horizons 2014 igc grains conference€¦ · central asia latin america and caribbean middle east...

14
10/06/2014 1 Shifting horizons for global trade 2014 IGC GRAINS CONFERENCE Special Presentation: Climate change and global food security Mark Rosegrant, Director, Environment and Production Technology Division, International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI)

Upload: others

Post on 10-Aug-2020

3 views

Category:

Documents


0 download

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: horizons 2014 IGC GRAINS CONFERENCE€¦ · Central Asia Latin America and Caribbean Middle East and North Africa Sub Saharan Africa kCal/Capita/day 2000 2050 No CC 2050 with CC Impact

10/06/2014

1

Shifting horizons for global trade

2014 IGCGRAINSCONFERENCE

Special Presentation:Climate change and global food security

Special Presentation:Climate change and global food security

Mark Rosegrant, Director, Environment and Production Technology Division, International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI)

Page 2: horizons 2014 IGC GRAINS CONFERENCE€¦ · Central Asia Latin America and Caribbean Middle East and North Africa Sub Saharan Africa kCal/Capita/day 2000 2050 No CC 2050 with CC Impact

09/06/2014

1

Climate Change and Global Food Security: Challenges and Policy Responses

Mark W. Rosegrant

Director 

Environment and Production Technology Division

2014 International Grains Council (IGC) Conference "Shifting Horizons for Global Trade" London, United KingdomJune 10, 2014

Outline

Drivers of Agricultural Growth and Food Security

Scenario Modeling Methodology Climate Change Impacts Climate Change Adaptation Costs Conclusions and Policy Responses

Page 3: horizons 2014 IGC GRAINS CONFERENCE€¦ · Central Asia Latin America and Caribbean Middle East and North Africa Sub Saharan Africa kCal/Capita/day 2000 2050 No CC 2050 with CC Impact

09/06/2014

2

Drivers of Agricultural Growth and Food Security

Supply drivers• Climate change• Water and land scarcity• Investment in agricultural 

research• Science and technology policy

― Discovery, development, delivery― Intellectual property rights, 

regulatory systems, extension http://fbae.org/2009/FBAE/website/images/btcotton_rice.jpg

http://www.tribuneindia.com/2004/20040721/har.jpg

Drivers of Agricultural Growth and Food Security

Demand drivers• Population growth: 9 billion people in 

2050• Urbanization:  2008 = 50% urban; 2050 = 

78% • Income growth: Africa rising• Oil prices• Biofuels and bioenergy• GHG mitigation and carbon • sequestration • Conservation and biodiversity

http://www.government.nl/dsc?c=getobject&s=obj&objectid=101492

Page 4: horizons 2014 IGC GRAINS CONFERENCE€¦ · Central Asia Latin America and Caribbean Middle East and North Africa Sub Saharan Africa kCal/Capita/day 2000 2050 No CC 2050 with CC Impact

09/06/2014

3

Drivers of Agricultural Growth and Food Security Rapid income growth and urbanization ‐effects on diets and patterns of agricultural production• Change in diets to convenience foods, fast foods• Increased consumption of fruits and vegetables• Higher food energy, more sugar, fats and oils• Rapid growth in meat consumption and demand for grains for feed  

• Half of growth in grain demand will be for • livestock• Intense pressure on land and water (highly water‐intensive diet)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fast_food_(282678968).jpg

Scenario Modeling Methodology

Page 5: horizons 2014 IGC GRAINS CONFERENCE€¦ · Central Asia Latin America and Caribbean Middle East and North Africa Sub Saharan Africa kCal/Capita/day 2000 2050 No CC 2050 with CC Impact

09/06/2014

4

Climate Change Model Components

GCM climate scenarios• Multiple GCM using IPCC SRES A1B scenario, downscaled 

temperature and rainfall

DSSAT crop model• Biophysical crop response to temperature and 

precipitation

IMPACT• Global economic food supply demand model to 2050 

with global hydrology and water simulation by river basin

Crop model (DSSAT) linked with Global Partial Equilibrium Agriculture Sector Model (IMPACT)

DSSAT

Climate variables (temperature precipitation)

Corresponding geographically 

differentiated yield effects

IMPACT

Food demand, area, yield and production

World food  prices and trade

Food security and nutrition

Page 6: horizons 2014 IGC GRAINS CONFERENCE€¦ · Central Asia Latin America and Caribbean Middle East and North Africa Sub Saharan Africa kCal/Capita/day 2000 2050 No CC 2050 with CC Impact

09/06/2014

5

Climate Change Impacts

Rainfed Maize: Impact of climate change in 2050 

(MIROC/A1B)

Overall production change in shown existing areas: ‐11.2%

Source: IFPRI IMPACT simulations

Page 7: horizons 2014 IGC GRAINS CONFERENCE€¦ · Central Asia Latin America and Caribbean Middle East and North Africa Sub Saharan Africa kCal/Capita/day 2000 2050 No CC 2050 with CC Impact

09/06/2014

6

Rainfed Maize: Impact of climate change in 2080 

(MIROC/A1B)

Overall production change in shown existing areas: ‐37.3%

Source: IFPRI IMPACT simulations

Rainfed Rice: Impact of climate change in 2050 

(MIROC/A1B)

Overall production change in shown existing areas: ‐10.5%

Source: IFPRI IMPACT simulations

Page 8: horizons 2014 IGC GRAINS CONFERENCE€¦ · Central Asia Latin America and Caribbean Middle East and North Africa Sub Saharan Africa kCal/Capita/day 2000 2050 No CC 2050 with CC Impact

