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76
Robert Dahm in the honeycombs of memory he built a house for the swarm of his thoughts for ensemble (2011)

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Robert  Dahm    

in  the  honeycombs  of  memory  he  built  a  house  for  the  swarm  of  his  thoughts  

for  ensemble  

(2011)  

INSTRUMENTATION  

oboe  bass  clarinet  in  Bb  

horn  in  F  trumpet  in  C  trombone  

violin  viola  contrabass  

 

mutes  

All  brass  players  are  to  play  with  practice  (‘whispa’)  mutes  throughout.  

All  string  players  are  to  play  with  practice  mutes  throughout  (wood,  if  possible,  although  failing  this,  as  uniform  a  material  as  possible  across  the  three  instruments)  

 

string  scordatura  

Violin  is  tuned  a  tone  lower  (i.e.  F-­‐C-­‐G-­‐D)  

Contrabass  is  tuned  a  tone  higher  (i.e.  F#-­‐B-­‐E-­‐A)  

The  contrabass  part  is  written  for  an  instrument  with  C-­‐extension  (which,  tuned  up  a  tone,  will  be  a  sounding  D).    

SEATING  PLAN  

The  primary  considerations  in  determining  a  seating  plan  are  eye  contact,  volume  (or,  rather,  lack  thereof)  and  sonic  separation  (or,  rather,  lack  thereof).  The  sound  profile  for  this  piece  should  be  that  of  an  extremely  dense  (although  extremely  quiet)  ‘knot’  of  sound,  and  any  seating  plan  that  contributes  to  this  image  is  acceptable.  Regardless,  it  is  absolutely  vital  that  all  players  be  able  to  see  each  other.  The  following  is  a  suggestion  only:  

        oboe     bass  clarinet  

    horn             violin  

    trumpet           viola  

    trombone           contrabass  

          conductor  

It  is  also  possible  to  experiment  with  the  ensemble  facing  the  rear  of  the  stage,  to  decrease  the  directness  of  sound  reaching  the  audience.  

TEMPORAL  SCHEME  

Metre  

The  work  employs  an  extended  vocabulary  of  time  signatures,  using  denominators  beyond  simply  the  standard  binary  (2,  4,  8,  16…)  divisions  of  the  whole  note.  The  fundamental  underlying  logic  is,  however,  the  same  –  i.e.  the  whole  note  is  divided  into  a  number  of  beats  equal  to  the  bottom  number  of  the  time  signature.  Thus,  3/14  is  a  bar  consisting  of  three  septuplet  eighth-­‐notes,  4/12  is  four  triplet  eighth-­‐notes,  etc.  

Tempo  

The  tempo  indications  are  quite  specific,  and  are  based  on  proportional  relationships.  Due  to  the  nature  of  the  coloured  rhythmic  layers  (see  below),  it  is  vital  that,  if  the  starting  tempo  is  raised  or  lowered,  that  these  proportional  relationships  be  maintained.  

The  written  tempo  always  pertains  to  a  standard  eighth-­‐note,  and  not  to  the  ‘altered’  eighth  of  the  bar  in  which  the  tempo  change  occurs.    

Rhythmic  notation  

Due  to  the  large  variety  of  non-­‐standard  noteheads  employed  in  the  piece,  only  ‘closed-­‐head’  rhythmic  values  are  employed.  There  are  no  durations  notated  longer  than  a  dotted  quarter-­‐note.    

Rhythmic  events  occur  only  where  a  notehead,  articulation,  ornament,  or  other  specific  notated  event  specifies.  A  stem  with  no  event  attached  to  it  does  not  imply  a  re-­‐articulation,  but  rather  a  continuation  of  the  previous  state.  This  should  hopefully  be  clear  from  context.  

Coloured  layers  

The  piece  employs  a  variety  of  colours,  delineating  multiple  strands  of  temporal  activity.    

