hospitals and habitats

PRODUCTIVE URBAN GREEN SPACESKatie Ruffles 703 Cities Alive 02

C O N T E N T SI n t r o d u c t i o n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

P A R T 1 / P R O D U C T I V E U R B A N G R E E N S P A C E S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 . 1 . G r e e n I n f r a s t r u c t u r e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 . 2 . U r b a n A g r i c u l t u r e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 . 3 . L o c a l F o o d G r o w i n g . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 11 . 4 . U r b a n G r e e n R o o f s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 31 . 5 . F o r e s t G a r d e n s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 71 . 6 . P o l l i n a t o r s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 0

P a r t 2 / C I T Y H O S P I T A L S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 12 . 1 . G r e e n S p a c e a n d H e a l t h . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 22 . 2 . H o s p i t a l G a r d e n s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 5

P a r t 3 / C A S E S T U D I E S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 93 . 1 . U r b a n R o o f T o p s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 03 . 2 . F o r e s t G a r d e n s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 53 . 3 . H o s p i t a l G a r d e n s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 93 . 4 . C a s e S t u d y A n a l y s i s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 9

P a r t 4 / D E S I G N S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 04 . 1 . D e s i g n B r i e f . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 14 . 2 . S i t e A n a l y s i s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 24 . 3 . T h e A p o t h a c a r y G a r d e n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 54 . 4 . T h e F o r e s t G a r d e n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 24 . 5 . T h e R o o f G a r d e n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 84 . 6 . F u t u r e P r o o f i n g . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 4R e f e r e n c e s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 5

PA G E

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I N T R O D U C T I O N

• The first section of this study investigates the important role that green infrastructure plays in mitigating the effects of

global issues like climate change. It will investigate the relevance of CPUL’s (Continuous Productive Urban Landscapes), and

how nature can be brought into the city through the introduction of food growing.

• The second part of the report concentrates specifically on how hospitals can play a part in the cities’ green infrastructure,

as well as investigating the links between green spaces and health.

• A number of related case studies are illustrated and evaluated in the third part of this document, and part four focuses

specifically on St James hospital in Leeds, investitng how the concept of CPUL’s can be applied in designing three new

productive gardens on site.

• The purpose of this report is to compile a toolkit that can be used to educate other city hospitals to recognise the potential

benefits associated with productive landscapes in urban environments, and hopefully as a consequence, encourage similar

actions. The three designs illustrated at the end of this booklet have been created as examples of what can be produced

when space is limited within a hospital setting.

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1 / p r o d u c t i v e u r b a n g r e e n s p a c e s

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“As recently as 2007, for the first time in human history, the

majority of people lived in towns and cities.”

(Arup, 2014, p.17)

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Oneofthebiggestchallengesfacingcitiestodayispopulationgrowth;urbanpopulationsareincreasing,whilsttheruralpopulation

isdecreasing.Concequently,thishascontributedtomajorglobalissuessuchasclimatechange,pollution,andshortageofresources,

environmental damage and dangers to human health.

Inordertodealwiththesechallengesitisconsideredimportantforcitiestobecome“anecosystemthatembedsnatureandpeople

asequalpartnerstohelprebalancegrowingurbanisation.”(Arup,2014,p.17)

Slowly,governmentsarebeginningtoappreciatethevalueoftheservicesprovidedbyecosystems,thishasbeenreflectedbythe

European Union enforcing standards for air and water quality.

As a result, there is now an increased demand for more

sustainable developments and a growing interest in green infrastructure.

1 . 1 G R E E N I N F R A S T R U C T U R E

Green infrastructure (GI) is simply the green spaces or corridors that

maintain and enhance ecosystem services. These spaces should

promotesustainability,foodproduction,openspaceaccess,and

enhanceresidentialareas. GI should be embedded as the fifth critical

infrastructure; it should be planned, invested and maintained.

Arup, 2014, p.11

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Usingnatureasadriverfordesigncanleadtoanumberofsocial,economicandenvironmentalbenefits.Theseinclude“greater

socialcohesion,improvedmentalandphysicalhealth,(withresultingeconomicsavings),andlowercrime;economicvitality,inward

investmentandincreasepropertyprices;andbetterurbanmicroclimates,reducedpollution,floodresistance,anincreasein

biodiversityandlowercitycarbonfootprints.”(Arup, 2014, p.11)

TheNationalPlanningPolicyFrameworkrecognisestheimportanceofamultifunctionaluseofland,statingthatplanningshould

“promotemixed-usedevelopmentsandencouragemultiplebenefits…someopenlandcanperformmanyfunctionssuchasfor

wildlife,recreation,floodriskmitigation,carbonstorageorfoodproduction.”(NPPF, 2012)

1 . 1 G R E E N I N F R A S T R U C T U R E continued...

“The role of green infrastructure in addressing the challenges

of the 21st Century cannot be underestimated. It is a natural,

service-providing infrastructure that is often more cost-effective,

more resilient and more capable of meeting social, environmental

and economic objectives than ‘grey’ infrastructure. It has never been

more necessary to invest in green infrastructure.” (LI, 2013, p.1)

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“The World population is now over 7 billion and is expected to go above 9 billion by mid-century, that equates to finding the means between now and then to feed more than

200,000 extra people, every day.” (Juniper, 2013, p.38)

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1 . 2 U R B A N A G R I C U L T U R E

Specialists predict that we will evntually begin to consume more food than

we can produce. Threats like these have led to movements such as guerrilla

gardening,verticalfarmingandaquaculturewithinthecity.

We currently grow enough food, but we waste one third of it, and food waste

isbadforcarbonemission.Also,duetoimportingmuchofourfoodtherehas

been a lack in developing the necessary skills to grow our own.

“By 2050, food security may be one

of the most critical factors of global

geopolitics, with its intimate ties to

oil prices, transport networks, cl imate

change and population growth.”

(Arup, 2014, p.86)

Food can be grown in many places within the city, for example private gardens,

allotments, public spaces, and community projects, such as schools. For

successfulfoodgrowth,plantswillneed;healthysoil,carbondioxide,cleanair,

not too much wind, sunlight, and pollinators.

B E N E F I T S O F FO O D G ROW I N G I N C I T I ES :HEALTH - Opportunity for fresh air and exercise.

SOCIAL - Encourages community engagement.

ECONOMIC - Money saving, and job opportunites.

ECOLOGICAL - Good for biodivesity.

Much emphasis has been put on producing

CPUL’s(continousproductiveurbanlandscapes)

which encourage humans and wildlife to move

through the city, from rural to urban, via an

uniterrupted corridor of green spaces.

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“Think globally, act locally”

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1 . 3 L O C A L F O O D G R O W I N G

F e e d L e e d sThe city of Leeds has already begun to recognise the importance of food

growing in the urban environment. Feed Leeds, established in 2012, is a

combinednetworkoforganisationsandindividualswhoaredoingtheirbitto

support, promote, and give advice to any local and sustainable food growing

projects. They aim to encourage and connect shops and markets with food

growers, schools and anyone else growing healthy food locally.

Feed Leeds has since teamed up with Incredible Edible and now partner many

projects such as Leeds Edible Schools Sustainability Network. Incredible Edible

began in 2008 as just a small group of people growing food around the town

ofTodmorden,withthemainpurposeofeducatingfuturegenerations.This

movement has now been joined by more than 20 towns, and the scheme with

itsprinciplescontinuetobecomeknowninternationally.Leeds city council

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“In dense urban environments designers will need to be creative and plan Green Infrastructure using the multiple layers

of the city ”. (Arup, 2014, p.77)

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1 . 4 U R B A N G R E E N R O O F S

• Extensive Thesegardensusuallyhaveathinsubstratedepth,limitingthespecies

ofplantsthatcangrowhere,theyalsodonottypicallyrequireanadditionalwatering

system;

• Intensive Thesegardensarebettersuitedtovisitors.Theyhavetheabilitytohold a thicker layer of substrate and can therefore accommodate larger species, but

theserequireextraengineering;

• Edible Green roofs are becoming a popular site for urban agriculture. Producing

foodonrooftopscanbeagreatwaytocontributetoreducingthecommunity’surban

footprint.

