SCHOOL OF PLANT BIOLOGYFaculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences

Research Project ideass for Prospective 4th Year, Honours, Postgraduate Diploma, MSc and Higher Degree Preliminary

Students in 2012

August 2011

Marine Systems

Cropping Systems

Natural Terrestrial Systems

TABLE OF CONTENTS

SCHOOL OF PLANT BIOLOGYINTRODUCTION............................................................................................................................ 3

SELECTION OF TOPICS FOR 4TH YEAR, HONOURS, GRADUATE DIPLOMA and MSc STUDENTS..................................................................................................................................... 5

FURTHER POSTGRADUATE STUDY - PhD OPPORTUNITIES................................................5

THE THREE RESEARCH AREAS OF THE SCHOOL..................................................................7

1. CROPPING SYSTEMS........................................................................................................ 7

2. MARINE SYSTEMS............................................................................................................ 7

3. NATURAL TERRESTRIAL SYSTEMS.............................................................................8

PROJECTS FOR 2012..................................................................................................................... 9

OTHER ORGANISATIONS AFFILIATED WITH THE SCHOOL OF PLANT BIOLOGY........39

THE BOTANIC GARDENS & PARKS AUTHORITY.............................................................41

THE CENTRE FOR LEGUMES IN MEDITERRANEAN AGRICULTURE............................48

THE COMMONWEALTH SCIENTIFIC AND INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH ORGANISATION (CSIRO)..................................................................................................................................... 52

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE AND FOOD WESTERN AUSTRALIA.......................56

DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT AND CONSERVATION.............................................57

UWA INSTITUTE OF AGRICULTURE................................................................................... 62

WORSLEY ALUMINA PTY LTD............................................................................................ 64

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THE SCHOOL OF PLANT BIOLOGY

FOURTH-YEAR, HONOURS, GRADUATE DIPLOMA, MSc and HIGHER DEGREE PRELIM PROJECTSAVAILABLE IN 2012

INTRODUCTION

A variety of fourth-year projects and programmes in The School of Plant Biology and research partner organisations are available to students who have completed three years of study towards a Bachelor of Science degree either at this University or elsewhere. Whether you undertake a project or a programme depends on the degree in which you are enrolled.

The Fourth-Year project and the Honours project comprise the four-part Level 4 FNAS Research Thesis (SCIE4501 – SCIE4504), and make up 24 of the 48 points you need to pass in your fourth year. The FNAS Research Thesis mark will be taken into account when determining whether you will graduate with honours. The Level 4 project gives you a taste of what is involved in undertaking independent, supervised research. A separate information booklet outlining the organisational details of the Level 4 project will be issued at the start of semester.

Assessment for the FNAS Research Thesis is based on the ungraded Research Outline and Proposal Seminar, and on the graded Research Proposal (20%), Final Research Seminar (10%) and the Research Article (70%). These details will be confirmed at the start of your project.

The Honours programme is normally for students proceeding immediately from the third year of their BSc degree course (e.g. with a major in Agricultural Science, Botany, Conservation Biology, Environmental Science, Marine Science or Natural Resource Management). It typically consists of a research thesis plus four coursework units completed in approximately 9 months of full-time study or over 17 or 21 months of part-time study. Entrance into the Honours programme also requires that a student has obtained at least 65% in their science major.

During SCIE4501 – SCIE4504, students will receive basic training in a variety of generic skill areas, all necessary for you to work effectively as a professional scientist, as well as undertaking, under supervision, a major independent research project.

The Graduate Diploma programme is designed for students who already hold a Pass Degree and subsequently wish to extend their qualifications/expertise. The programme is substantially the same as for the Honours.

In the Research Thesis units, you will be working with a particular supervisor or supervisors and with other members of the School, in an area of research that you find personally interesting. We know, in completing a pass degree, that you can absorb scientific information and reproduce it under examination conditions. In the Level 4 project units, you will demonstrate that you can gather, generate, distil and communicate scientific information to your peers. At the end of the year, our staff will assess your performance in comparison with others who have passed through the School, and in relation to what we can expect from someone working in the particular programme you have selected. Of course, the research problems addressed and the methods of approach will differ amongst students, as they will depend upon the area of expertise in which each student is being trained; for example, some programmes may be essentially descriptive, others experimental. Nevertheless, there are some general features and qualities to be sought in all research, and these will be outlined in the unit information booklet to be provided at the commencement of the programme. This booklet will also provide details of the assessment procedures for the unit.

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FACILITIES AND RESEARCH SUPERVISIONThe School of Plant Biology is particularly well equipped for a wide range of projects in plant research. Facilities and equipment include: HPLC units, gas chromatographs, an atomic absorption spectrophotometer (housed in the School of Earth and Environment), portable infra-red gas analysers, portable chlorophyll fluorescence equipment, a real-time PCR instrument and UV/VIS spectrophotometers. The West Australian Biogeochemistry Centre, housed within the School, also provides facilities for measurement of stable isotopes through high precision mass spectrometry. The School is well equipped for molecular biology, radio isotope work and plant pathology. Computing facilities include IBM compatible PCs, Apple Macintosh computers and connections to the Campus network and the Internet. The School has a close association with the Centre for Microscopy, Characterisation and Analysis through joint research programmes. The School maintains a reference herbarium of the flora of the southwest of the State. There is also a well-equipped photographic darkroom available. Field work is facilitated by a well-maintained fleet of vehicles, including 4WD’s and boats.

The School utilises a number of serviced glasshouses providing extensive bench space, and access to controlled growth cabinets and constant temperature rooms, including PC2 facilities. About one hectare of garden space is available on site and space is available at a field station at Shenton Park, about 6 km away. The School controls two relatively undisturbed areas of native vegetation within the metropolitan area (at Shenton Park and the Alison Baird Reserve, Kenwick), and is in close proximity to Kings Park and Bold Park, which each contain about 300 hectares of relatively undisturbed native vegetation and 17 hectares of developed botanical gardens.

Based within the School, The International Centre for Plant Breeding Education and Research provides advanced education and research in plant breeding to enhance the world’s future supply of plant-based food, fibre and industrial raw materials in an era of changing climates. The School has an integral role in the UWA Institute of Agriculture. The Institute is the University’s gateway to education, training and research in agriculture and resource management. The Institute is based in FNAS and integrates the Faculty’s activities with those of other groups in the University with interests in agriculture, land and water management, rural economy, policy and development, food and health.

While much of the south-western part of Western Australia has been cleared for agriculture, large habitat areas comprising native flora, often approaching pristine conditions, have been preserved through a system of National Parks and Reserves. The proximity of this unique natural resource to the modern facilities available in the School makes botanical research at this University particularly attractive. Joint research interests are encouraged between the School and institutions having practical needs for the information generated. These institutions include Dept. of Agriculture and Food Western Australia, Australian Institute of Marine Science, Botanic Gardens and Parks Authority, CSIRO, Dept. of Environment and Conservation, Dept. of Planning and Infrastructure, Environmental Protection Authority, Dept. of Water, WA Water Corporation, and a number of mining and forestry companies. Projects involving joint participation with other institutions and/or other Schools at this University can involve the participation of outside supervisors.

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SELECTION OF TOPICS FOR 4TH YEAR, HONOURS, GRADUATE DIPLOMA and MSc STUDENTS

Projects suitable for 4th year/honours/postgraduate diploma/ MSc students are given in the following pages, broadly grouped into the School’s three Strategic Research Areas and with the names of academic staff and post-doctoral research staff who would supervise the projects. Each student normally has at least two supervisors. The School encourages you to bring your own ideas for topics other than those listed. In this case you should approach an appropriate supervisor, including staff in the School who may not have projects listed below. For further guidance in the selection of topics, see:

Agricultural ScienceHorticulture Landscape Management

Associate Professor Megan RyanTelephone: 08 6488 2208Email: megan.ryan@uwa.edu.au

Genetics and Breeding Winthrop Professor Wallace CowlingTelephone: 08 6488 7979Email: wallace.cowling@uwa.edu.au

Genetics Associate Professor Susan BarkerTelephone: 08 6488 2435Email: susan.barker@uwa.edu.au

Botany Natural Resource Management

Dr Pauline GriersonTelephone: 08 6488 7926Email: pauline.grierson@uwa.edu.au

Climate StudiesConservation BiologyConservation Biology & Management

Assistant Professor Pieter PootTelephone: 08 6488 2491Email: pieterp@plants.uwa.edu.au

Marine BiologyMarine and Coastal ManagementMarine Science

Associate Professor Euan HarveyTelephone: 08 6488 2416Email: euan.harvey@ uwa.edu.au

For further information on the structures of the 4th year, Honours, Graduate Diploma and MSc programmes see the FNAS 4th and 5th year programme coordinator, Associate Professor Patrick Finnegan; Telephone: 08 6488 8546; email: patrick.finnegan@uwa.edu.au

FURTHER POSTGRADUATE STUDY - PhD OPPORTUNITIES

The research areas given in this handbook may be of interest to students enrolling in a PhD degree. Students intending to enrol at this higher level should contact the School of Plant Biology Postgraduate Co-ordinator:

Professor Tim ColmerTelephone : 08 6488 1993Email : tdcolmer@cyllene.uwa.edu.au

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SCHOOL OF PLANT BIOLOGY

THE THREE RESEARCH AREAS OF THE SCHOOL

1. CROPPING SYSTEMS The Cropping Systems focus includes broadscale agricultural and the horticultural areas of research. Agriculture and horticulture apply and integrate the disciplines that form the foundation of modern plant sciences – genetics & plant breeding, ecology and physiology, developmental biology, molecular biology and natural product chemistry. These areas of research are also greatly impacted by the interactions of plants with pathogens, an area covered by the discipline of plant pathology. Opportunities exist for professional career development and for crop scientists to contribute to global social and economic well-being. Research funds are increasingly directed towards these goals and many opportunities for collaboration exist with organisations such as CSIRO, Centre for Legumes in Mediterranean Agriculture, Department of Agriculture and Food (WA), Centre of Excellence for Ecohydrology, Future Farm Industries CRC, international aid organisations and researchers from other Schools in the University.

Academic staff: Emeritus Prof. Craig Atkins Winthrop Prof. Hans Lambers Assoc. Prof. Megan RyanProf. Martin Barbetti Assist. Prof. Etienne Laliberté Dr Natasha TeakleAssoc. Prof. Susan Barker Dr Rowena Long Assist. Prof. Martin Vila AiubAssoc. Prof. Louise Barton Assist. Prof. Matthew Nelson Assoc. Prof. Erik VeneklaasProfessor Ed Barrett-Lennard Assist. Prof. Stuart Pearse Assoc. Prof. Michael WalshProf. Tim Colmer Prof. Julie Plummer Assoc. Prof. Guijun YanAssist. Prof. Michael Considine Winthrop Prof. Steve Powles Assoc. Prof. Susan YatesWinthrop Prof. Wallace Cowling Assist. Prof. Charles Price Assist. Prof. Mingpei YouDr Kenneth Flower Assist. Prof. Michael Renton Assoc. Prof. Qin YuProf. Roger Jones

2. MARINE SYSTEMSThe University of Western Australia has a multidisciplinary programme of Marine Science research and teaching that transcends Faculty and School boundaries and has been consolidated within the UWA Oceans Institute. Staff from the School of Plant Biology have a broad range of interests in Marine Ecology. Research interests and activities range from habitat mapping, basic taxonomy and physiology of marine plants to population and community ecology of plants, invertebrates and fishes. Research is currently conducted in areas as diverse as Esperance, Albany, Cape Naturaliste, Rottnest, Cockburn Sound, The Abrolhos Islands, Shark Bay, Ningaloo, and overseas such as Malaysia, Oman and Brazil. Challenging questions relate to the functioning of marine plants and animals in their environment and on the significance of their communities for the fisheries industry. Important collaborative research links are with Australian Institute of Marine Sciences, CSIRO Marine Research, Department of Fisheries, RMIT Faculty of Engineering, Western Australian Marine Science Institution, and State Natural Resource Management agencies and community groups.

The Western Australian coast is long, covering latitudes from tropical to temperate, with a variety of coastal habitats and hence, an interesting and diverse marine flora and fauna. Western Australia provides many opportunities to study the adaptations of marine plants and animals to their environment and the interactions between them. In particular, research is carried out into the processes which influence the distributions of marine flora and fauna, from the biogeographical scale to their ecophysiology, and the significance of physico-chemical controls versus biological interactions in the partitioning of marine habitats. This research is extended into the examination of disturbed (polluted) habitats, and more practical applications such as prediction of environmental impacts.

The timing of the start of the research projects listed below will vary depending on weather patterns and equipment availability. If you have any queries please contact the supervisors listed to discuss. Scuba diving is a useful, but not essential skill for potential students unless specifically listed for a project. Again, please contact potential supervisors to check.

Academic staff: Assoc. Prof. Euan Harvey Dr Timothy Langlois Assist. Prof. Thomas WernbergWinthrop Prof. Gary Kendrick Assist. Prof. Michael Renton

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3. NATURAL TERRESTRIAL SYSTEMSThis research area focuses on issues arising through the interactions of plants with their physical and climactic environments, with each other and with symbiotic and pathogenic microbes. A major theme is plant conservation and environmental rehabilitation. All scales of biological organization are examined, from the molecular to ecosystem level. Many interactions occur between members of this staff group and the other research areas within the School along with the Botanic Gardens and Parks Authority, the Bushfire CRC, Centre for Legumes in Mediterranean Agriculture, Department of Agriculture and Food (WA), Department of Environment and Conservation, the Forest Products Commission, a variety of mining companies, special interest groups and other stakeholders.

Western Australia, especially the southwest corner, is regarded as one of the world's hot-spots of terrestrial and marine plant diversity. Many researchers focus on the communities, species and genes found in the region, and employ the best available systematic, evolutionary, ecological and physiological science to underpin their work. Others work on threatening processes and their mitigation, such as loss of biodiversity due to habitat destruction, fragmentation of wild areas, dieback disease, invasion by feral animals and weeds, salinity and nutrification.

Academic staff: Emeritus Prof. Craig Atkins Assist. Prof. Tianhua He (BGPA) Dr Neil PettitAssoc. Prof. Susan Barker Dr Paul Greenwood Assist. Prof. Pieter PootAssoc. Prof. Mark Brundrett Winthrop Prof. Richard Hobbs Assist. Prof. Charles PriceAssoc. Prof. Stephen Burgess Assoc. Prof. Siegy Krauss (BGPA) Assist. Prof. Michael RentonProf. Tim Colmer Assist. Prof. Ricarda Jost Dr Michael ShaneProf. Kingsley Dixon (BGPA) Assist. Prof. Lori Lach Assist. Prof. Grzegorz SkrzypekAssist. Prof. John Dwyer Assist. Prof. Etienne Laliberté Assist. Prof. Rachel StandishAssoc. Prof. Patrick Finnegan Winthrop Prof. Hans Lambers Assist. Prof. Shane TurnerDr Pauline Grierson Dr Rowena Long Prof. Erik Veneklaas

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SCHOOL OF PLANT BIOLOGY

PROJECTS FOR 2012The projects being offered and project ideas for development are listed below under the name of the main supervisor. The supervisors are listed alphabetically by last name.

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EMERITUS PROFESSOR CRAIG ATKINS Room 2.20 Botany Building; Ph 9380 2262; Email: catkins@cyllene.uwa.edu.au

PLANT BIOCHEMISTRY, PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Research InterestsThe regulation of gene expression in relation to nodule development, N2 fixation and N metabolism in legumes is a major area of research. Current projects include the isolation of enzymes and genes involved in ureide and purine biosynthesis, studies of enzyme and gene regulation, organelle isolation from nodules, dual targeting of single gene products to 2 organelles (plastids and mitochondria) and a detailed examination of the ultrastructure of Rhizobium infected cells. A second area involves studies of the molecular mechanisms of short and long distance transport in plants, especially of nitrogenous solutes and of factors regulating seed development. A number of projects are related specifically to the genetic improvement of the major grain legume crop of WA, the narrow-leafed lupin (Lupinus angustifolius). These will use recombinant DNA technology and genetic engineering and could involve the use of HPLC and GC/MS analysis.

Signals transported in phloem of lupinPlants are continually responding to signals that allow them to modify their development in response to their changing environment. A good example is the way many plants analyse environmental conditions to determine when to produce flowers. The signalling molecule “florigen” involved in this most basic process (flowering) has still not been identified but it is known to be transported in phloem. We are trying to identify this and other signalling molecules in phloem by isolating peptides and small regulatory RNAs (called microRNAs, miRNA and small interfering RNAs, siRNA). We have identified a number of miRNAs in phloem and aim to determine which genes they target, how they are transported around the plant and how they affect developmental processes. Other work aims to identify peptide signals transported in phloem.

1. Use a GFP gene with a miRNA binding site within it to study sites of miRNA action in transgenic Arabidopsis.

2. Lupin seeds are currently being studied to see whether they are a good alternative to soybean as a human food. Lupin milk products have been developed and lupin protein extract can be used in a similar way to soybean meal in food processing industries. However there is evidence that lupin seed causes an extremely severe allergic reaction in some individuals. You could identify the proteins in lupin seeds which cause the allergic reactions.

Other project ideas Physiological, biochemical, microbiological or structural studies of the ant:bacteria:extrafloral

nectary association in cowpea and other legumes. Molecular biological studies of the regulation of gene expression in N2-fixing legume nodules,

particularly in relation to nitrogen assimilation and purine/ureide biosynthesis. Development of techniques for genetic transformation and regeneration of transgenic lupins

(Lupinus angustifolius). Studies of abscission in lupins using novel non-abscising mutants. Establishment of the molecular basis for source/sink relations in legumes. Molecular studies of flower and pod abortion in lupins. Studies on localisation of purine biosynthesis enzymes. This project will study the mechanisms by

which enzymes are transported into plastids and mitochondria. This could be studied using immunolocalisation, plant transformation and in vitro import techniques.

The role of plant hormones in determining the partitioning of assimilates in plants. Isolation and characterisation of a cytokinin-specific isomerase from developing legume embryo

tissues. Isolation and molecular characterization of phloem mobile ‘signals’ of biotic and abiotic stresses in

lupins.

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PROFESSOR MARTIN BARBETTIRoom 1.104 Agriculture Central Wing; Ph 6488 3924; Email: mbarbett@cyllene.uwa.edu.au

PLANT PATHOLOGY AND MYCOLOGYIn January 2004 I commenced with the School of Plant Biology following more than 30 years as a Plant Pathologist with the Department of Agriculture and Food Western Australia identifying, researching and resolving plant pathology issues through ‘on-farm’ research in relation to pathology problems facing the wool, oilseed, pulse, cereal, horticulture, meat and dairy industries of Western Australia. Consequently I have wide interests in relation to plant pathology and mycology applicable across the whole of the agricultural sector.

The Plant Pathology program at UWA is a collaborative program with Professor Sivasithamparam (6488 2497; email: siva@cyllene.uwa.edu.au) and Dr Hua Li, both also in the School of Plant Biology, and all projects will have the benefit and security from joint supervision and enjoy a strong network of support within the group. Professor Siva has a wide range of expertise and has supervised many 4 th year, Honours and PhD projects at UWA. It is the vision of this Plant Pathology group to foster both plant pathology and mycology interest and skills development in each generation of students passing through UWA.

DISEASES OF CROPSWe have a very active Brassica pathology program (among several other programs as well) here at the University and the plant pathology group at UWA was the first anywhere to report the occurrence of a new resistance-breaking race of the blackleg fungal pathogen, Leptosphaeria maculans, that overcame the Brassica rapa ssp. sylvestris-derived single dominant gene resistance, and which has since broken out and caused severe damage to canola crops across Australia. The Plant Pathology group at UWA currently is a world leading group in terms of diseases of oilseed Brassica crops, and has strong international linkages to leading research programmes on Brassicas both nationally (Victoria) and internationally (France, the United Kingdom and Poland). Current programs include durability of polygenic and single dominant gene-based host resistance in oilseed Brassicas and how this relates to changes in Brassica-pathogen interactions and in the pathogen populations; understanding infection processes of the blackleg pathogen; ways of disrupting the pathogen life cycle; etc.

In addition to blackleg disease, we have active in relation to Australian spring-type canola varieties for a range of other diseases such as downy mildew (Hyaloperonospora parasitica), white rust (Albugo candida), Sclerotinia (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum) and white leaf spot (Pseudocercosporella capsellae) in relation both to host resistance, host-pathogen interactions and also in relation to defining the survival mechanisms and parasitic behaviour of these pathogens under the Mediterranean conditions that prevail in much of southern Australia and particularly in WA. We also have programs investigating the race status of these pathogens in Australia.