The  standard  black  layer  represents  a  normal  approach  to  musical  time.  That  is,  the  highly  corrugated  metric  scheme,  tempo  changes,  rall.  and  accel.    markings,  etc,  all  apply  as  normal.  The  beat  provided  by  the  conductor  (and  the  click-­‐track  supplied  for  learning  purposes)  articulates  this  black  layer.  

The  coloured  layers  operate  by  isolating  a  particular  duration  in  chronometric  space  (defined  by  a  starting  and  ending  point  in  reference  to  the  black  layer)  and  dividing  that  total  time  (incorporating  all  metre  and  tempo  changes)  into  precisely  equal  parts.  The  coloured  layers  therefore  do  not  exhibit  any  change  of  pulse  density  within  them,  but  their  total  duration  is  in  part  defined  by  the  changes  in  pulse  density  in  the  black  layer.  Red,  blue  and  green  layers  operate  identically,  and  are  coloured  differently  purely  for  ease  of  coordination  in  rehearsal.    

The  score  is  quite  precisely  time-­‐spaced  (at  approximately  20mm/second),  allowing  players,  in  the  process  of  learning  the  piece,  to  put  these  layers  together  visually,  by  placing  impulses  against  the  black  layer.    

This  approach  has  limitations.  Notably,  the  accelerandi  and  rallentandi  are  calculated  arithmetically,  rather  than  logarithmically,  so  won’t  be  precisely  the  same  as  a  ‘humanly’-­‐performed  alteration  in  speed.  Secondly,  the  scale  is  of  insufficient  resolution  to  allow  for  fine  gradations  in  time  to  be  made  by  eye  alone.  

Therefore,  as  the  piece  starts  to  consolidate  in  rehearsal,  these  layers  should  start  to  be  ‘felt’  as  their  own,  intrinsically  valid,  strata  of  musical  activity.  The  principal  concern  in  terms  of  their  audibility  is  their  periodicity  –  that  is,  their  sense  of  constituting  an  ‘alternative’  pulse.  There  should,  as  much  as  possible,  be  an  audible  ‘gear  shift’  between  the  various  temporal  layers.    

Where  multiple  instruments  are  articulating  a  given  coloured  layer,  the  parts  indicate  which.  It  is  envisioned  that  in  these  contexts,  one  player  will  need  to  ‘lead’  that  layer  (as  a  kind  of  secondary  conductor).  

Where  a  single  part  (as  throughout  the  majority  of  the  piece)  contains  multiple  temporal  layers,  these  should  be  treated  as  completely  separate  objects,  mutually  interfering.  This  can  be  achieve  through  a  stratification  of  approaches  to  articulation,  tone,  or  (minimal)  dynamic  alterations.  

Any  material  belonging  only  to  a  particular  layer  (typically  a  rest,  explicitly  stating  that  nothing  happens  in  that  layer  at  that  time)  is  notated  in  square  brackets.  

It  is  worth  noting  that  there  are  frequent  instances  in  which  the  multitude  of  different  rhythmic  lines  will  not  be  audible  as  such  in  performance,  either  because  the  sheer  density  of  impulses  prevents  their  auditory  differentiation  (as  in,  for  example,  the  opening  sections);  or  because  too  many  strata  are  applied  to  a  single  line  (as  in  the  solo  moments  for  viola,  bass  clarinet  and  horn  towards  the  centre  of  the  piece),  resulting  in  a  sense  of  complex,  pseudo-­‐arhythmic  monophony.  

Interruption  vs  superimposition  

Most  parts  contain  multiple  rhythmic  strata  at  any  given  time.  The  following  should  be  observed:  

Played  pitches  and  rests  always  interrupt  one  another.  It  is  never  intended  that  a  player  should  attempt  to  play  two  notes  simultaneously.  The  exception  is  string  instruments  where  the  player  may  opt  to  play  a  double  stop  rather  than  a  monophonic  line  where  this  makes  musical  (and  physical)  sense.  The  basic  position  is  that  all  lines  are  monophonic.  Anything  else  is  optional  elaboration.  In  some  instances,  where  numerous  such  interruptions  occur,  these  patterns  of  interference  are  clarified  through  the  use  of  solid  and  dotted  lines  (see,  for  instance,  section  13).  