• SedumThisisthecheapestandeasiestoptionforagreenroof;

• BiodiverseWildflowerFeaturesindigenousplantsandnectarforpollinators;

• Pictorial Floral garden

1 . 4 . 1 . Ty p e s In an effort to use city space more effectively, we will need to consider exploiting areas such as available roof space.

Extensive

Intensive

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Environmental• Vegetationhasacoolingeffectonthesurroundings,reducingtheurbanheatislandeffect;

• Provideshelter,foragingandnestingforlocalwildlife;

• Contributetofilteringoutexistingairpollutants;

• Abletostoreupto80%ofsummerstormwater,reducingthestrainonthecitydrainagesystem;

• Improvethequalityofwaterrunoff,thehigherpHcanreduceeffectsofacidrain;

• Can insulate building noise and absorb sounds of the city.

Economical• Addvaluetoproperty;

• Helptoinsulatethebuilding;

• Reducetheneedforairconditioningbycoolingthebuilding;

• Officegreenroofscanimproveemployeeengagementandproductivity;

• Can grow food for economic gain.

Health & social:• ImprovedHealthandWell-Being;

• Thereducedpollutionandincreasedwaterqualitythatgreenroofsbringcandecreasedemandsforhealthcare;

• Green roofs can serve as community hubs, increasing social cohesion, sense of community, and public safety.

1 . 4 U R B A N G R E E N R O O F S 1 . 4 . 2 . B e n e f i t s

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1 . 4 U R B A N G R E E N R O O F S 1 . 4 . 3 . . . . a n d b i o d i v e r s i t y

“Biodiversity is vital to a healthy urban environment, and it can also provide a boom to the economics and resources of the city, providing tourist attractions or sources of revenue as well as making the city feel more alive and fulfilling

for citizens.” (Arup, 2014, p.73)

Green roofs are able to sustain a variety of plants, invertebrates and bird species. Certainspeciesofplantswillthriveintheseflat,openlandscapes,withtheirdirectaccess to sunlight and water.

The city of Basel, Switzerland have made greenroofs a mandatory requirement, as part of their biodiversity strategy, for all new buildings. Criteria for designing and creatingthesehabitatsincludetheuseofnaturallocalsoilandvaryingthethicknessof substrate.

Rooftopscanalsoprovidesuitablehabitatsforanywildlifethataremobileenoughtoreachthem,andabletoadaptsurvivalskillsforextremeconditions.Evidencehas emerged to suggest that green roofs can even protect endangered invertebrate species.

“Urban environment as opportunity for animal repopulation and future population and preservation will become a crucial part of future planning.”

(Arup, 2014, p.74)

A northern lapwing (Vanellus vanellus) on the green roof in Steinhausen, Canton Zoug. (Photo by A. Kaufmann)

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Roofs with a slope of 2 to 10 degrees are best for green roofs. Greater than 10 degrees will be an issue for health and safety, and below 2 degrees can create drainage issues.

Green roof should have:• Abilitytotaketheload;• Rootresistantwaterproofmembrane;• Protectivesheet;• Suitabledrainagesystemtoallowexcesswatertoleaveroofeasily;• 300mmgravel/paving;• Upstandstopreventmaterialbeingblownoff;• 1mwide,300mmtallun-vegetatedbarrierevery40m.

Important to leave a 0.5m veg-free zone around the edge of the garden to

serve as a break.

1 . 4 U R B A N G R E E N R O O F S

1 . 4 . 4 . Te c h n i c a l I n f o r m a t i o n

Green roofs can weigh between 60 –

150 kg/m2

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1 . 5 F O R E S T G A R D E N S

Urban forest gardens are a great example of a permaculture

system as unlike many modern industrial agricultural

systems, they do not rely heavily on inputs from fossil fuels

andartificialherbicidesandfertilisers.Onceaforestgarden

isestablisheditshouldbeself-regulating;theplantsare

designed to propagate themselves, and be highly abundant in

yield.

Aforestgardenisasmallmulti-layeredgardendesignedto

mimic the structure of a larger natural forest. It is cdescribed

as ‘the most stable and sustainable type of ecosystem in this

climate’ (Forest Gardening, 2014). The design ideally consists

of7differentlayersofvaryingsizes;thepositioningofthese

species will depend on their needs for shelter, light, moisture

etc.

The primary aims for this system are:• To be biologically sustainable, able to

copewithclimatechange;• Productive,yieldingfruitandvegetables;• Require low maintenance

The key features of this system are:• Use a large number of species to give

greaterdiversity;• Usingplantswhichincreasefertility;• Deeprootingplantswhichcantapmineral

sources;• Plantsthatcanattractpredatorsof

common pests.

1 . 5 . 1 . P e r m a c u l t u r e

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1. The Canopy Layer – This layer is made up of tall trees, usually fruit or nut such as apple, pear, cherry etc. These should be planted with space between to allow light to reach through to the under storey.2. Low Tree layer–Thesecanbedwarfversionsofthecanopylayer,andcanalsoincludeflowerspecies,suchas Dogwood and Mountain ash.3. The Shrub Layer–flowering,fruiting,andwildlifeattractingshrubsaregrowninthislayersuchasberrybushes.These can vary in size and be planted into edges and openings. Under storey layers must be chosen carefully duetolightlimitations.4. The Herbaceous Layer –Thisincludesnon-woodyvegetationsuchasvegetables,herbsandflowers.

1 . 5 F O R E S T G A R D E N S c o n t i n u e d . . .

5. The Ground Cover layer – Low ground hugging plantsthatofferfoodandhabitat,including strawberries. These plants play an important roleinweedprevention.6. The Root Layer – Here root vegetables can be grown below the soil, preferably shallow rooted veg such as onions and potatoes.7. The Vine Layer–Thefinallayerisforclimbing plants that will wind up tree trunks, these can

include very important food plants for wildlife.

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“Without pollinators, most ecosystems would not function as they do now, and that

would lead to a reduction in diversity and a diminishing of the services that natural

systems provide for us.” (Juniper, 2013, p.112)

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1 . 6 P O L L I N A T O R S Beesandotherpollinatorssuchasinsects,butterfliesandbirdscanbefundamentaltoensuringlong-termproductivityinurbanagriculture.Manyspeciesofplantsandcropssolelyrely on the movement of pollinators for their survival.

“Blueberries,grapefruits,avocados,cherries,apples,pears,plums,squashes,cucumbers,strawberries, raspberries, blackberries, macadamia nuts and dozens of others depend on the

foragingactivitiesofbees.Nobees,thennofruit–oralotless”.(Juniper,2013,p.116)

“Thehoneybeeinparticular,isresponsibleforabout80%ofallinsectpollinationandwithoutthemwewouldseeahugedecreaseintheyieldsofourfruitandvegetablefieldsworldwide”.(Churchill, 2013)

Itisimportanttodesigngardensinawaythatwillencouragethesetypesofnativevisitors.Thiscanbedonebyprovidingadiverseassortmentoffloweringplants,andbyavoidingpesticides.

Bug Houses like this one exhibited by Cheshire Wildlife trust in 2005, can be anattractivehabitat for insectsandsmall mammals. They can be made using recycled wooden pallets and other materials, and should ideally besituatedinpartialsunandshadeand near a tree. Natural materials used include straw, hay, dry leaves, dead wood & loose bark. A mixture of hard material can also be included such as stone, tiles, bottles andbricks. These help to create a variety of different shaped spaces such as

cracks / crevices and holes.

