HONORS BIOLOGYCHAPTER 5 REVIEW

#1

• Why is fluid mosaic a good description of the plasma membrane?

• Structures shift in place • Watery hydrophilic heads and

hydrophobic (fatty tails)

#1

Why is the cell membrane called a phospholipid bilayer?

Two layers of phospho heads and fatty acid tails

#2

• Six functions of proteins in a plasma membrane: p.74

• Attach to ECM• Signal transduction• Transport • Intercellular junction• Cell-cell recognition• Enzymatic activity

#3

• Can easily enter• Hydrophobic

molecules (oil soluble):

• O2, N2

• Nonpolar: benzene• Very small uncharged

or small polar molecules: H2O, Urea, glycerol, CO2

• Can NOT easily enter• Large uncharged

Glucose,Sucrose• Polar molecules

sucrose (see OH groups)

• Hydrophilic• Ions (charged) H+ ,

Na+ , HCO3 , K+, Ca2+, Cl-, Mg2+

#4

• 3 types of passive transport• Diffusion-just passing of hi to low• Osmosis-passing of water thru a

selectively permeable memb.• Facilitated – Hi to low through a

protein channel

#5

• What does it mean to go “down the gradient?”

• Move from hi to low concentration• What does it mean to go “against

the gradient?• Move from low to high (with

energy)

#6

• What direction does the water flow if a cell of 4% solutes is placed in:

10% 4% 0%

#6

• What direction does the water flow if a cell of 4% solutes is placed in:

• REMEMBER: HYPO TO HYPER

10% 4% 0%

4%

#7

• What is tonicity?• Measure of osmotic pressure

gradient determined by the solute concentration that cannot cross the selectively permeable membrane

#7

• Note water flows from high water concentration to low (hypo to hyper)

#8 Animal Cells

#8 Plants

#9

How does the contractile vacuole control water in a paramecium?

Contractile vacuole youtube

Water squeezed out of vacuole

#10

• What is an aquaporin?• Integral membrane proteins

moving water• 3 billion more times than

just moving through a regular plasma membrane

#11• Exocytosis and endocytosis are both

active transport.

Protein channels span the membrane.

Endocytosis and exocytosis engulf the particle with the membrane.

#12

– Large liquid receptors

Particle drops specific

#13

• Ability to cause change or do work

• L. energy

• Thermal energy• O. heat

13

• Energy as a result of location or structure• I. potential

• Type of energy released or need in molecules

• N. chemical

#13

• Study of energy transformations• M thermodynamics

• Reaction that releases energy• E. exergonic

#13

• Makes products rich in potential energy

• G. Endergonic• Energy of motion• J. kinetic

#13

• Measure of disorder• B. Entropy

• Energy in the universe is constant• C.1st Law of Thermodynamics

#13

• Energy from exergonic to run endergonic

• K. Energy coupling

• Total of an organism’s chemical reactions

• F. metabolism

#13

• Series of chemical reactions.• A. Metabolic pathway

#13

• Energy conversions increase the entropy• D. 2nd Law of Thermodynamics

• Cells use oxygen to release energy from molecules

• H. Cellular respiration

#14

• What does ATP stand for?• Adenosine triphosphate

#15

• What part of the ATP molecule is lost or gained?

• Phosphate

• Is ATP recyclable?

• YES

#16

• Is ATP made by phosphorylation?

• YES ADP + P = ATP

ADP is made by hydrolysis.

ATP = ADP + P

#17

• Is ATP made from exergonic reactions or endergonic?

• Endergonic

#18

• What is activation energy?• Amount of energy needed to get a

reaction going.• Why is this energy needed?• Reactants are stable and bonds

need to be broken or distorted.

#18

• How do enzymes affect the amount of activation energy needed?

• Reduces the activation energy needed

• Why?• Enzyme brings the reactants together.

#19• Why are enzymes called “Biological

catalysts?• They are proteins (biological) and speed

up reactions without changing themselves.

#20

• SKETCH HOW AN ENZYME WORKS:

#21• What is the purpose of the “induced fit” of

an enzyme-substrate complex?• The enzyme slightly changes the shape

of the active site to contort/break substrate bonds.

#22

• Why might too high temperatures make an enzyme not function properly?

• Denature (unravel) the enzyme and change the shape of the active site.

#23• What is the optimal

temperature for most human enzymes?

• 35-40o C

• What is the optimal pH for most enzymes?

• 6-8

#24

• What is the difference between cofactors and coenzymes?

• Cofactors are inorganic and coenzymes are organic.

#25• Sketch an enzyme with a competitive

inhibitor.

#26

• Sketch an enzyme and its substrate with a noncompetitive inhibitor.

#27

• What is an allosteric site?

• A site a substrate binds to other than the active site (an alters the shape of the protein’s active site)

#28

• What is it called if a cell produces more product than it needs and the product act as an inhibitor?

• Feedback inhibition (negative feedback)

#29 MATCH• Inhibits

prostanglandins (sensation of pain)

• Blocks bact. Cell walls

• Blood pressure meds

• Target HIV

Ibuprofen

Penicillin

Beta blockers

Protease inhibitors

#30

#31

• LABEL THE PLASMA MEMBRANE:• Phospho head A1• Cholesterol E• Lipid tail A2• Protein pump G• Carbohydrate chain D• Glycolipid F

#31

• Peripheral protein• Glycoprotein• Phospholipid• Receptor protein• Passive transport

protein

• H

• I• A

• B

• C

32.

• If given the concentrations in and out of dialysis tubing of sucrose solutions predict movement of distilled water.

• 1M• 0.8 M• 0.6 M• 0.4 M• 0.2 M• 0.0 M

32.movement of water

• If given the concentrations in and out of dialysis tubing of sucrose solutions predict movement of distilled water.

• 1M in tube• 0.8 M in tube• 0.6 M in tube• 0.4 M in tube• 0.2 M in tube• 0.0 M in/out

What is the molarity of the potato core? (where line crosses zero line) 0.3M