honors us history unit 4 honors us history unit 4
TRANSCRIPT
Honors US HistoryHonors US History
Unit 4Unit 4
Honors US HistoryHonors US History
Unit 4Unit 4
Essential Essential Question:Question:Essential Essential Question:Question:
Champion of Champion of the the
“Common Man”?“Common Man”?
““King”King”Andrew?Andrew?OROR
Jackson’s First Jackson’s First Hermitage Hermitage ResidenceResidence
Jackson’s First Jackson’s First Hermitage Hermitage ResidenceResidence
First Known First Known Painting Painting
of Jackson, 1815of Jackson, 1815
First Known First Known Painting Painting
of Jackson, 1815of Jackson, 1815
Ol’ Hickory Ol’ Hickory During the During the
Seminole WarsSeminole Wars
Ol’ Hickory Ol’ Hickory During the During the
Seminole WarsSeminole Wars• Had become hero to many “common men”
• Many were drawn to Jackson after his win in the Battle of New Orleans and in the “Indian Wars
What Increased What Increased Voting Patterns?Voting Patterns?What Increased What Increased Voting Patterns?Voting Patterns?3 White male suffrage increasedWhite male suffrage increased
3Land requirement deletedLand requirement deleted
3 Popular campaigningPopular campaigning
3Parades, rallies, floats, etc…Parades, rallies, floats, etc…
3 Political promisesPolitical promises
3Patronage…AKA the “spoils system”Patronage…AKA the “spoils system”
3 A return to the two-party system in 1828A return to the two-party system in 1828
3National RepublicansNational Republicans
3Jacksonian DemocratsJacksonian Democrats
Changes in Voting Changes in Voting RequirementsRequirements
Changes in Voting Changes in Voting RequirementsRequirements
Evolution of Parties
3 Democratic Republicans Democratic Republicans
3 National RepublicansNational Republicans
3 Whigs (1832) Whigs (1832)
3 Republicans (1854)Republicans (1854)
Voter Turnout: Voter Turnout: 1824 - 18281824 - 1828
Voter Turnout: Voter Turnout: 1824 - 18281824 - 1828
Voter Turnout: Voter Turnout: 1820 - 18601820 - 1860
Voter Turnout: Voter Turnout: 1820 - 18601820 - 1860
Jackson’s Jackson’s Opponents in 1824Opponents in 1824
Jackson’s Jackson’s Opponents in 1824Opponents in 1824
Henry ClayHenry Clay[KY][KY]
John Quincy John Quincy AdamsAdams[MA][MA]
John C. John C. CalhounCalhoun
[SC][SC]
William H. CrawfordWilliam H. Crawford[GA][GA]
Jackson Campaign Jackson Campaign Poster in 1824Poster in 1824
Jackson Campaign Jackson Campaign Poster in 1824Poster in 1824
Results of the Results of the 1824 Election1824 ElectionResults of the Results of the 1824 Election1824 Election
• Jackson won the most popular votes. • But he did not receive a majority of the
electoral votes. • According to the Constitution, if no person
wins a majority of electoral votes, then the House of Representatives must choose the president.
• The selection was made from the top 3 vote getters.
No Clear Winner in No Clear Winner in 18241824
No Clear Winner in No Clear Winner in 18241824
• John Quincy Adams won after the election was thrown into Congress.
• Jackson’s supporters claimed that Adams gained the presidency by making a deal with Henry Clay (who became Secretary of State).
• Charges of a “corrupt bargain” followed Adams through his term.
• Adams had many plans for the country but they were always defeated by Congress (who was led by Jackson supporters).
““A Corrupt A Corrupt Bargain”??Bargain”??““A Corrupt A Corrupt Bargain”??Bargain”??
Scandals Rock DC Scandals Rock DC and the Electionand the Election
Scandals Rock DC Scandals Rock DC and the Electionand the Election
Final Divorce DecreeFinal Divorce Decree
Rachel JacksonRachel Jackson
Jackson in Jackson in Mourning for His Mourning for His
WifeWife
Jackson in Jackson in Mourning for His Mourning for His
WifeWife
Jackson’s Jackson’s Opponent in 1828Opponent in 1828
Jackson’s Jackson’s Opponent in 1828Opponent in 1828
President John President John Quincy AdamsQuincy Adams
The New The New “Jackson “Jackson Coalition”Coalition”
The New The New “Jackson “Jackson Coalition”Coalition”
3 The Planter Elite in the SouthThe Planter Elite in the South
3 People on the FrontierPeople on the Frontier
3 State PoliticiansState Politicians
3 Immigrants in the cities.Immigrants in the cities.
Jackson’s Faith Jackson’s Faith in the in the “Common “Common
Man”Man”
Jackson’s Faith Jackson’s Faith in the in the “Common “Common
Man”Man”3 Intense distrust of EasternIntense distrust of Eastern““establishment,” monopolies, & special establishment,” monopolies, & special privilege.privilege.
