hoss v alardin - a flawed decision - appellate court jury nullification in texas

8/22/2019 Hoss v Alardin - A flawed decision - Appellate Court jury nullification in Texas

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/hoss-v-alardin-a-flawed-decision-appellate-court-jury-nullification-in 1/88

Qtftbkbdt oy Fdt`cdy Fhfrned

]èhb E `fvb rbspbat ed t`b juneaefh systbk, ky gfet` es tfrdes`bn. E acuhn dct fmrbb hbss wet` t`b

2t` Acurt cg Fppbfhs― cpedecd.

Cd Kfra`

=,

?<66,

t`b

2t`

Acurt

cg

Fppbfhs

ed

t`b

Qtftb

cg

^bxfs

rbvbrsbn

ed

pfrt

f jury

vbrneat

grck t`b 67<t` Nestreat Acurt ed Nfhhfs. ^`b 2t` Acurt cg Fppbfhs t`rbw cut f $1k junmkbdt

fmfedst Mrbmm @css out fhhcwbn t`b junmkbdt ed t`ft sfkb afsb fmfedst Fhfrned tc stfdn. Qc

edstbfn cg @css cwedm Fhfrned cvbr $?k9 Fhfrned wfs hbgt cwedm @css dbfrhy $?<<i.

^ès duhhegeaftecd cg t`b jury vbrneat ed f aeveh ousedbss nesputb wfs kfnb pcsseohb oy f hcdm

cvbrnub ybt acdvchutbn fdn acdtrfneatcry cpedecd wrettbd oy Justeab Ibrry Getzmbrfhn. ^`b

Acurt―s cpedecd fppbfrs tc `fvb ackb grck f hem`t covecushy kcrb gfvcrfohb tc t`b @css

pfrtebs. ^`b Acurt wfs dct nbgbrbdtefh tc t`b jury vbrneat fdn fppbfrs tc `fvb emdcrbn

ekpcrtfdt bvenbdab t`ft t`b jury fdn hcwbr Acurt nen dct. ^`b jury obhebvbn Fhfrned―s ahfeks `fn

kbret fdn wfs t`b `frkbn pfrty, Justeab Ibrry Getzmbrfhn fdn t`b 2t` Acurt cg Fppbfhs nen dct.

Gcr t`b Fppbhhftb Acurt tc fssbrt t`ft t`brb wfsd―t f saedtehhf cg bvenbdab tc suppcrt Fhfrned―s

pcsetecd cd bfa` fdn bvbry pcedt t`by ahfek es rbquerbn es foschutbhy udtrub. Gcr t`b Fppbhhftb

Acurt tc acdahunb sua` nbkcdstrftbs t`b bvenbdab gcausbn cd tc cvbrturd t`b Nestreat Acurt

tùs duhhegy t`b jury vbrneat wfs a`brry peaibn. Fs @css `fn pcstbn f dbfrhy $>K Fppbfh Ocdn,

t`ft duhhegeaftecd sfvbn t`b edsurfdab ackpfdy t`ft wrctb t`b ocdn f hfrmb pfycut. ^`brb frb

aurrbdt stunebs puohes`bn oy hfw jcurdfhs t`ft acdahunb jury duhhegeaftecd cd afsbs (sua` fs tès)

wet` hfrmb nfkfmb fwfrns es f rbaurredm t`bkb ed t`b ^bxfs Aeveh Acurt systbk cg hftb.

`ttp://www.nfhhfsdbws.ack/ousedbss/`bfnhedbs/?<6?<>1<“tbxfs“fppbhhftb“acurts“cgtbd“

rbvbrsb“aeveh

“ jury

“vbrneats

“stuny

“gedns.bab3daheaiSa`bai;6

Et es nes`bfrtbdedm tc obhebvb t`b gcudnftecd cg f juneaefh cpedecd kfy ob mrcudnbn ed pcheteafh

enbchcmy cr ct`br rbfscds fs cppcsbn tc w`ft es just. ]èhb E `fvb dc bvenbdab sua` fpphebs ed

tès afsb9 t`b rftecdfhb gcr jury duhhegeaftecd ed tès afsb edvetbs sarutedy cg t`b pbrscd obèdn t`b

cpedecd. Hcci ft t`b bvenbdab gcr ycursbhg.