DISEASES OF PASTURESThe Plant Pathology group at UWA currently has a strong collaborative research program on understanding and managing diseases of pasture legumes, including both those which have been (e.g. subterranean clover, annual medic) or are being developed (many new annual and perennial species) for Western Australia. Particular fungal diseases of current research include Phytophthora root rot, clover scorch disease, rust, and Cercospora on subterranean clover, Rhizoctonia root rot and Botrytis blight of new pasture legume species, and Phoma on medic and its role in stimulating phyto-oestrogens in annual medics.

All pasture disease projects will be in collaboration with Dr Ming Pei You from the Western Australian Department of Agriculture and Food. In conjunction with the UWA pathology group, a program is planned that will look at the causes, impact and epidemiology of diseases on new alternative pasture legumes.

DISEASES OF HORTICULTURE, FLORICULTURE AND FORESTRYThere are currently programs within the School investigating Lettuce Big Vein disease in Lettuce and on root and crown diseases of strawberries in Western Australia. We also have a planned program involving Sclerotinia on vegetable Brassicas

Please also contact me if you are interested in any pathogen of any other crop, including all pulse and cereal crops

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ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR SUSAN BARKERRoom 1.121 Agriculture Central Wing; Ph 6488 2435; Email: sjbarker@plants.uwa.edu.au

Research Background

I was appointed at UWA in 1998 to help bring molecular biology and molecular genetics research tools into the Faculty. This role suits me perfectly as I have very wide ranging interests, and I have co-supervised projects as varied as: genetics of white coat colour in alpacas; development of seedless citrus; characterization of heritage olive trees in Western Australia; zinc nutrition in barley; towards cloning a self incompatibility gene from Phalaris; mapping a mycorrhizal symbiosis gene in tomato; genetic modification of lupin for improved agronomic traits including disease resistance and herbicide tolerance; characterization of the role of apoptosis in blackleg disease of canola; assessment of genetic diversity in a native pasture species; etc (for a complete list please contact me!).

Research Advice

I sometimes find myself giving advice to students about half way through their research project when they realize that they need to develop a genetic or molecular biology approach to answer their research question. If you find yourself in this situation of needing advice at any stage in your research, please feel free to contact me and I will be happy to advise you about what might be your next steps.

Research supervision

Examples of current projects are listed below. Contact me if you would also like to discuss other options, including projects that you have developed yourself, or if you would like to involve me as a second supervisor in order to accomplish a small genetic analysis as part of your project.

Characterisation of the genome of arbuscular mycorrhzal fungi

This challenging and novel project involves chromosomal visualization and gene amplification from arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal extracts. For students wanting to experience a classic molecular biology research endeavour and to have the opportunity of a high caliber research publication from their project work.

Feeding Gilbert’s Potoroo: Australia’s most endangered marsupial

This project is offered in collaboration with Dr Mark Tibbett (SEGS) and also will involve supervision by Dr Tony Friend, DEC. Identification of novel translocation sites for this endangered marsupial requires knowledge of the host plant species that support growth of the fungal fruiting bodies (truffles) on which these marsupials survive. The project will involve field collection of fungal fruiting bodies, potoroo scat and the short roots surrounding the fruiting bodies, then DNA sequence analysis to identify the plant hosts that support the fungal growth.

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ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR MARK BRUNDRETTRoom 215 Botany Building; Ph 6488 2212; Email: mark.brundrettr@.uwa.edu.au

ENDANGERED WHEATBELT ORCHIDSQuantify and understand habitat requirements and threatening processes impacting on a rare orchid in highly fragmented landscapes. Gain knowledge required for sustainable management and make direct contributions to recovery actions for an endangered species, while working in collaboration with DEC and community groups.

ECOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS OF ORCHID FUNGAL ASSOCIATIONSDiscover the role of highly specific fungal interactions on the dispersal of on rare and common orchid species by investigating the distribution of compatible fungi in soils. Help us to gain a greater understanding of the habitat requirements of orchids by studying their fungi.

MYCORRHIZAL FUNGUS DIVERSITY IN A BIODIVERSITY HOTSPOTInvestigate the diversity of the Glomalean fungi - the oldest group of true fungi, in our ancient landscapes (collaboration with Dr Susan Barker). Investigate diversity using a range of isolation and molecular techniques. Identify fungi with help from international collaborators.

ECOLOGY OF MYCORRHIZAL ASSOCIATIONS Study ecological and functional aspects of mycorrhizal fungus associations in natural ecosystems, by investigating the relative dominance of plants with different types of mycorrhizal fungal associations in different habitats.

POLLINATION BIOLOGY OF WINTER FLOWERING ORCHIDSDetermine if co-flowering orchids share pollinators and investigate why there are many similar looking taxa in genera such are Pterostylis (or are they really different)? Is there a link between winter orchids and fungus fruiting?

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PROFESSOR TIM COLMERRoom 1.127 Agriculture Central Wing; Ph 6488 1993; Email timothy.colmer@uwa.edu.au

SALINITY AND WATERLOGGING TOLERANCE IN CROPS AND PASTURES

Crops and pastures with greater salt and waterlogging tolerance than current options are required to make saline land more productive. Several opportunities are available for research projects in this field, depending on the interests of the student. Some examples are given below:

Salinity and submergence tolerance in halophytes. Halophytes grow naturally in saline soils – but many of these soils are also prone to waterlogging and plants can even experience complete submergence during floods. Mechanisms of salinity tolerance in halophytes have previously been studied, but physiological responses of halophytes to complete submergence in combination with salinity need to be further elucidated. The scope for projects is large, as various physiological aspects need to be studied.

Variation for salt tolerance within Medicago polymorpha. Recent experiments have found variation in salt tolerance within a commercial cultivar of burr medic (Medicago polymorpha). Further experiments are needed to determine the source of this variation and utilise it for developing a more salt tolerant burr medic cultivar.

Waterlogging/salinity tolerance in clones of puccinellia. Puccinellia is a halophytic grass used for pasture on saltland. It is a cross-pollinating plant and seed lines are therefore genetically diverse. This species can be exceptionally tolerant to waterlogging under saline conditions, with increased growth under waterlogged/saline compared with drained/saline conditions (most rare amongst higher plants). However, we suspect that different accessions/seed sources vary in tolerance. This project will screen a range of vegetatively propagated clones of puccinellia for tolerance to waterlogging/salinity. The best selections will be further tested for K+/Na+ regulation and traits associated with better root aeration.

Screening barley cultivars for tolerance to salinity at germination. Barley is well known as a relatively salt-tolerant cereal. However, this reputation is based mainly on its tolerance to salt after establishment. Saltland in Western Australia is generally most salty at the start of the growing season as seeds germinate. However, little is known about how this salt impacts on the germination of different barley cultivars. This project will assess the salt tolerance at germination for a range of barley cultivars. There are two critical research questions: (a) Do cultivars differ in their ability to withstand salt before germination occurs? (b) Do cultivars differ in their ability to tolerate salt during germination?

Interactive effects of waterlogging and salinity on rhizobia for Melilotus siculus. Melilotus siculus (messina) is a new annual pasture legume that can grow in highly saline and waterlogged soils. Messina roots form a special layer called ‘phellem’, which is filled with air spaces that act as a ‘snorkel’ to allow oxygen transport to roots. However, the role of phellem in supplying oxygen to waterlogged nodules is not known. This project will determine if phellem on roots and nodules is important to waterlogging and salinity tolerance of messina inoculated with rhizobia.

Salt tolerance of Australian wild rice. Cultivated rice (Oryza sativa) is one of the most important grain crops worldwide, but is notoriously sensitive to salinity. Wild relatives of rice could provide a source of genes to improve salt tolerance in cultivated rice. This project will investigate salt tolerance in Australian wild rice species, Oryza australiensis and Oryza meridionalis.

Contacts: Tim Colmer timothy.colmer@uwa.edu.au AND/OR Ed Barrett-Lennard (Centre for Ecohydrology (DAFWA)/Plant Biology) egbarrettlennard@agric.wa.gov.au AND/OR Natasha Teakle (Centre for Ecohydrology/Plant Biology) natasha.teakle@uwa.edu.au

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ASSISTANT PROFESSOR MICHAEL CONSIDINERoom 2.131 Agriculture Central Wing; Ph 6488 1783; Email: michael.considine@uwa.edu.au

Research InterestsThe sensitivity of metabolism, development and phenology to environmental stress, particularly heat, is my primary interest. This spans physiology and agronomy through to redox and carbohydrate metabolism; i.e. primary metabolism and the energy transactions and signalling. Major crops of interest are grape and apple. Many of my projects involve industry interaction, particularly with the Department of Agriculture and Food (DAFWA) and grape growers.

Current projects include The effects of high temperature (low latitude) on the phenology, particularly bud initiation, dormancy,

flowering and flower retention, in grape. This is an ARC Linkage grant with the Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology and two industry partners; DAFWA and the Gascoyne Table Grape Growers’ Association. This research spans physiological field-research through to detailed molecular and metabolic profiling technologies. There are many opportunities to travel and participate in a range of disciplines. Equally, there is much to be done in glasshouse trials, from physiological and developmental observation to microscopy and metabolic analysis. Examples: Is the temperature or duration of dormancy critically important to fertility and if so, what metabolic events underlie this? What is the effect of warm climate on the relationships between leaf and inflorescence development? Does climate affect relative sink strength of the leaf and inflorescence? We’d like you to be part of this team.

Identifying the metabolic effects of sulphur dioxide in grape. Conventionally it is thought that SO2 merely acts as an antimicrobial but our research shows significant activation of antioxidants and large scale effects on the molecular network in grape. The extent and pathways of sulfur assimilation are not known, nor are the resulting pathways to stress. These have been explored in other plants but only in leaves. This of great interest, both intellectually and for industry to find an alternative to and antimicrobial which is increasingly “on the nose”. Your contribution to this project could include investigating the effects on sulfur assimilation into “higher” sulphur compounds or the effects on redox-sensitive metabolites such as ascorbate and glutathione.

Identifying apple and plum varieties with elite levels of flavonoids and validating pharmacological effects, including antioxidant activity. This project works in collaboration with the Pharmacology group at RPH and the Department of Agriculture and Food (DAFWA) via and ARC Linkage grant.

Technologies employed in my research include metabolic profiling, photosynthetic and respiratory activity, enzyme kinetics, and molecular technologies.

This is just a snap-shot of potential projects. Please contact me if any of the ideas or keywords grab your attention. I have broad connections in molecular biology, pharmacology and agriculture so just knock on my door or send me an email.

Thanks, Mick

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WINTHROP PROFESSOR WALLACE COWLINGThe UWA Institute of Agriculture, Room 2.102 Agriculture Central Wing; Ph 6488 7979; Email: wallace.cowling@uwa.edu.au

PLANT MOLECULAR GENETICS and PLANT BREEDING

Our group works towards sustainable plant breeding for changing environments – including the application of population genetics, genomics and evolutionary theory to improve crop disease resistance, stress tolerance and adaptation. A wide range of research is undertaken within the group, for example:

Interspecific crossing in Brassica species to improve canola (Brassica napus) Heat and drought stress tolerance in Brassica rapa Mapping and identifying genes for blackleg disease resistance in canola Understanding the molecular basis of disease resistance and susceptibility in blackleg of canola Finding gene-specific markers for oil quality traits in canola, such as high oleic and low linolenic

oils Testing concepts of strategic evolution for crop breeding, based on whole genome marker selection Building the first gene-based map of narrow-leafed lupin (Lupinus angustifolius) Developing new pre-breeding populations of peas and lupins Introgression of genetic diversity between canola and related species. The genetic basis of heterosis (hybrid vigour) in canola.

Honours or MSc Project Ideas:

How do genes & environment influence flowering time in canola? (with Assist Prof Matthew Nelson). We know surprisingly little about how genes and environment interact to control flowering time in canola. In order to adapt canola to changing climates, we need to understand how the environment (temperature and day-length) interacts with genes to alter flowering time in canola.

Development and characterisation of an allohexaploid Brassica DH population (with Dr Sheng Chen)

A golden opportunity exists to hasten the agricultural evolution of a new allohexaploid Brassica species. This new allohexaploid Brassica research was initiated in 2008. In this project, we will develop a double haploid population and characterize it at morphological, cytogenetic and molecular levels.

Studies on centres of origin and diversity in Brassica juncea (with Dr Sheng Chen)

B. juncea is genetically diverse, with two main centres of diversity in India and China. Whole-genome molecular marker diversity analysis showed two major genetic subgroups of B. juncea. In this project, we will explore association mapping of genes of interest for key traits in a global collection of B. juncea.

Tolerance of Brassica rapa to heat and drought stress (with Dr Sheng Chen & W/Prof Neil Turner)

Oilseed Brassica napus lacks heat and drought tolerance, and has narrow genetic diversity. Oilseed B. rapa (annual turnip rape or field mustard), one of the progenitors of B. napus, is genetically extremely diverse. This project will evaluate the effects of heat and drought stress on B. rapa. The aim is to develop effective and reproducible protocols for large-scale screening for heat and drought tolerance in B. rapa, and to find genes for heat and drought tolerance for incorporation into B. napus.

Centromere mapping in Brassica interspecific hybrids (lead by Assist Prof Matthew Nelson)Every chromosome of every eukaryote species has one functioning centromere that is crucial for cell division. Little is known of the location of centromeres in the genetic maps of most species, including Brassica species (e.g. canola). We have developed a model system using the interspecific hybrid F1 of Brassica napus ´ B. carinata for mapping Brassica centromeres.

Characterisation of domestication genes in lupin (lead by Assist Prof Matthew Nelson)

We are investigating genes underlying domestication traits such as early flowering, pod shattering and alkaloid content in narrow-leafed lupin. This project will draw resources from the lupin genome sequencing project (a collaborative project between UWA and CSIRO) and prior genetic mapping work in the group.

The molecular role of a canola blackleg resistance gene in canola (with Assoc Prof Susan Barker)We have located the region in the canola genome that contains a major resistance gene. Research within the group indicates that susceptibility to blackleg is an active response to the pathogen whereby plant cells die by programmed cell death. This project would define the function of the resistance gene in canola.

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PERMANENT VISITING PROFESSOR KINGSLEY DIXONDirector, Science, Kings Park and Botanic Garden, West Perth - Phone 9480 3614Email: kingsley.dixon@bgpa.wa.gov.au Web: http://www.bgpa.wa.gov.au/science/staff/kingsley-dixon

CONSERVATION BIOLOGY AND RESTORATION ECOLOGY

Seed Biology ~ Restoration Ecophysiology ~ Cryogenics in conservation ~ Restoring degraded sites ~ Rehabilitate disturbed/mined lands ~ Rescuing our terrestrial orchids ~ Invasive weed research ~ Saving endangered flora from extinction ~ Climate change effects on native flora ~ and much more.

Based in the Science Laboratories at Kings Park and Botanic Garden, students would work alongside more than 45 research scientists and postgraduate students.

Kings Park and Botanic Garden enjoys an international reputation for excellence in biodiversity conservation science, undertaking integrated research focused on practical outcomes in native plant biology, rare plant conservation and bushland restoration.

For information about Prof Dixon and the research at Kings Park and Botanic Garden, please visit http://www.bgpa.wa.gov.au/o/content/section/6/29/

Honour students can choose from a wide range of projects, or are welcome to suggest their own. Areas of supervision expertise include:

Seeds for life – research native plant biology, ecology and dormancy release. Research projects could include - using a recently discovered compound to investigate whether synchronized germination is possible, or seeking the optimum techniques to trigger germination of native plant seeds for effective propagation, or stimulating germination of exotic (weed) species for improved control, or the most effective way of storing seeds into the millennium, or how to improve the efficiency of seedling survival in bushland restoration.

Restoration Ecophysiology – research plant responses to abiotic (salinity, drought and heat) stress factors, and use plant signaling compounds to regulate stress responses. Research projects could include - seeking ways to enhance abiotic stress tolerance in native plant seeds/seedlings, or improving the use of native plants in mining and agricultural landscapes.

Propagation for conservation of our rarest species – biotechnological research is critical to the success of off-site conservation and translocation of endangered plant species. Research projects could include - in vitro technology (tissue culture, micropropagation, somatic embryogenesis), cryostorage and mass production of plants for restoration/translocation projects.

Bringing back the bush – involves undertaking innovative research and operations to enhance, rehabilitate and restore the conservation of degraded lands including urban bushland remnants, agricultural and post-mined lands. Research projects could include - the effects of changed site conditions such as topsoil in restoration success, or ways to optimize seed broadcast and seedling establishment, or why weeds are so invasive.

Rescuing our terrestrial orchids – orchids have a complex ecological relationship with fungi which provide essential nutrients. They are a flagship species for investigating changes in natural ecosystems. Research projects could include - pollination ecology and natural vs artificial pollination, or how climate changes impact on mycorrhizal interactions, growth, flowering and reproductive success.

More detailed project information can be found in the Kings Park and Botanic Garden section of this booklet, or by telephoning Prof Kingsley Dixon on 9480 3614.

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ASSOC. PROF. PATRICK FINNEGAN & ASSIST. PROF. RICARDA JOSTRoom 2.123 Agriculture Central Wing; Ph 6488 8546; Email: patrick.finnegan@uwa.edu.au

PLANT MOLECULAR PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY

Research InterestsEvery plant cell contains at least 30,000 genes! We are working to understand how each cell determines which subset of these genes will be expressed into proteins at any given time in the life cycle of a plant. We know that the specific sub-set of genes that are expressed is tailored to cell function – for example, leaves make photosynthetic enzymes, roots do not – but the mechanisms of the decision making process are very murky and few of the genes involved have been identified. To better understand these complex mechanisms, we are researching molecular physiological questions within two broad areas of plant biology in collaboration with W/Prof. Hans Lambers, Prof. Martin Barbetti, Dr Stuart Pearse, Dr Oliver Berkowitz, Plant Biology, Assoc. Prof. Martha Ludwig, Biomedical, Biomolecular & Chemical Sciences, Assoc Prof Giles Hardy, Murdoch, W/Professor Harvey Millar, ARC CoE Plant Energy Biology.

1) Plant nutrient acquisition. We add chemical fertilizers to our gardens and agricultural land because plant growth and productivity requires the acquisition of inorganic nutrients from the soil. In the absence of phosphate, most plants increase the expression of the proteins that transport phosphate from the soil into the plant cell. In addition, some plants produce specialized root structures to enhance nutrient acquisition. For example, Australian native plants such as Hakea and Grevillea produce cluster roots to actively mine for phosphate. There is also the fascinating possibility of a link between phosphorus nutrition and the susceptibility of some native plants to dieback disease caused by the phytopathogen Phytophthora cinnamomi. With the assistance of research students, and using native and model plants, we are identifying the genes that control the up-take and transport of phosphate around the plant and are possibly responsible for linking phosphorus nutrition with dieback susceptibility.

2) Plant mitochondrial biogenesis and function. As in animals, mitochondrial respiration in plants is necessary for the production of usable chemical energy (ATP). Plant mitochondria are also responsible for many other vital biochemical functions and so are critical for successful plant growth and reproduction. Generally, plant cells die if they are unable to produce the correct mitochondrial proteins at the correct time. Therefore, the appropriate patterns of gene expression are absolutely crucial to plant cell viability. We are keen to identify and characterize the activity of the proteins that are responsible for controlling mitochondrial protein expression. I am also interested in how these proteins are activated by cell development or in the plant’s response to stress, such as a change in the environment, wounding or exposure to chemicals.

My philosophy. I believe it is absolutely essential for a research student to investigate a research question that they are truly interested in answering. While we have listed some project ideas below, we would be pleased to discuss any other ideas that fall within the two general areas presented above. This collaborative approach will allow interested students to formulate a project that best serves their career goals.

Ideas for possible projects 1. Identify the proteins that bind to and control the function of mitochondrial DNA in plants.

2. Track the movement of selected fluorescently-labelled proteins through plant cells to determine if the proteins are destined for the mitochondria.

With Research Assistant Professor Ricarda Jost:

3. Mine Hakea transcriptome data to identify candidate genes for cluster root development and other unique features that enable these plants to thrive on extremely nutrient-impoverished soils.