3 His heart & soul was with theHis heart & soul was with the“plain folk.”“plain folk.”
3 Belief that the common man was Belief that the common man was capable of uncommon achievements.capable of uncommon achievements.
The Center of The Center of Population in thePopulation in theCountry Moves Country Moves
WESTWEST
The Center of The Center of Population in thePopulation in theCountry Moves Country Moves
WESTWEST
1828 Election 1828 Election ResultsResults
1828 Election 1828 Election ResultsResults
The Reign of “King The Reign of “King Mob”Mob”
The Reign of “King The Reign of “King Mob”Mob”
• After election, Jackson immediately removes 10% of all officeholders and appoints his friends and supporters
• Known as “The Spoils System” or patronage
• This system continued until the passage of the Pendleton Act in the 1870’s
The Spoils SystemThe Spoils SystemThe Spoils SystemThe Spoils System
Andrew Jackson as Andrew Jackson as PresidentPresident
Andrew Jackson as Andrew Jackson as PresidentPresident
The The “Peggy Eaton “Peggy Eaton Affair”Affair”
The The “Peggy Eaton “Peggy Eaton Affair”Affair”• Peggy Eaton was the daughter of a tavern
keeper and the wife of Jackson's secretary of war.
• Both Andrew and Rachel Jackson had liked Peggy Eaton, and when her private love affairs became public knowledge, enveloping her in scandal, the President lent her his visible support. – It was not enough to save her social
standing.
Don’t Mess with Don’t Mess with Jackson’s FriendsJackson’s FriendsDon’t Mess with Don’t Mess with Jackson’s FriendsJackson’s Friends• Although she was a cabinet member's wife
and entitled to the civility such a position conveyed, the wives of other cabinet officials and much of Washington society -- including Jackson's own hostess -- refused to accept her. – Jackson was furious.
• He demanded that his cabinet members make their wives accept Peggy Eaton. – When this proved unsuccessful, he asked
for the resignations of all his cabinet members except one.
The The “Peggy Eaton “Peggy Eaton Affair”Affair”
The The “Peggy Eaton “Peggy Eaton Affair”Affair”
An Economic An Economic DownturnDownturn
An Economic An Economic DownturnDownturn• By the beginning of 1820’s the
American economy was faced with downward spiral as a result of several events such as the Panic of 1819 and the failure of the Second Bank of the United States
• The Tariffs of 1828 and 1832 were passed in order to promote stimulation of northern states’ economy
1828 Tariff 1828 Tariff ConflictConflict
1828 Tariff 1828 Tariff ConflictConflict• However the southern states could
buy manufactured goods cheaper from foreign countries than northern states.– Had trading partners in Europe who
sold them finished products– Europe also bought cotton from the
southern states
• The South called the tariffs the “Abomination Tariffs” and plotted revenge
1832 Election 1832 Election ResultsResults
1832 Election 1832 Election ResultsResults
MainMainIssueIssue
An An 1832 1832 CartoCartoon:on:
““KingKingAndreAndre
w”w”
An An 1832 1832 CartoCartoon:on:
““KingKingAndreAndre
w”w”
1832 Tariff- More 1832 Tariff- More ConflictConflict
1832 Tariff- More 1832 Tariff- More ConflictConflict• In 1832 a new tariff was passed
increasing the rates from the Tariff of 1828.
• Immediately after Jackson signed the bill, Calhoun resigned from his Vice-President post and left for South Carolina
Sen. Daniel Sen. Daniel WebsterWebster
[MA][MA]
Sen. Robert Sen. Robert
HayneHayne[SC][SC]
VP John C. VP John C. Calhoun Calhoun
[SC][SC]
The The Debate Debate
over Tariffsover Tariffs
The The Debate Debate
over Tariffsover Tariffs
• Led by former Vice President John C. Calhoun, the south nullified the Tariffs
• The Southern states claimed that sovereign states made up the federal government, and those states have the last word to declare tariffs null and void.