E fk dct f hfwybr out wehh nc ky obst tc hfy cut w`brb Justeab Ibrry Getzmbrfhn, wretedm gcr t`b

2t` Acurt cg Fppbfhs mct et vbry wrcdm. F afrbguh stuny cg tès afsb fdn bvenbdtefry bxèoets

nbkcdstrftb t`b hcw rbmfrn tès Acurt fdn tès Justeab `fvb gcr f aeveh jury vbrneat. ^ès afsb

edvetbs sarutedy fs tc w`bt`br t`b rbvbrsfh kfy ob mrcudnbn ed sckbtèdm ct`br t`fd w`ft es

rem`t fdn

just.

Et es covecus t`b 2t` Acurt cg Fppbfhs ed ^bxfs nen dct fn`brb tc t`b vbry stfdnfrn gcr rbvebw

t`by stftb fs dbabssfry tc cvbrturd f jury―s vbrneat.

^`b hcmea obèdn t`b 2t` Acurt cg Fppbfh―s cpedecd wrettbd oy Justeab Ibrry Getzmbrfhn

cvbrturdedm t`b Nfhhfs Nestreat Acurt jury―s vbrneat es edfaaurftb fdn acdvchutbn ed rbfscdedm.



^`b Fppbfhs Acurt fppbfrs tc ahfek t`ft t`b ouhi cg t`b bvenbdab suppcrtedm Fhfrned―s pcsetecd

es ès cwd tbstekcdy, wèa` es sekphy udtrub.

^`b Fppbhhftb Acurt brrbn ed ruhedm t`brb wfs dc pfrtdbrsèp. Fhh rbquerbkbdts dbabssfry gcr f

pfrtdbrsèp wbrb fppheafohb fdn prcvbd. Fhfrned acdtbdns t`ft eg t`b jury―s vbrneat es tc ob

vfaftbn t`bd

`b

nbsbrvbn

f dbw

trefh

ft

t`b

hbfst.

6. Qtfdnfrn cg rbvebw (\fmb 2 cg t`b Acurt cg Fppbfhs Cpedecd) ]`bd fd fppbhhfdt fttfais t`b hbmfh suggeaebday cg t`b bvenbdab tc suppcrt fd fnvbrsb

gednedm cd fd essub cd wèa` et nen dct `fvb t`b ournbd cg prccg, et kust nbkcdstrftb

t`ft dc bvenbdab suppcrts t`b gednedm. Abruhhc v. Mctthebo, 1<5 Q.].1n 67<, 672 (^bx.

Fpp.„Nfhhfs ?<6<, pbt. nbdebn). ‘]`bd bvenbdab es sc wbfi fs tc nc dc kcrb t`fd

arbftb f surkesb cr suspeaecd cg t`b kfttbr tc ob prcvbn, t`b bvenbdab es dc kcrb t`fd f

saedtehhf fdn, ed hbmfh bggbat, es dc bvenbdab.‛ Mubvfrf v. Gbrrbr, ?>= Q.].1n 77?, 770

(^bx. ?<<=) (edtbrdfh quctftecds fdn aetftecd ckettbn). ^`b bvenbdab es hbmfhhy suggeaebdt eg

et es

suggeaebdt

tc

bdfohb

rbfscdfohb

fdn

gfer

“kednbn

pbcphb

tc

rbfa`

t`b

vbrneat

udnbr

rbvebw. Aety cg Ibhhbr v. ]ehscd, 670 Q.].1n 0<?, 0?= (^bx. ?<<2).