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2 / c i t y h o s p i t a l s

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2 . 1 G R E E N S P A C E & H E A L T H2 . 1 . 1 . H e a l t h B e n e f i t sThereisanincreasingbodyofresearchfocusedonlinksbetweentheuseofgreenspaceanditspositiveimpactsonmentaland

physical health.

Results show that access to green spaces can help mental health issues such as mood improvement as well as decreasing stress

(whichhasbeenlinkedtocardio-vasculardiseaseanddiabetes).Impactsonphysicalhealthcanincludeimprovedself-reported

health and reduced obesity through exercise. (Munoz, S.A, & Nimegeer, A, 2012)

Therealsoappearstobesocialbenefitsassociatedwithhealthandgreenspacessuchasthepositiveimpactonneighbourhood

satisfactionforlocalcommunityresidents,andincreasedlevelsofsocialinteraction.

According to Kaplan (1995, cited in Munoz, S.A, & Nimegeer, A, 2012) brief moments spent on contact with green space, or even

lookingatgreenspacethroughawindow(Velarde,D.,etal.,2007)canconstitute‘micro-restorativeepisodes’thatboostwell

being.

Kaplan(1995)describesnaturalspacesas“restorativeenvironments”thatcanhelpvisitorstorefocustheirattentionawayfrom

concentratingsolelyonproblemsathand,andconsequentlyeasestress.

Another idea is that we are wired to derive comfort from nature, and therefore recovery from stress can came from even short

exposure to green space (Sherman et al, 2005).

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2 . 1 G R E E N S P A C E & H E A L T H

2 . 1 . 2 . H e a l t h B e n e f i t s c o n t i n u e d . . .

1. Viewing naturehasbeenshowntoimproveconcentration,supportgoodmentalhealth,reducestressandtension,aidrecoveryfromtraumaticevents,decreaselevelsoffear,improvejobperformance,andpositivelyinfluencetheimmunesystem.(Kaplan1995)

2. Being in naturehasbeenshowntohelpcombatAttentionDeficitDisorderinchildren,enhanceneighbourhoodsatisfaction,helphealemotionalandpsychologicalconditions,andboostconfidenceandself-esteem.

3. Interacting with nature,e.g.theactofgardening,aswellasthebenefitsabove,canprovidetheadditionalhealthbenefitsofexercise.

4. Observing wildlifesuchaswildbirdshasbeenshowntohaverestorativebenefits.

Research suggests that there are different levels of interaction with nature that all provide different degrees of

benefits.

(Munoz & Nimegeer, 2012)

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Data collected in a Pennsylvania hospital between 1972 and1981showedthattherecoveryspeedaftergall-bladdersurgery‘dependedinpartonwhetherpatientscouldseetreesandgreenery.’Thegroupofpatientswho were placed in a room with a window looking out ontoanaturalscenehadshorterstays,fewernegativecomments from nurses, and took fewer painkillers incomparisontopatientsseeingonlyabrickwall.(Juniper, 2014,p.247)

Health benefits specifically applicable to hospital greenspace include a study by (Webster & Glaser, 2008, cited in Munoz, S.A, & Nimegeer, A, 2012) which illustrates the link between stress and decreased vaccination efficiency, slower wound healing and increased development and progression of cancer. In addition, reduced stress has been shown to reduce pain in hospital patients (Ulrich, 1991) and enhance immune functions (Parsons, 1991)

2 . 1 G R E E N S P A C E & H E A L T H

2 . 1 . 3 . S t u d i e s o n h o s p i t a l g a r d e n s“Forgreenspaceswithproximitytohospitals,studies suggest that features such as interactive play elements for children, adequate seating areas, paths for walking, and running water elements can all lead togreateruptake”.(Whitehouseetal,2001,Shermanet al, 2005)

The following features have been identified as desirable in green space areas:

- Clearsignageandmaps;- Plentyofseating;- Lightingandwidepathsforsafety.

Also important is just the knowledge of the existence of these green spaces, and clear understanding of who can have access to them. This can be done

through the careful use of signage.

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2 . 2 H O S P I T A L G A R D E N S

GardenswereonceafundamentalfeatureofhospitalsinBritain,andaccesstofreshairwasconsideredvitalinthetreatingofpatients.However,theyarenotsocommonlyfoundtoday.

In the 1850’s The Builder Magazine wrote,“Sunlight, trees, plants, grass, and the external air would do more for patients than all the medicine and doctors in the world. Thousands of lives might be saved annually if sick men could be turned out so as to look upon Nature.” (Hickman, 2014)

TenyearslaterFlorenceNightingalesuggestedthatpatientswithfeverswerelargelysufferingfrombeingunabletoseeoutofawindow. In 1863, She went on to recommend that,“The square within the hospital, and the spaces between the pavilions, should be laid out as garden grounds with well¬-drained and rolled walks, and shaded seats for convalescents. It is of great importance to provide places of exercise under shelter, for patients, to be appropriated to that purpose alone”. (Nightingale,1863, as quoted in Hickman, 2014)

Frederick Law Olmsted supported this idea in 1865, when he wrote, the enjoyment of scenery, “employs the mind without fatigue and yet exercises it; tranquillizes it and yet enlivens it; and thus, through the influence of the mind over the body, gives the effect of refreshing rest and reinvigoration to the whole system”. (Welcome Trust, 2013)

Olmstedfoundthatpatientswhosewindowslookedoutontoanaturalscenestayedinhospitalforashorterlengthoftimeandtookfewerpainkillersthanthepatientsinsimilarroomswhosewindowsfacedabrickwall.HebelievedthatgardensparticipatedinconnectingthehospitalwiththewiderWorld.

2 . 2 . 1 . H i s t o r y

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2 . 2 H O S P I T A L G A R D E N S2 . 2 . 2 . E a r l y H o s p i t a l G a r d e n sAsearlyas1804hospitalsweredesigninglandscapesspecificallyforuse

oftheirpatientssuchastheoneatBrislingtonHousepsychiatricasylum.

Designed by Edward Long Fox predominantly for upper classes, it supported

a new form of therapy called ‘Moral Treatment’. This therapy focused on

removingthepatientfromtheenvironmentthatwasbelievedtohave

caused‘incorrectassociations’andintroducethemtoanewenvironment

and community. It set the blueprint for how other Victorian asylums

grounds were laid out. These gardens featured ‘Airing Courts’ which were

walledareasfordifferentgroupsofpatients,sportsgrounds,fieldsand

farmingland.Thisformatremainedpartofpsychiatricinstitutionsuntilmid

twentiethcentury.(Hickman,2006)

Hospitals for people with physical diseases were also being built with garden space. Research carried out in England in 1863

found that roughly 46 of 67 of these hospitals had some kind of external grounds. Many of which were described as having

features‘commonindomesticarrangements’,andwerelaidoutinthestyleoftheday.Forexample,the1846gardenatLeeds

GeneralInfirmarywasdescribedas‘gardenesque’instyle.(Hickman,2006)

Brislington House

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2 . 2 . 3 . E a r l y H o s p i t a l G a r d e n s c o n t i n u e d . . .

Hospitalgardensbegantolosetheirsignificancetowardstheend

of the nineteenth century, and were only regarded important in

convalescent homes and specialist hospitals, especially those that

supported ‘openair therapy’. (Hickman, 2006)

Bytheendofthetwentiethcenturytherewasquiteadeclinein

the number and size of hospital gardens. This was due to specialist

institutionsandpsychiatrichospitalsclosingdown,costofgarden

maintenance,andtheneedforcarparkingfacilitiesandrationalisation

within the NHS.

