honeycomb structures: teacher notes

Page|30 TeacherNotes–HoneycombStructures–RemSTEP(DeakinUniversity)

T E A C H E R N O T E S

HoneycombStructures:TeacherNotes

Overview/IntroductionThisactivityhasitsgenesisinthematerialsscienceresearchconductedatDeakinUniversity’sInstituteofFrontierMaterials.http://www.deakin.edu.au/research/ifm/.

ThisLaboratoryLearningActivity(LLA)addressessomeoftheprinciplesthatarecurrentlybeinginvestigatedthroughresearchanddesignattheInstitute.

Acommonaimofmaterialsscientistsandengineersistocreatematerialswiththegreateststrengthandtheminimumweightandminimumamountofmaterials(minimumcost).Honeycombsandwichstructuresareoftenusedtoachievetheseoutcomesandareusedinaerospace,automotive,housing,packaging,sports-equipmentandotherindustries.

Beingstrongaswellaslightmakeshoneycombmaterialsidealforthemanufactureofcrashhelmetsforracingcardrivers,motorcyclistsandevenbicyclists.

Ahoneycombstructuredmaterialisproducedusinganarrayofhollowtubesorcells(usually)sandwichedbetweentwosolidwalls.AttheInstituteofFrontierMaterialsscientistshaveproducedandtestedahoneycombsandwichstructuremadefromtwolayersofcarbonfibrecompositeseparatedbyahoneycomblayerofKevlar.

Whilethehexagonalshapeoftruehoneycombisusuallythestrongestshape.Thecellscouldbetubular,triangularorsquareshaped.

Thisisanopen-endedinquiryactivityinwhichstudentscandevisetheirownquestiontotest;deviseamethod,conducttests,collectandanalysedateandreporttheirfindings


Studentsmighttestdifferentcellsizes,differentshapes,differentthicknessesofthehoneycombsandwichandsoon.

CurriculumOutcomes:AustralianCurriculum-ScienceF-10

[Footnote4]

Years5and6

Scienceasahumanendeavour:Useandinfluenceofscience• Scientificknowledgeisusedtosolveproblemsandinform

personalandcommunitydecisions(ACSHE083&ACSHE100)

Year7

Scienceasahumanendeavour• Peopleusescienceunderstandingandskillsintheiroccupations

andthesehaveinfluencedthedevelopmentofpracticesinareasofhumanactivity(ACSHE121)

ScienceUnderstanding:PhysicalSciences• Changetoanobject’smotioniscausedbyunbalancedforces,

includingEarth’sgravitationalattraction,actingontheobject(ACSSU117)

Year8

Scienceasahumanendeavour• Peopleusescienceunderstandingandskillsintheiroccupations

andthesehaveinfluencedthedevelopmentofpracticesinareasofhumanactivity(ACSHE136)

ScienceUnderstanding:ChemicalSciences• Propertiesofthedifferentstatesofmattercanbeexplainedin

termsofthemotionandarrangementofparticles(ACSSU151)

4http://www.australiancurriculum.edu.au/science/curriculum/f-10?layout=1#level5


CurriculumOutcomes:AustralianCurriculum-DesignTechnologies

Years5and6

DesignTechnologies• Explorethecharacteristicsandpropertiesofmaterialsand

componentsthatareusedtoproducedesignedsolutions(ACTDEK004)

CurriculumOutcomes:VictorianCurriculumF-10[Footnote5]

Levels5and6

ScienceUnderstanding:Scienceasahumanendeavour• Scientificunderstandings,discoveriesandinventionsareusedto

informpersonalandcommunitydecisionsandtosolveproblemsthatdirectlyaffectpeople’slives(VCSSU073)

ScienceUnderstanding:Chemicalsciences• Solids,liquidsandgasesbehaveindifferentwaysandhave

observablepropertiesthathelptoclassifythem(VCSSU076)

Levels7and8

ScienceUnderstanding:Scienceasahumanendeavour• Scientificknowledgeandunderstandingoftheworldchangesas

newevidencebecomesavailable;scienceknowledgecandevelopthroughcollaborationandconnectingideasacrossthedisciplinesandpracticeofscience(VCSSU089)

• Scienceandtechnologycontributetofindingsolutionstoarangeofcontemporaryissues;thesesolutionsmayimpactonotherareasofsocietyandinvolveethicalconsiderations(VCSSU090)

5http://victoriancurriculum.vcaa.vic.edu.au/Print


ScienceUnderstanding:ChemicalSciences• Thepropertiesofthedifferentstatesofmattercanbeexplained

intermsofthemotionandarrangementofparticles(VCSSU096)o modellingthearrangementofparticlesinsolids,liquids

andgases.