Ed acdnuatedm cur rbvebw, wb vebw t`b bvenbdab ed t`b hem`t kcst gfvcrfohb tc t`b

vbrneat fdn ednuhmb bvbry rbfscdfohb edgbrbdab t`ft wcuhn suppcrt et. En. ft 0??. ]b

kust arbnet bvenbdab gfvcrfohb tc t`b vbrneat eg f rbfscdfohb pbrscd acuhn, fdn wb kust

nesrbmfrn acdtrfry bvenbdab udhbss f rbfscdfohb pbrscd acuhn dct. En. ft 0?=. ‘Jurcrs frb

t`b schb junmbs cg t`b arbneoehety cg t`b wetdbssbs fdn t`b wbem`t tc mevb t`ber

tbstekcdy.‛ En. ft 065 (gcctdctb ckettbn). Out t`b jury―s arbneoehety nbtbrkedftecds kust

ob rbfscdfohb9 ‘Yj[urcrs afddct emdcrb udnesputbn tbstekcdy t`ft es ahbfr, pcsetevb,

nerbat, ct`brwesb

arbneohb,

grbb

grck

acdtrfneatecds

fdn

edacdsestbdaebs,

fdn

acuhn

`fvb

obbd rbfnehy acdtrcvbrtbn.‛ En. ft 0?<. ^`b jury fdswbrbn ‘ybs‛ tc Vubstecd 67 cg t`b jury a`frmb, wèa` edquerbn, ‘Nen f pfrtdbrsèp

bxest obtwbbd Fdt`cdy Fhfrned fdn Mrbmm @css3‛

\frtdbrsèp ahfeks “ ]èhb wb prcnuabn ackpbhhedm bvenbdab cd bfa` pcedt “ dcdb es kcrb

ohftfdthy wrcdm t`fd t`b gchhcwedm. (\fmb 6> cg t`b Cpedecd) A) Acdtrch: ^`b Fppbhhftb Acurt es edacrrbat ed sfyedm Fhfrned nen dct `fvb "acdtrch".

]èhb Fhfrned kfy `fvb tbstegebn tc nbgbrredm tc Mrbmm @css― idcwhbnmb fdn bxpbrebdab,

Fhfrned `bhn

acdtrch

wet`

Mrbmm

@css

fdn

dbvbr

stftbn

ct`brwesb.

Fht`cum` Fhfrned covecushy pfrteaepftbn ed t`b wcri tc fnvfdab t`b Qetb]fta` prcjbat,

Fhfrned aetbs dc bvenbdab s`cwedm t`ft `b bxbraesbn fut`crety cvbr t`b ousedbss―s

cpbrftecds cr kfnb fdy cg ets bxbautevb nbaesecds. @b aetbs cdhy bvenbdab tbdnedm tc

s`cw t`ft `b nerbatbn t`b @BA bkphcybbs t`ft @css fssemdbn tc t`b Qetb]fta` prcjbat.



^`b bvenbdab cg acdtrch ed tès afsb es ackpfrfohb tc t`ft ed Idcwhbs v. ]rem`t, ?00

Q.].1n 617 (^bx. Fpp.„@custcd Y6st Nest.[ ?<<5, pbt. nbdebn). Ed t`ft afsb, Idcwhbs

ahfekbn t`ft `b fdn ]rem`t `fn gcrkbn f pfrtdbrsèp, out `b faidcwhbnmbn t`ft `b `fn

dc ‘semdftcry fut`crety‛ gcr t`b pfrtdbrsèp fdn t`ft `b nen dct `fvb fdy fut`crety tc

cvbrrenb ]rem`t―s nbaesecds. En. ft 6>=. Fht`cum` Idcwhbs tbstegebn t`ft `b fdn ]rem`t