Todaygardensarestillbeingusedfortherapeuticpurposesbuton

amuchsmallerscale.However,duetofinancialdifficulties,gardens

will be viewed as more of a luxury in the future. Although due to lack

of space, hospitals will probably never see the return of the large

landscapesofthenineteenthcenturyinstitutions.

Ipswich hospital gardens, early 1960’s. Like many hospitals in Britain, this

outdoor space, which was once enjoyed bypatientsnolongerexists.

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Inthepast,researchhasbeencarriedoutonexistinghospitalgardens

and green spaces to understand what they are used for, and what their

userspreferintermsoffacilitiesprovided.

Studies found that visitors to hospital gardens were mainly seeking

‘relaxationandrestorationfrommentalandemotionalfatigue’

(Franklin,2012)andwhatappealedmostwereareasofmulti-layered

greeneryincludingfloweringplants,maturetrees,andwaterfeatures.

Otherfeaturesconsideredimportantaretheadditionsofsmallprivate

conversationareas,andtree-linedpaths.Equallyvaluedarethe

inclusionofnaturalisticlandscapesthatattractwildlifesuchasbirds

andsquirrels,andtheprovisionoflight-weightfurniturethatcanbe

easily moved into sun or shade.

CRITERIA FOR A HOSPITAL GARDEN:• Keep it green - shadetrees,flowersand

shrubs at various heights should take up roughly

70percentofthespace;

• Keep it real - Abstract scupltures can have

negativeaffectsonsickandworriedpeople;

• Keep it interesting -attractwildlifeandprovideinteraction;

• Engage multiple senses - seeing,

touching, smelling and listening are all good for

soothing,butavoidreallystrongodours;

• Wide paths - to enable wheelchair uses to

getclosetonature;

• Water features- noisy running water may

notbesoothing;

• Easy entry - no heavy doors, not hidden.

2 . 2 . 4 . C r i t e r i a

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3 / c a s e s t u d i e s

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3 . 1 U R B A N R O O F T O P S

Aims • To produce an annual yield of 20,000 pounds of

fresh produce per year.

Key features The roof is capable of managing over one million gallons of storm water each year. It also hosts an Apiary that consists of over 30 hives, which will yield approximately 1,500 pounds of honey annually.

Planting Salad greens, rainbow chard, kale, basil, eggplant, cucumbers and ground cherries. During the winter, they’ll plant cover crops, such as clover and vetch, to prevent soil erosion and replenish vital nutrients.

3 . 1 . 1 . N a v y Ya r d Fa r mLocation ..............................Brooklyn, USA

Size .....................................65,000sqft

Year ...........................................2012

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Aims

• To create a variety of habitats and increase local

biodiversity,especiallytherareblackredstart;

• Become a part of the local network of green

spaces;

• Insulate the building in winter.

Layout/design A mixture of sedum (small low

moisture plants), wetland (a pond with water plants)

andbrownfield(rubblelefttoself-colonise).

Planting Naturally colonised by over 20 species of

plants.

3.1.2. Unicorn Grocery Food CooperativeLocation ......................Manchester, UK

Size .......................................825 m2

Year .....................................2007

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Aims

• Toproducefoodfortherestaurant;

• Increasethelocalpopulationofhoneybees.

Key Features 17 raised boxes and a variety of planters.

Sixbeehivesattracting350000honeybees,producing

an average of 450lbs of honey per year.

Planting All the herbs are organically grown using

naturalfertilizerandsheepmanure.Lemonbalm,

ediblepansies,thyme,lavender,chivesanddifferent

kinds of basil are just a few of the many herbs

flourishinginthecustom-builtfourposterwooden

beds. Also grown are a wide variety of fresh produce,

includingkidneybeans,cherrytomatoes,courgettes,

squash, peppers, chile and cucumbers.

3.1.3. Fairmont Royal York HotelLocation ......................Toronto, CANADA

Size ..........................................400sqft

Year ...........................................1998

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Aims

• To improve biodiversity on campus, by growing

wildflowerstoattractbeesandinsects.

• To engage stakeholders, who can volunteer at the

garden and take away anything edible!

• To encourage the concept of urban growing with

herbs and vegetables planted that anyone is free to

use. It is also easy to replicate at home, for example

chimney pots are used to show how to grow food if

you only have hard surfaces in your garden.

• Encouragetheconceptofwatermanagement-the

path in the garden showcases current research at the

University, using crushed glass instead of concrete to

retainwaterandreducerunoff.

• It embeds the idea of a ‘living lab’ with space and

‘researchpods’forstudenteducationandresearch.

• Holding its own central space on campus, it is a

physical and clear symbol for sustainability at the

university.

3 . 1 . 4 . S u s t a i n a b l e G a r d e nLocation .........................Leeds University, UK

Size ..............................................750m2

Year ...........................................2013

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Key Features ‘Pocket habitats’ designed by Arup were used,

these are very handy bags of substrate for growing that can

justbedroppedintoposition.Signageisalsoakeyfeature

of this garden, informing its users of what to pick, and when,

usingatrafficlightsystem.Thegardenalsohasarainwater

harvestingsystemandpermeablepathwaysmadefrom

recycled glass that retains water.

Design/layout The garden has a restricted soil depth of

100mm as it is situated on the roof of a recording studio.

Theselimitationsleadtotheuseofalightweightsubstrate

inplaceoftopsoil,andalsotheconstructionofaridgeand

furrow system.

PlantingThemultifunctionalspacehasawidevarietyof

fruit,veg,herbs,andindigenousplantsgrowing.Fromsoft

fruithedgerows,towildflowers.

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Aims

• To create a garden for the people of the area to

engagewithnature;

• Toworkwithexistingnatureonthesite;

• To use woodland ecology and succession as a

maintenanceplan;

• To support the local community and the diversity

thatthrivesthere;

• Tooffsetthe“intensivecarbonfootprint”.

Key features This is intensive growing within an

ecological,poly-culturalandbio-diversesystem

producing its own food supported by biomass (leaves

& twigs) breaking down as in a natural woodland or

forest.Nitrogenfixersanddynamicaccumulators

will be planted to support the yielding plants & trees

whichisalowinputhighoutputsystem,sometimes

referredtoasa“closedsystem”.

3 . 2 . 1 . B i s h o p s g a t e F o r e s t G a r d e nLocation ...................................London, UK

Year ................................................(proposed)

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Design/layout Built on top of the Historic 1861

Braithwate arches, the design would include open

voids,seatingandmeetingplaces,aperformance

spaceaswellasfoodgrowingandeducational

centres.

Planting The large and small trees, shrubs,

climbers, groundcover, herbs and roots will work

together as an ecological system and as a series

ofbeneficialrelationshipswhichwouldeventually

produce yields of fruit, nuts, herbs and edibles that

wouldbetheunregimentedpatternofthesoft

underplanting.Thetreesandplantsinthisdesign

propagate themselves.

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3 . 2 F O R E S T G A R D E N SAims • Togivemembersoftheworking-classneighborhoodof

BeaconHillthechancetopickplantsscatteredthroughoutthe park.

Key features Mini edibles adjacent to community gardening plots,nativeplantareas,abigtimber-framegazebo,agatheringspaceforbarbecuingandarecreationalfield.AnEdible Arboretum with fruits gathered from regions around the world, a Berry Patch for canning, gleaning and picking, a Nut Grove with trees providing shade and sustenance, a Community Garden for families to grow their own food, a GatheringPlazaforcelebrationandeducation,aKid’sAreaforeducationandplayandaLivingGatewaytoconnectandserve as portals.

PlantingFull-sizedfruittreessuchasbigapplesandmulberries in the understory, berry shrubs, climbing vines, herbaceous plants, and vegetables closer to the ground. Also, Persimmons, mulberries, Asian pears, and Chinese haws.