4. Unravel the molecular mechanisms through which the ‘fungicide’ phosphite boosts plant defence mechanisms against Phytophthora dieback.

5. Determine how phosphite interferes with phosphorus nutrition signalling networks in plants through identifying changes in metabolites, gene expression as well as protein modifications.

6. Investigate the role of individual phosphate transporter proteins and how their activity is regulated to adapt to differences in soil phosphorus availability and optimize the plant’s phosphorus use efficiency.

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DR KEN FLOWERTeleconference room; 1st Floor CLIMA Wing; Ph 6488 4576; Email: ken.flower@uwa.edu.au

My work involves agronomy and farming systems, with an emphasis on conservation agriculture (no-tillage). A number of project ideas are listed below, however I would be pleased to discuss and develop any projects related to this general area of study.

1. Improving soil with black diatomite – Adveco fertilisersAdveco Fertilisers manufactures and supplies a suite of soil conditioners and fertilisers to agricultural and horticultural markets in Australia and New Zealand (www.adveco.com.au). Diatomite is a chalk-like, soft, siliceous sedimentary rock. It is very porous and chemically inert. Diatomite has a number of uses including agriculture where it can be used to retain moisture, reduce compaction and help in the slow release of nutrients.There are two projects available:

Project 1 - The soil amelioration potential of black diatomite.Carbon is considered an essential element for plant growth and is also known to positively affect soil. In recent years there has been a growing trend towards researching high C products such as biochar, as a means of increasing plant yield, improving fertiliser use efficiency, increasing water retention and beneficial soil microbes. Black diatomite is naturally high in C and may contribute significant benefits to plant growth and soil health. Adveco Fertilisers is interested in researching the potential of black diatomite to be used as a soil ameliorant and would like to quantify its effects on plant growth and soil characteristics.Project 2 - The effect of black diatomite on the suppression of Crown Rot in wheat.Adveco Fertilisers has been researching the potential of black diatomite to suppress the negative effects of Crown Rot (Fusarium pseudograminearum), a serious disease of wheat. The disease has estimated costs to growers of about $80 million per year in lost production. There are currently no chemical options registered for Crown Rot suppression. Field trials indicate that black diatomite may suppress the effects of Crown Rot by up to 30%. Adveco Fertilisers would like to conduct a research project to gather additional data on disease suppression and to possibly determine the mode of action responsible for the suppression of Crown Rot.

2. Crop nutrition projects (Collaborator CSBP – James Easton ) Effect of Muriate of Potash (KCl) vs Sulphate of Potash on seedling establishment and growth Comparison of Cu and/or Zn applied in Flexi-N banded vs incorporated in a NPS granule Comparison of application methods (banded, foliar) and sources for Cu and/or Zn Effects of ironstone gravel content on N and P uptake in wheat

3. Improving wheat growth in the field by altering the quality of lightThis project tests an interesting idea – that red coloured crop stubble (coloured using dyes) can improve the growth and yield of wheat. Background - quality of light has profound effects on the growth of plants. For instance red (plastic) mulch increases the growth and yield of many horticultural crops compared with black, clear or no mulch. Plastic mulch is expensive but colouring the stubble may have a similar effect and it may also reduce frost (darker colours absorb more radiation).

4. Role of gravel in wheatbelt soils (Collaborator/s Dr Bill Bowden DAFWA)Gravel is a largely ignored but important component of soils. Gravel, as an inert addition to a soil, has a diluting effect on the amount of stored water and nutrients.  Some classes of gravels are not necessarily inert and can absorb water and nutrients.  Gravels introduce heterogeneity into soils which can have positive and negative effects on crop production. This project will use an understanding of the gravel content of soils to re-investigate a range of soil processes with the objective of better managing the gravel soils of WA     The results will have relevance for the wide geographic distribution of gravelly and stony soils cropped in Australia. 

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DR PAULINE GRIERSON, DR MATTHIAS BOER, DR GREG SKRZYPEK & THE ECOSYSTEMS RESEARCH GROUPRoom 2.16 Botany Building; Ph 6488 7926; Email pfgblue@cyllene.uwa.edu.auWebsite: http://www.plants.uwa.edu.au/home/research/research_centres/ergo

ECOLOGY & BIOGEOCHEMISTRY OF NATURAL ECOSYSTEMS

Do you like getting out in the bush? Getting hot and dirty (and sometimes wet)? Doing analytical work in the lab? Identifying plants and working collaboratively with DEC, CSIRO, forest and mining industries? Interested in applying science to better management of our natural environment? The Ecosystems Research Group (ERGo) has an extensive research programme focussed on key processes that determine the productivity and long-term sustainability of natural ecosystems. As process-based ecologists, we study:

impacts of bushfires on ecological processes and relationships between productivity and biodiversity

carbon and nutrient cycling in forests and semi-arid ecosystems, including the Pilbara litter decomposition and ecosystem functioning, including organic matter inputs in to streams constraints to water and nutrient acquisition and use by trees under a range of conditions the ecological water requirements of riparian ecosystems understanding vegetation response to climate change using tree rings to construct climates

(dendroclimatology) Most research that we undertake is strongly field-based, with study sites across much of WA. We complement our field studies with comprehensive analytical work in the laboratory and in the glasshouse.

Project ideas for 2009 - please feel free to discuss any other ideas that you may want to pursue with Pauline, Matthias or GregHow low can you go?: Vulnerability to cavitation in Australian conifers & shrubs (with Dr Tim Bleby & Dr Jochen Schenk)Vulnerability or resistance to cavitation (the development of ‘air bubbles’ in xylem) is an important trait of drought tolerance. This project would examine vulnerability to cavitation in a range of species across a rainfall gradient and within an evolutionary context and explore whether lower vulnerability helps explain the ability of different genera to survive in arid environments. Litter decomposition and root interactions under Allocasuarina fraseriana Allocasuarina fraseriana is a fire-sensitive species in the understorey of jarrah (Eucalyptus marginata) forest. Actinorhizal roots often proliferate through the litter and probably contribute to N acquisition and litter decomposition. This project will characterise aspects of litter quality and decomposition by looking at different chemical and biological indices including root-microbe associations and how these associations may affect nitrogen cycling processes.Hydraulic structure and function of deep roots of tall treesDeep roots are the key to success for many large tree species that grow in seasonally dry environments, yet we know next to nothing about how deep roots are constructed or how they work. This project would examine the structural and functional characteristics of deep roots that allow tall trees to efficiently uptake and transport water from deep in the soil profile. The project would include sampling deep roots of karri trees via cave systems in the southwest of WA. Root segments would be measured in the laboratory for (1) xylem anatomy using microscopy techniques (xylem vessels are the microscopic 'pipes' plants use to transport water), (2) how efficiently they conduct water, and (3) how vulnerable they are to cavitation (the development of 'air bubbles' in xylem). The aim of the project would be to compare deep and shallow roots and assess how the number and width of xylem vessels relates to the amount of water that can be transported (hydraulic efficiency) and the likelihood that water transport may break down due to cavitation under drought conditions (hydraulic safety). This project would be co-supervised by Dr Tim Bleby, Research Associate in the School of Plant Biology (bleby@plants.uwa.edu.au).

Other possible research topics: Oxygen isotopes of sediments as records of environmental change Plant species effects on organic matter cycling in freshwater bodies in WA (with CSIRO Land &

Water) Predicting canopy leaf area in plantations and native forest Nutrient cycling in termite mounds and ant nests

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ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR EUAN HARVEYRoom 1.12 Botany Building Link; Ph 6488 2416; Email euanh@cyllene.uwa.edu.au

THE ECOLOGY AND DEMOGRAPHY OF MARINE FISH

Euan Harvey's main research interest is in the processes which influence the structure and distribution of marine fish across a broad range of habitats and depths. He has research programs investigating the effects of fishing on the structure of Western Australian demersal fish. He is also interested in how, and why algal disturbance influences the structure of reef fishes. Euan is also supervising research on sponge ecology and has a research collaboration with the Australian Institute of Marine Science investigating natural products from marine invertebrates and the potential for aquaculture of sessile marine invertebrates. Many of these projects use underwater photogrammetry as a sampling technique.

Project Ideas1. Physical factors influencing the structure of demersal fish assemblages at Ningaloo Reef.

Supervisors: Drs Euan Harvey, Jessica Meeuwig and Howard Choat.

2. Why does marine algal assemblages in temperate Western Australia affect the abundance and species composition of reef fish assemblages? (Applicant should be a competent and experienced SCUBA diver). Supervisor: Drs Euan Harvey and Gary Kendrick.

3. The effect of fishing closures on reef fish assemblages at the Ningaloo Reef (Applicant should be a competent SCUBA diver). Supervisor: Drs Euan Harvey, Jessica Meeuwig and Howard Choat.

4. The influence of tidal flows on demersal fish assemblages in Shark Bay.Supervisor: Drs Euan Harvey, Jessica Meeuwig and Stephen Newman.

If you have other ideas please talk to Gary Kendrick, Jessica Meeuwig or myself

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PROFESSOR RICHARD HOBBS, DR RACHEL STANDISH, DR LORI LACH, DR MIKE PERRINGRoom G.33 Botany Building; Ph 6488 4691; Email: rhobbs@cyllene.uwa.edu.auWeb: www.plants.uwa.edu.au/research/ecosystem_restoration

PLANT ECOLOGY APPLIED TO CONSERVATION & RESTORATION

South-western Australian ecosystems are remarkable on a global scale for their floristic diversity and the strong abiotic controls on ecosystem processes—nutrient-impoverished soils, summer drought, fire. For these reasons, they are valuable “end points” for understanding many of the key ecological theories that underpin ecological restoration. Yet our ability to restore these ecosystems is limited by the very qualities that make these ecosystems so unique. This means that south-western Australia is a very interesting and challenging place for a restoration ecologist to work!

Research in the Hobbs lab is grounded in theory but driven by an interest in developing practical outcomes for restoration in a rapidly changing world. We use an experimental approach to research that is informed by observations of what occurs in nature and we encourage students to do the same. We have listed some projects and co-supervisors below. These projects include a mix of fieldwork, lab work and/or glasshouse experiments. Also, we are happy to help students develop their own ideas as long as these fit within the broadly defined research interests we have described above.

Nurse plants in restoration Pioneer shrubs often facilitate the establishment of later arrivals in woody ecosystems where environmental stress and low productivity would otherwise limit recruitment. These shrubs are often referred to as ‘nurse plants’. To date, the majority of evidence for nurse plants originates from the Mediterranean Basin. Nurse plants could also play an important role in the restoration of degraded landscapes in south-west Australia. The aim of this project is to determine if there is evidence of facilitation between nearest neighbours in restoration plantings. It would include fieldwork and computer-based modelling, and would be supervised by Dr Rachel Standish and Dr Michael Renton (School of Plant Biology).

Ridgefield multiple ecosystem services experiment (RiMESE)

The Ecosystem Restoration Lab group has planted 14,000 plants across 21 hectares at the UWA Ridgefield Farm under an experimental design of 10 replicates of 10 different treatments that vary in plant diversity and plant nutrient-acquisition strategy. Our primary aim is to investigate trade-offs between carbon sequestration and other ecosystem services such as resistance to weed invasion and the maintenance of biodiversity. There are numerous opportunities for students to develop projects or build on existing lines of research within this large experiment. These could include projects comparing the different treatments in terms of: the relationships between insects and plants, their resident soil fauna associated with leaf litter decomposition, their suitability for symbiotic rhizobia and mycorrhizal fungi, and links between belowground and aboveground mutualists. These would be supervised by one or more of Drs Rachel Standish, Lori Lach, and Mike Perring.

What pollinates our native plants?Approximately 50% of the plants in the Southwest Australian Floristic Region are found nowhere else in the world. For most of them we know very little of their pollination ecology, though some 70% are believed to be insect pollinated. Many are likely pollinated by the European honey bee (Apis mellifera), but it is unknown how effective this introduced pollinator is at transferring pollen and whether the original native pollinators remain. Research on this project would involve field observations and pollinator exclusion experiments on a select number of insect-pollinated native plant species in urban bushlands around Perth. The project would be supervised by Dr. Lori Lach.

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PROFESSOR ROGER JONESRoom 18, Botany Top floor; Ph 9368 3269; Email: roger.jones@uwa.edu.au

PLANT VIROLOGYThe Plant Virology program at UWA under Prof. Roger Jones is a collaborative one with the Plant Virology research team at the Department of Agriculture and Food Western Australia (DAFWA) headed by Ms Brenda Coutts. All projects will have the benefit and security of joint supervision and enjoy a strong network of support from UWA and DAFWA. It is this groups’ vision to foster plant virology interest and skills development in each generation of students passing through UWA.

We currently have active research activities studying virus diseases and their vectors in grains (currently of wheat, canola, pea, lupin), vegetables (cucurbits, potatoes, tomatoes, capsicums, brassicas), pasture plants (tedera, annual medic) and wildflowers. Examples include projects developing innovative real-time PCR procedures for large-scale detection of mite and fungus vectored viruses of wheat; identifying the cause of black pod syndrome in lupin; investigating the genes controlling resistance to aphid-vectored and contact transmitted viruses in potato; unraveling the cause of viroid outbreaks in tomato; and studying the etiology and epidemiology of Solanaceous vegetable viruses in WA. Also, in conjunction with the UWA plant mycology group (Prof Martin Barbetti), a program is planned that will look at the causes, impact and epidemiology of virus diseases infecting new alternative pasture legumes.

Research is also underway to identify and understand the biological and molecular properties of viruses threatening native plants at the interface between natural and managed vegetation, at mine sites and in wildflower nurseries.

Examples of 4 th Year Project, BSc Honours or MSc Ideas:

Characterisation of virus resistance genes in canola and mustard species. Australian canola and mustard germplasm contains a wide range of virus resistance phenotypes. We need to understand what these phenotypes represent and which resistance genes are present.

Characterisation of virus resistance pathotypes and genes in field pea and faba bean. Some pulse cultivars contain resistance genes specific to different virus pathotypes. We need to unravel the relationships between virus pathotypes and cultivars with resistance.

How do perennial pasture species respond to invasion by viruses? We know surprisingly little about the threats posed to perennial pasture legumes by viruses. Given the considerable research activity currently underway on perennial pasture grasses and legumes at UWA, we are ideally placed to study this here.

Understanding breakdown of virus resistance in cucurbit cultivars in tropical and subtropical environments. Single virus gene resistance in cucurbits is effective overseas but not in Western Australia. We urgently need to understand why this is so since virus disease currently threatens continuation of the states cucurbit industry.

Aphid vector biology and the roles of different aphid species as vectors of cucurbit viruses. We know surprisingly little about the biology of aphid vectors and the roles of different aphids as vectors of cucurbit viruses that currently threaten the wellbeing of continuation of the states cucurbit industry.

How do native plants respond to invasion by introduced viruses spreading from introduced crops and how do introduced crop plants respond to invasion by indigenous viruses spreading from native plants. We know very little about the threats posed to native plants from introduced viruses and to crop plants from indigenous viruses. Viruses evolve and adapt to new hosts very rapidly and, because agriculture is so recent here, we are ideally placed in Western Australia to study this process.

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WINTHROP PROFESSOR GARY A KENDRICKRoom 1.24 Botany Building Link; Ph 6488 3998; Email garyk@cyllene.uwa.edu.au

ECOLOGY AND DEMOGRAPHY OF MARINE PLANTS

Gary Kendrick’s main research interest is the dynamics of populations and assemblages of marine macroalgae and seagrasses. His research has focussed on the influence of recruitment on the demography and persistence of species, and the scaling of demographic patterns to assemblage structure of marine macroalgae, and to seagrass landscapes. He is presently involved in the assessment of biodiversity for marine conservation purposes, and the relationship between recruit survival and rhizomatous growth on the distribution and abundance of seagrasses in shallow subtidal landscapes.

Project Ideas

1. Seagrass growth patterns (Ability to SCUBA dive essential). Supervisors: Dr Gary Kendrick and Dr Marion Cambridge

2. Recruitment ecology of Posidonia species. Supervisors: Dr Gary Kendrick and Dr Marion Cambridge3. Influence of clonal growth of seagrasses on the development of seagrass meadows. Supervisor: Dr Gary

Kendrick 4. Root oxygen release by seagrasses . Supervisors: Dr Marion Cambridge and Dr Tim Colmer5. The role of disturbance in structuring marine algal assemblages in temperate Western Australia

(Applicant should be a competent and experienced SCUBA diver) Supervisor: Dr Gary Kendrick 6. Local to regional dispersal and recruitment patterns in Ecklonia radiata and Sargassum spp. (Applicant

should be a competent SCUBA diver). Supervisor: Dr Gary Kendrick7. Variation in the Seed Production of Posidonia. Supervisors: Dr Gary Kendrick and Dr Marion

Cambridge (The applicant must be a competent snorkeller, preferably with SCUBA qualifications).8. The effect of epiphytes in limiting light to seagrass leaves: The role of physical structure Dr Gary

Kendrick and Dr Marion Cambridge (The applicant must be a competent diver).

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PERMANENT VISITING SENIOR RESEARCH FELLOW SIEGY KRAUSSSenior Research Scientist (Conservation Genetics), Kings Park and Botanic Garden; Ph 94803673; Email: siegy.krauss@bgpa.wa.gov.au Web: http://www.bgpa.wa.gov.au/science/staff/siegy-krauss

CONSERVATION GENETICS

I head up the conservation genetics laboratory team at Kings Park, where we are applying molecular tools such as AFLP, microsatellites, population genomics and DNA sequencing for largely practical genetic contributions to native plant conservation, ecological restoration, systematics and native plant breeding. We also use these tools for a better understanding of key evolutionary processes within natural plant populations such as mating and dispersal. In collaboration with Dr Matt Barrett, Dr Janet Anthony, Dr Ann Smithson, Dr Kristina Hufford, Dr Dean Carter, Dr Liz Sinclair and Dr TianHua He, we offer honours and 4 th year research projects within the following broad topics:

Seed sourcing for ecological restoration. A major issue affecting restoration success. How do we determine the extent of the local genetic provenance? Applying molecular tools such as AFLP or microsatellites for the rapid genetic assessment of population genetic structure is one powerful contribution. Various species from the Swan coastal plain and Darling Scarp (as well as marine seagrass meadows) are available for population genetic assessment in a genetic provenance context. In addition, there are opportunities to develop and assess patterns of variation in non-neutral markers being developed for iconic species such as tuart, to more directly assess adaptive variation. What are the consequences of sourcing seed from non-local populations? Opportunities exist for cross-pollination experiments to assess the negative genetic consequences of wide outcrossing (outbreeding depression). Additionally, glasshouse growth trials and/or reciprocal transplant experiments provide powerful tests for the extent of local adaptation and “home-site advantage”.

Direct assessment of dispersal within and among native plant populations. Quantifying dispersal of pollen and seed within and among plant populations is critical for understanding these important evolutionary dynamics that affect, and are affected by, genetic structure, especially in a conservation and management context with widespread habitat fragmentation and climate change. Are fragmented populations doomed, or able to move, in response to climate change? Is inbreeding increased in fragmented populations due to genetic isolation, and does this affect the long-term viability of populations? What is the impact of introduced honeybees on pollen dispersal and mating in plants historically pollinated by vertebrates? Powerful molecular tools such as microsatellites and AFLP, coupled with statistical approaches for paternity and/or population assignment, offer the potential to generate exciting new data on direct estimates of dispersal in banksias, peas, seagrass, darwinias, orchids, and sedges.

Resolving evolutionary relationships and taxonomies using DNA sequences. DNA sequences provide powerful data to generate accurate taxonomies, and to identify the systematic evolutionary relationships among taxa. The accuracy of this knowledge underpins the effectiveness of all other biodiversity conservation and management activities. In addition, recent interest and progress internationally in DNA barcoding offers exciting opportunities for the rapid identification and cataloguing of species, but still requires development and local application. We offer a wide range of opportunities in molecular systematics, that extend to horticulturally and/or conservation significant groups such as grevilleas, kangaroo paws, sedges, wax plants and seagrasses, as well as research in the development of DNA barcoding tools in key local plant taxa.

More information, see the BGPA page in this booklet, or www.bgpa.wa.gov.au/science

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ASSISTANT PROFESSOR ETIENNE LALIBERTÉEmail: etienne.laliberte@uwa.edu.auHomepage: http://www.elaliberte.info

Main research interests

Why do certain plant communities have more species than others? How/why do plant communities change in composition along environmental gradients? These are some of the questions that I try to answer in my research. These questions are particularly interesting to explore in south-western Australia since it is one of the world’s plant biodiversity hotspots.