ScienceUnderstanding:Physicalsciences• Changetoanobject’smotioniscausedbyunbalancedforces

actingontheobject;Earth’sgravitypullsobjectstowardsthecentreofEarth(VCSSU103)

o investigatingtheeffectsofapplyingdifferentforcestofamiliarobjects.

CurriculumOutcomes:VictorianCurriculum–TechnologiesF-10[Footnote6]

DesignandTechnologies:TechnologiesContexts• Engineeringprinciplesandsystems.Analysehowmotion,force

andenergyareusedtomanipulateandcontrolelectromechanicalsystemswhendesigningsimple,engineeredsolutions(VCDSTC045)

o experimentingtoselectthemostappropriateprinciplesandsystemsonwhichtobasedesignideas,forexamplestructuralcomponentstobetestedforstrength

• Materialsandtechnologiesspecialisation.Analysewaystoproducedesignedsolutionsthroughselectingandcombiningcharacteristicsandpropertiesofmaterials,systems,components,toolsandequipment(VCDSTC048)

KeyKnowledgeandSkillsIncompletingthisactivity,studentsexploreandapplyarangeofconceptsandterms.Someofthesetermsandconceptsaredescribed,definedandexplainedbelow.

6http://victoriancurriculum.vcaa.vic.edu.au/level8?layout=1&d=DE


Force-Aforceisapushorapull.Aforcecancausemovementinanobjectorcausecompression,tensionortorsionwithintheobject.

Impact-Impactorimpactforceisashockorlargeforceappliedforaveryshorttime.

Compressionforce–apushthatsqueezesanobjecttotrytomakeitsmallerorshorter.

Tensionforce–apullstretchesanobjecttotrytomakeitbiggerorlonger.

Strength–Theabilityofamaterialtoresistbreakingwhenaforceisapplied.

Strengthtomassratio-Thisisameasureofthestrengthofamaterialcomparedtoitsmass.

Investigation-Ascientificprocessofansweringaquestion,exploringanideaorsolvingaproblemthatrequiresactivitiessuchasplanningacourseofaction,collectingdata,interpretingdata,reachingaconclusionandcommunicatingtheseactivities

Variable-Somethingthatcanchange.

Dependentvariable-Variablethatchangesinresponsetochangesintheindependentvariableandthatisobservedormeasured.

Independentvariable-Variablethatisdeliberatelychanged.

Controlledvariables-Variablesthatarekeptconstant.

Fairtest-Whentestingdifferentmaterialsallthevariablesexcepttheonebeingtestedneedtobekeptthesame.

KeyScienceInquirySkillsInconductingtheseactivities,studentsneedto:

• identifyaquestionandformulateahypothesis• identifyvariablesrelevantinthetest• determinetheindependent,dependentandcontrolvariables• takestepstoensureaccuracyinmeasurement• planandconductaninvestigation• recorddatasystematically


• analysedata• drawconclusionsbasedonevidence

BackgroundinformationHoneycombstructuresgenerallyhavetwomajortypesofdesign.

Onetypeofhoneycombstructureusesanarrangementoftubessandwichedbetweentwowalls.Corrugatedcardboardisoftenmadebysandwichingasheetofwavypaperbetweentwosheetsofthickpaper.Thewaves,orcorrugations,formchannelsthatrunparalleltothewalls.

Forcesappliedatrightanglestothehoneycombchannelswillcausethestructure

todeform.

Diagramofcorrugatedcardboard.

DiagrambyKieranFLim.

Thistypeofhoneycombstructurewilldeformtoabsorbforcesthatareappliedatrightanglestothehoneycombchannels.


Honeycombcrashabsorptionstructuremadeofinjectionmoulded

thermoplasticpolymeronaBMWi3.PhotographbyAutomobilePassion,andusedunderaCreative

Commons(CCBY2.0)licence.<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2013_IAA_BMW_i3_Honeycomb_st

ructure.jpg>

Inotherhoneycombstructurestheopentubesarearrangedatrightanglestothewalls.Thesetubescanbedifferentshapesincrosssection.Theycouldbecircles,squares,trianglesorhexagons(likehoneycomb).