3 . 2 . 2 . Beacon Food ForestLocation ................................................Seattle,USA

Size ......................................................7 acres

Year .................................................2014

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Aims • To prduce and distribute fruit, vegetables, nuts, herbs and

seeds to friends, family and local markets.• Tooffereducationalopportunitieslocallysuchas: -anintroductiontotheprinciplesofpermaculture -sustainableartandcraftactivities -animal/birdhusbandry -gardenwildlifeconservation/observation -sustainableconstructione.g.strawbalebuilding -designingandconstructingaForestGarden -preparationandpreservationofhomegrown produce.PlantingCANOPY-SweetChestnut,BlackMulberry,Apples,Pear.TREES-Crabapple,Cherry,Plum,Hazel.SHRUBS-Redandblackcurrants,Juneberries.HERBACEOUS-Chards,Onions,Garlic,Comfrey,Crocus.GROUNDCOVER-Strawberries,Japeneserasperries.RHIZOSPHERE-Chinese&Jerusalemartichokes,Oca,Buniums.VERTICAL-Sweetpeas,Blackberries,Hops,Peas,Beans.


3 . 2 . 3 . W e s t e r f i e l d F a r mLocation .....................................................Bristol, UK

Size ........................................................0.36 hectares

Year .....................................................................2009

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Aims • Toprovideahavenoftranquilityforthehard-

workinghealthcentrestaff;• Toimprovethehealthandwellbeingofstaff,patients

andcommunitiesthroughincreasingaccesstogreenspaceonorneartoNHSland;

• To encourage greater social cohesion between NHS sitesandthelocalcommunitiesaroundthem;

• To spark projects that bring together professionals andvolunteerstousenewandexistingwoodlandforart,foodcrops,reflectiveorexercisespacesandtoencouragebiodiversity;

• Tohighlightinnovativeideastoencouragetheuseofgreenspacefortherapeuticpurposes.

3 . 3 . 1 . H e a l t h C a r e C e n t r eLocation .................................Todmorden, UK

Year ..................................................2009

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Key featuresPlanterseatingandtheApothecarygarden.

PlantingProducegrownatthehealthcarecentreincludes;

strawberries, red and blackcurrants, gooseberries, rhubarb,

cherries, passion fruit, apples, pears, plums, raspberries.

Herbsgrownintheapothecarygardeninclude;borage,

californian poppy, caraway, chamomile, chervil, coltsfoot,

comfrey, coriander, dandelion, Echinacea, elder, evening

primrose, fennel, garlic, heather, hedge woundwort, hops,

hyssop, lavender, lemon balm, lemon bergamot, lemon verbena,

marigold,marjoram,marshmallow,mint,myrtle,nasturtium,

nettle,oregano,parsley,rhubarb,rosemary,stjohnswort,

sage,saladburnet,seaorach,southernwood,sunflowers,

tarragon, thyme, welsh onion, winter savoury, witch hazel, woad,

woodruff.

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Aims

• Tocreatearooftopparkforhorticulturaltherapy;

• Toimprovebody,mindandspirit;

• Toincreasepatientscognitiveandphysicalfunctioning;

• Toprovidereallifeskillspracticeforitspatientswithout

havingtoleavethesecurityofthehospital;

• To be a useful space that is an extension of what can be

donewithinthehospitalandofferpeopleplacestogo

outsidethataresafeandengaging;

• Tobeabeautifulspacethatrelievestensionandprovides

therestorativepropertiesofnature;

• Tocreatemultiplesensory-stimulationenvironments,

with plants selected for fragrance, texture, and colour.

3 . 3 . 2 . S c h w a b R e h a b i l i t a t i o n H o s p i t a lLocation ...........................................Chicago, USA

Size .......................................................10,000sqft

Year ....................................................................2003

Designed by ..........................Douglas Hills Associates, Inc.

Page/42

Key featuresA29in.widex36in.high“biofall”whichflows

intoan8×10ft.,12inchdeeppoolwitha45mil.EPDMlinerand

underlayment.Theseamlesswaterproofingmembraneusedfor

the green roof project, Monolithic Membrane 6125(MM6125), is

ahotfluid-applied,rubberizedasphaltthatformsalong-lasting,

tenacious bond to the substrate that can withstand and perform

insubmersedwaterconditions.Oneofthemostsignificant

componentsofthegardenroofassemblyisthewaterretention/

drainage/aerationelement,theFloradrain25,whichiscomprised

of lightweight panels of 100% recycled polyethylene molded into

speciallydesignedretentioncupsanddrainagechannels.

Design/layout A 28 inch Stonehedge series concrete planter wall

with a straight split face, manufactured by Rockwood Retaining

Walls,segregatestheplantingsofButterflybush(Buddleia

davidii), moonshine yarrow (Achillea millefolium) and English

Lavander(Lavandulaangustifolia)“Hidcoteblue.”Theproject

incorporates four primary areas with walkways within the garden

structure, providing places for gathering and solitude, for working

andresting,forvisitingandobserving,andplayingandlearning–

alldesignedtosupportthewell-beingofpatients.

PlantingPrairieflamesumac(Rhustyphina),autumnjoy

sedum,stonecrop(Sedumkamschaticum,littlebluestem)and

Schizachryium scoparium provide the backdrop.

Thegroundmaterialisabiodegradable,fibrouswindblan-

ket which holds soil in place while the plants like moonshine

yarrow (Achillea millefolium), take root. Adding colour to the

green roof is East Friedland salvia (superba). The garden also

includes ornamental trees, and raised beds for vegetables and

herbsandaborderofmeadowplanting.

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Aims • Toimprovehealthandwell-beingofandsupportthe

recoveryofpatients;• Tohelpbuildcommunity;• Toprovideroutestoemployment;• To improve awareness around environmental

practice;• To improve social understanding and community

integration;• Tacklehealthinequalities;• Promotecommunitybuildingandsocialinclusion;• Provide a green space facility which provides

opportunitiesforhealthylifestylestothelocalcommunity;

• Promote environmental sustainability through environmentaleducationandopportunitiesforenvironmentalvolunteering;

• Promotegrowingandeatinghealthylocalfood;• Develop a replicable low cost model for community

gardening on NHS Lothian estates.

3 . 3 . 3 . Ro ya l Ed i n b u rg h H o s p i ta l C o m m u n i t y G a rd e n sLocation ..............................................Edinburgh, UK

Size ....................................................................6 Acres

Year ..........................................................................2010

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Design/layout Thehospitalcomprisesof5differentgardens

Planting

• WoodlandWalk-variousshadelovingspecies,including

honeysuckle, dogwood, and guelder rose. It was made from

recycledgreenwastefromNHSLothian;

• Northgarden–Largescalevegetablegardenconsistingof

alliums, brassicas, roots, and legumes, brassicas, shallots,

parsnips,beetrootandbroadbeans;

• Forestgarden-Strawberries,blackberries,loganberries,

andredcurrents;

• Southgarden-awidevarietyoflettuces,herbs,and

radishesinsmallerbeds;

• Orchard-70treesofvariousspecies.

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Aims

• Todevelophealthbenefitsthroughthenatural

environment

Key featuresRaisedplantingbedsforfruitandveg,a

sensory garden and a medicinal and culinary garden.

The garden also has walking paths, with several rest

areas. Safe access for the local community.

PlantingNativetreesandshrubshavebeenplanted

around the site, including Rowan, Hazel, Birch, Cherry,

Oak, Willow, Hawthorn, Holly, Elder and a range of

Heathers. Fruit trees and fruit bushes also feature,

alongwithawiderangeoffloweringandscentedherbs

and a rose garden.

3 . 3 . 4 . L a w s o n M e m o r i a l G a r d e n sLocation .......................................................Golspie, UK

Year ...............................................................................2011

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Aims

• Toencourageandtestbiodiversity;

• Tocreatemicro-habitatsprovidelivingareasformanylocalplantsandanimalspecies.