All  other  materials  (ornaments,  sung  pitches,  articulations,  etc)  are  superimposed  on  top  of  other  material.  Some  of  these  will  have  an  extreme  (at  times  devastating)  effect  of  the  notated  material  underneath,  but  are  never  envisaged  as  replacing  that  material.  

Sections  

The  piece  comprises  thirty  separately-­‐numbered  sections.  These  should  be  more  distinct  than  rehearsal  numbers,  but  less  distinct  than  separate  movements.  To  draw  an  analogy  to  the  visual  arts,  they  function  more  as  multiple  panels  in  a  triptych,  or  else  as  multiple  elements  in  an  installation.  Musical  materials  in  this  piece  are,  however,  so  smeared  as  to  (almost  without  exception)  cross  sectional  boundaries.  They  bleed  into  one  another.  

Where  no  instruction  is  provided,  the  conductor  may  determine  whether  sections  are  to  be  played  attacca,  or  whether  there  shall  be  a  short  break.  Ideally,  breaks  between  sections  should  be  no  longer  than  four  seconds  in  length  (although  this  may  need  to  be  extended  to  facilitate  page  turns,  particularly  in  the  denser  tutti  passages),  during  which  all  players  should  remain  still,  tense  and  focussed.  Musical  lines  of  force  extending  from  the  previous  section  should  be  held,  as  if  ready  to  continue.  As  if  an  implied  vanishing  point  is  located  somewhere  off  the  canvas.  The  effect  should  be  one  of  hitting  ‘pause’  on  a  CD,  and  then  resuming  again,  rather  than  one  track  finishing,  and  the  next  starting.  

PITCH  

Microtones  

There  are  two  different  types  of  microtones  in  the  piece  –  tempered  quartertones  and  untempered  microtonal  inflections:  

1. Quartertones  reflect  an  equal-­‐tempered  24-­‐note  division  of  the  octave.  These  should  be  achieved,  where  possible,  through  special  fingerings.  Further  comments  on  their  application  in  the  brass  parts  can  be  found  in  the  sections  pertaining  to  those  instruments  below.  

2. Accidentals  with  an  upwards-­‐  or  downwards-­‐pointing  arrow  indicate  a  small  microtonal  inflection  (smaller  than  a  quarter-­‐tone,  but  not  necessarily  tempered)  in  the  direction  of  the  arrow.  This  should  ordinarily  be  achieved  through  an  embouchure  deviation  (in  the  winds)  or  a  minor  fingering  inflection  (in  the  strings).  

Graphic  pitch  notation  

In  some  contexts,  certain  types  of  pitch  content  are  notated  graphically  through  the  use  of  lines.  In  all  instances,  the  line  describes  a  general  impression  of  the  pitch  contour.  These  pitch  contours  may  be  achieved  through  embouchure,  tongue  or  breath  alterations,  or  a  combination  of  all  three.  Depending  on  what  else  is  going  on,  the  result  may  be  harmonic  or  inharmonic,  or  result  in  a  multiphonic.  

Two  specific  cases  are  worth  mentioning:  

The  first  commences  at  section  15,  where  the  entire  pitch  content  of  the  bass  clarinet  part  is  notated  graphically.  The  treble  clef  is  maintained,  however,  as  the  staff  provides  an  approximate  reference  point  for  the  range  of  the  sounding  result.  

The  second  is  in  the  final  pages,  where  the  trumpet  part  reverts  to  air-­‐sounds  through  the  instrument.  The  tightness  of  the  embouchure  is  indicated  graphically.  This  should  be  audible  as  a  continuum  from  ‘lightness’  to  ‘darkness’  of  tone,  rather  than  as  pitch,  specifically.  