kfnb nbaesecds

tcmbt`br,

ès

tbstekcdy

kfnb

et

ahbfr

t`ft

‘`b

`fn

dc

acdtrch

cvbr

t`b

purpcrtbn pfrtdbrsèp fdn t`ft ]rem`t rbtfedbn uhtekftb acdtrch cvbr ousedbss

nbaesecds.‛ En. Ed tès afsb, Fhfrned fnnuabn dc bvenbdab t`ft `b pfrteaepftbn ed t`b

acdtrch cg t`b ousedbss cr `fn fdy rem`t cg acdtrch bxabpt tc nerbat t`b @BA bkphcybbs

t`ft @css fssemdbn tc t`b Qetb]fta` prcjbat. Fdn `b faidcwhbnmbn t`ft @css `fn t`b

uhtekftb pcwbr tc nbaenb w`bt`br fdytèdm wfs ncdb cr dct ncdb cd t`b prcjbat.

Idcwhbs v. ]rem`t ncbs dct fpphy ed tès afsb ft fhh. ^`b Fppbhhftb Acurt `fn tc a`brry peai

tbstekcdy tc nbtbrkedb tès. Fhfrned tbstegebn t`ft Mrbmm @css wfs ès kbdtcr fdn wèhb `b

nbgbrrbn tcwfrn ès junmkbdt, Fhfrned nen rud t`b nfy tc nfy cpbrftecds fdn `fn bvbry rem`t

fdn fut`crety tc nc ct`brwesb eg `b sfw get.

Et fppbfrs ed tès frbf t`b Fppbhhftb Acurt tfibs f pcsetecd `brb dbet`br pfrty ahfekbn. Et wfs

dbvbr nesputbn t`ft Fhfrned pfrteaepftbn ed t`b acdtrch cg t`b ousedbss/pfrtdbrsèp t`ft obafkb

Qetb]fta` HHA. Fhfrned ahfekbn `b rfd nfy tc nfy cpbrftecds fdn Mrbmm @css wfs ès pfrtdbr ed

t`b bdtety. Mrbmm @css pcsetecd wfs t`ft Qetb]fta` HHA wfs Fhfrned―s ousedbss fdn t`ft @css

wfs cdhy t`b ofdi fdn `fn DC ACD^_CH cvbr t`b bdtety. ^`b Fppbhhftb Acurt sbbks tc

acdtrfneat oct` senbs fdn vbdturbs cut cd ets cwd. Eg Fhfrned nen dct `fvb acdtrch cg Qetb]fta`

HHA es t`b Acurt stftedm t`ft Mrbmm @css nen3 Eg @css nen `fvb acdtrch t`bd `cw es `b dct f

genuaefry pfrtdbr ed t`b bdtety `b acdtrchhbn3

Ft trefh,

t`b

jury

fppbfrs

tc

`fvb

obhebvbn

Fhfrned―s

senb

ackphbtbhy9

t`ft

fssukptecd

afd

ob

mhbfdbn grck t`ber vbrneat. Out et aut oct` wfys9 Obafusb Fhfrned―s bfrhy dctbs fppbfr tc

acdtrfneat hftbr ahfeks fdn gednedms. ^`b acdtrfneatecd es fatufhhy just dckbdahfturb wèa` E wehh

fnnrbss ed nbtfeh gurt`br cd.

]`brb Fhfrned―s dctbs acdtrfneat @css― faacudtedm pfpbrwcri “ t`b jury obhebvbn Fhfrned―s

dctbs. Fs s`cwd ed t`b bvenbdab, sbvbrfh @BA edvceabs pfen tc _K^ wèa` Fhfrned edfaaurftbhy

rbgbrrbn tc ed ès bfrhy dctbs fs ‘hcfds‛ rft`br t`fd acdtreoutecds tc t`b pfrtdbrsèp “ ^`b jury

obhebvbn Fhfrned dctbs fdn fwfrnbn @css nfkfmbs gcr t`b ‘hcfds‛ Fhfrned rbgbrrbn tc. Ubt

t`bsb wbrb fgtbr t`b gfat `fdnwrettbd dctbs oy Fhfrned cd edvceabs prbvecushy pfen oy @BA9 f

pfen edvceab afddct fhsc ob f ‘hcfd‛ kfnb.

