horizontal well artificial lift simulation: unconventional ... · horizontal well artificial lift...
TRANSCRIPT
2018 Artificial Lift Strategies for
Unconventional Wells Workshop Cox Convention Center, Oklahoma City, OK
February 4 – 7, 2018
Horizontal Well Artificial Lift Simulation:
Unconventional Oil & Gas Well Case Histories
Dr. Anand S. Nagoo CEO, Pipe Fractional Flow | pipefractionalflow.com |
Director, University of Texas ALAMO Artificial Lift Consortium | tinyurl.com/alamo-invitation |
2 2018 Artificial Lift Strategies for Unconventional Wells Workshop
Oklahoma City, OK Feb. 4 - 7, 2018
Executive Summary
Can predicting the multiphase flow behavior improve understanding?
Whether production, reservoir, surveillance or artificial lift, predicting the
flow behaviors under different equipment and conditions can help in
better designing and optimizing wellbore multiphase flows
Our basic approach = simplify and interconnect flow pattern behaviors
and phase slippage using the analytical pipe fractional flow framework
to rapidly simulate phase holdups and pressure gradients
For more information/presentations/publications, visit pipefractionalflow.com/updates
3 2018 Artificial Lift Strategies for Unconventional Wells Workshop
Oklahoma City, OK Feb. 4 - 7, 2018
Example Simulation Applications of PipeFractionalFlow
- Minimize need (and huge costs) for permanent DHPG installs in new wells
- Give reliable DHPG simulation in old wells with faulty/non-functioning gauges
- Real-time drawdown management & reservoir monitoring
- Fast simulations for closed loop optimization & reservoir model calibration
- Local flow system modeling at discrete level (multi-segmented approach)
- Minimize need (and huge costs) for multiple field flow meters & maintenance
- Gas lift optimization, slugging flows, ESP PIP modeling, horizontal gas well
liquids loading, plunger lift optimization, critical velocities and lift curves, etc.
Accurate downhole pressure from surface at low cost (THE PRIZE)
Transient real-time modeling for surveillance & optimization
Wellbore and pipeline flow rate calculations (virtual flow metering)
Horizontal well artificial lift simulation for Unconventionals
FOCUS
4 2018 Artificial Lift Strategies for Unconventional Wells Workshop
Oklahoma City, OK Feb. 4 - 7, 2018
Complementary points of view of AL Systems
The well is the key component linking the reservoir and the surface in a
hydrocarbon production system. Monitoring its performance and taking action to
keep it operating at optimum condition ensures best production and
financial results. It’s the best lab and infrastructure we can control and measure!
Can I gain knowledge by case
studies or trial-and-error how
different equipment selections and
operating conditions can change
the multiphase flowing mixture
behavior to what I want it to be?
(e.g. to cause liquids lift, lower
FBHP, change flow pattern)
EXTERNAL VIEW (EQUIPMENT) INTERNAL VIEW (MODELS)
Can I better understand via
reliable analytical predictive
modeling how the multiphase
flowing mixture behaves under
different equipment selections and
operating conditions?
(e.g. to mitigate slug flow, to
diagnose liquid loading long before)
5 2018 Artificial Lift Strategies for Unconventional Wells Workshop
Oklahoma City, OK Feb. 4 - 7, 2018
How does analytical simulation impact AL in the field?