Honeycombpatternforstrengthincardboard.Imageby

sciencestockphotos.com.<http://sciencestockphotos.com/free/engineering/slides/cardboard_str

ength.html>


Forcesappliedalongasinglehoneycombchannelwillcausethestructuretodeform.

Asinglehoneycombtubeorchannelwilldeformandcollapse.


Compressionforcesappliedalongthehoneycombchannel(s).

Wallsofadjacenthoneycombchannel(s)exertforcestokeepeachhoneycombchannelrigidandundeformed.

Thewallsofadjacenthoneycombtubesorchannelsacttoprevent

centralhoneycombtubedeforming.DiagrambyKieranFLim.

Asingletubestructurewilldeform(changeshape)whencompressionforcesareappliedparalleltothetubeorchannel.Assoonasthe


structuredeforms,theforcesarenownotparalleltothetubeorchannel,whichthencollapses.

Ahoneycombstructureconsistsofadjacenttubeswhichsharejoinedwalls.Thewallsofadjacenttubesprovidesidewaysforcestomaintaintheshapeofeveryotheradjacenttubeorchannel.Thismeansthatahoneycombstructureisverystrongundercompressionforcesappliedparalleltothehoneycombchannels.

HoneycombtiresResilientTechnologiesandWisconsin-Madison’sPolymerEngineeringCenterhavedevelopedahoneycombtire.Thisisavariationofthefirsttypeofhoneycombstructure,inwhichtheforcesareappliedatrightanglestothechannelsofthehoneycombstructure.

Wedonothavepermissiontoincludepicturesofthehoneycombtire;moreinformationcanbefoundat:

• AirlessTires(2015).AirlessTires.Retrieved9October2017from<http://airlesstiresonline.com/>.

• Corky’sPestControl(2016).Architectsandengineers;bio-inspiredtodesignandcreatebynature’sfinestbuilders,insects!Retrieved9October2017from<http://blog.corkyspest.com/?p=853>.

• DavidRussellSchilling(2015).Newairlesstiresimprovebattlefieldandoff-roadperformance.Retrieved9October2017from<http://www.industrytap.com/new-airless-tires-improve-battlefield-off-road-performance/24703>.

Theairinnormaltiresprovidestructureandrigiditywhentheairiscompressed.Whenstretchedinonedirection,thehoneycombscollapseinthedirectionatrightanglestothetensionforces.Whenstretchedinmultipledirections,thehoneycombsinthesetiresarestrongundertension(stretching).Thethicktireoutsides(thesurfaceincontactwiththeroad)providestructureandrigidity–thevehicleaxleisactuallyhangingfromthetopedgeofthetireandtheforcesaredistributedaroundthetireandontotheroadsurfacebythehoneycombstructure.


Pedagogy

InquirySkillsThisisaninquiryactivitythatcanbeadjustedbytheteachertobeasguidedorasopen-endedasdesired.SincethisactivityoccurstowardstheendoftheIFM/ReMSTEPsequenceofactivities,thestudentnotesaredesignedtobeatmoreindependentinvestigationendoftherange.Theteachermay,however,decidetoprovidecloserguidanceanddirectionthroughouttheactivity.

Teachersmayusetheinquiryscaffoldingtool7toassistdecisionmakingaboutthedegreeofsupporttoprovidestudentsforeachphaseoftheinquiryprocess.

7 Inquiryscaffoldingtool.NationalResearchCouncil(2000);Bruck,L.B.,Bretz,S.L.,&Towns,M.H.,2008.AdaptedfortheVictorianCurriculumbyLim,K.F.(2016),unpublished.)


ConceptualDevelopmentWhilethisisinanopen-endedinquiry,studentsarestilllikelytoneedsomeassistanceformulatingaquestion.Leadingquestionsmayalsoberequiredtoensurethatthestudentsdesignafairtestoftheirquestionandcollectaccurateandreliabledata.

Studentsmayneedsomeguidanceregardingmaterialstheycoulduse.Circular,squareandtriangularshapetubescouldbemadefrompaperandthenthetubesgluedtogether.Alternatively,studentscouldusestraws(preferablypapertosavetheenvironment).

