1. The letter o in the stem changes to ue in all formsexcept nosotros and vosotros. Example: Contar Cuento, Cuentas, Cuenta, Contamos, Contais, CuentanThere are many O:UE stem-changing verbs, including: * almorzar, morir, aprobar, mostrar, colgar, mover,contar, probar, costar, recordar, devolver, resolver, volver,dormir, sonar, encontrar, envolver, costar, morder, volar,etc.

2. The letter e in the stem changes to ie in all formsexcept nosotros and vosotros. Example: cerrar Cierro, Cierras, Cierra, Cerramos, Cerrais, CierranThere are many I:IE stem-changing verbs, including: * Acertar,Encender, Advertirto, Entender,Cerrar, Fregar, Comenzar, Hervir, Confesar,Mentir, Consentir, Negar, Convertir, Pensar (en),Defender, Perder, Empezar, Preferir 3. The letter e in the stem changes to I in all forms exceptnosotros and vosotros. Example: Repetir Repito, Repites, Repite, Repetimos, Repetis, Repiten.There are many E:I stem-changing verbs, including: * Bendecir (*), Impedir, Colegir, Maldecir (*),Competir, Medir, Conseguir, Pedir, Corregir,Perseguir, Decir (*), Rer, Despedir, Repetir, Elegir,Seguir, Frer, Servir, Gemir, sonrer 4. -AR-ER- -IR YO-0-o-o TU-as -es -esEl, Ella, Ud.-a-e-eNosotros -amos -emos -imosVosotros-is-is-isEllos, Ellas, Uds.-an -en -en 5. ING-Ar- andoEr/Ir- endo - yendo 6. Gustar- to like Fascinar- to fascinate Doler- to hurt MeGusta Molestar- to botherGustan Faltar- to lack TeFaltaFaltan LeDuele Duelen NosFascina Fascinan Les Molesta Molestan 7. Present tense since & far Preterite tense agoHace + Time + Que + VerbExamples: Hace tres dias que tengo problemas conpedro.= I have had problems with Pedro for three days. 8. El preterito- a definite time in the past with abeginning and/or ending. Hablar Comer Escribir YoHabl ComEscrib T HablasteComisteEscribiste UdHabl ComiEscribi NosHablamosComimosEscribimos UdsHablaronComieron Escribieron 9. Ayer- Yesterday Anteayer- the day before yesterday A las ocho- 8 oclock El mercoles- Wednesday El da anterior- the day before El lunes pasado- last Monday El fin de semana- last weekend Ayer por la maana- yesterday morning El otro da- the other day Una vez- one time/once Asta tarde- this afternoon Asta noche- tonight Entonces- then Desde el primer momento- from the 1st moment Durante dos siglos- during 2nd century En es momento- in that moment Hace dos dias- 2 days ago 10. Tocar Jugar ComenzarYo Toqu Jugu ComencTTocaste Jugaste ComenzasteUd TocJugComenzNos Tocamos Jugamos ComenzamosUds Tocaron Jugaron Comenzaron 11. ir-to go ser-to bedar-to give ver-to see ir d/v-i d/v-imosfuifuimosfuiste fuistesd/v-iste d/v- istes fue fuerond/v-io d/v- ieronhacer-to make or do hice hicimos hiciste hicisteshizo hicieron 12. eiste Andar / anduv-Estar / estuv oPoder / pud-imos Poner / pus-Querer / quis-isteis Saber / sup-Tener / tuv-ieronVener / vin-Conducir / conduj-Producir / produj-Traducir / traduj-Decir / dij-Traer / traj- 13. Dormir-Yo Dormi Nos DormimosTuDormiste Vos DormisteisUdDurmi Uds Durmieron Pedir-YoPedi NosPedimosTuPedisteVos PedisteisUd Pidio UdsPidieron 14. Leer, creer, & oir change I to y in the 3rd person. 15. MeNosTe OsAccent on third to last syllable. Lo, la Los, Las c ma loDoes not connect to negative commands. no la comaCAN NOT hook on to a preterite! yo lo com comilo badD.O.P. can only hook on in three instances: Infinitive (voy a comerlo) Affirmative commands (Bbela!) Gerunds (Estoy comindolo) 16. Tu- simply drop the s Los irregulares- TVDISHES Tenga Venga D Tu- put it in the yo form Vaya Los irregulares- Sea Di Haga Haz Est Ve Sepa Pon Sal Se Ten Ven 17. Put it in the yo form and change to theopposite vowel Los irregulares- TVDISHES Tenga Venga D Vaya Sea Hagaest sepa 18. MeTeLeNosOsLes She gave it to me = Me lo dio. Give it to him = Dselo. She hit him = Lo peg. 19. Use se to avoid specifying a person who is doing theaction of the verb Example: Se vende fruta en la frutera When using se, the verb is always in the 3rd person Example: Aqu se habla espaol. . Se can be used in all tenses. A) Se hizo mucho. B) Se har mucho. C) Se haba hecho. 20. 1. Past Participles As Adjectives2. El Futuro & ir+a+infinitive3. Los Adjectivos Demonstrativos4. Mandatos Formales5. Modal Verbs6. Reflexives7. Saber vs. Conocer8. Imperfecto 21. -ado -ido -ar-er verbsverbs For conjugating these types of past participles,-ir verbs you simply take off the ending and add ad0 for ar verbs and ido for er/-ir verbs. 22. Resolver Resuelto(resolved) Abrir abierto (open) Romper roto Cubrir cubierto (broken)(covered) Ver visto (seen) Decir dicho (said) Volver vuelto Escribrir escrito(written) (returned) Frer frito (fried) Hacer hecho (done) Morir muerto (dead) Poner puesto (put) 23. Infinitive + Ending Endings are all the same for ar/er/ir verbs.isemos 24. Decir Dir Hacer Har Poder Podr Poner Pondr Querer Querr Saber Sabr Salir Saldr Tener Tendr Valer Valdr Venir Vendr 25. Example:Yo voy a visitar mi abuela.Im going to visit my grandma. 26. Put it IN FRONT OF the noun it modifies Make sure its agrees with number and gender SingularPluralEste/Esta (This) Estos/Estas (These) Ese/Esa (that) Esos/Esas (Those)Aquel/Aquella (that over Aquellos/Aquellas (thosethere) over there) 27. -AR-ER-IR 28. Affirmativos NegativosDTengasHaz VengasVe Ds, digasPonVayasSalSeasSHagasTenEstsVenSepas 29. Ir + a + infinitive going to do somethingPoder + infinitive are able to do somethingQuerer + infinitive want to do something Deber + infinitve should do something Tener que + infinitve to have to do something 30. They can be: Attatched to the infinitive Attatched to the present participle Attatched to an affirmative command Attatched to the conjugated verbWhen attatched, add an accent to the proper syllable. (third to last)ME, TE, SE, NOS, OS, SE 31. To know facts orinformationTo know people,places, things, orCONOCERpublished works 32. A habitual action in the past; does not have a definiteending (MOVIE vs. snapshot)-AR -ER/IRYO-aba -aTU -abas-as El, Ella, Ud.-aba -a Nosotros -bamos -amos Vosotros-abais -ais Ellos, Ellas, Uds.-aban-an