09/06/2014

7

Rainfed Rice: Impact of climate change in 2080 

(MIROC/A1B)

Overall production change in shown existing areas: ‐16.1 %

Source: IFPRI IMPACT simulations

Rainfed Wheat: Impact of climate change in 2050 

(MIROC/A1B)

Overall production change in shown existing areas: ‐8.1%

Source: IFPRI IMPACT simulations

Page 9: horizons 2014 IGC GRAINS CONFERENCE€¦ · Central Asia Latin America and Caribbean Middle East and North Africa Sub Saharan Africa kCal/Capita/day 2000 2050 No CC 2050 with CC Impact

09/06/2014

8

Rainfed Wheat: Impact of climate change in 2080 

(MIROC/A1B)

Overall production change in shown existing areas: ‐15.5%

Source: IFPRI IMPACT simulations

Impact on International Food Prices (2010=100)

Average of four GCM, A1B, A2 ,B1, B2 Scenarios

0

50

100

150

200

250

Wheat Maize Rice

2010 2050 no CC 2050 CC

Source: IFPRI IMPACT simulations

Page 10: horizons 2014 IGC GRAINS CONFERENCE€¦ · Central Asia Latin America and Caribbean Middle East and North Africa Sub Saharan Africa kCal/Capita/day 2000 2050 No CC 2050 with CC Impact

09/06/2014

9

Impact on International Food Prices (2010=100)Average of 4 GCM and 4 scenarios =  12 % decline in developing countries

Source: IFPRI IMPACT simulations

 ‐

 500

 1,000

 1,500

 2,000

 2,500

 3,000

 3,500

South Asia East Asia andPacific

Europe andCentral Asia

Latin Americaand Caribbean

Middle East andNorth Africa

Sub SaharanAfrica

kCal/Cap

ita/day

2000 2050 No CC 2050 with CC

Impact on International Food Prices (2010=100)Average of 4 GCM and 4 scenarios = 10% increase in developing countries

Source: IFPRI IMPACT simulations

 ‐

 10

 20

 30

 40

 50

 60

 70

 80

South Asia East Asia andPacific

Europe andCentral Asia

Latin Americaand Caribbean

Middle Eastand NorthAfrica

Sub SaharanAfrica

Millions of Child

ren

2000 2050 No CC 2050 with CC

Page 11: horizons 2014 IGC GRAINS CONFERENCE€¦ · Central Asia Latin America and Caribbean Middle East and North Africa Sub Saharan Africa kCal/Capita/day 2000 2050 No CC 2050 with CC Impact

09/06/2014

10

Climate Change Adaptation Costs Estimated in IMPACT Model

Our Definition of Agricultural Adaptation

Agricultural investments that reduce child malnutrition with climate change to the level with no climate change

What types of investments considered?• Agricultural research• Irrigation expansion and efficiency 

improvements• Rural roads

Page 12: horizons 2014 IGC GRAINS CONFERENCE€¦ · Central Asia Latin America and Caribbean Middle East and North Africa Sub Saharan Africa kCal/Capita/day 2000 2050 No CC 2050 with CC Impact

09/06/2014

11

Adaptation Costs are Large

Required additional annual expenditure: US$7.1‐$7.3 billion  

Regional level• Sub‐Saharan Africa ‐ 40% of the total, mainly for rural roads• South Asia ‐ US$1.5 billion, research and irrigation efficiency 

• Latin America and Caribbean ‐ US$1.2 billion per year, research

• East Asia and the Pacific ‐ $1 billion per year, research and irrigation efficiency

Conclusions and Policy Responses

Page 13: horizons 2014 IGC GRAINS CONFERENCE€¦ · Central Asia Latin America and Caribbean Middle East and North Africa Sub Saharan Africa kCal/Capita/day 2000 2050 No CC 2050 with CC Impact

09/06/2014

12

Building Climate Smart Agricultural and Food Systems

1. Accelerate investments in agricultural R&D for productivity growth

2. Promote complementary policies and investments

3. Reform economic policies

1. Accelerate Investments in Agricultural R&D for smallholder productivity

Invest in technologies for  Crop and livestock breeding

• High‐yielding varieties• Biotic‐ and abiotic‐stress resistant varieties

Modernize crop water productivity breeding programs in developing countries through provision of genomics, high throughput gene‐sequencing, bio‐informatics and computer 

GMOs where genetic variation does not exist in the crop • Nitrogen use efficiency• Drought, heat and salinity tolerance• Insect and disease resistance

Global public spending on agric. R&D, 2008 (%) 

Source: ASTI 2012

Page 14: horizons 2014 IGC GRAINS CONFERENCE€¦ · Central Asia Latin America and Caribbean Middle East and North Africa Sub Saharan Africa kCal/Capita/day 2000 2050 No CC 2050 with CC Impact

09/06/2014

13

2. Promote Complementary Policies and Investments

Invest in rural infrastructure and irrigation Increase access to high‐value supply chains and markets e.g. 

fruits, vegetables, and milk 

Regulatory reform: Reduce hurdles to approval and release of new cultivars and technologies

• Remove impediments (e.g. restrictive “notified” crop lists, excessive testing and certification requirements, foreign investment barriers, ad hoc biosafety decision‐making)

Extension of farming systems: minimum tillage, integrated soil fertility management,  integrated pest management, precision agriculture

3. Reform Economic Policies

Support open trading regimes to share climate risk

Use market‐based approaches to manage water and environmental services combined with secure property rights

Reduce subsidies that distort production decisions and encourage water use beyond economically appropriate levels

• Fertilizer, energy, water subsidies

• Savings invested in activities that boost farm output and income