Fhfrned tbstegebn t`ft pbrscdfh prcpbrty, edvbdtcry fssbts, tcchs, rbacrns fdn ousedbss trfnb

sbarbts cg _K^ & Qetb]fta` wbrb ehhbmfhhy sbezbn oy @css ed t`b hcai“cut. Fhfrned fhsc prcvenbn

bvenbdab t`ft s`cws `cw Mrbmm @css bdmfmbn fd udnbr`fdnbn sa`bkb cra`bstrftbn wet`

sbvbrfh @css bkphcybbs tc nesedtbmrftb t`b ousedbss pfrtdbrsèp wet` Fhfrned idcwd fs

Qetb]fta`.



^`b @css strftbmy ft trefh wfs f ofet fdn sweta` tc acdgusb t`b jury fdn et pfrthy wcribn.

Fhfrned tbstegebn t`b acdtreoutecds wbrb dct hcfds out rft`br fd faacudtedm dckbdahfturb

bkphcybn oy Fhfrned tc ibbp trfai cg acdtreoutecds. Qckb cg t`b ‘hcfds‛ hestbn wbrb grck

Fhfrned fs wbhh “ t`ft―s obafusb fhh wbrb acdtreoutecds. Fhfrned prcnuabn bvenbdab tc s`cw t`ft

fatufh hcfds kfnb obtwbbd t`b pfrtebs wbrb ncaukbdtbn wet` prckesscry dctbs fdn rbpfen.

^`b @css ahfeks cg dcd rbpfen hcfds kfnb tc Fhfrned kfy ob acdgusedm wet` fhh t`b vfrecus

bdtetebs edvchvbn fdn t`b vbry hcdm tekbhedb tès caaurs cvbr. ^`b gchhcwedm fdfhcmy suks et up

wbhh.

Ekfmedb ycu ocrrcw kcdby grck f ofdi tc ouy f afr9 fgtbr renedm ed t`b afr wet` ycu gcr

f acuphb cg ybfrs t`b ofdi nbaenbs et wfdts t`b afr ofai. Nbspetb t`b gfat t`ft dc

nbkfdn gcr pfykbdt wfs bvbr kfnb cr fdy dcteab mevbd (gcr ?“> ybfrs ed kcst afsbs) t`b

ofdi edbxpheafohy nbkfdns t`ft ycu rbpfy t`b afr hcfd ed guhh. Kbfdwèhb t`b ofdi sbhhs

t`b afr ft guhh preab tc f suosenefry et cwds. Qc ycu cwb gcr f afr ycu nc dct `fvb fdn t`b

ofdi mbts pfen gcr t`b afr ^]EAB. Qua` f sabdfrec fpphebs ed tès afsb pbrgbathy.

^`b @css justegeaftecd wfs t`ft sckb cg t`b gudns cwbn t`bk wbrb hcfds tc Fhfrned obafusb

Fhfrned―s dctbs ahfssegebn t`bk fs sua` fs. ^ès ahfek ruds acudtbr tc @css― cwd pfpbrwcri fdn

faacudtedm bxèoets. @css pfpbrwcri `fs sbvbrfh ‘hcfds‛ ahfssbn fs gudns pfen cd edvceabs gcr

edvbdtcry, wèa` Mrbmm @css schn tc ès orct`br―s ackpfdy, @css Bquepkbdt“Dbvfnf ft guhh

vfhub t`rbb fdn gcur ybfrs fgtbr t`b edetefh trfdsfatecd. Qc @css ahfekbn `b es cwbn kcdby oy

Fhfrned gcr fssbts @css schn tc fdct`br bdtety.