DYNAMICS  

The  piece  is  written  almost  exclusively  without  dynamics.  The  entire  ensemble  should,  as  much  as  possible,  play  the  piece  as  soft  as  humanly  possible.  While  the  precise  volume  implied  by  “as  soft  as  humanly  possible”  will  vary  depending  on  local  material,  there  should  be  an  audible  fragility  in  the  soundworld,  with  any  given  sound  implying  the  risk  of  not  sounding  properly.    

The  only  context  in  which  the  volume  should  creep  above  this  minimal  dynamic  level  is  in  the  case  of  ornamentation,  where  their  distortive  impact  may  be  facilitated  through  a  more  ‘savage’  attack.  

SINGING/HUMMING  

All  wind  parts  contain  singing  and  humming,  which  is  notated  with  open-­‐box  noteheads.  Sung  pitch  is  always  notated  in  the  same  transposition  as  the  instrument  (e.g.  sung  pitches  in  the  horn  part  are  notated  a  fifth  higher  than  they  sound).  

The  notated  vocal  range  is  extremely  high,  and  takes  its  limitations  from  the  total  possible  gamut  of  the  human  voice  (male  and  female).  Where  a  pitch  lies  (as  it  frequently  will)  outside  the  vocal  range  of  the  individual  performer,  it  is  left  to  them  to  determine  the  means  by  which  this  can  be  resolved.  Possible  solutions  might  include  (a)  changing  the  octave  in  which  the  pitch  is  sung;  (b)  treating  the  notated  pitch  as  an  ‘extreme’,  and  maintaining  that  extremity  by  singing    as  high  as  possible;  (c)  inverting  the  interval  (e.g.  singing  a  third  lower  than  a  nearby  played  pitch,  rather  than  a  third  higher).  This  decision  should  be  made  with  reference  to  other  musical  details,  notably  canonic  structures  and  harmonic  fields.    

Singing  will  frequently  distort  or  destabilise  the  played  pitch.  This  is  fully  intentional.  The  sung  pitch  should,  however,  almost  always  be  subsidiary  (almost  ornamental)  to  the  played  pitch.  Where  the  destabilisation  is  such  that  the  played  pitch  becomes  untenable  (for  example,  in  the  higher  range  of  the  bass  clarinet),  the  sung  pitch  may  be  shortened  (even  so  far  as  to  make  it  a  grace-­‐note)  in  order  to  maintain  the  played  pitch.  The  sung  pitch  must,  however,  be  heard.  

ORNAMENTATION  

A  large  number  of  different  types  or  ornaments  are  utilised  in  throughout  all  parts  in  the  piece.  These  are  typically  notated  with  a  ‘mordent’  or  ‘trill’  symbol,  

accompanied  by  a  letter  or  symbol  indicating  the  instrumental/musical  parameter  to  which  that  ornament  applies.  Where  no  additional  symbol  is  provided  (i.e.  only  the  ‘mordent’  or  ‘trill’  is  present)  the  parameter  to  be  ornamented  is  left  to  the  performer,  and  may  encompass  any  of  the  ornaments  otherwise  used  throughout  the  piece,  or  an  ornamental  figure  of  the  player’s  own  devising.  

In  general,  the  precise  manner  of  an  ornament’s  realisation  is  left  to  the  discretion  of  the  performer.  However,  as  with  ornamentation  in  earlier  repertoires,  the  ornament  should  exist  in  dialogue  with  –  that  is,  informed  by,  and  complementary  with  –  the  prevailing  musical  materials.    

Some  of  the  physical  motions  required  by  these  ornaments  are  extremely  awkward  (particularly  the  ‘mouthpiece’  and  ‘teeth’  ornaments).  The  choreographic  instability  of  these  ornaments  is  fully  intended.  Despite  this,  however,  all  possible  effort  should  be  made  to  fold  such  ornaments  into  a  continuous  line  (even  if  this  effort  is  doomed  to  failure…).  