- Simulate flows in multiple well scenarios (1000’s of wells at a time)
- Suited for IoT, virtual flow metering and real-time fast runs (1GB RAM RPi)
Impact on field-wide production optimization
- Influence of well trajectory on loading behavior, loading/PIP surveillance
- Gas lift optimization, flow conditioning, FTHP-to-FBHP, DHPG simulation
Impact on well operations
- Influence of well trajectory on slugging, holdups, pressure gradients
- Placement of EOT/equipment, lateral length optimization, flow obstructions
Impact on well design
6 2018 Artificial Lift Strategies for Unconventional Wells Workshop
Oklahoma City, OK Feb. 4 - 7, 2018
Benchmarking: Simulating Published Lab Data
Cousins, Denton
and Hewitt (1965)
– Exp. # 49, data
also in Table 12.1
of Wallis’s One
Dimensional
Flow textbook
7 2018 Artificial Lift Strategies for Unconventional Wells Workshop
Oklahoma City, OK Feb. 4 - 7, 2018
Benchmarking: Simulating Published Lab Data
8 2018 Artificial Lift Strategies for Unconventional Wells Workshop
Oklahoma City, OK Feb. 4 - 7, 2018
Benchmarking: Simulating Transient Gas Lift
9 2018 Artificial Lift Strategies for Unconventional Wells Workshop
Oklahoma City, OK Feb. 4 - 7, 2018
Benchmarking: Simulating Transient Gas Lift
10 2018 Artificial Lift Strategies for Unconventional Wells Workshop
Oklahoma City, OK Feb. 4 - 7, 2018
Big Technology Gaps in Wellbore Simulation
Well “J” Well Case 6
11 2018 Artificial Lift Strategies for Unconventional Wells Workshop
Oklahoma City, OK Feb. 4 - 7, 2018
Closing Technology Gaps in Wellbore Simulation
12 2018 Artificial Lift Strategies for Unconventional Wells Workshop
Oklahoma City, OK Feb. 4 - 7, 2018
Slightly Up/Down Inclined Flow in Long Laterals
Undulating trajectories will change the phase volume fractions and
velocities behavior (flow patterns) resulting in liquids/gas blocks
Phase volume fractions in slightly up- vs. down-inclined flows are very
different from vertical/deviated flows, i.e. sharp phase holdup
changes
Long laterals is a combination problem, combining always-
developing flow through a segmented/perforated conduit system
and sharp phase holdup changes e.g. liquids held up in up-flow and
gas held up in down-flow
13 2018 Artificial Lift Strategies for Unconventional Wells Workshop
Oklahoma City, OK Feb. 4 - 7, 2018
Many Field Observations of Extreme Slip Effects
Source: Eriksen, S., Midttveit, O.: PLT - Overcoming changing multiphase flow behavior along horizontal sections,
http://bergen.spe.no/publish_files/ODS2007_SPE_Eriksen_Hydro.pdf (2010), and at: http://1drv.ms/1DBqiOn
14 2018 Artificial Lift Strategies for Unconventional Wells Workshop
Oklahoma City, OK Feb. 4 - 7, 2018
Many Field Observations of Extreme Slip Effects
Baldauff, J., Runge, T., Cadenhead, J., Faur, M., Marcus, R.,
Mas., C., North, R., Oddie, G.: Profiling and quantifying
complex multiphase flow, Schlumberger Oilfield Review,
Autumn (2004)
15 2018 Artificial Lift Strategies for Unconventional Wells Workshop
Oklahoma City, OK Feb. 4 - 7, 2018
Big Technology Gaps with Popular Tools!
Simpson, H. C., Rooney, D. H., Grattan, E., Al-Samarrae, F.: Flow pattern and pressure
drop studies, Reports 1, 2 and 3, Research Contract RD/1065/014, Dept. of Mechanical
Engineering, U. of Strathclyde (1976)
Grollman, E., Fortuin, J. M. H.: Transient gas-liquid flow in upward
sloping pipes, approaching the wavy-to-slug flow transition, Trans.
ASME, FED-v. 225, Gas Liquid Flows, pp. 23-30 (1995)
Horizontal, large-diameter
+1 degs from
horizontal
16 2018 Artificial Lift Strategies for Unconventional Wells Workshop
Oklahoma City, OK Feb. 4 - 7, 2018
Improved Understanding in Slight up/down Flows:
Blind Test of PipeFractionalFlow against New Data!
Brito, R., Pereyra, E., Sarica, C.: Stratified flow for
downward highly viscous two-phase flow, 8th N.
American Conf. Multiphase Tech., June 20-22, Banff,
Alberta, Canada (2012)
Fig. 8 of reference Fig. 9 of reference
-2 degrees from horizontal
17 2018 Artificial Lift Strategies for Unconventional Wells Workshop
Oklahoma City, OK Feb. 4 - 7, 2018
Improved Understanding in Obstructed Flows
Obstructed flows are either fluid
obstructions (cross-jet perforated
pipe flow), or, solid obstructions
(nozzles, chokes, valves, blockages,
bends, branches)
Flow must decelerate and then
accelerate - the convective
acceleration/deceleration pressure
gradient will become the dominant
pressure gradient term if cross-jet
perforated conduit multiphase flows
are considered
18 2018 Artificial Lift Strategies for Unconventional Wells Workshop
Oklahoma City, OK Feb. 4 - 7, 2018
Improved Understanding in Obstructed Flows
19 2018 Artificial Lift Strategies for Unconventional Wells Workshop
Oklahoma City, OK Feb. 4 - 7, 2018
Improved Understanding in Obstructed Flows
Pougatch, K.,
Salcudean, M., Chan, E.,
Knapper, B.: Modeling of
compressible gas-liquid
flow in a convergent-
divergent nozzle, Chem.