^`b bvenbdab suppcrts ahfeks grck Fhfrned―s 1rn fkbdnbn pbtetecd ed t`ft Kr. @css edetefhhy

(?<<6“?<<1) `fn Kr. Fhfrned suoket @BA edvceabs gcr usb fs afpetfh acdtreoutecds sc `b acuhn

‘pfpbr t`b gehb‛ gcr t`b ofdis. Ed ?<<1, @BA afkb udnbr sarutedy gcr ofdiedm acvbdfdt

edgrfatecds sc

@css

acdtreoutbn

ed

ct`br

wfys.

Ed

?<<>

Mrbmm

@css

fatufhhy

wrctb

‘afpetfh

acdtreoutecd‛ cd f a`bai tc Qetb]fta` HHA. @b dcw ahfeks tès wfs f hcfd tcc. Bvbd kcdby pfen

tc Qetb]fta` fgtbr Fhfrned wfs hcaibn“cut grck ès cggeab cd t`b @css prbkesbs wfs obedm

ahfekbn oy @css fs fd fgtbr t`b gfat hcfd.

^`b bvenbdab s`cws @css AGC Fdny Qpbbr accibn t`b @BA occis tc ènb t`b bxestbdab cg t`b

Qetb]fta` pfrtdbrsèp fdn t`b sbarbt wfy Mrbmm @css `fn obbd gudnedm et gcr ybfrs. Qpbbr tcci

kbfsurbs tc fssurb fd faaurftb rbacrn cg t`b trfdsfatecds hestbn fs Qetb]fta` ‘edvbdtcry‛ wfs

ibpt grck funetcrs oy rbqueredm Fhfrned tc suoket edvceabs gcr gudnedm. ^ès _&N gudnedm

kbt`cn gcr t`b Qetb]fta` pfrtdbrsèp fhhcwbn Fdny Qpbbr tc `bhp Mrbmm @css acdabfh afpetfh

acdtreoutecds

tc

t`b

Qetb]fta`

pfrtdbrsèp.

Qetb]fta` HHA wfs t`b hbmfh bdtety gcrkbn ed Kfy ?<<> tc bdackpfss t`b Fhfrned“@css

pfrtdbrsèp. Et wfs gcrabn tc abfsb t`b ousedbss cpbrftecds et wfs gcrkbn tc nc w`bd Mrbmm

@css hcaibn Fdt`cdy Fhfrned grck Fhfrned―s cggeab cd t`b @css prbkesbs. Ct`br @css ousedbss

bdtetebs t`bd prcabbnbn tc sbezb fdn nespcsb cg tc ets obdbget fhh tcchs fdn prcpbrty faquerbn

cvbr t`b hegb cg t`b ousedbss rbhftecdsèp. Qedab fhh rbacrns fdn prcpbrty wfs sbezbn oy @css ed



Kfra` ?<<2 hcai“cut, t`brb wfs dbvbr fd cppcrtudety gcr f tfx rbturd tc `fvb obbd gehbn oy

Qetb]fta` HHA.

^`b bvenbdab cggbrs f ahbfr rbacrn t`ft @css phfaftbn Fhfrned gcr kcdt`s wet` gfhsb

fssurfdabs wèhb fatedm ed ofn gfet` obèdn t`b sabdbs fdn gurt`br nbkcdstrftbs `cw @css

orbfa`bn ès

genuaefry

rbspcdseoehety

tc

t`b

pfrtdbrsèp.

Fhfrned obhebvbs sbvbrfh qubstecdfohb trfdsfatecds fs wbhh fs ct`br fatecds oy @css pfrtebs t`ft

caaurrbn ed t`b wbbis obgcrb fdn fgtbr rbturdedm grck f suaabssguh trfnb s`cw wbrb dct

acedaenbdab. Et wfs ekkbneftbhy gchhcwedm AcdBxpc ed Kfra` ?<<2 t`ft @css hcaibn Fhfrned

grck t`b prbkesbs.