Anotheralternativeistosticksheetsofpapertogethertomakeanexpandedstructureasshowninthepicture.Usingthisapproachstudentscanvarythesizeofthecells.

Paperhoneycombstructure.PhotographbyIanBentley.

Ifstudentsarerequiredtocompleteareportinaccordancewiththe“Communicateideas,findingsandsolutionsusingscientificlanguage”outcome,teacherswillneedtospecifythenatureofthereportandtheintendedaudience.

RepresentationconstructionapproachUsingarepresentationconstructionapproach(Tytler,Prain,HubberandWaldrip2013)canhelp.Theteachercanencouragethestudentstorepresentahoneycombstructure.Therepresentationcouldshowtheforcesinvolvedandshapechangesasloadsareaddedtothevariousstructures.

Therepresentationswillmostlikelytobedrawings(annotateddiagrams),buttheycouldalsobemodelsorroleplays.Suchrepresentationsprovideinsightintostudents’conceptions.Whatever


formtherepresentationstaketheyaffordanopportunitytoengagewiththestudentsindialogueabouttheirconceptionswiththepurposeofdevelopingandrefiningtheirrepresentationsandhencetheirconceptualisationofcompositematerialsandtheircomponents.

PossibledesignsforhoneycombstructuresThisisintendedasanon-exhaustivelistofideas.

HexagonalhoneycombstructureFoldpaperinparallelfolds:twofoldsup,twofoldsdown,andrepeatingthispattern.Smallfoldsabout1cmapartworkbest.


Makesomemoreofthesefoldedstripsandgluethetouchingsurfacestogetherasindicatedbythearrows.

Applygluetotouchingsurfaces



Extension:isthehoneycombstrongerifastripofpaperisgluedtothearoundtheoutsideofthehoneycomb?

Extension:isthehoneycombstrongeriftheopeningsaresmallerorbigger(asthespacingofthefoldsisvaried)?

TrigonalhoneycombstructureFoldandgluepaperintoatriangular“roll”ortube.Aquick-dryingglueworksbest.Bundlethe“rolls”ortubestogetherandstickastripofpaperaroundtheoutside.

PhotographsbyKieranFLimandEstherWan.


Extension:whatisthepurposeofthestripofpaperaroundtheoutsideofthebundleoftubes?

Extension:isthehoneycombstrongerifthetubesaregluedtoeachother?

Extension:isthehoneycombstrongerifthetubessmallerorbigger?

Extension:Doesthestrengthofthehoneycombdependonhavingallthetubesofthesamesize?

TubularhoneycombstructureRollpaperintosmalltubeswithca.2-cmdiameter.Aquick-dryingglueworksbest.Bundlethetubestogetherandstickastripofpaperaroundtheoutside.

PhotographbyKieranFLimandEstherWan.

Extension:whatisthepurposeofthestripofpaperaroundtheoutsideofthebundleoftubes?

Extension:isthehoneycombstrongerifthetubesaregluedtoeachother?

Extension:isthehoneycombstrongerifthetubessmallerorbigger?


Extension:Doesthestrengthofthehoneycombdependonhavingallthetubesofthesamesize?

KirigamihexagonalhoneycombstructureTheJapaneseartofkirigamiinvolvesbothcuttingandfoldingsheetsofpapertoobtainthree-dimensionalshapes.Recently,Neville,Scarpa,andPirrera(2016)usedkirigamitocreateshape-shiftingmetamaterials,whichcouldhavelargeshapeandvolumechangesandwithextremelydirectional,tuneablemechanicalproperties.Theydescribehowtoconstructthreedifferenthoneycombstructures.Theirdesignsareintendedtobeflexible.Theversionhereisbasedontheir“openrectangular”hexagonalhoneycombstructureandhasbeenalteredtoincludegluingtomakearigidstructure.(Thename“openrectangular”structurereferstotherectangularshapeofthewallsformingthestructure.)

Kirigamihexagonalhoneycombstructure.ExtractfromFigure1of

Neville,Scarpa,andPirrera(2016).FigureusedunderaCreativeCommons(CCBY4.0)licence.

<https://www.nature.com/articles/srep31067>


Makingakirigamihexagonalhoneycombstructure.Figure2ofNeville,

Scarpa,andPirrera(2016).FigureusedunderaCreativeCommons(CCBY4.0)licence.