Layout/design The hospital consists of four greenroofs, including sedum mats, 3’ deep intensive roof and ground level intensive

courtyard.

PlantingSubstratematerialsincluderegionalsoils,sandsandasand-gravel-loammixture,designedwithdifferentlevels.Large

gravelareasforbirdsaswellastallgrasses,sedums,andthe“BaselMix”ofseeds.

3 . 3 . 5 . H o s p i t a l o f B a s e lLocation ....................................SWITZERLAND

Size .....................................................32307sqft

Year ..................................................................2003

Designed by ................................... Dr. Stephan Brennesie

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Aims

• To house a colony of bees that will eventually

reach70,000innumber;

• Tousethehoneyindishesservedtopatients

andsellitinhospitalgiftshops;

• Torespondtoasteepdeclineinthenation’s

honeybeepopulation;

• Topromotehealthyeatingandenvironmental

awareness;

• Atoolforeducation.

Key featuresTworooftopbeehives,hosting

8,000 to 12,000 bees covering a radius of 2 miles.

3 . 3 . 6 . Va l l e y H o s p i t a lLocation .................................................Paramus, USA

Year ...........................................................................2012

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Aims

• Toexploitsthewonderfulviewsoverthecity;

• To provide an escape from the intensity of the

hospitalforpatients,staffandvisitors.

Key featuresNon-slipflooringtoallowthegardento

re-openmorequicklyafterrain.Theroofgardenhas

glass barriers for safety and shelter.

Planting Mainly coastal, draught resistant plants, eg

cliff-dwellingseapinks.

3 . 3 . 7 . LG I Ro o f t o p g a r d e nLocation .............................................Leeds, UK

Cost ........................................................£250,000

Year ....................................................................1999

Designed by ...............Landscape Projects & Susan Trangmar

Page/49

Thecasestudiesinthisreportimplythaturbangrowingisarelativelynewconceptgenerallyledbycommunities,orbusinesses,withtheirmainintensionsbeingtogrowproduceforthebenefitoftheenvironmentandthelocalpeople.Theseprojectstendtoevolvefromthedesiretocontributetosustainableurbanliving.Oftenlandscapearchitectsworkalongsideartistsandecologistsinamultidisciplinaryarrangement,collaboratingtocreatemultifunctioninggreenspacesthatcanthriveandbeaestheticallypleasing.

Threedifferenttypesofurbangreenspaceswerestudied,inavarietyoflocationsaroundtheworld,theseinclude;rooftopfarming,forestgardens, and hospital gardens.

Manyoftheseprojectshaveusedthepracticallocationofarooftopforgrowingplantsandfood,oftenbecausegroundspacecanbeverylimitedintheurbanenvironment.Thesespaceshavetheaddedbenefitsofprovidinggreathabitatsforwildlife,goodsunlightforfoodgrowing,canreducesurfacewaterrun-offbystoringwaterandalsoprovideinsulationforthebuildingbelow.Anumberofdifferentdesignshavebeencreatedontheserooftops,fromasimplesedumcoveringtoanaccessiblevisuallyappealing,multifunctioninggarden.Vegetationgrownincludessalads, herbs and vegetables.

Forestgardensarecreatedasapracticalwaytoyieldfruitandnutsfromnativetreesandplants,inanurbanenvironmentwherefoodgrowingislimited.Theyareoftendesignedtoprovideafoodsourceforthebenefitoflocalcommunitiesandtheysupporta“closedloop”permaculturesystem,makingthemgenerallyself-sufficient.Plantingexamplesfromthesecasestudiesincludeberries,applestreesandstrawberries.

TheHospitalgardensstudiedinthisreportrangefromrooftopstolargewoodlandsbuttheyallaimtocreatespacesthatfocusontheimportanceofhealthandwellbeing.Offeringhorticulturaltherapyinordertoaidrecovery,withmanygrowingmedicinalherbssuchasthymeandlavender.Somealsoserveasaplaceforexerciseandsocialcohesion.Theycreatesafeenvironmentsforpatients,staffandvisitorstoescapethehospitalenvironment.Manyofthesegreenspacesalsoprovidehabitatsforwildlife,suchasbees,toencouragepollinationandproducehoney.

3 . 4 C A S E S T U D Y A N A L Y S I S

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4 / d e s i g n s

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A i m s• Produceavarietyoffruit,vegetablesandmedicinalherbsforpatients,staffandvisitors;

• Beeducationaltoitsusers;

• Create new habitats for biodiversity, such as bees, butterflies and birds.

• Be an important place for relaxation, and recreation.

• Contribute to the cities green infrastructure and support climate change.

• Promote healthy eating.

4 . 1 D E S I G N B R I E F

ToinvestigateanddevelopdesignideasandstrategiesforthreenewproductivegreenspaceslocatedatSt.James’hospital,

Leeds. The designs are driven by the value of green space on health and its relevance to any hospital environment, as well as

itsfunctionaspartofawiderContinuousProductiveUrbanLandscape.

Apothecary garden Forest garden Roof garden

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4 . 2 S I T E A N A L Y S I S4 . 2 . 1 . C o n t e x t

Green Spaces MAP Food Growing MAPs Continuous Productive Urban Landscapes MAP

ThissiteislocatedontheNorth-eastside of the city of Leeds, in the North of England. The hospital’s history stretches back to 17th century, originally built as a work house, and gradually converted to a hospital by 1925. The hospital then expanded in 1948 as a result of theNationalHealthService.Thestudyarea lies adjacent to a main access road intothecitycentre.Thisurbanlocationis surrounded by a number of green spaces, including a registered park/garden.Thereisalsoamixofresidential,commercial and industrial areas. The site is a known habitat for the Grey Partridge andisoppostieadecidouswoodland.

www.urbal.tv

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4 . 2 S I T E A N A L Y S I S4 . 2 . 2 . L a n d U s e / A c c e s s

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IllustrationoftheproposedapothacarygardenoutsidetheexsitingBexleywingat St. James hospital, Leeds.

4 . 3 T H E A P O T H A C A R Y G A R D E N

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The Bexley wing is part of the latest development at St. James Hospital, opened in 2007, this very busy Oncology unit is located opposite the hospital’s multi-storeycarpark.Thecurrentopenspace at the entrance to this building is predominantly hard surface, it is used by vehicles and ambulances to drop patients off directly outside. Pedestrians currently walk in all directions across the site.

Page/56south-westview

west view north view

south-westview

north view birds eye view

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The current central hard surface area has been replaced with a variety of herbal planting and some seating to provide a place for patients, staff and visitors. Also incorporated into the design is a wide porous pathway made from recycled glass to lead people safely to the front door. The herbs demonstrated in this design are all considered ‘medicinal’ and are available for anyone to pick as desired. Informative signs will be included to indicate what can be picked and when.

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sections of herb planting forpatients and staff to 'help

themselves' with clear signage

Elder Trees

Small Fruit Trees

Potted Herbs

Medicinal Plants

Wild flower

CARAWAYCHAMOMILECOMFREYCORIANDERECHINACEAFENNELGARLICHEATHERHEDGE WOUNDWORTLAVENDERLEMON BALM

MARIGOLDMARJORAMMARSHMALLOWMINTOREGANOPARSLEYRHUBARBROSEMARYSAGETARRAGONTHYMEWOODRUFF

LEMON VERBENA

Mixed herbs

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4 . 3 . 3 . P l a n t i n g P l a n4 . 3 T H E A P O T H E C A R Y G A R D E N

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CARAWAYCarum carv i

It prevents or relieves flatulence,i.e.stomachgas.

Improves your breath as wellasyourdigestion.