As  the  coloured  layers  are  frequently  articulated  only  through  the  zone  of  impact  of  an  ornament,  the  following  principles  should  be  observed:  

1. Ornaments  should,  as  far  as  possible,  be  heard  as  being  ‘on’  the  beat  (this  may  have  an  impact  on  articulation).  

2. Ornaments  (particularly  mordents)  should  be  maximally  distortive.  That  is,  they  should  interrupt  the  line  to  the  greatest  degree  permitted  by  ‘good  taste’  (as  defined  in  subjective  reference  to  the  local  context).  

Practically  any  element  of  instrumental  technique  may  be  ornamentalised,  and  the  performer  should  feel  free  to  think  creatively  about  these,  but  a  list  of  those  specifically  called  for  in  this  piece  is  as  follows:  

Wind  

Fingers  

P   Pitch  ornament:  rapid  alternation  between  the  primary  (notated)  pitch  and  an  auxiliary  pitch.  Where  a  specific  auxiliary  pitch  is  intended,  this  is  provided  in  parentheses.  Otherwise,  the  pitch  is  left  at  the  discretion  of  the  performer.  

  Key  click  ornament:  the  ornament  should  be  marked  by  a  forceful  key-­‐click.  

V   Valve  ornament  (brass  only):  rapid  alternation  between  the  ‘normal’  valve  position  and  an  auxiliary  position.  This  may  be  located  on  any  valve  (or  combination  of  valves),  and  between  any  position  (open,  closed,  or  a  half-­‐valve).  This  may  result  in  anything  from  a  bisbigliando,  through  a  timbral  change,  to  quite  significant  pitch  alterations.  

  Half-­valve  ornament:  rapid  alternation  between  a  normal  valving  of  a  pitch  and  a  half-­‐valve.  This  may  be  any  valve,  or  combination  of  

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them.  

  Half-­valve  ornament  (brass  only):  rapid  alternation  between  the  normal  valve  position  for  the  notated  pitch  and  a  half-­‐valve  position.  This  may  be  on  any  valve  or  combination  of  valves.    

  Key  ornament  (trills  only):  Where  a  pitch  name  is  provided  next  to  a  trill  symbol,  it  is  intended  that  this  key  be  rapidly  trilled.  

Embouchure  

E   Embouchure  ornament:  rapid  alternation  in  embouchure  pressure.  This  may  result  in  anything  from  a  slight  change  in  timbre  to  a  wild  change  in  the  resulting  pitch.  In  some  places,  the  intended  pitch  contour  resulting  from  an  embouchure  ornament  is  notated  graphically.  In  these  contexts,  the  performer  may  also  employ  throat,  air  pressure,  mouth  location  (on  the  mouthpiece)  and  tongue  position  to  achieve  the  graphically  notated  aim.  

M   Mouthpiece  ornament:  rapid  alternation  in  the  location  of  the  mouth  on  the  reed  or  mouthpiece.  This  will  tend  to  be  quite  a  subtle  effect,  although  the  impact  on  a  more  fragile  sound  (such  as  a  multiphonic)  could  conceivably  be  quite  extreme.  

T   Teeth  ornament:  rapid  alternation  between  a  normally  played  note  and  the  same  fingered  pitch  but  with  the  teeth  directly  on  the  reed.    

Voice  and  throat  

  Growl  ornament:  Rapid  throat  growl  –  typically  used  in  an  almost  articulatory  fashion,  producing  a  distortive  zone  of  impact  on  the  particular  rhythmic  location.  

  Sung  ornament:  Rapid  alternation  in  singing.  This  could  mean  any  number  of  things,  including  (but  not  limited  to)  alternation  between  singing  and  non-­‐singing  (or  vice  versa),  alternation  in  pitch  in  a  sung  pitch.  Precise  pitch  of  the  ornament  is  always  left  to  the  performer,  but  should  ideally  be  drawn  from  (either  explicitly  or  more  ‘ornamentally’)  the  local  pitch  world  surrounding  the  ornament.  