<https://www.nature.com/articles/srep31067>

InthepaperbyNeville,Scarpa,andPirrera(2016),thehoneycombstructurewasnotgluedandstringspassedthroughtheholeswereusedtoflexthestructureandchangeitsshape.Inthecurrentapplication,therearenoneedfortheholes,andthestructureshouldbegluedwherefoldscausetwopartsofthestructuretotouch.

Drinking-strawhoneycombstructureThisversionhasnotbeentested.Itwouldbesimilartothetubularhoneycombstructure.

PVA-glueandpaperhoneycombstructureThisismadebytakingapaperhoneycombstructure(oneoftheabovedesigns)andpouringPVAglue(Footnote8)alloverthestructure.Thiswilltakeseveralhourstodry.Whenwetestedthisversion,thestructurewasdriedovernightwithhotairblowingonthestructure.

8 TherearevariousbrandsofPVACraftGlue,andPVAWoodGlue.


Thisessentiallygivesapolymer-and-paperhoneycombstructure.Thisissimilartothecommercialhoneycombstructuresmadebycoating(orsoaking)paperhoneycombswith(in)differentresins(Footnote9).

Possiblescientificquestions• Howdoesthestrengthofthehoneycombstructuredependon

thenumberoftubes?(Thisisapossiblequantitativeinvestigation.)

Whatloadcanbesupportedbyanumberofseparate(but

identical)“tubes”?independentvariable:numberofseparate“tubes”.

Dependentvariable:maximumload.DiagrambyKieranFLim.

9 Examplesofresin-and-paperhoneycombsinclude:AdvancedHoneycombTechnologies(2005)AHKKraftpaper/phenoliccoatedhoneycomb<http://www.ahtinc.com/products/kraft.htm>;AxxorIPHC(2015)AxxorIPHCtoimpregnatepaperhoneycombwithresins<http://axxor.eu/paginas/1970/axxoriphctoimpregnatepaperhoneycombwithresins>.


• Doesthestrengthofthehoneycombstructuredependonwhetherthetubesaregluedtogether?(Whencombinedwiththepreviousquestion,thisisagoodquantitativeinvestigation.)

Whatloadcanbesupportedbyanumberofjoinedidentical

“tubes”?independentvariable:numberof“tubes”.

Controlledvariable:arrangementof“tubes”.Dependentvariable:maximumload.


• Doesthestrengthofthehoneycombstructuredependonthecross-sectionalshapeofthetubes?

• Howdoesthestrengthofthehoneycombstructuredependontheheight,anddiameteroftheopeningofthe“tubes”?

OtherteachingnotesforhoneycombstructuresWehavetestedanumberofglues.Thebestgluesaregluesticks(Footnote10).AliquidgluelikePVAglue(Footnote8)takesseveralhourstodry.StudentsmustuseminimalamountsofglueunlesstheyaretryingtomakeaPVA-glueandpaperhoneycombstructure.

10The´variousbrandsofgluestickinclude:BostikGluStik,KejiGlueStick,StudymateBlueStick,UHUGlueStic,andsimilarproducts.


LinkstosimilaractivitiesAfterthisactivitywasdesigned,theauthorsbecameawareofasimilaractivities:

• bertus52x11(n.d.).Coffeecup-honeycombsandwichstructure.Retrieved10October2017from<http://www.instructables.com/id/Coffee-Cup-Honeycomb-Sandwich-Structure/>.

Coffeecup-honeycombsandwichstructure.

Photographbybertus52x11,andusedunderaCreativeCommonsGeneric(CCBY-NC-SA2.5)licence.

<http://www.instructables.com/id/Coffee-Cup-Honeycomb-Sandwich-Structure/>


• CuriosityMachine(n.d.).Buildastronghoneycombstructure.Retrieved9October2017from<https://www.curiositymachine.org/challenges/50/>.

AssessmentTheteacherscancomparethestudent’sperformancewiththecurriculumdescriptorsandmakejudgementsaboutwhethertheoutcomeshavebeenachieved.Peerandself-assessmentofeffectivenessofcreatedcompositestructures.

ReferencesBruck,L.B.,Bretz,S.L.,&Towns,M.H.(2008)Characterizingthelevelofinquiryintheundergraduatelaboratory.JournalofCollegeScience,38(1),52-58.