CHAMOMILEChamomil la recut i ta

For general calming, irritability & nervousness in children, for teething, insomniaanddigestion.

COMFREYSymphytum off ic inale

Healerofconnectivetissues.Forskinproblems,

bruising,sprains and external wounds.

CORIANDERCor iandrum sat ivumAdigestiveaidandfor

urinaryinfectionsandformanyfunctionsrelatingto

the stomach.

ECHINACEAEchinacea purpurea

Improves resistance to infection.Forcolds,flu,blood poisoning, bites,

gangrene, v.d and abscesses.

HEDGE WOUNDWORTStachys sy lvat ica

Healingtothetissues,italsoarrests bleeding and is an antiseptic.Usedforcramps

and aching joints.

HEATHERCal luna vulgar is

Good for kidney and lower urinarytractconditions,

prostateenlargement,fluidretention,gout,&arthritis.

GARLICAl l ium sat ivum

Itbenefitsdigestion,thelungs,circulationofblood,lowers blood cholesterol, worksasananti-microbial

combatingdiseases.

ELDERSambucus

Goodforflu,coughsandcolds and also tonic to the blood and helpful for gout, rheumatismandnervepains

FENNELFoeniculum vulgar is

It is widely popular as a gastro-intestinalremedytorelieveflatulenceandcolic,andtoimproveappetite.

4 . 3 T H E A P O T H E C A R Y G A R D E N4 . 3 . 4 . P l a n t i n g

1 2 3 4 5

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LAVENDERLavandula angustifolia

for headaches, migraine, nervousness, insomnia,

depression,indigestionandpalpitations.

LEMON BALMMelissa of f ic inal is

soothesnervousindigestion,palpitations,insomnia,

headachesandstress;italsohelpsfevers,coldsandflu

LEMON VERBENAAloys ia tr iphyl la

fornervousindigestion,milddepression and anxiety. It’s both relaxing to the nerves andupliftingtothespirits.

MARIGOLDCalendula of f ic inal isRelieveslymphaticconges-tion,stimulatesliverand

gallbladderfunction,helpsheal stomach ulcers

MARJORAMOriganum marjorana

To treat the symptoms of colds,fluandcoughs.Also

helpsdigestion.

RHUBARBgenus Rheum

It’sastrongpurgativeandlaxative,thoughinsmaller

doses it’s an astringent tonic tothedigestivesystem.

PARSLEYPetrosel inum cr ispum

Forwaterretention,urinaryinfections,tohelp

dissolve kidney stones, relieve painful periods and

flatulence.

OREGANOOriganum vulgare

To treat the symptoms of colds,fluandcoughs.Also

helpsdigestion.

MARSHMALLOWAlthea of f ic inal isSoothes coughs, sore

throatsandinflammationsofthedigestiveandurinary

systems.

MINTmentha piper i ta

For fevers and colds, a use-fulremedyforconcentration

and mental focus, cooling andanaesthetictotheskin.

4 . 3 . 4 . P l a n t i n g c o n t i n u e d . . .

4 . 3 T H E A P O T H E C A R Y G A R D E N

10 11 12

15 1716

13 14

18 19

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ROSEMARYRosmarinus off ic inal is

Fordigestiveproblems;headaches,depression;circulationtothebrain;

releaves muscular tension. rheumaticpain.

SAGESalv ia of f ic inal ishelpful in depression, exhaustion,digestive

complaints and respiratory complaints. Sooths sore

throats.

TARRAGONArtemisia dracunculusstimulatesappetite,reducesnauseaandhelpsflatulentindigestion.usefulingoutandrheumaticcomplaints.

THYMEThymus vulgar isFordisinfectingtheair-

ways and relaxing bronchial spasm, and as an expecto-

rant to ‘purge phlegm’.

WOODRUFFGal ium odoratum

Toremoveobstructionsofthe liver and spleen and to

aiddigestion.

When to sow:

Autumn Caraway, Comfrey, Lemon balm, Rosemary, Sage, Echinecea, Lemon Verbena, MarshmallowWinter Parsley, Elder, HeatherSpring Coriander, Fennel, Garlic, Thyme, Lavendar, Marigold, Marjoram, Mint, Oregano, RhubarbSummer Chamomile,Woodruff,Tarragon,HedgeWoundwort

4 . 3 T H E A P O T H E C A R Y G A R D E N4 . 3 . 4 . P l a n t i n g c o n t i n u e d . . .

20 21 22 23 24

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4 . 4 T H E F O R E S T G A R D E N

Illustrationoftheproposedforestgarden outside the chapel at St. James hospital, Leeds.

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4 . 4 T H E F O R E S T G A R D E N4 . 4 . 1 S i t e A n a l y s i s

The second site chosen for development at St. James Hospital is the existing green space located in front of the hospital’s chapel which was built in 1848. This is fairly central within the hospital site, with many people walking and driving by it daily. The space is currently just a patch of mowed lawn surrounded by a few Betula Pendula and a perennial border.

birds eye viewnorth view

north-westview

north-eastview

north view

north-westview

This site has been designated as the location for a new forest garden. Largely because there is plenty of space to plant a variety of trees and shrubs, and also its central location will make it a convenient place for recreation and relaxation bystaffandpatientsofthehospital.Thesitewilllenditselftoa7-layeredsystem, from large fruit trees, down to root vegetables. Everything grown on this plot will either provide foraging for humans or animals with little maintenance requiredduetoitsself-propogating,permaculturalnature.Thesitealsohasseating made from sustainable locally sourced timber, and a porous pathway.

south-eastview

north-westview

north view south-westview

4 . 4 . 2 S i t e D e s i g n

north-eastview

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PEDESTRIAN

CROSSINGFROMHOSPITAL

TO CHAPEL

PEDES

TRIAN

CROSSIN

GFR

OMHOSP

ITAL

TO CHAPEL

HOSPITAL

CHAPEL

1:250

LAYER 1 :Large Fruit Trees

LAYER 2 :Small Fruit Trees

LAYER 3 :Shrubs

LAYER 4 :Herbaceous

LAYER 5 :Ground Cover

LAYER 6 :Root Vegetables

Existing Trees (BetulaPendula)

FOR FULL LIST OF SPECIES SEE REPORT

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4 . 4 T H E F O R E S T G A R D E N4 . 4 . 3 . P l a n t i n g P l a n . .

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APPLE TREEMalus Domest ica

Flowering: SpringFruit: late Summer

Height: 12mType: Deciduous

BIRD CHERRYPrunus padusFlowering: April

Fruit: AugustHeight: 12m

Type: Deciduous

PEAR TREEPyrus communis

Flowering: SpringPlanting:Winter

Height:12mType: Deciduous

CRAB APPLEMalus sy lvestr is

Flowering: SpringFruit: AutumnHeight: 10m

Type: Deciduous

DAYLILYHemerocal l i s

Flowering:SummerPlanting:springorautumn

Height: 1.5mType: perennial

REDCURRENTS Ribes rubrum

Planting:Nov-MarchPrune: In Winter Fruit: Summer

Height: 1m

BLACKBERRIES Rubus urs inus

Flowering:Late SpringPlanting:3mapart

Height: 5mPruning: regular

LA

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R 1

LA

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R 3

LA

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R 2

LA

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R 4

4 . 4 T H E F O R E S T G A R D E N4 . 4 . 4 . P l a n t i n g e x a m p l e s

JERUSALEM ARTICHOKEHel ianthus tuberosus

Planting:10cmdepthHeight: 3m cut back at 1.5m

in mid summerType: perennial

Larg

e Fr

uit

Tre

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Smal

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uit

Tre

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Shru

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LA

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WILD STRAW-BERRIES

Fragar ia v i rg in ianaFruit: summerPlanting:springHeight:10”

JAPANESE WINE-BERRIES

Rubus phoenicolas ius Flowering: late spring

Fruit: summer Height: 2m

TURNIPBolrass ica rapaPlanting:inSpring

Harvest: Mid Oct onwards when size fo golf ball

Type: biennial

BEETROOTBeta vulgar is

Planting:midspringHarvest: when golf ball size roughly90daysaftersowing

Type: edible / medicinal

LA

YE

R 6

4 . 4 T H E F O R E S T G A R D E N4 . 4 . 4 . P l a n t i n g e x a m p l e s c o n t i n u e d . . .