Breath  

B   Breath  pressure  ornament:  rapid  alternation  in  breath  pressure.  

  ‘Breathiness’  ornament:  rapid  alternation  in  breath  content  of  the  tone.  This  may  be  between  normal  tone,  a  ‘breathy’  tone  with  minimal  pitch  content,  and  a  pitchless  breath  sound  (i.e.  breath  through  the  instrument  only).    

  Nasal  inhalation  ornament:  a  rapid,  violent  and  noisy  inhalation  through  the  nose.  This  will  interrupt  the  sound,  although  it  should  be  resumed  as  soon  as  possible.      

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Strings  

Bow  

  Bow  pressure  ornament:  a  rapid  alternation  in  bow  pressure.  This  may  be  to  either  a  significantly  lighter,  or  significantly  heavier  pressure,  at  the  player’s  discretion,  but  as  a  general  rule,  maximal  contrast  should  be  prioritised.  

  Vertical  bowing  ornament:  sweep  the  bow  lightly  along  the  string  and  back  to  its  starting  position,  before  continuing.  Ideally  there  should  be  no  lateral  movement  in  the  bow  (i.e.  there  should  be  no  pitched  vibration  in  the  string).  

Fingers  

P   Pitch  ornament:  a  rapid  alternation  in  pitch  between  the  notated  pitch  and  an  auxiliary  pitch,  and  back  again.  This  may  be  achieved  either  through  the  addition/subtraction  of  a  finger,  or  the  momentary  activation  of  an  adjacent  string  (in  which  case  double  stops  are  permissible).  Where  no  auxiliary  pitch  is  specified,  this  is  left  to  the  performer’s  discretion.  

S   Slide  ornament:  similar  to  a  pitch  ornament,  although  this  is  to  be  achieved  through  rapidly  flicking  or  sliding  the  finger  up  or  down  the  string  to  produce  a  glissando.  In  some  instances,  these  are  graphically  indicated,  and  may  be  quite  extreme  in  range,  necessitating  a  particularly  violent  choreography.  

 

OTHER  SYMBOLS  

 

Indicates  a  transition  between  two  states,  as  smooth  as  possible.  

 

Indicates  a  rapid  alternation  between  two  states.  Where  three  different  states  are  indicated,  this  implies  a  rapid  alternation  between  all  three,  in  random  and  irregular  order.  

 

Glissando/portamento.  It  is  envisaged  that  the  ‘straight’  line  is  as  smooth  as  possible  (i.e.  a  genuine  portamento).  The  ‘squiggly’  line  should  be  somewhat  more  interrupted,  such  as  a  fingered  chromatic-­‐  or  diatonic  glissando.  The  precise  nature  of  the  difference  between  these  two  lines  is  left  to  the  performer.  

 

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Rapid  move  away  from  the  note  in  question,  in  the  direction  indicated.  Depending  on  the  instrument  in  question,  and  other  instrumental  concerns,  this  may  be  either  harmonic  or  inharmonic,  mono-­‐  or  multi-­‐phonic  or  simply  a  straight  glissando.  These  shifts  in  pitch  may  be  achieve  by  any  physical  means  necessary.  In  all  such  contexts,  the  graphic  lines  indicate  a  general  ‘type’  of  directional  behaviour,  rather  than  a  specific  notation  of  sounding  result  to  be  slavishly  adhered  to.  

WIND  

Diaphragm  vibrato.  

 

Smorzato  (change  of  volume  and  timbre  effected  through  embouchure  manipulations.  Pitch  should  not  change).  Typically,  this  is  notated  as  a  series  of  three  grace  notes  following  a  pitch.  The  precise  number  of  iterations  is  left  to  the  performer,  and  will  depend  on  the  duration  of  the  note  and  the  speed  of  the  smorzato  itself.  Occasionally,  this  is  notated  rhythmically.    