Several theories of plant species coexistence deal with competition for limiting resources (e.g., soil nutrients) and/or productivity (how fast vegetation grows). Both nutrient availability and productivity vary predictably with soil age. Therefore, gradients of soil age (also called soil “chronosequences”) are great model systems to study how changes in nutrient availability and productivity influence plant species diversity.

Field work

My research is rooted in theory but is strongly field-based. Much of my current research focuses on a sequence of coastal dunes of increasing age (present day to well over 1,000,000 years old) around Jurien Bay (2.5 hours north of Perth). Good accommodation, close to a beautiful beach… and, importantly one of the most floristically diverse regions in Australia! A number of small research projects in community/ecosystem ecology could be done there. I would provide support for field work (transport, accommodation, etc). Following are a few ideas:

Some ideas for projects

Changes in plant trait distributions with soil age. How do leaf and/or root trait distributions vary with soil age? What particular plant strategies are favored under increasing soil age and decreasing nutrient availability? (Several collaborators possible within the School: W/Prof Hans Lambers, Asst/Prof Charles Price, Assoc/Prof Erik Veneklaas, etc)

Multiple nutrient limitation and species coexistence. Theory predicts that if growth is co-limited by many resources, then many species can coexist. What nutrient(s) are limiting/co-limiting along the dune sequence, and can this explain variation in species richness?

Productivity and species turnover. Higher productivity is thought to lead to greater species turnover (i.e. spatial variation in plant species composition). The Jurien Bay dune sequence provides a perfect system to test this hypothesis because it forms a natural productivity gradient. This hypothesis could also be explored via a simulation model (collaborator: Asst/Prof Michael Renton).

Species coexistence and nutrient-acquisition strategies. Are individuals exhibiting particular nutrient-acquisition strategies more likely to be surrounded by neighbors showing different strategies? Does this depend on soil nutrient availability?

I am open to discuss any other ideas for research projects in plant community ecology: field projects, glasshouse experiments, or simulation models. Just send me an email and we can arrange a meeting to discuss your ideas!

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WINTHROP PROFESSOR HANS LAMBERSRoom 1.120B Agriculture Central Wing; Ph 6488 7381; Email: hans.lambers@uwa.edu.au Web: http://ps-hlambers.agric.uwa.edu.au/

ECOPHYSIOLOGY OF MANAGED AND NATURAL SYSTEMS

In collaboration with Greg Cawthray, Professor Kingsley Dixon, Dr Patrick Finnegan, Dr Etienne Laliberté, Dr Martha Ludwig, Dr Stuart Pearse, Dr Pieter Poot, Dr Michael Renton, Dr Megan Ryan, Dr Mike Shane, Dr François Teste, Dr Erik Veneklaas and othersFor more information, please refer to Prof Lambers’ website:

http://ps-hlambers.agric.uwa.edu.au/

Carbon metabolism, exudate production and phosphorus acquisition in cluster roots of Proteaceae and Fabaceae: physiological and molecular processes involved in nutrient acquisition from severely nutrient-impoverished soils.

Understanding how phosphite protects native plants from the pathogen Phytophthora cinnamomi (dieback)- this is part of a larger project titled “Phosphate toxicity and susceptibility to Phytophthora cinnamomi (‘dieback’) in Proteaceae: why are they linked?”.

Trialing chemical alternatives to phosphite for dieback management in low-phosphorus ecosystems.

Improving P efficiency in agriculture by understanding phosphorus acquisition and utilisation strategies in crop or potential crop species.

Rarity of species in the Banksia genus: highly specialised nutrient-acquisition mechanisms appear superior on severely nutrient-impoverished sites, but maladaptive in other habitats.

Phosphate-acquisition strategies in native legumes with potential as pasture species.

Understanding root interactions and their implications on plant coexistence, interplant nutrient transfer, community-level nutrient retention in poor soils

In situ development (minirhizotron) of Proteaceae cluster roots in the field and interaction with other roots from surrounding vegetation

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DR ROWENA LONGRoom 3.57 Bayliss Building; Ph 6488 4430; Email: rowena.long@.uwa.edu.au

SEED & WEED ECOPHYSIOLOGYResearch interestsMy research focuses on understanding the ecological and physiological processes that determine when and why seeds lose dormancy, germinate and age in natural and agricultural systems.

Murder versus manslaughter in the soil Do weed seeds age and die before soil microbes degrade them, or are soil microbes silent killers? Understanding seed persistence is critical for effective management of weeds; seeds can persist in the soil long after weeds are removed, and act as a reservoir for re-invasion. It is thought that soil microbes may accelerate seed death, but does it really happen, and if so, under what conditions? This project will study how seeds and soil microbes interact by studying the anti-microbial properties of seeds and their susceptibility to microbial attack during ageing. The relative threat of different soils will be compared by measuring microbial biomass and respiration, collectively contributing to an improved understanding of how weed seeds age and die in soils.

Co-supervised by Dr Natasha Banning (UWA Soil Biology Group); Ph: 6488 3969; Email: natasha.banning@uwa.edu.au

Live and let die: triggering weed seeds to germinate and die at depthThe smoke-derived compound, karrikinolide, shows promise as a tool for triggering weed seeds to germinate in unison, enabling more efficient weed control. Aside from being a germination-stimulant, karrikinolide can also affect the development of seedlings, such that stems do not elongate under certain light conditions. Together, these attributes may enable us to trigger weed seeds to germinate below the soil such that they then die before emerging. In this project, we will investigate how karrikinolide and other smoke-derived chemicals affect the development of weed seedlings following germination, including studying the development of roots, hypocotyls, cotyledons and true leaves. There is also scope to explore the interaction between karrikinolide and another chemical that is believed to inhibit the karrikinolide activity in seeds and plants using molecular (genetics) approaches.

Co-supervised by Prof Steven Smith (UWA Centre of Excellence for Plant Energy Biology); Ph: 6488 4403; Email: steven.smith@uwa.edu.au; and Dr Jitka Kochanek (UQ Gatton); Ph: (07) 5460 1286; Email: j.kochanek@uq.edu.au

Passing on the smoke signal from generation to generationThe smoke-derived chemical karrikinolide can stimulate seeds to germinate, but what happens when an adult plant is exposed to karrikinolide? Does karrikinolide fed to adult plants affect its growth, reproductive capacity and senescence? And are the seeds produced by a plant that has developed in the presence of karrikinolide more or less dormant? And longer- or shorter-lived? These questions are all important when assessing the possible impacts of using karrikinolide to manage weeds, as the chemical may persist in the environment beyond when it triggers the seeds to germinate. This project will explore the intergenerational effects of karrikinolide and other smoke/ash products on plant and seed development and physiology using glasshouse and laboratory studies.

Co-supervised by Dr Jason Stevens (Kings Park and Botanic Garden); Ph: 9480 3639; Email: jason.stevens@bgpa.wa.gov.au

Showing your age: detecting signs of ageing in weed seeds Predicting the how long weed seeds can persist in soils is a holy grail for land managers, policy makers and weed researchers alike. Traditional methods for predicting seed persistence are costly and time-consuming, as they involve burying seeds in soils indefinitely to see how long the seeds remain alive. In a bid to find a quicker way of predicting seed persistence, this project will explore a range of physiological and molecular tests to identify correlates of seed ageing. DNA integrity, enzyme and hormone activities will be targeted, with tests carried out on seeds that are aged naturally in soils and artificially in the laboratory.

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ASSISTANT PROFESSOR MATTHEW NELSONRoom 1.129 Agriculture Central Wing; Ph 6488 3671; Email: matthew.nelson@uwa.edu.au

CROP GENOMICS AND BREEDING

We are entering a pivotal period in crop breeding. The bad news is that crop productivity is struggling to keep up with increasing demand for food and fodder, with projections that the World will demand 70% more than current production levels by 2050. The good news is that there are more tools than ever in the hands of plant breeders to create more productive and adaptable varieties. One of the most powerful tools is genomics, which can transform the efficiency of selection in breeding programmes. New genome sequencing technologies are making the discovery of genes underlying important crop traits much easier than could have imagined even 5 years ago.

I am part of the UWA / CSIRO team sequencing the genome of Australia’s most important grain legume species: narrow-leafed lupin (Lupinus angustifolius). There is plenty of scope for students wanting to make their mark on crop breeding by identifying genes controlling key domestication traits in lupin: the genes that make the difference between crop varieties and their wild relatives. I particularly focus on genetic and environmental influences on flowering time in lupin and canola. There are also ongoing projects in Brassica species (such as canola) and in the drought tolerant legume pasture species Tedera, where your input could result in new discoveries and new genomic tools for crop breeding.

If your research interests lean more to basic genetics and evolution, you can join me in asking questions about genome evolution such as how polyploidy has shaped chromosome evolution in crop species and their wild relatives, and in exploring the mechanisms for polyploid formation.

Here are some specific project ideas:

Finding genes underlying domestication traits such as early flowering, pod shattering and alkaloid content in narrow-leafed lupin. This project will draw resources from the lupin genome sequencing project (a collaborative project between UWA and CSIRO) and a new UWA-based project aimed at discovering genes underlying domestication and productivity traits.

Investigating allelic diversity of different gene pools of narrow-leafed lupin such as Australian and European cultivars, landraces and collections from the wild (in collaboration with Dr. Bevan Buirchell (DAFWA) and Dr. Jens Berger (CSIRO)).

Mining genomic resources for marker-assisted breeding of Tedera (Bituminaria bituminosa), a drought tolerant pasture legume. Traits that could be targeted are drought tolerance, flowering time or furanocoumarin biosynthesis (in collaboration with Dr. Daniel Real (DAFWA) and Dr. Natasha Teakle (UWA)).

Despite the massive impact that the time to flowering makes on canola yields, we know surprisingly little about how genes and environment interact to control flowering time in canola. With climate change already upon us, we must get a clearer understanding of how the environment (temperature and day-length) interacts with genes to result in flowering time variation in canola varieties. Join with us to redress this knowledge gap to help develop canola adapted to climate change (in collaboration with Prof. Wallace Cowling).

Every chromosome of every eukaryote species has one functioning centromere that is crucial for cell division. Despite the vital role of centromeres, we don’t know even know where they are located in the genetic maps of most species, including Brassica species (e.g. canola). We have developed a model system using the interspecific hybrid F1 of Brassica napus ´ B. carinata for mapping Brassica centromeres.

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PROFESSOR JULIE PLUMMERRoom 2.125 Agriculture Central Wing; Ph 6488 1786; Email: jplummer@cyllene.uwa.edu.au

FORESTRY - Tree breeding and genetic deployment of hardwood species, fine timbers and extractives.Forestry has the opportunity to solve a number of the major environmental challenges facing Australia, for example, stabilisation of salinity, carbon sequestration, production of biofuel and other industrial products. Forestry also has the challenge to meet Australia's insatiable demand for wood products through the selection and deployment of highly site-efficient wood producing trees ranging from the low rainfall areas of the south-west to the high rainfall tropical regions of northern Australia.  Several projects are available on the trees that produce high value wood, which contains essential oils. These include tropical (Santalum album), native sandalwood (S. spicatum) and agarwood (Aquilaria agallocha).  Research projects include cell biology of sandalwood, essential oil biosynthesis, biochemistry and molecular biology, fungal-induced oil biosynthesis.  Projects are co-supervised by Professor Emilio Ghisalberti (Chemistry), Dr Chris Jones and Dr Kessarin Tungngoen (Plant Biology).

SEED BIOLOGYA range of projects is available on Australian, agronomic or weedy species. Projects relate to seed collection and handling, seed storage, dormancy and germination and seedling establishment in rehabilitation areas.

LANDSCAPE MANAGEMENTPlant ManagementA range of projects is available related to management of streetscapes, parks, gardens and remnant bushland.

AGRICULTURE Development of Australian native perennials as new pasture species. In particular the assessment of secondary metabolites in pasture species that have antimicrobial action and influence rumen digestion (Linked with Dr Megan Ryan and Dr Phil Vercoe).

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ASSISTANT PROFESSOR PIETER POOT Room 2.127 Agriculture Central Wing; Ph 6488 2491; Email: pieterp@plants.uwa.edu.auCo-affiliation with the Department of Environment and Conservation (DEC).

PLANT CONSERVATION BIOLOGY/PLANT ECOPHYSIOLOGYSW Australia is one of the world’s 34 biodiversity hotspots as a result of its extraordinary plant diversity AND the great threats that many species face. Over 50% of the flora is endemic with many of these species restricted to a small geographic range. However, other species are much more widespread. What factors cause these large differences in success amongst species? Why are some species extremely rare and others very common? What roles do chance, local specialization, competitive ability, or phenotypic plasticity (i.e. the ability to adapt to a variety of environments) play in explaining species distribution patterns? I have mainly been researching these types of questions by focusing on species from shallow-soil habitats (granite outcrops, ironstone communities) as these habitats contain many restricted-range species and contain up to 25% of our flora. Below you will find some examples of possible project topics. Note that for some of the suggested projects timing is crucial (most species only flower during a few months a year!) and a project may need to start earlier then is indicated in this booklet. Also, I’m more then happy to discuss and consider any of your own project ideas!

Specialisation of rare species to shallow-soil habitats: comparisons with common congenersRecently we showed that rare species from shallow-soil ironstone communities have a specialized root system morphology that may explain their success in their own habitat as well as their failure in others. However, we do not know how general these observations are and how plastic the root systems of these rare species are compared to those of common ones. Possible projects involve: (a) testing whether species restricted to other shallow-soil environments (e.g. granite outcrop communities) have similar root system morphologies, (b) determining how plastic their root systems are compared to that of common congeners, in response to water and nutrient availability, and (c) determining their drought tolerance

Rare plant species biology/ecology and translocation success (with DEC)DEC is responsible for the conservation of our rare and threatened flora. For many of the critically endangered species either Interim or Full Recovery Plans have been written or are currently being prepared. However, despite these efforts, for many species we do not have enough understanding of their biology/ecology (i.e. habitat requirements, pollination biology, associations with other species) or the specific threats facing them. Due to the large number of declared flora species and the many DEC officers involved in managing them, there are numerous possibilities for projects. One of these projects involves the assessment of the reproductive success, breeding system and pollination ecology of one of our rarest plants, Banksia (formerly Dryandra) montana, of which only 45 plants survive in the wild. Other possible projects involve the translocation of glasshouse grown seedlings of DRF flora back into their native habitat to either augment existing populations or create new ones. These projects would involve various treatments (e.g. fencing, watering, removing existing vegetation etc) to ascertain how translocation success can be improved. Note that for all these DEC related projects timing is crucial and you need to contact me or Dave Coates (see DEC section) soon!

Weed biology/ecology (with Rachel Standish and Kings Park)For many of our declared rare flora weeds are listed as one of the major threats. However, a lack of knowledge of the biology of many weed species hampers our efforts to eradicate them. Often an increase in nutrient and/or water availability (e.g. on roadsides) is thought to give weeds an advantage. Possible projects could involve glasshouse studies that compare growth and development of some major weed species, with that of native species they compete with, under different levels of watering and nutrition.

Role of facilitation in Wheatbelt restoration (with Rachel Standish and Michael Renton)The aim of this project is to determine if there is evidence of facilitation between nearest neighbours in restoration plantings. Do some plant species improve the success of others by ameliorating the local environment? This project would include fieldwork and computer-based modelling.

Is climate change responsible for woodland decline (with Erik Veneklaas, Michael Renton)?There are several opportunities for projects within the newly funded Centre of Excellence for Climate Change, Woodland & Forest Health (also see Erik’s and Michael’s sections). Some scholar ships for 4 th year projects will be made available within the next year.

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WINTHROP PROFESSOR STEPHEN POWLES & Dr’s Roberto Busi, Danica Goggin, Todd Gaines, Michael Walsh and Qin Yu AUSTRALIAN HERBICIDE RESISTANCE INITIATIVE (AHRI)Room G.008 Agriculture North Wing; Ph 6488 7833; Email: stephen.powles@uwa.edu.au

HERBICIDE RESISTANCE IN CROPS & WEEDS: RESEARCH PROJECTS FROM MOLECULAR GENETICS OF RESISTANCE THROUGH TO ON-FARM MANAGEMENT ISSUES

AHRI is a GRDC and ARC funded multi-disciplinary research team investigating herbicide resistance in weed and crop species. Full details of AHRI people and research projects can be seen on the website http://ahri.uwa.edu.au 

Potential AHRI supervisors for 2011 student research projects are Prof. Powles, Dr’s Busi, Goggin, Gaines, Walsh, Yu.

Each year, students undertake their final year research project within AHRI. Some students who see their future in broadacre cropping undertake applied projects whereas others acquire more fundamental training by undertaking a biochemical/genetics based research project. Because of the diverse projects underway in AHRI (see website http://ahri.uwa.edu.au), fourth year students can conduct research ranging from biochemistry and molecular genetics of resistance, simulation modeling of crop weed management, herbicide evaluations in the lab, glasshouse and field, agro-ecology of resistance, seedbank dynamics, through to on-farm management. We aim for students to undertake a research project of sufficient quality to result in them being an author on a scientific paper published in an international research journal.

AHRI has close contacts with grain growers, farmer groups, public and private sector crop agronomists and with the Department of Agriculture and there is the opportunity to work with individuals from these groups.

AHRI research projects in 2011 include work on resistance in annual ryegrass, wild radish and wild oats.

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ASSISTANT PROFESSOR CHARLES A. PRICEEmail: charles.price@biology.gatech.edu (no UWA address yet)

Will join UWA from the end of 2010

Biological Scaling

Life involves the maintenance of an internal homeostatic environment that differs from external surroundings. In order to remain alive, organisms must use energy to move resources along energetic gradients and across semi-permeable membranes. The rate at which this occurs, is to a first approximation, a function of the surface area available for exchange and the mass of the organism. Natural selection has operated on these two fundamental dimensions (and many others of course) to produce a dizzying array of organic form. By itself, this variety of form is overwhelming. However, evolutionary convergence and functional trait analysis have demonstrated that organisms living in similar environments often share physiological, morphological and functional traits. This suggests that simple rules and physical laws may determine many aspects of organic form. In my lab, we work on furthering our understanding of how physical laws help to govern the ecology and evolution of organic form and flux, with special emphasis on plant geometry and in particular, plant distribution networks due to their potential to integrate across so many other aspects of plant form and function.

The general approach I use to investigate this variability is called biological scaling. Put simply this is the investigation of how changes in size, usually mass, influence traits that contribute to survival and reproduction both within and across species. For example, if surface area for exchange scaled as the 2/3 power of organism volume, this would suggest that organisms can be approximated by simple geometric objects (i.e. a sphere, or cylinder). However, scaling analyses often reveal that such exponents differ from simple geometric expectations. How and why does this occur?I use tools ranging from modeling, image analysis, allometry, trait measurement, gradient analysis and a variety of statistical tools to investigate these questions both within and across species. To date I have used terrestrial plants and a model system, however I am eager to apply these questions to marine systems as well.

Designing student projectsI find student projects are most successful when we identify projects that are of interest to us both. Biological scaling is a broad field, and many types of projects fit within its domain. Below are just a few examples of the types of questions students might investigate: there are many others. These questions are general and could be applied to natural or managed systems.How does photosynthetic surface area and mass scale with total plant mass within and across species, and how does this scaling lead to species segregation within and across communities? What determines how plants partition leaf, stem and root mass and surface area and how is this partitioning influenced by factors like competition or resource availability? Are the dimensions of key photosynthetic apparatus, such as the number of chloroplasts per unit leaf tissue, or the density of stomates, invariant or allometric with interspecific plant size? Why are leaf networks redundant (loopy), how does redundancy scale, and do different species have different levels of redundancy due to factors like water stress, disease or herbivore pressure?

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ASSISTANT PROFESSOR MICHAEL RENTON Agriculture Central Wing; see Plant Biology Office; Ph 6488 1959 Email: michael.renton@uwa.edu.au

As a plant modeller, I am interested in using computer, mathematical and statistical models to help understand all aspects of how plants grow and interact with their environments. This can be at the scale of genes, physiology, structural development, environmental interactions, ecological interactions, or the long-term processes of evolution. I am fascinated by the way models can give us insight into the relationships between plant processes occurring at different scales eg. how the ways that different species compete for resources in different ways lead to varying degrees of productivity in a field of crops or a forest; or how the interaction between genetics, management, seed ecology, inter-species competition and environment can increase or decrease the risk of developing herbicide resistance; or how the interaction between environmental effects and physiological processes lead to the intricate structure of a tree. I also think models can play a very important role in experimental design, in identifying which areas of enquiry need to be focused on.