NationalResearchCouncil(2000).Inquiryandthenationalscienceeducationstandards:Aguideforteachingandlearning.WashingtonDC:NationalAcademicPress.

Tytler,R.,Prain,V.,Hubber,P.,&Waldrip,B.(Eds.).(2013).Constructingrepresentationstolearninscience.SpringerScience&BusinessMedia.

Neville,R.M.,Scarpa,F.,&Pirrera,A.(2016).ShapemorphingKirigamimechanicalmetamaterials.ScientificReports,6,Articlenumber31067.doi:10.1038/srep31067.Retrieved10October2017from<https://www.nature.com/articles/srep31067>

AirlessTires(2015).AirlessTires.Retrieved9October2017from<http://airlesstiresonline.com/>.

Corky’sPestControl(2016).Architectsandengineers;bio-inspiredtodesignandcreatebynature’sfinestbuilders,insects!Retrieved9October2017from<http://blog.corkyspest.com/?p=853>.

DavidRussellSchilling(2015).Newairlesstiresimprovebattlefieldandoff-roadperformance.Retrieved9October2017from<http://www.industrytap.com/new-airless-tires-improve-battlefield-off-road-performance/24703>.

• Honicel(n.d.).Honicelpaperhoneycombapplications.Retrieved11October2017from<http://www.honicel.com/page/2543/applications.html>.

FederalAviationAdministration(USA)(2012).Chapter7:AdvancedCompositeMaterials,inAviationMaintenanceTechnicianHandbook—AirframeVolume1(FAA-H-8083-31).Retrieved9October2017from


<https://www.faa.gov/regulations_policies/handbooks_manuals/aircraft/amt_airframe_handbook/media/ama_ch07.pdf>.

RainerGroh(2012).SandwichStructuresandCompositeMaterials,inABriefHistoryofAircraftStructure.AerospaceEngineeringBlog.Retrieved9October2017from<http://aerospaceengineeringblog.com/aircraft-structures/>.

Bertus52x11(n.d.).Coffeecup-honeycombsandwichstructure.Retrieved10October2017from<http://www.instructables.com/id/Coffee-Cup-Honeycomb-Sandwich-Structure/>.

CuriosityMachine(n.d.).Buildastronghoneycombstructure.Retrieved9October2017from<https://www.curiositymachine.org/challenges/50/>.

AdvancedHoneycombTechnologies(2005)AHKKraftpaper/phenoliccoatedhoneycomb.Retrieved10October2017from<http://www.ahtinc.com/products/kraft.htm>.

AxxorIPHC(2015)AxxorIPHCtoimpregnatepaperhoneycombwithresins.Retrieved10October2017from<http://axxor.eu/paginas/1970/axxoriphctoimpregnatepaperhoneycombwithresins>.

SuggestionsSuggestionsforimprovementsoftheseactivitiesshouldbesenttotheProjectOfficer,ASELLforSchools(Victoria),[email protected]

AcknowledgementsThecontributionsofmembersofScoutsVictoriatotherefinementofthislaboratorylearningactivityaregratefullyacknowledged.

• PhotographofahoneycombcrashabsorptionstructuremadeofinjectionmouldedthermoplasticpolymeronaBMWi3,byAutomobilePassion,hasbeenusedandredistributedunderaCreativeCommons(CCBY2.0)licence<https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/deed.en>.

• PhotographofahoneycombpatternforstrengthincardboardhasbeenusedandredistributedunderaCreativeCommons(CCBY4.0)licence<sciencestockphotos.com/imagelicense.html>.

• FiguresfromNeville,Scarpa,&Pirrera(2016)“ShapemorphingKirigamimechanicalmetamaterials”havebeenusedand


redistributedunderaCreativeCommons(CCBY4.0)licence<https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/>.

• PhotographofacoffeecuphoneycombsandwichstructurehasbeenusedandredistributedunderaCreativeCommons(CCBY-NC-SA2.5)licence<https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2.5/>.

CopyrightandCreativeCommonsExceptinglogos,trademarksorotherthird-partycontentasindicated,thisresourceisdistributedunderaCreativeCommons‘Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike’4.0InternationalLicense.Themoralrightsoftheauthors,KieranLim,StuartPalmer,IanBentley,PetaWhite,JohnLong,RussellTytler,andMaryVamvakas,havebeenassertedundertheAustralianCopyrightAct1968(Cth).

honeycomb structures: teacher notes

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