 

Breathy,  diffuse  tone.  Minimal  (although  still  audible)  pitch  content.  This  may  be  achieved  through  modifications  to  breath  pressure/direction,  embouchure  shape/tightness,  tongue  position,  etc.  If  absolutely  necessary,  it  is  permissible  to  heighten  the  effect  by  allowing  air  to  escape  around  the  mouthpiece.  

 

Pitchless  breath  tone,  through  the  instrument.  

 

No  breath  at  all  directed  through  the  instrument.  Where  this  symbol  is  present  it  is  also  supplemented  by:  

 

Tongue  stopping  the  reed/mouthpiece.  

 

Tongue  leaving  the  reed/mouthpiece  open.  

 

Embouchure  pressure.  

 

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Breath  pressure.  

 

Rapidly  change  through  random  valves.  

 

The  piece  contains  frequent  extended  passages  with  absolutely  no  pause  for  breath.  In  some  contexts,  and  for  some  players,  this  may  be  solved  through  circular  breathing.  In  other  contexts,  breaths  can  be  inserted  between  notes  or  ‘phrases’.  In  still  others,  it  is  permissible,  and  perhaps  necessary,  to  replace  ornaments  with  the  nasal  inhalation  ornament.  Ideally,  this  substitution  will  be  made  uniform  across  the  ensemble,  where  the  ornament  forms  part  of  a  unison  or  canonic  ornamental  structure.  

Oboe  

All  fingerings  are  drawn  from  Peter  Veale  and  Claus-­‐Steffen  Mahnkopf’s  The  technique  of  oboe  playing.  Where  a  specific  multiphonic  from  that  book  is  envisaged,  the  number  is  included  in  a  box.  

In  the  case  of  notated  glissandi,  the  performer  may  substitute  their  own  glissando  fingerings  if  they  desire,  but  a  true  portamento  should  always  be  aimed  for.  

Horn  

Due  to  the  unavailability  of  the  hand  in  the  bell,  quartertones  must  be  achieved  by  tuning  the  F  side  of  the  horn  a  quartertone  flat.  All  fingerings  are  determined  on  this  basis.  

 

Trumpet  

It  is  envisaged  that  the  trumpet  will  produce  quartertones  through  use  of  the  tuning  valves  on  the  first  and/or  third  valves,  although  some  players  may  have  a  specially  designed/modified  trumpet.  Either  approach  is  fine.  There  are  some  glissando  passages  where  specific  tube-­‐length  alterations  are  notated  graphically.  Each  tube  is  considered  to  have  a  total  range  of  a  quartertone,  between  ‘in  tune’  and  a  quartertone  flat.  

STRINGS  

The  string  parts  use  two  different  types  of  staff.  The  first  is  the  standard  five-­‐line  staff.  The  second  is  a  (typically)  four-­‐line  staff  indicating  the  placement  of  the  left  hand  on  the  instrument,  commencing  from  section  3.  

The  left  hand  is  to  placed  in  a  comfortable  position  across  all  of  the  strings  –  1  on  IV,  2  on  III,  3  on  II  and  4  on  I.  The  filled  in  black  circle  indicates  a  specifically  pitched  finger  –  all  other  pitch  is  governed  entirely  by  performer’s  natural  grip.  This  is  usually  1,  but  this  will  vary.  The  open  circles  are  for  reference  only,  and  

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do  not  specify  any  pitch  or  intervallic  material.  The  hand  then  moves  up  and  down  the  next  in  accordance  with  the  graphic  lines  constituting  the  staff.      

The  circles  should  never  themselves  be  articulated.  All  articulations  are  placed  through  standard  rhythmic  notation,  placed  on  the  line  pertaining  the  string(s)  on  which  it  is  to  take  place.  

Rapidly  alternate  between  all  indicated  strings.  This  may  be  regular  or  irregular.    

 

Bow  pressure  

 

Finger  pressure  

 

 

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