Honours scholarships of up to $6000 may be available for these projects, from organisations including CSIRO, GRDC, DAFWA, the Centre of Excellence for Climate Change, Woodland and Forest and Health and several CRCs. I have listed some possible projects below, and encourage you to talk to me about any other projects you might be interested in, especially if you have some background or interest in modelling, maths or computer science. I also encourage you to talk with me about including some modelling work in any other plant biology Honours project you are developing with another supervisor, especially if you are interested in adding invaluable and sought-after modelling skills to your repertoire!

Tactical and Strategic Decisions in Agro-ecological Systems – Dealing with Risk, Variability, Uncertainty and Tradeoffs in a Changing Climate (in conjunction with CSIRO)This project will investigate the tradeoffs, risk, variability and uncertainty in agro-ecological systems with the aim of identifying strategies for dealing with them most effectively. The project will use existing models and possibly develop these models further. These issues are of particular relevance in a time of conflicting demands (between agricultural production, carbon sequestration and conservation for example) changing climate and increasing climate variability.

Modelling Plant Interactions and Ecosystem Resilience (with DAFWA or Centre for Forest Health)Plant competition and interaction occurs in crop fields, pastures, forests, deserts, and any other place that plants grow. What makes some plants more successful than others, and how can we predict what the result will be when different species are competing in different conditions and adapting to changing climates?

Modelling the Evolution of Resistance (in conjunction with DAFWA, CRC Plant Biosecurity and/or AHRI)Understanding what factors lead to the evolution of resistance in weeds and insect pests, and how this resistance can be avoided is one of the most important challenges facing agriculture, and computer models are an essential tool in gaining this understanding. This project will involve using existing simulation models of population dynamics and the development of resistance. The models will be used to simulate previously conducted field trials and experiments in order to validate the models and/or prioritise areas for future improvement and/or to investigate and evaluate possible management strategies for avoiding and/or delaying the development of resistance.

Modelling Weed Seedbank Dynamics and/or Crop-Weed Competition (in conjunction with DAFWA, GRDC)This project will involve using existing simulation models of weed seedbank dynamics, such as the Weed Seed Wizard and RIM. The models will be used to simulate field trials that have been conducted around Australia, in order to validate the models and prioritise areas for future improvement. The focus of the project will depend on the background and interest of the applicant – no prior expertise in modelling is required.

Modelling the Interactions between Physiology, Structure and Environment The beautiful and intricate structures of plants (from seagrass, to wheat, to frangipanis) are a result of complex and dynamic interactions between inbuilt rules of morphogenesis, physiological processes and environmental influences. Can models give us insight into how these structures emerge, how they are optimised to take advantage of their environments, and how we can make use of them in agriculture and restoration?

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ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR MEGAN RYAN Ground Floor Agriculture CLIMA/CRC Wing; Ph 6488 2208; Email: megan.ryan@uwa.edu.au

Areas of interest Phosphorus (P) dynamics in pastures and revegetated areas in the Peel Harvey region Ability of native legumes to remediate hydrocarbon contamination of soil Herbaceous native plants with novel P nutrition Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and plant P nutrition New annual and perennial pasture legumes

Note As I will be on long-service leave in second semester 2012, all projects will be co-supervised.

Projects being offered

1) P dynamics in the Peel Harvey region A large new project funded by Alcoa and Greening Australia will investigate flows of P through

pastures and native revegetation areas in the Peel Harvey. Available student research projects include novel plant P nutrition, role of arbuscular mycorrhizal

fungi in pasture P uptake, interactions between waterlogging plant adaptation and plant P nutrition, physiology and ecology of native grasses and sedges, and P movement through shallow groundwater and waterlogged areas.

Students will be part of a large supportive team, have access to technical help and receive a generous operating budget. Students will also interact with industry partners, community groups and farmers.

Choice of co-supervisor will depend on topic but could include Ed Barrett-Lennard, Rachel Standish, Mark Tibbett (SEE) and Carlos Ocampo (Centre for Ecohydrology).

2) Ability of native legumes to remediate petroleum contamination of soil A new ARC-linkage project will investigate novel ways to use native plants and soil microbes to

remediate petroleum contamination of soil. Student research projects are available that examine the tolerance of native herbaceous legumes to

petroleum contaminated soil and their ability to stimulate (through rhizosphere processes) degradation of petroleum contamination.

Students will be part of a large supportive team, have access to technical help and receive a generous operating budget. Students may have opportunity to interact with industry partners, which include Chevron Australia and Horizon Power.

Co-supervision will be provided by project collaborators in SEE (Suman George, Mark Tibbett).

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PROFESSOR ERIK VENEKLAAS Room 2.104 Agriculture Central Wing; Ph 6488 3584; Email: Erik.Veneklaas@uwa.edu.au

Plant Physiological Ecology

My main interest is in how plants are affected by their environment (e.g. climatic and soil conditions), but also how plants affect their environment (e.g. invading weeds affecting native plant communities, revegetation effects on rehabilitated land, positive effects of companion crops and rotational crops, legumes mobilising soil P). The main factors of interest in SW Australia are water and mineral nutrients (especially P). Below is a list of possible topics, but I also welcome your own ideas! Do contact me if you want to know more!

Ecophysiology of native species under stress Decline of SW Australian eucalypts (Eucalyptus wandoo). Our State Centre of Excellence for

Climate Change, Woodland and Forest Health offers various opportunities to do research projects into tree declines that are occurring in woodlands and forests of the region, and appear to be related to reduced rainfall. Projects may include tree water relations, nutrition, pathology, competition, modelling, etc. For scholarship info see website (http://www.treehealth.murdoch.edu.au/index.html). Collaborations with Pieter Poot and Michael Renton. Martin Bader, Jerome Chopard and several others outside UWA.

Samphire ecophysiology at the Fortescue Marshes in the Pilbara: drought, flooding, salinity. Tissue tolerance, water use and C balance, root dynamics, population dynamics, ecohydrology Collaboration with Tim Colmer.

Fitness differences between different provenances of native species, and their crossbred offspring, exposed to abiotic stress. Collaboration with Siegy Krauss and Hans Lambers.

Plant water relations and ecohydrology Ecological engineering and ecohydrology: achieving defined hydrological outcomes through

optimal combinations of plant species and soil conditions. Collaboration with Christoph Hinz and Hans Lambers.

Dryland crops: water use efficiency and drought tolerance.

Photosynthesis and transpiration of native plants Sclerophyllous leaves: are they physiologically and biochemically different or just a different way of

‘packaging’ photosynthetic tissue?

Plant nutrition Phosphorus economy of native plants: relationships between P acquisition efficiency, P use

efficiency, growth and dominance status in native ecosystems. Collaboration with Hans Lambers, Kingsley Dixon and Francois Teste.

Phosphorus use efficiency of crops. Timing and placement of cluster roots – costs and benefits in terms of C and P.

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ASSISTANT PROFESSOR THOMAS WERNBERGSchool of Plant Biology & Australian Institute of Marine Biology, UWA Oceans Institute, Fairway, Ph. 6369 4047, thomas.wernberg@uwa.edu.au

ECOLOGY OF MARINE PLANTS ON REEFS AND IN ESTUARIES; CLIMATE CHANGE AND INVASIVE SPECIES

Thomas Wernberg’s main research interests are ecological interactions involving marine plants on and around subtidal reefs and in estuaries (e.g., the Swan River). His research has a strong empirical focus and relies on field and laboratory observations and experiments to tease apart the causes of species distribution in nature. He is particularly interested in the nexus between physiology, ecology and biogeography, and the need to understand current and future patterns of global change (climate change, invasive species, eutrophication).

Most, but not all, of his projects will require an ability to scuba dive, and many projects will require willingness to participate in field trips to remote coastal areas (e.g., temperate south coast, tropical northwest coast). Projects will be co-supervised by one or more of his current collaborators – Prof Gary Kendrick (UWA), Dr. Dan Smale (UWA), Andrew Heyward (AIMS), Martial Depcynski (AIMS), Dr. Mat Vanderklift (CSIRO), and Dr. Mads Thomsen (Danish National Research Institute).

Project Ideas

1. Ecology of macroalgae in coral reef lagoons;2. Distribution and diversity of coastal macroalgae in the Kimberley region;3. Influence of climate on reproduction, recruitment, growth, productivity and mortality of canopy

algae;4. Temperature adaptation in marine macroalgae (ecophysiology);5. Combined effects of multiple stressors on macroalgae (e.g., temperature, pH and eutrophication);6. Consequences of ocean climate on seaweed-herbivore interactions;7. Biogeography of marine macroalgae;8. Comparative ecology and ecophysiology of invasive and non-invasive Caulerpa species;9. Interactions between an invasive snail (Battilaria australis), algae and seagrasses in the Swan River.

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ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR GUIJUN YANRoom 1.127 Agriculture Central Wing; Ph 9380 1240; Email: gyan@plants.uwa.edu.au

PLANT CYTOGENETICS, MOLECULAR GENETICS, PLANT BREEDING AND CONSERVATION OF PLANT BIODIVERSITY

Research interestsMy main research focuses on the understanding of interspecific and intergeneric genome relationships and genome interactions of wide hybrids using cytogenetic and molecular approaches. In collaboration with my colleagues, I worked on the breeding, genetics, identification of barriers to wide hybridization, cytoevolution, chromosome inheritance, molecular evolution, molecular phylogenetics and molecular marker-assisted breeding of Ziziphus, Actinidia, Chamelaucium, Verticordia, Boronia and Leucadendron. Currently, I am interested in understanding the reproductive biology, molecular genetics and cytogenetics of Proteaceous plants, Brassica and field pea wide hybridisation and barley and wheat genomics and proteomics. I strongly believe that the best way to conserve biodiversity is to bring the plants to cultivation through collection, selection and breeding.

Project Ideas1. Reconstruction of phylogenetic relationships in plants Selected publications in this area:George N, Byrne M, Maslin B, and Yan G (2006) Genetic differentiation among morphological variants of

Acacia saligna (Mimosaceae). Tree Genetics and Genomes 2:109-119.Yan G, F Shan, JA Plummer (2002) Genomic Relationships within Boronia (Rutaceae) as Revealed by

Karyotype Analysis and RAPD Molecular Markers. Plant Systematics and Evolution 233: 147-161

2. Any projects related to cytogenetics and molecular cytogenetics of plantsSelected publications in this area:Shan F, G Yan, and JA Plummer (2003) Cyto-evolution of Boronia genomes revealed by fluorescent in situ

hybridisation with rDNA probes. Genome 46: 507-513. Shepherd KA, G Yan (2003) Chromosome number and size variations in the Australian Salicornioideae

(Chenopodiaceae) – evidence of polyploidisation. Australian Journal of Botany 51: 441-452

3. Any project on wide hybridisation and overcoming wide hybridization barriersSelected publications in this area:Liu H, Yan G and Sedgley R (2006) Interspecific hybridization in the genus Leucadendron through embryo

rescue. South African Journal of Botany 72:416-420.Astarini IA, Yan G and Plummer JA (1999) Interspecific hybridisation in Boronias. Australian Journal of

Botany 47: 851-864.

4. Molecular fingerprinting of plantsSelected publications in this area:Yuan H, Yan G, Siddique KHM and Yang H (2005) RAMP based fingerprinting and assessment of

relationships among Australian narrow-leafed lupin (Lupinus angustifolius L.) cultivars. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 56:1339-1346.

Pharmawati M, Yan G and Finnegan PM (2005) Molecular variation and fingerprinting of Leucadendron cultivars (Proteaceae) by ISSR markers. Annals of Botany 95: 1163-1170.

5. New endeavors – Cereal genomics and proteomics and the production of “super Brassica” for oilseed and/or vegetable production.

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OTHER ORGANISATIONS AFFILIATED WITH THE SCHOOL OF PLANT BIOLOGY

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THE BOTANIC GARDENS & PARKS AUTHORITY

Kings Park and Botanic Garden is a national leader in conservation biology and restoration ecology research, providing a unique "one-stop-shop" that delivers practical research outcomes for biodiversity conservation and ecosystem restoration. The staff comprises >45 research scientists and postgraduate students in the core integrated disciplines of conservation genetics, propagation science, seed science, germplasm storage, restoration ecology and orchid conservation. For further information see: www.bgpa.wa.gov.au/science

Facilities: Equipment, computers, laboratories, office space, expertise and administration are available in the Biodiversity Conservation Centre (BCC) at Kings Park and Botanic Garden.

Research area: “Restoration Ecology and Restoration Ecophysiology”

1. Optimising seedling establishment in mine site restoration.The ability of seedlings to establish in restoration sites is dictated by their interaction with abiotic stresses such as drought and soil compaction. This project will use novel approaches to understand Banksia woodland species tolerance to these stresses. Working in collaboration with industry partners outcomes from this project will underpin future restoration processes. Dr. Jason Stevens (9480 3639), Email: Jason.Stevens@bgpa.wa.gov.auDr Deanna Rokich, Email: Deanna.Rokich@bgpa.wa.gov.au

2. Rehabilitating a sand quarry: optimising seed broadcasting and seedling establishment.A project to develop seed broadcasting efficiency in a post-quarry context is provided to students interested in the rehabilitation of disturbed/mined lands. The project will investigate effects of site conditions (eg topography, aspect, age) and site/soil amendments (e.g. fencing, soil stabilizers) on seed loss, seed germination and seedling establishment.Dr Deanna Rokich, Email: Deanna.Rokich@bgpa.wa.gov.au

3. Why are weeds killing our native bushland? To assist land managers devise appropriate weed management plans and ultimately prescriptions for restoration purposes, an understanding of the biology and ecology of key weed species is of utmost importance. Projects may also have the opportunity to address potential impacts of herbicide and wetting agent applications on seedbanks, seeds, seedlings, and plants.Dr Deanna Rokich, Email: Deanna.Rokich@bgpa.wa.gov.au

Further information:Dr Deanna Rokich, Email: Deanna.Rokich@bgpa.wa.gov.au Dr. Jason Stevens (9480 3639), Email: Jason.Stevens@bgpa.wa.gov.au

Research area: “Conservation Biotechnology”

1. Correlating cell membrane composition with tolerance to cryogenic treatmentsThe aim is to study the factors that determine the ability of various plants to survive cryogenic storage, with a focus on recalcitrant and endangered species of relevance in post-mining rehabilitation. The preservation of cell membrane structure is essential for the survival of tissues subjected to cryogenic storage at very low temperatures. Plant sterols and phospholipids are known to regulate membrane fluidity and permeability and the unsaturated degree of these fatty acids appears to be closely associated with abiotic stress resistance in plants. Free fatty acids, produced during water stress by action of lipases on polar lipids, may be stored in neutral lipids (triacylglycerols) in order to avoid oxidation by free radicals and reactive oxygen species and, hence, their abundance and type may influence post-cryogenic survival. This project will characterise the

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species-dependent composition of biological membranes, which will help to provide a rationale for observed differences in tissue survival upon thawing, and will be the basis for future molecular modelling and biophysical studies of membrane structure and dynamics.Dr. Eric Bunn (9480 3647), Email: Eric.Bunn@bgpa.wa.gov.au Assoc. Prof. Ricardo L. Mancera

2. Evaluation of oxidative stress markers in cryotolerant and cryosensitive plant speciesThe aim is to study the factors that determine the ability of various plants to survive cryogenic storage, with a focus on recalcitrant and endangered species of relevance in post-mining rehabilitation. Oxidative stress markers are detectable in cryopreserved cells from many species and it has been demonstrated that tissues with high catalase and low superoxide dismutase activity show increased tolerance to cryostorage. Elevated levels of antioxidant activity have also been correlated with a reduction in the production of hydroxyl radicals. Low temperature stress can also stimulate ethylene biosynthesis, a response that has been correlated with senescence and plant stress, which can also be utilised as an indicator of post-cryogenic storage membrane damage. This project will determine the significance of stress markers for cryosensitive and cryotolerant Australian plant native species during cryogenic storage.Dr. Eric Bunn (9480 3647), Email: Eric.Bunn@bgpa.wa.gov.au Assoc. Prof. Ricardo L. Mancera

3. Evaluation of plant tissue responses to a range of cryogenic solutionsThe aim is to study the factors that determine the ability of various plants to survive cryogenic storage, with a focus on recalcitrant and endangered species of relevance in post-mining rehabilitation.Relatively little is known about how cryogenic solutions promote survival after liquid nitrogen storage and their specific mode of action. The most commonly used cryoprotectant, the plant vitrification solution 2 (PVS2), has been successfully applied to many different Australian species. While other solutions are successful on a number of plants, only PVS2 yields high survival following liquid nitrogen immersion. The exact reason for this lack of survival is currently unknown, despite the fact that the composition of the different solutions is relatively similar. All these solutions have glycerol, ethylene glycol, sucrose and DMSO as their core components, which are believed to aid cell membrane stabilisation during cooling through interactions with membrane structures, promoting cell desiccation by increasing the osmotic potential extracellularly, and replacing intracellular water so that cellular volume is not substantially altered during desiccation. This project will investigate the changes that occur in the shoot tips of cryosensitive and cryotolerant Australian plant native species upon cooling with liquid nitrogen in the presence of different cryogenic solutions.Dr. Eric Bunn (9480 3647), Email: Eric.Bunn@bgpa.wa.gov.au Assoc. Prof. Ricardo L. Mancera

4. Smoke and sex – using the smoke chemical as a propagation tool?The recent discovery by UWA and Kings Park scientists of the active smoke chemical (karrikinolide) is a triumph of Australian science. Karrikins are a new class of naturally-occurring plant growth-promoting compounds and research has now established that they can stimulate plant tissues grown in vitro. Recent research has found in vitro cultured somatic embryos derived from Baloskion tetraphyllum (Restionaceae) were stimulated to grow and develop more rapidly when exposed to karrikinolide. However, little else is known about the effects of Karrikins, their active concentration or other responsive species or tissues. This project aims to discover and document the effects of karrikinolide on embryogenic callus derived from Lepidosperma spp. Dr. Eric Bunn (9480 3647), Email: Eric.Bunn@bgpa.wa.gov.au Dr. Shane Turner (9480 3639), Email: Shane.Turner@bgpa.wa.gov.au

5. The doomsday vault for die-back resistant Jarrah (Eucalyptus marginata).Cryogenics involves the use of liquid nitrogen to provide ultra-low temperatures (below -130°C) for long-term storage of plant tissue. This project offers an exciting challenge in developing cryogenic storage protocols for the long-term storage and sustainable development of elite clones of dieback-resistant Jarrah for restoration and forestry.Dr. Eric Bunn (9480 3647), Email: Eric.Bunn@bgpa.wa.gov.au Dr. Shane Turner (9480 3639), Email: Shane.Turner@bgpa.wa.gov.au

6. Saving the sedges – researching mass propagation of Australian native sedges.An honours project will be offered on developing tissue culture-based mass propagation techniques for the dryland Cyperaceae (sedges) species Mesomalaena pseudostygia, Mesomalaena tetragona and Schoenus

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grandiflorus. This project will investigate methods of mass-producing plants through specialised plant tissue culture techniques, concentrating on the challenging area of seed embryo extraction and culture.Dr. Eric Bunn (9480 3647), Email: Eric.Bunn@bgpa.wa.gov.au Dr. Shane Turner (9480 3639), Email: Shane.Turner@bgpa.wa.gov.au

7. Propagation and storage biology of the critically endangered species Commersonia sp. Mt Groper (Sterculiaceae).Commersonia sp. Mt Groper is poorly studied species known to occur from less than 5 sites along the South coast of Western Australia. Little is currently known about its propagation biology and storage requirements, aspects which are critical to securing its long term future. This project will therefore investigate key features of the seed biology of this species and will also assess the applicability of plant tissue culture for its mass propagation. In addition, the response of seeds and somatic tissues (shoot cultures and shoot tips) to various forms of long-term storage such as maintenance at 10 °C, 5 °C, -18 °C and -196 °C (cryostorage) will also be assessed.Dr. Shane Turner (9480 3639), Email: Shane.Turner@bgpa.wa.gov.au

Further information: Dr. Eric Bunn (9480 3647), Email: Eric.Bunn@bgpa.wa.gov.au Dr. Shane Turner (9480 3639), Email: Shane.Turner@bgpa.wa.gov.au