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Ro

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Veg

etab

les

K IWIAct in id ia

Fruit:3-4yrsaftersowingPlanting:LateAutumn

Height:9mHarvest: before frostAspect: south west

SWEET PEALathyrus odoratusFlowering: Late Spring

Aspect: full sunHeight: 2.5m

Type: Annual climber

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vin

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cli

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4 . 5 T H E R O O F G A R D E N

Illustrationoftheproposedroofgarden on top of the Chancellors wing at St. James hospital, Leeds.

4 . 5 T H E R O O F G A R D E N

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The second site chosen for development at St. James Hospital is the current green space located in front of the hospitals chapel. This is fairly central within the hospital site, with many people walking and driving by it daily. The space is currently a lawned area surrounded by a few Betula Pendula and a perennial border.

The third site chosen for development is on top of the Chancellors wing. This building was chosen as it has a large flat roof with easy access. It is also located adjacent to the Bexley wing which is a much taller building and therefore can benefit from overlooking the garden. The roof currently has a door on both sides to provide access to the air conditioning units.

4 . 5 . 1 S i t e A n a l y s i s

south view east view

west view

birds eye viewfront view

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This roof top location has been divided into two sections due to its existing layout. The west side of the roof gives access to a number of bee hives that will be used to collect honey for use in the hospital kitchens, or collected and sold in the gift shop. This part of the roof also has a large wildflower meadow with many nectar rich plants that will bloom throughout the year to attract bees, birds and other pollinators. There is also a bug house for any species that make it on to the roof.

The other side of the roof is designed to support the urban farming trend with the addition of a large number of raised beds for growing crops that can be used in the kitchen. A roaming space for chickens has also been created, as a means of producing eggs. A seating area has been provided for patients and staff, and behind the chicken coop is a compost area at the rear of the roof for kitchen and garden waste.

4 . 5 T H E R O O F G A R D E N4 . 5 . 2 S i t e D e s i g n

west view

north-westview

south-eastview south-westviewbirds eye view

SOLARPANELS

1:500N

BEES HIVES

BUG HOUSE

STORAGE&

COMPOSTAREA

SEATINGAREA

CHICKENS

RAISED PLANTERS FORGROWING CROPSmade from recycled

wood with informativesignage

URBAN WILDFLOWER MEADOWwith flowers that bloom and producenectar at different times of the year toattract wildlife.

TOMATOES

COURGETTES

LETTUCE

KALE

CUCUMBER

RUNNER BEANS

WILDFLOWER

ROCKET

GROUNDLEVEL

COURTYARD

GROUNDLEVEL

COURTYARD

GROUNDLEVEL

COURTYARD

GROUNDLEVEL

COURTYARD

Open space for free rangechickens to roam and lay eggsfor use in the hospital kitchens

A habitat for beesand place honey

production for use inthe kitchens / sell in

the shop

a multi-tiered habitatfor insects and small

mammals

POTTED TREE

CLIMBERS e.g. IVY

ACCESS

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4 . 5 T H E R O O F G A R D E N4 . 5 . 3 . P l a n t i n g P l a n . .

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4 . 5 T H E R O O F G A R D E N4 . 5 . 4 . P l a n t i n g e x a m p l e s

RUNNER BEANSPhaseolus cocc ineus

Harvest:July-Oct,whenpodsare20cm long.

Pests:SlugsandBlackflyNotes: mulch in June, keep soil

moist

ROCKETErucca sat iva

Harvest:4weeksaftersowing,April-Nov.

Pests: Flea beetleNotes: keep weed free & soil moist.

Edibleflowers,easytogrow.

LETTUCELactuca sat iva

Harvest:June-OctbycuttingPlant 30cm apart

Pests;protectfromsparrowsNotes: water when dry

CUCUMBERCucumis sat ivus

Harvest:July-Sept,cutfruitswhen20cm long

Plant: early JunePests:Whitefly

Notes: use canes, keep moist

KALEBrass ica o leracea

Harvest:Dec-April,10-15cmlongPlant: 45cm apart

Notes: net against birds, tolerates cold weather

COURGETTECucurbitula

Harvest: when 10cm longPlant: 90cm apart

Notes: easy to grow, keep moist

TOMATOESLycopers ican esculentum

Harvest:June-OctPlant: 60cm apart

Notes:useverticalcane.Removeside shoots regularly, keep moist.

WILDFLOWER MIXeg. Lindum Wildflower &

Perennial Turf.A valuable nectar source, and a biodiverse and colourful visual

display.

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B E E S

The roof garden will feature just one or two bee hives in the first year, with space to add additional hives if the location proves popular. Each hive can house up to about 35,000 bees in the summer, and on average one hive will produce about 25lb of honey, up to 60lb in a good season. Any excess honey produced by the bees will be collected and used by the kitchen staff at the hospital, or sold in the gift shop. Honey has many health properties, such as being an antiseptic remedy for sore throats, and helping to heal cuts and burns.

The bees will fly up to a radius of 3 miles from this point collecting nectar and hopefully helping to pollinate the vegetables and plants within the hospital grounds. They are particularly attracted to dandelions so these are will be included in the wildflower meadow mix, and bees also like Ivy, so climbers have been incorporated throughout the roof garden design.

L O A D I N G

Before designing any roof garden it is essential to find out how much weight the roof can take by a chartered structural engineer. However, for the purpose of this exercise the weight limits of this building have not been surveyed prior to its designs, therefore we will assume that it can either take the additional weight or be reinforced where necessary. Commercial buildings like this are usually designed to be able to manage a crowd load of 5kN/m,as well as a dead load of 1 or 2kN/m for items like furniture.

E N E R G Y

A number of solar panels have been included in this roof garden design as a means of generating power for the building. The cooling effect of a green roof can lead to performance improvements with the PV cells working at a higher efficiency.

4 . 5 T H E R O O F G A R D E N4 . 5 . 5 . D e t a i l s

I R R I G A T I O N

Intensive roof gardens like this design require an addition-al irrigation system, to aid the productive growing all year round. One resourceful method for watering the plants would be to harvest rain water from the higher level roofs via a drainpipe outlet into a storage barrel, to avoid having to use the mains where possible.

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When designing any new productive urban landscape it is important to not only consider the short term, but also the long term, which includes thinking about how it can adapt to prosper especially with regards to the primary threat of climate change.

AdaptThe green spaces in this project have been designed to provide produce for as long as possible with varying degrees of management. However, the variety of products grown will need to adapt in order to cope with the effects of global warming. The vegetables and fruit that thrive in the north of England in 2014 may not necessarily grow so well in 20 years time. Therefore it is important to keep introducing new species and more varieties of food on to the sites.

MaintainAny maintenance will need to be carried out by local voluteers and hospital staff continuously on a regular basis especially with the vegetable growing and bee keeping on the roof top garden.

EducateAll users should be educated in the skills of food growing, to avoid mistakes being made, such as harvesting too early. This will be done through the use of signs and clear instructions.

IntegrateIntergration with the wider environment will need to occur to encourage the connection of CPUL’s throughout the rest of the city and support sustainability of the sites.

4 . 6 F U T U R E P R O O F I N G

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R E F E R E N C E S

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R E F E R E N C E S continued..

hospitals and habitats

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