• The Nullification Proclamation declared that the Tariff Acts…
• "are unauthorized by the constitution of the United States, and violate the true meaning and intent thereof and are null, void, and no law, nor binding upon this State."
The Nullification The Nullification ProclamationProclamation
The Nullification The Nullification ProclamationProclamation
• Jackson, although an advocate for the common man, knew that such blatant disregard of authority would tear the Union apart if allowed to continue. – He would not back down before S. Carolina.
• On December 10, 1832, President Andrew Jackson issued a proclamation that disputed a states' right to nullify a federal law.
• The confrontation never took place because Henry Clay intervened with a compromise tariff, which promised to reduce the rates for the next few years
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Jackson RespondsJackson RespondsJackson RespondsJackson Responds
The Cherokee The Cherokee Nation After 1820Nation After 1820
The Cherokee The Cherokee Nation After 1820Nation After 1820
Indian RemovalIndian RemovalIndian RemovalIndian Removal3 A gold rush in Northern Georgia brought in A gold rush in Northern Georgia brought in
white settlers anxious for land and richeswhite settlers anxious for land and riches
3 Centered aroundCentered around Dahlonega Dahlonega
3 Jackson’s Goal Jackson’s Goal
3 Removing Native Americans from the Removing Native Americans from the Eastern United States Eastern United States
3 Indian Removal ActIndian Removal Act
3 This included Cherokees, Choctaws, and This included Cherokees, Choctaws, and ChickasawsChickasaws
The Cherokees go The Cherokees go to Courtto Court
The Cherokees go The Cherokees go to Courtto Court3 Cherokee Nation v. GACherokee Nation v. GA (1831) (1831)
Marshall Court ruled that the Cherokees were a Marshall Court ruled that the Cherokees were a “domestic dependent nation”“domestic dependent nation”
3 Worcester v. GAWorcester v. GA (1832) (1832)
3 The Marshall Court ruled that Native Americans The Marshall Court ruled that Native Americans were entitled to federal protection from the were entitled to federal protection from the actions of state governmentsactions of state governments
3 Jackson to Marshall:Jackson to Marshall: “ “John Marshall has made his decision, now let John Marshall has made his decision, now let him enforce it!”him enforce it!”
3 Created a constitutional crisisCreated a constitutional crisis
The Trail of TearsThe Trail of TearsThe Trail of TearsThe Trail of Tears• Bluntly disregarding the Court’s
decision Jackson passed the Indian Removal Act in 1830 and over the winter twelve thousand Cherokees were marched from Georgia to Oklahoma.
• On the way more than half died from hunger, hypothermia and disease.
Indian RemovalIndian RemovalIndian RemovalIndian Removal
Trail of Tears Trail of Tears (1838-1839)(1838-1839)Trail of Tears Trail of Tears (1838-1839)(1838-1839)
• The National Bank maintained US currency and maintained much of the economic wealth of the United States.
• Jackson felt the Bank was a “privileged institution” that served only the interests of the wealthy and did nothing for the common man… “too much power, too few hands.”
The Bank WarThe Bank WarThe Bank WarThe Bank War
• The Bank served as the repository for Federal funds until 1836, when its charter expired.– It thrived from the tax revenue that the federal
government regularly deposited
• President Jackson refused to recharter it after a dispute with the Bank's president, Nicholas Biddle
• Biddle, desperate to save his bank, called in (demanded payment on) all of his loans and closed the bank to new loans.
Nicholas BiddleNicholas BiddleNicholas BiddleNicholas Biddle
• Jackson vetoed the bank’s charter and asked the Secretary of the Treasury to stop putting government money in the bank.
• When he refused, Jackson fired him and selected someone who would put money in state Banks– AKA…Jackson’s “Pet banks”
The Bank WarThe Bank WarThe Bank WarThe Bank War
The National Bank The National Bank DebateDebate
The National Bank The National Bank DebateDebate
NicholasNicholasBiddleBiddle
PresidentPresidentJacksonJackson
Explanation• A satire on Andrew Jackson's campaign to destroy the Bank of the United States and its support among state banks. • Jackson, Martin Van Buren, and Jack Downing struggle against a snake with heads representing the states. • The largest of the heads is president of the Bank Nicholas Biddle's, which
wears a top hat labeled "Penn" (i.e. Pennsylvania) and "{dollar}35,000,000." – This refers to the rechartering of the Bank by the Pennsylvania
legislature in defiance of the adminstration's efforts to destroy it. • Jackson (on the left) raises a cane marked "Veto" and says, "Biddle thou
Monster Avaunt!! avaount I say! or by the Great Eternal I'll cleave thee to the earth, aye thee and thy four and twenty satellites. Matty if thou art true...come on. if thou art false, may the venomous monster turn his dire fang upon thee..."