Research area: “Conserving and restoring genetic diversity”1. Identifying local provenance seed collection zones for bushland rehabilitation, and2. Assessment of the “home-site” advantage, and its consequences for bushland rehabilitation.How far from a restoration site can seed be collected whilst still maintaining the genetic integrity of the local population? Is there a “home-site advantage”? What are the consequences of mixing provenances? Within this project, there is enormous scope for population genetic studies using a range of molecular markers, but typically microsatellites, as well as ecological studies, pollination studies and landscape characterisation studies across a broad range of species – individually or as an integrated study, to contribute to better outcomes in bushland rehabilitation. This project can even go underwater and investigate these issues for seagrass meadow restoration.Supervisors: Dr Siegy Krauss (Siegy.Krauss@bgpa.wa.gov.au); Dr Janet Anthony (Janet.Anthony@bgpa.wa.gov.au); Dr Liz Sinclair (esinclair@iinet.net.au)

3. Does genetic erosion threaten the viability of recently fragmented populations?Do recently fragmented populations produce fewer, and/or genetically inferior, offspring, and does this affect the long-term viability of these populations? Do pollinators reach and effectively service plants in geographically separated plant populations? This project offers the opportunity to utilize molecular markers and field based studies to assess reproductive success, mating patterns, pollen dispersal and inbreeding depression in small and large populations of recently and/or historically fragmented plant populations. This project suits a candidate with an interest in plant pollinator interactions in an ecological restoration and habitat fragmentation context.Supervisor: Dr Siegy Krauss (Siegy.Krauss@bgpa.wa.gov.au)

4. Phylogenetic relationships and speciation in WA using DNA sequencesSouth-western WA is known worldwide as a biodiversity hotspot. Our understanding of the number and relationships of plant species in SW WA is still far from complete. Numerous "species complexes" need to be investigated to determine whether the observed variation is driven by morphological plasticity, evolutionary history, or ecology, and whether multiple species are hidden under a single name. Such fundamental questions are important for our understanding of evolutionary history and biological processes in our ancient flora, and underpin our management of biodiversity in SW WA. Conservation issues are especially important in this time of economic boom, to avoid rare and localised species becoming extinct before they are even discovered. Current research interests are in the horticulturally significant Verticordia (featherflowers), Grevillea, Anigozanthos (kangaroo paws) and Goodeniaceae, and highly diverse groups such as Stylidium (triggerplants), Drosera (sundews) and Lepidosperma sedges. Some projects would be co supervised by taxonomic experts at the WA Herbarium.Supervisors: Dr Matt Barrett (Matt.Barrett@bgpa.wa.gov.au); Dr Siegy Krauss (Siegy.Krauss@bgpa.wa.gov.au)

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5. Realized dispersal in banksias.Dispersal of seed and pollen is a key process affecting many aspects of the evolutionary dynamics of plant species. We have developed a battery of powerful molecular markers for the assessment of realized dispersal of both pollen (through paternity assignment) and seed (through population allocation) both within and among populations of banksias. This project extends on our recent research highlighting the genetically novel and significant consequences of pollination by highly-mobile nectar-feeding birds, and would suit a candidate with an interest in animal-plant interactions.Supervisors: Dr TianHua He (Tianhua.He@bgpa.wa.gov.au); Dr Siegy Krauss (Siegy.Krauss@bgpa.wa.gov.au)

6. Pollination ecology and reproductive biology of rare acacias.Acacia karina is a narrow endemic, restricted to a handful of populations on ironstone in the mid-west of WA. Some of these populations are to be impacted by mining activities, and an understanding of the levels and structuring of genetic variation, and the processes impacting on this genetic variation, are required for management and conservation. This project applies newly developed microsatellite markers for the detailed assessment of realized mating patterns through an analysis of paternity, to generate new data on outcrossing rates and pollen dispersal. In addition, fieldwork during its flowering period will generate new data on pollinators, pollinator movement and behaviour, and the reproductive biology of A. karina. These data will be interpreted in the context of assessing impacts of mining activities on the long-term viability of this species, and contribute novel information on the reproductive biology of acacias generally.Supervisors: Dr Paul Nevill (Paul.Nevill@bgpa.wa.gov.au); Dr Siegy Krauss (Siegy.Krauss@bgpa.wa.gov.au)

7. Local provenance and differentiation among native triggerplant (Stylidiaceae) populationsNearly 70% of triggerplant species occur in Southwest Western Australia, highlighting the Stylidiaceae as an important target for conservation and restoration. Are populations of Stylidium species adapted to local environments? How far can seed be collected from a restoration site without negative consequences for the fitness of restored populations? This project will use molecular markers to measure genetic diversity and structure among populations of one or more triggerplant species in the Perth region. In addition, there will be opportunities for field and greenhouse (ecophysiological) studies to determine fitness consequences of mixing seed sources in restoration. Ultimately, these data will contribute to genetic provenance maps for seed collection and improved outcomes for bushland restoration. Supervisors: Dr Siegy Krauss; Prof Hans Lambers, Dr Erik Veneklaas, Dr Kristina Hufford (Kristina.Hufford@bgpa.wa.gov.au)

All of these projects are supported by external funds.

Further information:Dr. Siegy Krauss (9480 3673), Email: Siegy.Krauss@bgpa.wa.gov.au

Research Area: “Understanding seeds for restoration”1. Identification and characterisation of the water gap in the seeds of Australian Rhamnaceae.Worldwide approximately 17 plant families are known to possess physically dormant seeds yet the anatomical seed coat structure regulating the movement of water into seeds has still to be located in four f these families including the Rhamnaceae. Using a number of different techniques such as dye permeation, imbibition, light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy this project will seek to locate, identify and describe this key feature in the seeds of Australian Rhamnaceae. In addition, this project will also assess the general seed characteristics, basic seed dormancy and germination requirements of selected Australian Rhamnaceae in order to more fully understand their general seed ecology. Dr. Shane Turner (9480 3639), Email: Shane.Turner@bgpa.wa.gov.au

2. Rehabilitation in the World Heritage Area (Shark Bay): understanding the effects of drought and salinity on seed germination.Successful rehabilitation in coastal areas of the semi-arid zone is limited by drought and high soil salinity. Plant emergence and survival patterns are influenced by the ability of seeds/seedlings to persist under drought and/or saline conditions. This project will determine the effects of drought and salinity on seed germination and seedling establishment of species from the Shark Bay area, to assist with rehabilitation efforts in that region.

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Dr Lucy Commander (9480 3622), Email: Lucy.Commander@bgpa.wa.gov.au

3. Smoking out the enemy: using smoke-chemicals to trigger weed seed germinationUsing smoke-chemicals such as karrikinolide to trigger weed seeds to germinate synchronously could help to reduce the weed burden in agricultural industries. Yet not all species and seed lots can be triggered to germinate with these chemicals. To explore the role of the environment in determining the smoke-responsiveness of seeds, this project will investigate how water- and temperature-stress during plant development affect the dormancy-state of the resulting seeds. The project will involve both laboratory- and glasshouse-based experiments, and includes scope to develop skills in molecular biology.Further information:Dr Rowena Long, email: rowena.long@bgpa.wa.gov.au

Further information: Dr. Shane Turner (9480 3639), Email: Shane.Turner@bgpa.wa.gov.au Dr Lucy Commander (9480 3622), Email: Lucy.Commander@bgpa.wa.gov.au Dr Rowena Long, email: rowena.long@bgpa.wa.gov.au

Research Area: “Native plants for broadacre restoration - innovative use of native species for sustainable farming systems”

1. Reproductive strategies and genetic structure of wild and naturalised Microlaena stipoides populations of south-western Australia

Widely distributed species employ defined reproductive strategies to persist in particular environments. In low risk environments such as high rainfall areas, strategies may be substitutable such as early flowering for germination regulatory strategies related to temperature / moisture and seedbank longevity. Reproductive strategies may narrow substantially in high risk, low rainfall environments and may include high seed dormancy, early synchronous flowering and high seed to stem ratios. This project explores the adaptive relationship between reproductive characteristics and the environment across a wide range of Microlaena populations collected across south-western Australia.Dr. Christopher Loo, email: christopher.loo@bgpa.wa.gov.au Prof. Kingsley Dixon, email: kingsley.dixon@bgpa.wa.gov.au

2. Seed biology of the native grass Monachather paradoxus (Broad-leaved Wanderrie grass); Genetic variation in growth and reproduction within and between populations of the native grass Monachather paradoxus (Broad-leaved Wanderrie grass);

M. paradoxus is a native perennial grass with broad scale potential as a persistent pasture species for low rainfall farming systems in Western Australia. The species occurs widely throughout the central and northern agricultural region as well as the inland and northern pastoral regions and arid zones. The projects listed aim to develop a better understanding of how M. paradoxus is able to persist across different environments in terms of seed, growth and reproduction characteristics.Dr. Christopher Loo, email: christopher.loo@bgpa.wa.gov.au Prof. Kingsley Dixon, email: kingsley.dixon@bgpa.wa.gov.au Dr. Jason Stevens, email: Jason.stevens@bgpa.wa.gov.au

3. Germination, emergence and vegetative growth in Lespedeza juncea (L.f.) Pers. (Fabaceae).

Lespedeza is a warm season perennial legume native to Australia and appears well suited to infertile acid soils atypical of degraded farming systems. To explore the suitability of Lespedeza to WA dryland farming systems, this project will investigate seed dormancy, germination, seedling emergence and vegetative growth attributes in relation to light, temperature and soil characteristics.Dr. Christopher Loo, email: christopher.loo@bgpa.wa.gov.au Richard Snowball,DAFWA

4. Reproductive and dispersal factors influencing the natural recruitment of Maireana brevifolia (Small Leaf Bluebush) in saline landscapes

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Small Leaf Bluebush is a common herbaceous perennial on saline landscapes. The species is known to recruit in the absence of grazing. This objective of this study is to develop an understanding of the influence of the timing of seed dispersal, role of seedbank and vegetation cover and timing of rainfall in the recruitment process.Further information:Dr. Christopher Loo, email: christopher.loo@bgpa.wa.gov.au Assoc. Prof. E.G. Barrett Lennard,

5. Use of seed enabling technology to improve the establishment of agricultural and NRM important perennials

Australian native plants have been identified as having a large potential for pasture/cropping systems, agro-forestry and land remediation. However, the need to lower the cost of production or land rehabilitation by improving plant establishment success. Kings Park has strategically developed many germination enhancement treatments that aim to reduce the amount of seed usage and produce more vigorous plants thus assisting these industries in becoming more economically viable. A range of projects are being offered working on a wide variety of herbaceous and woody native perennial species as well as native grasses for direct seeding. Topics include general seed biology, refining seed enabling technology and use of seed coating to improve delivery and establishment success.Further information:Dr. Christopher Loo, email: christopher.loo@bgpa.wa.gov.au Dr. Jason Stevens, email: Jason.stevens@bgpa.wa.gov.au

Research Area: “Pollination Biology”

1. The effects of habitat fragmentation on pollination systems on the Swan Coastal PlainWestern Australia is recognised as a biodiversity hotspot through the combination of high floristic diversity and pervasive anthropogenic threats. Critical to conservation of this flora is an understanding of reproductive strategies, particularly pollination. Yet remarkably pollination systems have been studied in very few insect pollinated plants including many of our most well known wildflowers. This project aims to resolve pollination systems in a range of species naturally occurring in floristically diverse urban remnants and the effects of habitat fragmentation and habitat modification on pollinator communities. Dr Ryan Phillips, email Ryan.Phillips@bgpa.wa.gov.au Mr Myles Menz, email Myles.Menz@bgpa.wa.gov.auProf. Kingsley Dixon, email Kingsley.Dixon@bgpa.wa.gov.au

2. Bee pollination of pea plants and the potential for competition with feral honey beesWestern Australian pea plants (Fabaceae) are characterized by high species diversity and a range of striking floral colour patterns. The majority of species are believed to be pollinated by native bees and, more recently, the feral honey bee (Apis mellifera). However, most aspects of this interaction remain largely unstudied including the foraging specificity of native bees, the relative importance of Apis mellifera for pollination, differences in foraging behaviour between bee species and the consequences for pollen movement. This project will investigate these issues by focusing on winter flowering pea plants in the Darling Range (Hovea and Davesia). Dr Ryan Phillips, email Ryan.Phillips@bgpa.wa.gov.au Mr Myles Menz, email Myles.Menz@bgpa.wa.gov.auProf,.Kingsley Dixon, email Kingsley.Dixon@bgpa.wa.gov.au

Research Area: “Orchid Biology”

1. Microhabitat requirements for the germination and survival of the endangered spider orchid Caladenia huegelii

Caladenia huegelii, the Grand Spider Orchid, is a rare and endangered species restricted to the Swan Coastal Plain. While C. huegelii was probably once common in its restricted range, it is now highly threatened by clearing for agriculture and ongoing urbanization. A multidisciplinary research program has shown that C. huegelii not only has very low reproductive success but relies on a single species of mycorrhizal fungus for germination and annual growth. Fortunately, propagation techniques are well developed, creating the

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opportunity for reintroductions into the wild. This project will primarily involve a microhabitat study of both the location of adult plants and sites where germination occurs with the aim of better managing the species and optimizing the reintroduction process. Further, we will aim to establish if orchids have more specific habitat requirements during germination than as adult plants. The project will also involve comparison with common co-occuring Caladenia which utilize different species of mycorrhizal fungi. This will enable investigation of the interaction of fungal species and microhabitat in the formation of symbiosis.Dr Belinda Newman, email Belinda.Newman@bgpa.wa.gov.auDr Ryan Phillips, email Ryan.Phillips@bgpa.wa.gov.au Mr Myles Menz, email Myles.Menz@bgpa.wa.gov.auProf,.Kingsley Dixon, email Kingsley.Dixon@bgpa.wa.gov.au

2. Impacts of population size and co-flowering species on reproductive success in the pea plant mimic Diuris brumalis

The Orchidaceae is remarkable for having a high diversity of deceptive pollination strategies. In many cases the orchid produces a showy display indicative of a nectar producing plant – yet no such reward is provided to the pollinator. Donkey orchids (Diuris) have long been thought to mimic pea plants (Fabaceae), thereby luring pollinators to their nectarless flowers. However, this theory has recently been questioned on the basis that Diuris do not necessarily co-occur with the pea plants they are believed to mimic. This study aims to confirm the sharing of pollinators between Diuris and pea plants and then test if the presence of pea plants has a positive benefit on reproductive success of Diuris. The relationship of reproductive success and population size will also be investigated to test if deceptive pollination strategies are more successful for small populations.Dr Ryan Phillips, email Ryan.Phillips@bgpa.wa.gov.auMr Myles Menz, email Myles.Menz@bgpa.wa.gov.auDr Belinda Newman, email Belinda.Newman@bgpa.wa.gov.auProf,.Kingsley Dixon, email Kingsley.Dixon@bgpa.wa.gov.au 3. Ecological drivers of niche occupancy and symbiosis formation in the rare and threatened orchid, Caladenia lodgeana

Caladenia lodgeana is a rare spider orchid restricted to the Collie Basin in the south-west of Western Australia. A large-scale, regional mycorrhizal baiting study revealed that formation of a symbiosis between the orchid and fungi was occurring primarily within established orchid populations and rarely outside of them. This raises the question as to why sites outside of the orchids current range don’t appear to support formation of a mycorrhizal symbiosis? Are the fungi of co-occurring spider orchids able to outcompete the C. lodgeana compatible fungi? This study would focus on baiting for the mycorrhizal fungi of C. lodgeana and other co-occurring spider orchids within and outside the range of C. lodgeana populations. Comparative studies of germination and habitat variables will help determine the ecological drivers of niche occupancy and symbiosis formation. The results of this study will aid in future reintroduction efforts and will also form part of an integrated research program focused on the conservation of the rare and threatened spider orchid, C. lodgeana.Dr Belinda Newman, email Belinda.Newman@bgpa.wa.gov.auDr Ryan Phillips, email Ryan.Phillips@bgpa.wa.gov.auMr Myles Menz, email Myles.Menz@bgpa.wa.gov.auProf,.Kingsley Dixon, email Kingsley.Dixon@bgpa.wa.gov.au

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THE CENTRE FOR LEGUMES IN MEDITERRANEAN AGRICULTURE

CLIMA is a Research Centre at The University of Western Australia and has collaborative links with the Department of Agriculture and Food, Western Australia, CSIRO, Murdoch University and also international organisations. It addresses problems and priorities of the Australian legume industries which it achieves through strategic scientific research and development, linked to an applied base. CLIMA’s research focus includes grain and annual pasture legumes in the following areas:

Germplasm development (wide-crosses to introgress desirable traits, pre-emptive breeding and screening for physiological traits, exotic pests and diseases, germplasm collection and characterisation using agronomic, morphological and molecular data, development of core collections and agro-ecological evaluation of crop germplasm).

Breeding technologies such as development of double haploids and pollen selection methods. New crop development. Developing varieties with improved adaptation to abiotic (climatic and edaphic) stress. Increasing the value of grain legume products (traditional food and feed markets and special nutritional

food and health products). Developing new pasture species for a wide range of soil types and environments. Nitrogen fixation, global warming potential and sustainability of production systems with legumes.

International LinkagesThe Centre has built a network of international linkages with standing agreements for research cooperation and exchange of germplasm with several countries and specific project-based linkages with many others (including international agricultural research centres). The Centre intends to further strengthen international linkages with financial support from the Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR), Grains Research and Development Corporation (GRDC), Australian Research Council (ARC), Council of Grain Grower Organisations (COGGO Ltd) and others.

What can CLIMA offer to Undergraduate and Post-graduate training in legume science? Collaborative partners and associates with diverse skills in basic and applied aspects of legume research

and development. Legume related projects in partnership with the industry. Scientists with wide experience and strong linkages with international agricultural centres and national

agricultural system (Indian sub-continent, West Asia and North Africa, Central Asian Republic, South America and China).

A selection of the many project ideas developed by CLIMA scientists and associates and available for students to consider as honours or fourth-year projects is presented on the following pages.

For further information contact individual researchers directly or:Centre for Legumes in Mediterranean Agriculture (CLIMA), Faculty of Natural & Agricultural Sciences, The University of Western Australia (M080), 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley WA 6009Phone: 61 8 6488 2505 Fax: 61 8 6488 1140Email: clima@cyllene.uwa.edu.auWebsite: www.clima.uwa.edu.au

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PROFESSOR WILLIAM ERSKINERoom 1.144 CRC Wing; Ph 6488 1903; Email: William.Erskine@uwa.edu.au

LEGUME VARIATION, GENETICS & BREEDING My interests are in the variation, genetics and breeding of food, forage and pasture legumes. In a changing climate and with fertilizer costs spiralling, legumes will increasingly return into grain production systems to underpin long-term sustainability through nitrogen fixation in association with rhizobium reducing the need for synthetic fertilizer produced from fossil fuel, and through their action as a disease and weed break for cereals. I am happy to supervise students in aspects of legume improvement, often co-supervised with others, in aspects of the reliability of production. These include, for example, legume variability in response to major biotic and abiotic stresses, seed quality and nitrogen fixation efficiency and all aspects of broadening the genetic base of legume improvement.

RES. ASST. PROF. JANINE CROSERRoom 1.141 CLIMA wing; Ph: 6488 7951 Email: jcroser@clima.uwa.edu.au

Biotech & BioFuels

Research topics currently available for Honours/4th year projects in 2011:

Be part of the solution to the peak oil crisis - Camelina sativa is an alternative oilseed with very high levels of Omega-3 and promise as a low-input biofuel feedstock. We have imported a range of exciting lines from Russia which need to be further characterized. We can offer projects in C. sativa related to genetics (molecular mapping; genome size determination), plant breeding (crossing and mutation for improving oil qualities), agronomy (classical field trials to determine performance of lines under diverse growing conditions) and biotechnology (development of doubled haploids). We also need to further explore its application in industry, cosmetics and healthfoods and can provide targeted projects in these areas.

NB. Camelina was the research subject of the WA regional finalist of the BioGENEius competition for 2010.

Help us apply our research to the farmgate– we have recently developed world-first protocols for doubled haploid development in chickpea. We now need your help to improve the application of the protocol to a wide range of genotypes in order to deliver the technology to the breeding program. Training will be provided in genetics, molecular biology, tissue culture, microscopy and flow cytometry. Excellent opportunities for publication.