Ed nbpcsetecd, ^cdy Fhfrned hbfrdbn t`ft precr tc t`b hcaicut9 Mrbmm @css phfdtbn f kchb/spy,

Nfven Nurwccn Ufdaby tc wcri fs f systbk fnkedestrftcr gcr Qetb]fta` HHA fdn tc spy cd

Fhfrned ed fd bggcrt tc gedn justegefohb afusb tc cust èk, w`bd dctèdm tfdmeohb wfs gcudn t`by

nbaenbn tc prcabbn fdywfy fgtbr f suaabssguh trfnb s`cw.

Mrbmm @css wfs fwfrb t`ft Ufdaby `fn precr fdekcsety wet` Fhfrned sc fdy edgcrkftecd mhbfdbn

spyedm cd Fhfrned kem`t ob tfedtbn, ybt nen et fdywfy. Gcr sua` f areteafh pcsetecd ed f ghbnmhedm

ousedbss ft f aruaefh tekb, et wcuhn ob neggeauht bdcum` gcr f `frn wcriedm hcyfh stfgg9 out Ufdaby

kfnb dc ocdbs rbmfrnedm ès hfai cg hcyfhty tc Qetb]fta` cr Fhfrned. Nfven Ufdaby tbstegebn ed

nbpcsetecd focut t`b mhbb `b tcci ed ‘mbttedm ^cdy―s mcft‛ oy frmuedm wet` èk fdn afusedm

ackkctecd. Ufdaby wfs gurt`br bkochnbdbn oy t`b idcwhbnmb t`ft ès sbarbt pfat wet` Mrbmm

ibpt èk sfgb grck sfdatecd oy Fhfrned. ^`b nfkfmb afusbn oy sua` f sbrecus orbfa` cg trust es

ednbgedfohb. Fhfrned obhebvbs t`b jury nen dct mc gfr bdcum` fdn t`brb wfs kfheab ed t`b fatecds

cg @css.

F huda` kbbtedm ft Hf @faebdnf rbstfurfdt wfs `fstehy afhhbn oy Mrbmm @css t`b nfy fgtbr

rbturdedm grck AcdBxpc. Ft t`ft kbbtedm (kbdtecdbn ed t`b Fppbhhftb Acurt―s Cpedecd) Nfven

Ufdaby faidcwhbnmbn t`b spyedm fatevety fmfedst Fhfrned t`ft `fn obbd caaurredm gcr kcdt`s.

^cdy Fhfrned wfs s`caibn t`ft wèhb Mrbmm @css nbdebn fdy idcwhbnmb cg sua` fatevety, `b nen

dct acdnbkd t`b fatevety. ^`bd w`bd t`b s`cai cg t`b obtrfyfh tc Fhfrned nesedtbmrftbn tc

fdmbr, @css fsibn Fhfrned tc stfy fwfy grck t`b cggeab gcr f acuphb cg wbbis. Nfven Ufdaby

wfs t`bd prckctbn rft`br t`fd sfdatecdbn fgtbr t`b fnkessecd cg t`b kfhgbfsfdab.

Fhfrned obhebvbs t`b bvenbdab s`cws t`b frmukbdt obtwbbd èksbhg fdn Ufdaby wfs phfddbn

oy

@css

tc

edstemftb

f

rfdacrcus

setuftecd

tc

bdfohb

f

gfhsb

bxausb

tc

hcai

Fhfrned

grck

ès

cggeab ft t`b @css prbkesbs.

Fgtbr t`b hcai“cut rbkcvedm Fhfrned fdn bvenbdab cg t`b Qetb]fta` pfrtdbrsèp, t`b @css

pfrtebs acdsperbn tc arbftb f dbw bdtety, @css Cd Qetb Qchutecds, tc acdtedub w`brb t`b

pfrtdbrsèp hbgt cgg. Qetb]fta` hfobhs fdn orfdnedm wbrb rbkcvbn grck prcnuats fdn kfribtedm

wfs rbphfabn wet` t`b @css orfdn. Austckbrs fdn prcspbats cg t`b Qetb]fta` pfrtdbrsèp wbrb



acdvbrtbn tc @css austckbrs. Cvbr $?k ed sfhbs wbrb occibn oy @css cvbr t`b dbxt 60 kcdt`s

sbhhedm prcnuats nbvbhcpbn grck t`b pfrtdbrsèp.