Eng. Sci., v. 63, pp. 4176-
4188 (2008)
20 2018 Artificial Lift Strategies for Unconventional Wells Workshop
Oklahoma City, OK Feb. 4 - 7, 2018
Improved Understanding in Obstructed Flows
Same
scale!
Multiple cases in the paper - lines are
our predictions. Demonstrates the
accuracy of our in-situ phase flow rate
calculations.
21 2018 Artificial Lift Strategies for Unconventional Wells Workshop
Oklahoma City, OK Feb. 4 - 7, 2018
Case History: Permian Gas-Condensate-Water HW PLT
Flow scanner imager (FSI) prod. log
run on Permian basin gas-condensate-
water well (DEFT and GHOST probes);
simulation starts from surface and all flow
enforced to come only from toe
Validation – simulated severe impact of
well trajectory correlative to data; ALL
phase holdups & pressure predicted
Significance of results – horizontal
wells are uniquely complex systems!
Expected learning – liquids held up in
up-flow and gas held up in down-flow;
demonstrates impact of well trajectory
red = high water holdup
blue = high gas holdup
Unexpected learning – extreme slip
effects exist as long as up-flow and down-
flow exist and NOT on severity of wellbore
trajectory “curviness”; higher likelihood of
terrain-induced slugging
22 2018 Artificial Lift Strategies for Unconventional Wells Workshop
Oklahoma City, OK Feb. 4 - 7, 2018
Case History: Permian Gas-Condensate-Water HW PLT
23 2018 Artificial Lift Strategies for Unconventional Wells Workshop
Oklahoma City, OK Feb. 4 - 7, 2018
Case History: Permian ESP HW PIP Simulation (2 ways)
24 2018 Artificial Lift Strategies for Unconventional Wells Workshop
Oklahoma City, OK Feb. 4 - 7, 2018
Case History: Bakken HEAL System Simulation
25 2018 Artificial Lift Strategies for Unconventional Wells Workshop
Oklahoma City, OK Feb. 4 - 7, 2018
Case History: Bakken HEAL System Simulation
26 2018 Artificial Lift Strategies for Unconventional Wells Workshop
Oklahoma City, OK Feb. 4 - 7, 2018
Case History: WCSB HEAL System Simulations
27 2018 Artificial Lift Strategies for Unconventional Wells Workshop
Oklahoma City, OK Feb. 4 - 7, 2018
Case History: WCSB HEAL System Simulations
28 2018 Artificial Lift Strategies for Unconventional Wells Workshop
Oklahoma City, OK Feb. 4 - 7, 2018
Case History: Independent Confirmation of Beneficial
Influence of Back Pressure in Conditioning the Flow
Key Finding: Increasing
backpressure leads to reduced
amplitude of pressure
fluctuations (or reduced
oscillations) and reduced
severe slugging (i.e. higher
frequency, stable slug flow)
29 2018 Artificial Lift Strategies for Unconventional Wells Workshop
Oklahoma City, OK Feb. 4 - 7, 2018
Case History: Improved Sand or Solids Erosion
Simulation of Multiphase Flows in Chokes and Valves
Camacho, C. A.: Comparison
of correlations for predicting
pressure losses in high
gas-liquid ratio vertical wells,
M.S. Thesis, U. of Tulsa (1970)
30 2018 Artificial Lift Strategies for Unconventional Wells Workshop
Oklahoma City, OK Feb. 4 - 7, 2018
Case History: Improved Sand or Solids Erosion
Simulation of Multiphase Flows in Chokes and Valves
31 2018 Artificial Lift Strategies for Unconventional Wells Workshop
Oklahoma City, OK Feb. 4 - 7, 2018
Static Column - Sutton et al. (2003) 2 7/8" Well "11" at 525 Mscf/d - Liquid Loaded
Case History: HW Liquids Loading Simulation
32 2018 Artificial Lift Strategies for Unconventional Wells Workshop
Oklahoma City, OK Feb. 4 - 7, 2018
Case History: HW Liquids Loading Simulation
Simulate published loaded
gas well producing under a
static liquid column (SLC)
and compare against the
reported downhole field data
Significance of result: PFF
can simulate liquids loaded
gas well operations including
well death prediction and
changing liquid levels using
only basic field data and
average reservoir pressure
Water holdup red = high blue = low
33 2018 Artificial Lift Strategies for Unconventional Wells Workshop
Oklahoma City, OK Feb. 4 - 7, 2018
Static Column - Sutton et al. (2003) 2 7/8" Well "11" at 525 Mscf/d - Liquid Loaded
Case Studies: HW Liquids Loading Simulation
HW Liquids Loading Case Histories using
PFF’s Simple, Analytical Vg,crit Equation (New!)