‘Speeding the breeding’ - Developing biotechnology techniques for the exciting new perennial pasture species tedera - this project provides the opportunity to build upon our current research endeavours in tedera and publish your research in a high quality journal. Training will be provided in genetics, molecular biology, tissue culture, microscopy and flow cytometry. In collaboration with Assoc. Prof. Megan Ryan and Dr Daniel Real (DAFWA)

Test tube breeding…In vitro flowering of a range of legumes – flowering and seed set can be induced in vitro from stem cuttings without rooting. This enables us to fast-track breeding by reducing generation time. Factors such as temperature, light spectrum and length of exposure and culture medium are all important in protocol development. An excellent opportunity to develop a protocol with significant industry outcomes within the timeframe of a fourth year project. In collaboration with legume breeders at DAFWA and DPI Victoria.

Why use exotics when the locals may be just as good? Tissue culture of native legumes – investigate the potential for using biotechnology tools for plant improvement in some of Australia’s native pasture legumes – especially those with promise for adaptation to broad acre farming systems (spp. Cullen, Kennedia, etc.). In collaboration with Dr Megan Ryan and Mr Richard Bennett (CSIRO).

If you are interested in any of these topics, or have suggestions related to these areas, please send me an email or drop by my office for a chat.

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DR PING SIRoom 1.159 CLIMA wing; Ph: 6488 1233; Email: pingsi@cyllene.uwa.edu.au

Herbicides are one of very important elements of modern agriculture. Herbicide tolerant crops have been widely grown in the world since 1990s. Improving herbicide tolerance in grain legumes is of paramount importance for the inclusion of legumes in the crop rotations for a sustainable agriculture. I have used two methods of induced mutation and germplasm screening to successfully improve herbicide tolerance in lupins (Si et al., 2009 and Si et al., 2006). I have a number of project ideas for students who are interested in developing knowledge and skills in plant breeding and plant physiology, in particular the understanding of herbicide tolerance in plants.

Variation in tolerance to carfentrazone-ethyl, a potential new herbicide for lupinsThis project determines the magnitude of genotypic variation on carfentrazone-ethyl tolerance in lupin germplasm.

Cross tolerance to common herbicides in two chickpea linesChickpea tolerant to metribuzin have been identified. This project aims to assess whether these chickpea have tolerance to other herbicides.

Physiological basis of 3 lupin genotypes with three different tolerance to metribuzinMetribuzin affects photosynthesis of plants. Lupin genotypes (mutants and wild types) with different levels of tolerance may have different photosynthetic rates when metribuzin is applied.

Environmental impact on herbicide tolerance in grain legumes

Tolerance to herbicides is affected by environmental conditions. This project examines how temperature affects the level of tolerance in grain legumes.

Si P. Buirchell, B. and Sweetingham, MW. (2009) Improved metribuzin tolerance in narrow-leafed lupin (Lupinus angustifolius L.) by induced mutation and field selection. Field Crops Research, 113, 282-286

Si, P. Sweetingham, MW. Buirchell, B. Bowran, D. and Piper T. (2006) Genotypic variation on metribuzin tolerance in narrow-leafed lupin (Lupinus angustifolius L.). Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture, 46, 85-91

DR JON CLEMENTS Room 1.149 CLIMA wing; Ph: 6488 1342; Email: clem@cyllene.uwa.edu.au

LUPIN GERMPLASM DEVELOPMENT, BREEDING AND WIDE CROSSINGLupins are a major grain legume crop grown in Australia because they are a valuable grain export and the crop contributes to farming systems as a nitrogen fixing species and for other benefits such as providing a disease break for cereals. You can use lupins as a model crop to explore plant physiological and breeding-related honours projects. Here are some ideas.

Specific project ideas: Physiology of high early vigour in L. angustifolius. Germplasm and breeding lines have been selected

in L. angustifolius with more rapid growth rates compared with current cultivars. There may advantages conferred by this characteristic in terms of weed competition, better use of soil moisture, more reliable harvest height and higher yields. This project will help determine why early vigour occurs and will incorporate glasshouse studies and plant physiological data.

Water use efficiency of L. mutabilis compared to narrow-leafed lupin. Pod set in L. mutabilis has been variable and this is possibly because the species, which comes from the Andean regions of South America, may have different water use sensitivities compared to the other crop lupin species. This project will contribute valuable knowledge to the crop improvement program in this species. It will use gravimetric water use experiments using instruments that measure gas exchange and leaf water potential. Several genotypes of L. mutabilis will be screened to investigate if variation exists within the species.

Heterosis in L. mutabilis. L. mutabilis has been shown to be a moderately outcrossing lupin species. It

is likely that heterosis exists and this project will investigate the level of heterosis in F1 plants of crosses

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of L. mutabilis genotypes. Exploitation of heterosis for this potential crop plant could be investigated as part of the research and literature reviewing components of the thesis.

Lupins as cut flowers. There are many beautiful flower colours among the lupin species and some with

good fragrance. This project would investigate vase life in one or more lupin species and could conduct a preliminary survey of market potential.

Nodulation and nitrogen fixation in L. mutabilis compared to other crop lupin species. This project will investigate whether nodulation and nitrogen fixation in L. mutabilis is equivalent to other crop lupin species. Experiments using different rhizobial strains and different temperatures could test this hypothesis. Skills developed will include nodulation scoring, nitrogen fixation assays, plus overall knowledge of the nitrogen fixation process in legumes.

Can soybean with cold tolerance be grown in the northern wheat belt as a winter crop? Soybean is

a warm season crop typically grown in summer temperatures and often under irrigation. We would like to explore whether soybean lines with some cold tolerance could be grown in a winter season in Western Australia under rain-fed conditions. A project of this nature would look at controlled environment growth studies of selected soybean lines and include a field trial.

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THE COMMONWEALTH SCIENTIFIC AND INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH ORGANISATION (CSIRO)

ADJUNCT ASSOC. PROF. PHIL WARDSenior Research Scientist, CSIRO Plant Industry, Floreat Park, WA; Ph: 9333 6616; Email: Phil.Ward@csiro.au

Research InterestsMy research revolves around water use by plants: how water use is impacted by the environment; and how it impacts on the environment. Current research projects include:

Water balance of conservation farming systems (with Dr Ken Flower and WANTFA). How does stubble retention, as part of a conservation farming system, affect evaporation from the soil, infiltration into the soil, deep drainage to groundwater, and crop water use efficiency?

Competition for water in pasture cropping systems (with Dr David Ferris, CRC FFI, and Dr Roger Lawes, CSIRO Sustainable Ecosystems). In pasture cropping systems, crops are sown in to established perennial, summer-active pastures. When the pasture breaks from dormancy in spring, how does it compete with the crop for water?

Water Use Efficiency of crops in the high-rainfall zone of WA (with Dr Heping Zhang and Dr Steve Milroy, CSIRO PI). With the expansion of crops into the 500-700 mm rainfall zone of WA, how can we maximise their water use efficiency for optimum yield and profit?

Water repellency and stubble retention (with Dr Margaret Roper, CSIRO PI). The theory of water repellence suggests that its severity should increase under stubble retention. However, farmers report that symptoms of water repellency are often less severe after adopting stubble retention. Can this be explained by patterns of soil water distribution?

In addition to the work described above on agricultural systems, I have also worked on native ecosystems, including Banksia woodland and mallee heath (with Prof Hans Lambers and Dr Erik Veneklaas), measuring water use at the ecosystem level.

Possible Projects

Impact of stubble orientation on evaporation from the soil during early crop growth. One of the ways to improve crop water use efficiency is to reduce water loss by evaporation from the soil surface. Can stubble retention assist in reducing evaporation, and will this increase water use efficiency? This project would involve field work at the existing trials (managed by WANTFA) located at Cunderdin and Mingenew. Measurements would include evaporation rate and soil water content in some of the treatments at the sites for the first few months of crop growth (May-July).

Does pasture cropping reduce the incidence and severity of wind erosion? One of the major proposed benefits of pasture cropping on the sandplain areas of WA is the potential for the higher levels of ground cover to reduce the incidence and severity of wind erosion. However, there is currently no data to support this assertion. In this project, you would take erosion measurements on some of the treatments at the existing CRC FFI trial at Moora and possibly at other farmer sites. Measurements would be most suited to April and May, but could be conducted at any time.

Dead roots as potential wicks. Recent research has shown that in sandy soils, evaporation over summer might actually be higher from areas where stubble is retained compared with areas where stubble is removed. This finding is contrary to expectations. Can dead roots act as continuous soil pores, transmitting water to the soil surface? This project will involve glasshouse research, using a tracer in water to determine patterns of water movement in pots containing dead wheat plants.

I am also happy to discuss other project ideas related to soil water or plant water use.

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ADJUNCT ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR BRUCE WEBBERClimate Adaptation National Research Flagship, CSIRO Ecosystem Sciences, Underwood Ave, FloreatPh: (0)8 9333 6802; Email: bruce.webber@csiro.au; www: www.csiro.au/people/Bruce.Webber

PLANT ECOPHYSIOLOGY, PLANT-ANIMAL INTERACTIONS, INVASION ECOLOGY & CLIMATE CHANGE

Research interests: My current interests relate to the management of invasive plant species in a changing climate. I focus on understanding risks associated with weed species and aim to provide evidence based assessments for influencing adaptation responses (management and policy) to climate change. My work includes assessing variation in the invasive ability of weed species, the interaction of weeds with their surrounding ecosystem, plant range studies based on modelling climatic and ecophysiological parameters, and understanding the ongoing effectiveness of current biological control methods.

Students would have access to a suite of facilities at UWA and CSIRO Entomology in Floreat, according to the needs of the chosen project. Projects would involve collaborations with John Scott (www.csiro.au/people/John.K.Scott) and Hans Lambers (www.uwa.edu.au/people/hans.lambers).

Specific projects for consideration this coming year are:

Germination and establishment ecology of invasive sea spurge in the coastal dunes of Western Australia (with Dr John Scott)

For plants, coastal foredunes are a highly mobile environment in which to establish and grow. Yet the exotic Mediterranean sea spurge is able to colonise this environment readily, resulting in a highly modified foredune community in many parts of southern Australia. As part of our broader work on characterising the invasion of sea spurge in Australia, this project will bring a plant ecophysiological perspective to investigating the mechanisms and processes that allow sea spurge to germinate, establish and then dominate this dynamic ecosystem.

An integrated approach to predicting weed distributions under climate change (with Dr John Scott)

In addition to accounting for a changing climate, the prediction of future weed distributions needs to consider other issues such as the physiological parameters of the plant, ecosystem interactions, changed land use and physical barriers. We will utilise the naturally available climatic and soil gradients of southern Western Australia, field and glasshouse studies and software modelling in an integrated approach to predicting the distributions of key horticultural weed species. Multiple projects are available, depending on the particular interests of applicants.

Ecosystem transforming processes associated with bridal creeper invasion (with Prof Hans Lambers)

Areas colonised by bridal creeper, a weed of national significance, have increased soil nutrients and exhibit post-colonisation loss of native species. A change in decomposition rates is also associated with the weed invasion. The project will examine the ecosystem changing processes associated with invasion by bridal creeper both in the laboratory and field, and test management options for restoring ecosystems transformed by bridal creeper.

For further information or to propose alternative project ideas that complement my broad research area, please don’t hesitate to get in touch.

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FUTURE FARM INDUSTRIES CRC

Through an improved understanding of the way natural and agricultural ecosystems work, the CRC is providing new plant-based land use systems that lessen the economic, environmental and social impacts of dryland salinity and thereby help to sustain rural communities. Our goals are to:

Direct and influence plant-based research delivering agricultural production and processing systems that cope with, arrest and reverse dryland salinity, improve water quality and sustain rural communities.

Create awareness, will and capacity to adopt plant-based solutions to dryland salinity for economic, environmental and social benefit to Australia.

Provide an expanding pool of graduate researchers capable of solving the complex natural resource management issues facing Australia.

Achieve effective collaboration among CRC researchers that transcends geography, agency, discipline and sector, interacts purposefully with industry and the community, and takes a lead in the effort to optimize the use of Australia's intellectual and research resources.

UWA Academics who are participants in the CRC are listed below. Please refer to academic listings in this manual for further information.

Prof David Pannell A/Prof Keith Smettem Dr Eric Veneklaas Prof Hans Lambers Prof Zed Rengel Dr Tim Colmer Dr Greg Hertzler

Dr Steven Schilizzi Dr Atakelty Hailu Dr Benedict White A/Prof Michael

Burton Dr Pieter Poot Dr Ross Kingwell

Dr Guijun Yan Prof Graeme Martin Dr Philip Vercoe Dr Stephen Burgess Dr Daniel Real

ADJUNCT ASSOC. PROF. DANIEL REAL Department of Agriculture and Food Western Australia, Pasture Science Group, 3 Baron-Hay Court, South Perth, WA 6151 Ph: 9368 3879 Email: daniel.real@agric.wa.gov.au

Research InterestsAs a participant of the Future Farm Industries CRC, my research interest is in perennial forage legume breeding. Specific projects can be developed to suit student’s interest within our breeding program in Tedera (Bituminaria bituminosa var. albomarginata). For further details please contact me by email: daniel.real@agric.wa.gov.au

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DR SARITA BENNETTRoom 1.157, Agriculture CRC Wing. Tel: 6488 4841 Email: sarita@cyllene.uwa.edu.au

Variation in growth rate of old man and river saltbush under salinity, waterlogging and temperature.Saltbush is the best option for saltland pastures over much of the low to medium rainfall agricultural zone of Western Australia. Its growth is affected by depth to the watertable, groundwater salinity and mean annual temperature, yet the optimum conditions and the limit of growth is still poorly understood. Saltbush has been widely planted on the SGSL Producer Network Sites and this provides an opportunity to study the growth of established plants at a range of sites across the 300 to 450 mm rainfall zone of Western Australia.

2. Adaptation of annual ryegrass to increasing salinity. Annual ryegrass is reported to have limited tolerance to both saline conditions and winter waterlogging, yet it occurs widely across the wheatbelt of Western Australia in both saline and non-saline conditions. As a species it has been shown to have high variability and to show rapid adaptation to new environmental conditions. Are populations persisting under saline conditions developing a tolerance to salinity through genetic adaptation?

3. Ecotypic variation in woolly clover (Trifolium tomentosum) across a saline gradient. Comparisons with accessions from mediterranean collections.Woolly clover is widely naturalized across the wheatbelt of Western Australia and is found growing in both waterlogged and saline conditions where it is often highly productive. Trials undertaken through the CRC Salinity found that it often had better production than other annual legume species. Should this species be included in agronomic evaluations of understorey species in saltland systems?

4. Influence of environment on germination and establishment of annual pasture understorey speciesGermination of annual species under saline conditions is known to be affected by the salinity of the soil during germination. The salinity of the top soil decreases dramatically after the ‘break’ of the season. But how does the timing of the break affect the breakdown of seed dormancy, viability of pre-emergent seed and seed germination. Information from this project will feed into current work on SaltCap2, a FFI CRC project.

Contacts:Dr Sarita Bennett, 6488 4841, UWA, sarita@cyllene.uwa.edu.auDr Phil Nichols, 9368 3547, DAFWA, pnichols@agric.wa.gov.auDr Ed Barrett-Lennard, 6488 1506, DAFWA/Plant Biology UWA, egbarrettlennard@agric.wa.gov.au

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DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE AND FOOD WESTERN AUSTRALIA

ADJ. SENIOR LECTURER MANISHA SHANKARSenior Plant Pathologist, Department of Agriculture and Food, South PerthPh: 9368 3533; Email: mshankar@agric.wa.gov.au

Phenotyping for seedling resistance and adult plant resistance to yellow spot of wheat in a doubled haploid mapping population fixed for 5BL locusThe project deals with evaluation of seedling plant response to yellow spot in the glasshouse and adult plant resistance in the field. Good progress has been made internationally to understand resistance to yellow spot (causal fungus Pyrenophora tritici-repentis) of wheat and this work has helped identify the main resistance factor in Australian germplasm being toxin insensitivity at the 5BL locus, tsn1. Limited understanding exists on the extent of occurrence of tsn1 in Australian breeding material and yet there appears to be considerable variation in response to yellow spot resistance among tsn1 carrying lines that could, when understood, provide significant opportunity to enhance expression of resistance in Australian germplasm, additional to the moderate resistance achieved with the 5BL tsn1 locus.

Field phenotyping for resistance to septoria tritici blotch of wheat in a doubled haploid mapping populationThis project deals with evaluation of adult plant response to septoria tritici blotch in a field nursery. Septoria tritici blotch (STB) (causal fungus Mycosphaerella graminicola) is a major disease of wheat growing regions of the world. Resistance to M. graminicola is simply inherited and may be controlled by one or two dominant or partially dominant genes. Research groups in Europe have identified several genes conferring resistance to STB in wheat. The vast pathological variation in M. graminicola, its capacity to overcome resistance and its rapidly developing genomics across the globe, stresses the importance of a better understanding of the existing resistance genes in the Australian germplasm.

ADJ. ASSOC. PROF. DANIEL REAL Department of Agriculture and Food Western Australia, Pasture Science Group, 3 Baron-Hay Court, South Perth, WA 6151 Ph: 9368 3879 Email: daniel.real@agric.wa.gov.au

Research InterestsAs a participant of the Future Farm Industries CRC, my research interest is in perennial forage legume breeding. Specific projects can be developed to suit student’s interest within our breeding program in Tedera (Bituminaria bituminosa var. albomarginata). For further details please contact me by email: daniel.real@agric.wa.gov.au

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DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT AND CONSERVATION

The department has the lead responsibility for conserving Western Australia’s biodiversity and the protection, sustainable use and enjoyment of the State’s natural environment. It provides a clear focus on key environmental and biodiversity conservation priorities such as the sustainable use of our natural resources, climate change and greenhouse gases, introduced pest plants, animals and diseases, salinity and other land, air and water quality issues. It manages 27 million hectares covering the State’s national parks, marine parks, conservation parks, State forests and timber reserves, nature reserves, marine nature reserves and marine management areas. The department is also responsible for fire preparedness and pest animal and weed control on 89 million hectares of unallocated Crown land and unmanaged reserves.

FLORA CONSERVATION AND HERBARIUM PROGRAM 2010-2011SCIENCE DIVISION

The Flora Conservation and Herbarium Program is one of eight thematic programs within the Department of Environment and Conservation’s Science Division. Key research activities include developing an improved understanding of factors and processes that are critical for the conservation of the State’s plant diversity and taxonomic and molecular taxonomic studies on the State’s flora. Ensuring the persistence of rare and threatened species, ameliorating key threats such as dieback and weeds, developing threatened species reintroduction methodologies and improving our understanding of genetic and ecological factors that are vital for the long term viability of plant species are major objectives.

Contact: Dr David Coates, dave.coates@dec.wa.gov.auScience DivisionDepartment of Environment and ConservationEmail:dave.coates@dec.wa.gov.aoPhone: 08 9334 0490

Research Theme: Genetic and ecological consequences of small population processes, rarity and habitat fragmentation

Genetic and ecological consequences of habitat fragmentation and population viability in key species in the Dongolocking area of the Wheatbelt and the Swan Coastal PlainThis project will build on studies already underway in this area that aim to understand and quantify how genetic and demographic processes interact to influence the viability and long-term conservation value of native plant populations in remnant vegetation, and relate this to easily measured landscape and population parameters. This information can then be used to identify and prioritize high viability remnants for in-situ conservation and assess the value of small remnants in maintaining connectivity in the landscape by facilitating pollen movement and thus gene flow. The project also aims to test conservation genetics theory regarding the genetic deterioration of small fragmented populations but focuses on common species rather than rare species. This is important since it is the more abundant species that are the critical components of landscapes with regard to maintenance of broader ecosystem function such as hydrology and nutrient cycling, as well as provision of habitat for other native organisms. This project will involve the use of molecular genetic and field base ecological and demographic techniques.

