?n > h9i;j;kNsNqtr;k?n

Dat. u9v;w=x;y=z9{?| > u9v;w=yW}Yz9{?| ~9�;�=�;�N�N�W� > ~9�;�=�W�Y�=� ~9�;�=�;�=�9�?� > ~9�;�;�N�N�t�g�

Etc. Etc. Etc.

Contractions:�O� �E�EE�O�OU�>�OU��O� �EI�OI�×�>�OIO� �H�V�>�V�

110

Present Middle Indicative:

Singular 1st DHLOÅMAI <�DHLÎOMAI

2nd DHLOº <�DHLÎESAI

3rd DHLOÅTAI <�DHLÎETAI

Plural 1st DHLOÃMEYA <�DHLOÎMEYA

2nd DHLOÅSYE <�DHLÎESYE

3rd DHLOÅNTAI <�DHLÎONTAI

Present Middle Imperative:

2nd singular: DHLOÅ <�DHLÎESO Present stem + thematic vowel�+�SO

2nd plural: DHLOÅSYE <�DHLÎESYE Present stem + thematic vowel�+�SYE�

Present Middle Infinitive:

DHLOÅSYAI DHLÎESYAI Present stem + thematic vowel�+�SYAI

Present middle participles:

DHLOÎMENOW DHLOÃMENOW DHLOOM�NH�� DHLOUM�NH DHLOÎMENON DHLOÃMENON

Etc. Etc. Etc.

Imperfect:

Imperfect Active Imperfect Middle

Singular 1st �D�LOUN <��D�LOON �DHLOÃMHN <��DHLOÎMHN

2nd �D�LOUW <��D�LOEW �DHLOÅ <��DHLÎESO

3rd �D�LOU <��D�LOE �DHLOÅTO <��DHLÎETO

Plural 1st �DHLOÅMEN <��DHLÎOMEN �DHLOÃMEYA <��DHLOÎMEYA

2nd �DHLOÅTE <��DHLÎETE �DHLOÅSYE <��DHLÎESYE

3rd �D�LOUN <��D�LOON �DHLOÅNTO <��DHLÎONTO

111

Review

For the final exam, you need to know:

FORMS:1. how to decline 1st declension nouns and adjectives (including those that end in A�insteadof H�2. how to decline 2nd declension nouns and adjectives3. how to decline 3rd declension nouns4. how to decline 3rd declension adjectives 5. how to conjugate regular verbs and �jV��V� and �ÎV�contract verbs in the present,imperfect, and aorist active indicative and imperative moods, the present, imperfect, andaorist middle indicative and imperative, and the future active and middle indicative.6. how to form the present, future, and aorist active infinitive and the present, future, andaorist middle infinitive7. how to form and decline the active and middle participles in the present, future, and aorist8. how to decline the adjectives for “one” and “all”9. how to decline reflexive, interrogative, and relative pronouns10. how to decline the definite and indefinite articles (Ò��TÎ�and�TIW��TI)

CONCEPTS:1. transitive, intransitive and linking sentence structure and word order2. the complementary infinitive3. agreement between nouns and adjectives or participles4. use of dative as indirect object, object of preposition, in expressions of time, to showmeans or instrument, to show respect, and to show possession5. use of genitive to show possession, as object of preposition, and in expressions of amount(partitive genitive)6. use of accusative as direct object, object of preposition and in expression of time7. aspect8. relative clauses9. comparison of adjectives and comparative constructions10. substantive11. appositive12. attributive vs. predicate position

VOCABULARY:1. all the vocabulary presented on vocabulary lists + addenda for volume I2. verbs which take dative direct object3. verbs which take genitive direct object

112

Review Exercises


Nouns AdjectivesmN�R��mNDRÎW��Ò LÃVN��LÃOUSA��LÃONM�THR��MHTRÎW�� PlW��PlSA��PlND�NDRON��D�NDROU��TÎ

Form Case # Gen.

Adjective/s

mN�R

D�NDRON

MHTRÎW

D�NDR¡

MHT�RA

MHTR¸

mNDRÎW

D�NDROIW

MHT�REW

oNDRA

D�NDRA

MHTRjSI

mNDR¤N

MHT�RVN

oNDREW

D�NDROU

mNDRjSI

113


Nouns AdjectivesPÅR��PURÎW��TÎ �D¸VN��DION��gen.��D¸ONOW�YEÎW��YEOÅ�� TIM¤N��TIM¤SA��TIM¤N��gen.�TIM¤NTOW��TIM¢SHW��TIM¤NTOW�YjLATTA��YALjTTHW�� POL�MIOW��POLEM¸A��POL�MIONPOIHT�W��POIHTOÅ��Ò

Form Case # Gen.

Adjective/s

PÅR

YALjTTHW

PUR¸

YEOÅ

POIHTOÅ

YEOÅW

YALjTTAN

POIHT�N

YE¤N

YE¯

YALjTTAW

YEO¸

PUR¤N

YEÎW

PURÎW

YALATT¤N

114


¼EREÃW��¼ER�VW�Ò ¼EREÃV¼ERÎW��¼ERj��¼ERÎN ¼ER¸A��¼ER¸AW��¼EREºON��¼ERE¸OU��TÎ



¼ER�VW

¼ERÎN

¼EREÃONTI

¼ER¸AN

¼EREºON

¼ER�A

¼ER¤N

¼EREUOM�N¡

¼ERI¤N

¼EREÅSI

¼EREÃOUSI

¼EREUOÃSHW

¼ERÎW

¼ER¯

¼EREÃEIW

¼EREº

¼EREUOM�NHW

¼EREÃONTA

¼ER¸

¼ER¤N

¼ER�AW

¼ERj

115

Verb Review: Synopsis Chart

Give a synopsis in the 3rd person singular of the verb�FIL�V��FIL�SV��F¸LHSA

(Note: you do not yet know the forms in the shaded boxes.)�

ACTIVE VOICE MIDDLE VOICE PASSIVE VOICE

INDIC. SUBJ. OPT. INDIC. SUBJ. OPT. INDIC. SUBJ. OPT.

PRES. PRES.

IMPF. IMPF.

FUT. FUT.

AOR. AOR.

PERF. PERF.

PPF. PPF.


PRES. PRES.

FUT. FUT.

AOR. AOR.

PERF. PERF.


Write out here the 2nd person singular present active imperative:




116


Give a synopsis in the 3rd person plural of the verb�FEÃGV��FEÃJOMAI��FUGON


ACTIVE VOICE MIDDLE VOICE PASSIVE

INDIC. SUBJ. OPT. INDIC. SUBJ. OPT. INDIC. SUBJ.

PRES. PRES.

IMPF. IMPF.

FUT. FUT.

AOR. AOR.

PERF. PERF.

PPF. PPF.


PRES. PRES.

FUT. FUT.

AOR. AOR.

PERF. PERF.


Write out here: 2nd person singular present active imperative:




117


Give a synopsis in the 2nd person singular of the verb�TIMjV��TIM�SV��T¸MHSA


ACTIVE VOICE MIDDLE VOICE PASSIVE

INDIC. SUBJ. OPT. INDIC. SUBJ. OPT. INDIC. SUBJ.

PRES. PRES.

IMPF. IMPF.

FUT. FUT.

AOR. AOR.

PERF. PERF.

PPF. PPF.


PRES. PRES.

FUT. FUT.

AOR. AOR.

PERF. PERF.


Write out here the 2nd person singular present active imperative:




homework text for greek 1001 (for use with athenaze volume 1) · homework text for greek 1001 (for...

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