34 2018 Artificial Lift Strategies for Unconventional Wells Workshop
Oklahoma City, OK Feb. 4 - 7, 2018
• Case histories for field-Level
understanding: demonstrate liquid
loading prediction and prevention long
before in horizontal wells; demonstrate
liquid loading effects on major variables
such as WHP, tubing/casing diameters,
fat casing in bend region, small
diameter strings and End-of-Tubing
placement optimization; simulation of
onset of LL for VLP/Lift curves for
quantifying lost liquids production!
• Comprehensive field database:
real horizontal liquid loaded wells in
unconventionals, e.g. Permian, Eagle
Ford, Marcellus, Barnett, lots more...
Permian Case (loading in bend only)
35 2018 Artificial Lift Strategies for Unconventional Wells Workshop
Oklahoma City, OK Feb. 4 - 7, 2018
Case History: Permian DHPG Well History Simulation
Fig. 200 of Simulation Workflows (pipefractionalflow.com/userguides): direct comparison of calculated vs. measured
downhole gauge pressures at 9550 ft MD over Permian three-phase horizontal well history (BLIND TEST)
Copyright
Rights to this presentation are owned by the company(ies) and/or author(s) listed on the title page. By submitting this presentation to the Artificial Lift Strategies for Unconventional Wells Workshop, they grant to the Workshop, the Artificial Lift Research and Development Council (ALRDC), and the Southwestern Petroleum Short Course (SWPSC), rights to:
Display the presentation at the Workshop.
Place it on the www.alrdc.com web site, with access to the site to be as directed by the Workshop Steering Committee.
Place it on a CD for distribution and/or sale as directed by the Workshop Steering Committee.
Other use of this presentation is prohibited without the expressed written permission of the author(s). The owner company(ies) and/or author(s) may publish this material in other journals or magazines if they refer to the Artificial Lift Strategies for Unconventional Wells Workshop where it was first presented.
36 2018 Artificial Lift Strategies for Unconventional Wells Workshop
Oklahoma City, OK Feb. 4 - 7, 2018
Disclaimer
37 2018 Artificial Lift Strategies for Unconventional Wells Workshop
Oklahoma City, OK Feb. 4 - 7, 2018
The following disclaimer shall be included as the last page of a Technical Presentation or Continuing Education Course. A similar disclaimer is included on the front page of the Artificial Lift Strategies for Unconventional Wells Web Site.
The Artificial Lift Research and Development Council and its officers and trustees, and the Artificial Lift Strategies for Unconventional Wells Steering Committee members, and their supporting organizations and companies (here-in-after referred to as the Sponsoring Organizations), and the author(s) of this Technical Presentation or Continuing Education Training Course and their company(ies), provide this presentation and/or training material at the Artificial Lift Strategies for Unconventional Wells Workshop "as is" without any warranty of any kind, express or implied, as to the accuracy of the information or the products or services referred to by any presenter (in so far as such warranties may be excluded under any relevant law) and these members and their companies will not be liable for unlawful actions and any losses or damage that may result from use of any presentation as a consequence of any inaccuracies in, or any omission from, the information which therein may be contained.
The views, opinions, and conclusions expressed in these presentations and/or training materials are those of the author and not necessarily those of the Sponsoring Organizations. The author is solely responsible for the content of the materials.
The Sponsoring Organizations cannot and do not warrant the accuracy of these documents beyond the source documents, although we do make every attempt to work from authoritative sources. The Sponsoring Organizations provide these presentations and/or training materials as a service. The Sponsoring Organizations make no representations or warranties, express or implied, with respect to the presentations and/or training materials, or any part thereof, including any warrantees of title, non-infringement of copyright or patent rights of others, merchantability, or fitness or suitability for any purpose.