Further Information: Dr David Coates, dave.coates@dec.wa.gov.auDr Margaret Byrne, margaret.byrne@dec.wa.gov.auDr Colin Yates, colin.yates@dec.wa.gov.au

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How does population size and isolation affect pollinator visitation, flowering, pollination, seed production and seedling fitness in the rare Acacia woodmaniorum

The recently discovered Acacia woodmaniorum is endemic to the Banded Ironstone Formation (BIF) ranges of Western Australia. The rare species is known from an area of only 40km2 and may be placed under threat from future mining operations. The project will investigate various aspects of pollination biology, including the determination of key pollinators and what affect population size and isolation has flowering, pollination, seed production and seedling fitness. Information on these aspects of pollination biology will further inform us about the patterns of pollen dispersal, that ultimately influence patterns of genetic variation in this species. The research is important for the ongoing management of natural populations that ensures any impacts from mining activities are minimised. This project will involve field based ecological and demographic techniques as well as glasshouse based work and will tie in with a larger study on fine scale genetic structure and patterns of gene flow in A. woodmaniourm.

Further Information: Dr David Coates (08 9334 0490), dave.coates@dec.wa.gov.auDr Melissa A Millar (08 9334 0303), melissa.millar@dec.wa.gov.au

Genetic and ecological consequences of rarity in the critically endangered ghost wattle Acacia sciophanes

Acacia sciophanes is an extremely rare species covering a geographic range of less than 7 Km. It is currently listed as threatened and ranked as Critically Endangered occurring in a heavily fragmented landscape where much of the native vegetation has been cleared for agricultural production. It develops into a diffuse, openly branched, wispy shrub up to 2.3 m tall and is closely related to a more common species Acacia anfractuosa that occurs over a range of some 200km. Previous studies indicate that it is characterised by reduced genetic diversity and increased inbreeding in its two populations but there is no clear evidence for inbreeding depression and reduced reproductive output influencing the viability of these populations. The aim of this project will be to expand previous mating system, genetic diversity and ecological studies to determine which key factors if any will limit the viability and long term survival of this species. This project will involve the use of molecular genetic and field base ecological and demographic techniques

Further Information: Dr David Coates, dave.coates@dec.wa.gov.auDr Colin Yates, colin.yates@dec.wa.gov.au

Pollen dispersal and gene flow among fragmented populations of Eremaea pauciflora in the wheatbelt Gene flow is a fundamental element of evolutionary processes maintaining cohesion of species. Pollen dispersal is a major component of gene flow in shrubs in south-west WA and recent studies have shown that pollen dispersal can be very extensive even in fragmented landscapes. This project will investigate the patterns of pollen dispersal in the Myrtaceous shrub Eremaea pauciflora in the Dongolocking region and complements previous ecological work on reproductive biology on the species in this area. Highly polymorphic microsatellite markers have been developed for the species to facilitate paternity assignment of seed crops. Knowledge of pollen dispersal is important for management of remnant populations and rehabilitation programs.

Further Information: Dr David Coates, dave.coates@dec.wa.gov.auDr Margaret Byrne, margaret.byrne@dec.wa.gov.auDr Colin Yates, colin.yates@dec.wa.gov.au

Species patterns in orchids in a fragmented landscape Orchids are very species-rich in Western Australia, and many are restricted and threatened. Orchid taxonomy in fragmented landscapes is made more difficult by the fragmentation – many pieces of the puzzle are lacking. In particular, some populations that appear to constitute distinct species may not have appeared distinct before clearing, when the full range of variation would have been evident. Anecdotal evidence suggests that changes in the ecology of remnants (e.g. through changed fire regimes and local extinction of fossorial mammals) may be promoting clonality in orchid populations, further adding to the apparent distinctness of some taxa. This project will assess detailed population-level patterns in a number of orchid taxa in the fragmented wheatbelt, to assess species boundaries and taxonomic distinctiveness.

Further Information: Dr Kevin Thiele, kevin.thiele@dec.wa.goc.au

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Research Theme: Molecular taxonomy, phylogeny and evolutionary patterns

Hybridisation and the origin of a new species in Stylidium caricifolium complex The Stylidium caricifolium (Stylidiaceae) complex consists of seven currently recognized species and a taxon of putative hybrid origin. These taxa vary in geographical distribution from widespread, extending over a range of 500 km, to extremely localized covering a range of only 0.5 km. The taxon of putative hybrid origin is geographically restricted and rare and has yet to be formally recognised although it is likely to be a new species. To date hybridisation has not been considered an important process in the evolution of the south-west flora although it has recently proven to be a complicating factor in assessing the taxonomic status of a number of Critically Endangered Flora. Studies suggest that this rare Stylidium taxon is a distinct species that has evolved following past hybridisation between S. caricifolium and S. affine. The aim of this project is to further investigate the origin of this putative hybrid taxon using molecular genetic markers such as cp DNA and also re-assess the importance of hybridisation in the evolution and conservation of the south-west flora. This project will involve field surveys and the use of molecular genetic and phylogenetic techniques.

Further Information: Dr David Coates, dave.coates@dec.wa.gov.au

Phylogenetic and phylogeographic studies on highly endemic plants on the Banded Ironstone Formation ranges.The Banded Ironstone Formation (BIF) ranges of Western Australia have a unique flora and fauna, with high species endemism on at least some ranges, and are under threat from mining operations. An understanding of the history of species evolution on these ranges will be important information for helping assess threats. Information on the phylogeny of Tetratheca suggests that some BIF endemic taxa are allied to endemic taxa on other BIF ranges, while others are related to geographically widely distant species. This project will develop molecular phylogenies for targeted genera that have endemic species on the BIF ranges and search for congruent patterns in their phylogenies to elucidate any common phytogeographic history for the ranges.

Further Information Dr David Coates, dave.coates@dec.wa.gov.auDr Margaret Byrne, margaret.byrne@dec.wa.gov.au

Phylogeny of the small-flowered Myrtaceae The small-flowered Myrtaceae (tribe Chamelaucieae) are an extremely species-rich group in Western Australia, including many important and spectacular genera such as Chamelaucium, Darwinia, Thryptomene and Baeckea. Many new species and some new genera are currently being described through revisionary work in progress by Barbara Rye and Malcolm Trudgen at the Western Australian Herbarium. This project will develop a phylogeny for the group using both molecular and morphological data, for the purpose of testing generic, infrageneric and subtribal classifications in the Chamelaucieae.

Further Information: Dr Kevin Thiele, kevin.thiele@dec.wa.gov.au

Investigation of taxonomic boundaries in the Tetratheca hirsuta complex:The Australian genus Tetratheca (black-eyed susan) has its centre of diversity in WA, where 70% of all species occur. Many of these have been recently described as new, and many have restricted distributions and are conservation listed as Priority or Threatened flora. Tetratheca hirsuta is a widespread and morphologically variable species which appears to have a number of distinct (and intergrading) geographic forms; two of these forms are recognised as Priority listed taxa under informal phrase-names. Taxonomic research on the T. hirsuta complex is needed to determine whether these should be described as new and to assess the significance of morphological patterns across this species’ range. This study would include field work across the Swan Coastal Plain, Darling Scarp and the south-west forests and employ a combination of morphological and molecular analysis tools to investigate taxon boundaries in this attractive group of plants.

Further Information: Ryonen Butcher, ryonen.butcher@dec.wa.goc.au

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Visualising, exploring and traversing the Tree of Life The Tree of Life is a branching tree-structure used to represent phylogenetic relationships among all the world’s organisms. The Tree is both an integrative and explanatory structure – all known information about organisms can be placed at some level on the Tree of Life. New programs and initiatives in biodiversity informatics (such as the Atlas of Living Australia and the Encyclopedia of Life) seek to develop sophisticated, web-based tools for deploying information about organisms. The Tree of Life is increasingly seen as an ideal structure for exploring, visualizing and traversing the information webs envisaged by these projects. But our current methods for representing it are primitive and underwhelming. This project seeks a unique person – someone with an interest in evolutionary biology but who also is skilled in computer programming and gaming technologies – to explore new ways of representing the Tree of Life and develop and test prototype streaming Tree of Life Navigators.

Further Information: Dr Kevin Thiele, kevin.thiele@dec.wa.goc.au

Research Theme: Seed biology and reintroductions of threatened flora

Assessment of temperature thresholds for seed germination in south west Western Australian species in relation to climate change scenariosCurrent climate models predict rising temperatures and declining winter rainfall across much of fire-prone southern Western Australia. These changes have the potential to impact on the Region’s rich plant diversity. One plant characteristic that may respond to climate change is germination, with some species possibly vulnerable to even modest changes in temperature. Successful regeneration after disturbance such as fire may be adversely affected. This project would see the screening of selected SW WA species for their tolerance to a range of temperatures during germination and early seedling performance to provide a more precise understanding of the likely impact of predicted rising temperatures on these critical periods in a plants life cycle.

Further Information: Anne Cochrane, anne.cochrane@dec.wa.gov.au

Development of guidelines for use of artificial disturbance in flora management and threatened species recoveryThe process of plant colonisation and establishment in many areas has been altered through human intervention and the management of threatened flora is increasingly relying on artificial disturbance to stimulate recruitment. Despite knowing that many threatened species require disturbance for recruitment, application of artificial disturbance treatments often fail to achieve their desired outcome. The nature, frequency and timing of disturbance are important for successful recruitment but using limited seed resources of threatened flora from ex situ collections in field investigations can be wasteful. With limited seed resources, it may be more appropriate to germinate seed under controlled conditions (eg temperature, moisture, predators) and plant the resultant seedlings. In the light of this, it would be prudent to establish disturbance guidelines based on surrogate common species as a priority. This project would investigate the nature of artificial disturbance that would provide the most effective result for recruitment and survival for plant species and to provide guidelines for their use in flora management and threatened species reintroduction.

Further Information: Anne Cochrane, anne.cochrane@dec.wa.gov.au

Good things come in small packages: seed biology of the triggerplantsStylidium (the triggerplants) is a large and iconic plant group with more than 250 species in Western Australia, a significant proportion of which are rare, geographically restricted or poorly known. The genus is the subject of ongoing taxonomic research and seed banking efforts within DEC, however, to date there has been little research conducted on aspects of seed biology and morphology. This project will investigate the germination characteristics, seed coat morphology (using SEM), and seedling growth forms of both common and rare, and annual and perennial species of Stylidium. It will provide information fundamental to the conservation and management of threatened triggerplants as well as improving our systematic understanding of the genus.

Further Information: Andrew Crawford, andrew.crawford@dec.wa.gov.auAnne Cochrane, anne.cochrane@dec.wa.gov.auDr Juliet Wege, juliet.wege@dec.wa.gov.au

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Determining success criteria for reintroductions of threatened plantsPlant reintroductions are now recognised as a key management tool for preventing the extinction of species in the wild. They involve the planting of seed, seedlings or vegetatively propagated plants into an area where the plant formerly or currently occurs or to a new safe location. Plant reintroductions aim to create or maintain viable self sustaining populations yet developing criteria that can readily assess this objective is difficult particularly in long lived woody shrubs that make up many of Western Australia’s Critically Endangered Plants. This project will assess the use of novel techniques that may include eco-physiological approaches, use of molecular markers to estimate mating systems and population viability analysis as possible indicators of long term reintroduction success.

Further Information: Leonie Monks, anne.cochrane@dec.wa.gov.auDr David Coates, dave.coates@dec.wa.gov.au

Research Theme: Control and management of Phytophthora dieback

The use of high intensity phosphite techniques to control Phytophthora cinnamomi (Dieback)Determination of the biology and epidemiology of Phytophthora cinnamomi, the major threat to the flora in the South Coast Region is important for implementing appropriate management options for the control of this pathogen. Further, understanding of the efficacy of high intensity phosphite for the control of P. cinnamomi would provide more options for the management of infested areas. The aim of this project is to advance our understanding of disease biology and epidemiology of P. cinnamomi in the native plant communities within the National Parks of the South Coast Region of Western Australia and to demonstrate the use of novel phosphite control techniques to reduce the impact of P. cinnamomi within the Threatened Ecological Communities of the Stirling Range National Park and Bell Track infestation in the Fitzgerald River National Park.

Further Information: Dr Chris Dunne, chris.dunne@dec.wa.gov.au

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UWA INSTITUTE OF AGRICULTUREThe UWA Institute of Agriculture was established by the University of Western Australia (UWA) with a mandate to integrate agricultural and natural resource management, research, education, training and communication within and outside the university.

The Institute is a partnership between the four schools within the Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences (FNAS) and key agricultural, food and health, and biotechnology centres within and outside the Faculty within UWA.

The UWA Institute of Agriculture works with the agricultural and natural resource management sector to improve workforce skills, and to generate new knowledge that will assist the industry’s participants to advance their individual aspirations, underpin local and regional prosperity, and exercise responsible stewardship of the environment.

The Institute has five Programs: Integrated Land and Water; Animal Productions Systems; Plant Production Systems; Rural Economy, Policy and Development, and Education, Outreach and Technology Exchange. These programs are structured to be, where possible, interdisciplinary, intersecting across the varied strengths of the Faculty’s Schools, Centres and discipline groups. The Institute’s programs focus on key themes relevant to future agricultural, food industry and natural resource management needs. Its responsibility is to maintain position of UWA Agricultural Sciences and related natural resource management as the national tertiary leader in the discipline area and in the top 50 agricultural faculties in the world.

DR HELEN BRAMLEYRoom 1.151 Agriculture Central Wing; Ph 6488 1539; email: helen.bramley@uwa.edu.au

Our group aims to gain a greater understanding of the physiology of crops, particularly wheat, in response to climate change so that we can identify traits for developing improved varieties. My main research interests are related to plant water use. Water is fundamental to plant growth and productivity and yet it is usually the most limiting resource. Most of the water taken up by plants is lost to transpiration through open stomata during CO2 assimilation so there is a constant challenge in acquiring and keeping water, particularly in dryland cropping environments.

In addition to collaboration with Winthrop Professor Kadambot Siddique, Director UWA Institute of Agriculture we have strong collaboration with Dr. Jairo Palta at CSIRO Plant Industry, so there are opportunities to work at both organisations. Projects can involve lab, glasshouse and field work. Training will be given in a variety of the latest techniques that measure plant water relations and hydraulic processes, as well as other physiological processes. There is also the potential to study molecular processes that control plant water flows in collaboration with Dr. Catherine Colas des Francs Small (Plant Energy Biology).

Some of the projects available include, but are not limited to:

1. Wheat hydraulics, the link between transpiration and root hydraulic conductance2. Brachypodium distachyon as a model for wheat water relations3. Effects of elevated temperature on grain filling in wheat4. Wheat physiology in response to climate change using contrasting genotypes

a. Droughtb. High temperaturec. Elevated CO2

5. Using novel magnetic probes to detect differences in genotypic tolerance to water stress and high temperature.

WINTHROP PROFESSOR KARAM SINGH (karam.singh@csiro.au, 93336320)

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ASSISTANT PROFESSOR JONATHAN ANDERSON (jonathan.anderson@csiro.au, 93336103)The CSIRO/UWA - Molecular Plant Pathology and Crop Genomics Group

W/Prof Singh and his UWA/CSIRO colleagues study plant defence against insect pests and fungal pathogens. These projects are breaking new ground in plant biotic stress constraints, are world-class in science quality and are making important contributions to our understanding of plant-pathogen and plant-pest interactions. The group is also active in legume genomics including leading an effort to sequence the genome of narrow-leaf lupin, the major grain legume in Australia, and studying the human health benefits associated with lupin seed storage proteins. The group, which currently consists of 14 members, has excellent new laboratory and plant growth facilities and strong funding support. There are a number of potential Honours/postgraduate projects available around the following research areas that can be tailored to an individual’s strengths/interests.

1. Resistance to sap-sucking insect pestsSap-sucking insects, such as aphids, are major pests in agriculture causing direct feeding damage and transmitting over 50% of all plant viruses. The group has built up an excellent system to study sap-sucking insect pests involving the model legume Medicago truncatula and various aphid species including the model aphid, pea aphid. The combination of powerful genetic and genomic tools/resources on both the plant and aphid sides of the interaction enable cutting edge research and its’ application to agriculture. Two potential projects in this area are:1a) Investigation of the bluegreen aphid secretome: Aphids are sophisticated sap-sucking insects that manipulate the plant by secreting proteins directly into the phloem sieve element in order to establish a successful feeding site. In incompatible interactions it is believed that this secretome of the aphid harbors effectors that are recognized either directly or indirectly by the plant’s resistance genes. This project area uses genomics and transcriptomics techniques to compare the pea aphid and bluegreen aphid salivary secretomes to identify factors contributing to host specificity. 1b) Characterisation of R gene mediated defences following aphid attack: Resistance to bluegreen aphid is controlled by a single dominant gene termed AKR (Acyrthosiphon kondoi resistance). A pair of near-isogenic lines has been generated which are either resistant (having AKR) or susceptible (lacking AKR) to bluegreen aphid. Potential projects using transcriptomics and/or metabolomics are available to identify key regulators and defence pathways recruited by the AKR resistance gene following recognition of the aphid.

2. Resistance to fungal pathogensFungal diseases are major problems for Australian agriculture. One such important pathogen, R. solani, causes substantial losses to wheat, barley, canola and various legumes in Australia. Internationally it is the second most important disease problem for the world’s largest staple food, rice. The group uses powerful genomic approaches on both the plant and pathogen side to unravel the mechanisms underlying resistance.2a) Characterise transcription factors linked to fungal resistance using molecular and reverse genetic approaches: The group has identified specific transcription factors in both Arabidopsis and M. truncatula that are key regulators of plant defence responses to some fungal pathogens. Potential projects include the identification of target genes and partner proteins using molecular and genomic approaches.2b) Identification of effectors/pathogenicity genes from the R. solani genome required for virulence on a plant host: The group has recently assembled a draft genome sequence R. solani. Using a combination of bioinformatics and molecular biology, putative pathogenicity effectors can be identified and their association with virulence tested.

3. Human health benefits from lupin seed proteinsThe group is part of the Centre for Food and Genomic Medicine which links medical, food and plant researchers to tackle problems related to obesity and diabetes. The focus of the groups CFGM effort is on seed storage proteins of narrow leaf lupin (NLL) which are likely to be the constituents of the grain responsible for human health benefits relating to reduced risk of heart disease and appetite suppression. 3a) Lupin Seed Transcriptomics: Project areas include analysing gene expression during lupin seed development to identify key transcription factors controlling seed storage protein gene expression or using transcriptomics and phylogenetic studies comparing seed storage proteins between lupin species/cultivars and correlation of the different seed compositions and nutritional qualities.

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WORSLEY ALUMINA PTY LTD

Corporate Office PO Box 344, Collie, WA 6225

Initial contacts Stephen Vlahos (Worsley Environmental Specialist- Studies Ph: 9734 8592, email: Stephen.Vlahos@wapl.com.au) or Bill Loneragan (Room 2.29 Botany Building; Ph 9380 2216; Email: wal@plants.uwa.edu.au).

Background:

Worsley Alumina Pty Ltd manages the Boddington Bauxite Mine located on the eastern edge of the Darling Range in the northern Jarrah Forest of WA. The first operational rehabilitation was undertaken in 1986 under a prescription developed in consultation with the Department of Environment and Conservation. The broad objective of rehabilitation is to regenerate a stable forest ecosystem with characteristics compatible with the eastern jarrah forest. Within this broad objective there are many opportunities for both basic and applied research projects.

Projects are undertaken in collaboration with other groups within the Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, the Centre for Land Rehabilitation and the Botanic Gardens & Parks Authority.

Worsley will provide funds to cover the costs of the Project including consumables, travel etc.Supervision will be primarily through the University with some support from Worsley Alumina.

Project ideas

Improving and quantifying establishment from broadcast seed. The broadcast seed mix contains over 100 species and is an important contribution to establishing the vegetation. Quantifying and understanding the factors affecting establishing will contribute to enhancing the rehabilitation vegetation. What are establishment rates across the range of species seeded? What factors influence establishment? Are there generalisations for different plant groups? How to improve seed quality?

Seed dormancy and seed treatments. Some species have very low germination. What is the mechanism of dormancy? What treatments can be used to stimulate germination? A range of plant groups is available for investigation.

Tissue Culture techniques. Some species can only be reintroduced by planting seedlings, and seedlings numbers achieved in sufficient numbers using tissue culture methods. How can these methods be improved?

Potential benefits of mulches. Chipping of forest residue could be used to enhance the establishment of the rehabilitation. What are the benefits to vegetation establishment? What are the consequences for soil conditions?

Other Projects can be developed in collaboration with academic staff into a range of rehabilitation issues that include nutrients and nutrient cycling, microbial activity and processes, mycorrhizal associations, soil development, plant growth, plant and vegetation water use, floristic development, fire management, plant pathogens (eg. dieback) etc. Discuss your interests first with A/Prof. Bill Loneragan who can refer you to an appropriate member of the academic staff.

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