• Van Buren: "Well done General, Major Jack Downing, Adams, Clay, well done all. I dislike dissentions beyond every thing, for it often compels a man to play a double part, were it only for his own safety. Policy, policy is my motto, but intrigues I cannot countenance."
• Downing (dropping his axe): "Now now you nasty varmint, be you imperishable? I swan Gineral that are beats all I reckon, that's the horrible wiper wot wommits wenemous heads I guess..."
The Downfall of The Downfall of “Mother Bank”“Mother Bank”The Downfall of The Downfall of “Mother Bank”“Mother Bank”
1. Jackson ignored “Checks and Balances” and created Constitutional problems
• Should one branch be able to refuse to be controlled by another branch??
2. New political party (“Whigs”) created to oppose Jackson
3. Economic problems• Nation goes into a Panic and then a
Depression
Results of the Results of the Bank WarBank War
Results of the Results of the Bank WarBank War
The The Specie Specie CircularCircular (1936) (1936)
The The Specie Specie CircularCircular (1936) (1936)3 July 1836, President Andrew Jackson issued the July 1836, President Andrew Jackson issued the
Specie Circular.Specie Circular.
3 Under this act, the government would only accept Under this act, the government would only accept gold or silver in payment for federal landgold or silver in payment for federal land
3 This resulted in “This resulted in “wildcat bankswildcat banks” with little or ” with little or no reservesno reserves
3 Not stableNot stable
3 The principal reason for Jackson's implementation The principal reason for Jackson's implementation of the Specie Circular was of the Specie Circular was high inflationhigh inflation..
3 Did not help with the problem
Results of the Results of the Specie CircularSpecie CircularResults of the Results of the Specie CircularSpecie Circular$ Banknotes loose their Banknotes loose their value.value.
$ Land sales plummeted.Land sales plummeted.
$ Credit not available.Credit not available.
$ Businesses began to fail.Businesses began to fail.
$ Unemployment rose.Unemployment rose.
The Panic of 1837!The Panic of 1837!
• The 1836 election was a contest between the Democrats--as Jackson's followers were now called--and the Whigs, who opposed the former president's policies.
• VP Martin Van Buren, the Democratic candidate, gained an overwhelming victory over his main Whig opponent, General William Henry Harrison.– Van Buren received 170 electoral votes to
Harrison's 73. – He won nearly 58 percent of the popular vote,
compared to about 25 percent for Harrison. • Three other Whig candidates split the remaining
votes. – Richard M. Johnson, a congressman from Kentucky,
became Van Buren's vice president.
1836 Election1836 Election1836 Election1836 Election
The 1836 Election The 1836 Election ResultsResultsThe 1836 Election The 1836 Election ResultsResults
Martin Van Martin Van BurenBuren
““Old Old Kinderhook”Kinderhook”
[O. K.][O. K.]
The Panic of 1837 The Panic of 1837 Spreads Quickly!Spreads Quickly!The Panic of 1837 The Panic of 1837 Spreads Quickly!Spreads Quickly!
Andrew Jackson in Andrew Jackson in RetirementRetirement
Andrew Jackson in Andrew Jackson in RetirementRetirement
Photo of Andrew Photo of Andrew Jackson in 1844Jackson in 1844
(one year before his (one year before his death)death)
Photo of Andrew Photo of Andrew Jackson in 1844Jackson in 1844
(one year before his (one year before his death)death)
1767 - 18451767 - 1845
Thanks Again to: Thanks Again to:
Ms. Susan M. PojerMs. Susan M. Pojer
Horace Greeley HS Horace Greeley HS
Chappaqua, NYChappaqua, NY
Thanks Again to: Thanks Again to:
Ms. Susan M. PojerMs. Susan M. Pojer
Horace Greeley HS Horace Greeley HS
Chappaqua, NYChappaqua, NY