Bvbdtufhhy @css stcppbn sbhhedm9 prckctedm fdn kfribtedm sua` prcnuats prbsukfohy obafusb

acdtedubn suaabss wcuhn kfib t`ber ahfeks ed tès trefh kcrb neggeauht tc prcvb ‑ sc t`by just

stcppbn. Out

t`b

nfkfmb

tc

Qetb]fta`

fdn

Fhfrned

wfs

ncdb.

Kehhecds

cg

nchhfrs―

wcrt`

cg

prcnuats t`ft kem`t ob prcvbd tc ob f prcmbdy cg t`b prcnuats nbvbhcpbn oy t`b Qetb]fta`

pfrtdbrsèp acdtedub tc ob schn.

Bfrhy pftbdt gehedms oy Fhfrned (fdn gudnbn oy @css) kem`t `fvb mrbft vfhub tcnfy eg @css `fn

dct abfsbn gudnedm t`ber pursuet ed ken“?<<>. Ct`br ackpfdebs wbrb mrfdtbn pftbdts cd sekehfr

prcnuats fgtbr Fhfrned―s ahfeks wbrb fofdncdbn9 t`csb ackpfdebs― pftbdts (wèa` Fhfrned

prcnuabn ed bvenbdab) frb dcw bfrdedm suostfdtefh rcyfhtebs.

@css AGC Fdny Qpbbr faidcwhbnmbn ed fd bkfeh f prcpbrty hefoehety tc Fhfrned cg cvbr $5<i9

wèhb stehh f hcwbr vfhuftecd t`fd ahfekbn oy Fhfrned, dc prcpbrty wfs dbvbr rbturdbn. ^ès

bvenbdab wfs emdcrbn oy t`b Fppbhhftb Acurt ybt dct t`b jury. (Qbb bvenbdab obhcw)

Iyhfd @css stftbn ed fd bkfeh t`ft @css wfs sbhhedm cgg t`ft vbry prcpbrty. ^ès bvenbdab wfs

emdcrbn oy t`b Fppbhhftb Acurt ybt dct t`b jury. (Qbb bvenbdab obhcw)

Et es udnbrstfdnfohb w`y t`b jury nen dct put kua` gfet` ed t`b faaurfay cg t`b @css gedfdaefh

rbacrns. ^`b @css gedfdaefhs hcci suspbat ed kfdy wfys. Ncaukbdtftecd (fdn hfai cg), èm`

sfhfrebs fdn oem rfesbs, trfnbs obtwbbd @css bdtetebs, dbw bdtetebs arcppedm up, brrcdbcus

bxpbdsb rbpcrts, bta.

@css afddct

ob

obhebvbn

w`bd

t`by

ahfek

t`by

bfrdbn

‘dc

prcget‛

cr

‘hcst

kcdby‛

obafusb

t`ber gedfdaefhs afddct ob trustbn fdn ofsbn cd t`b vbrneat t`b jury nen dct. Ncaukbdts

suppcrtedm tès pcsetecd frb ed bvenbdab.

^`b gchhcwedm kfy justegy gurt`br hbmfh acdsenbrftecd: Qbb @css Bxèoet \? ‘A`rcdchcmy cg

Bvbdts‛9 t`b ncaukbdt wfs t`b abdtbrpebab cg t`b @css acurtrcck prbsbdtftecd ybt et

acdtrfneatbn kfdy t`ber vbry ahfeks fmfedst Fhfrned, _K^ fdn Qetb]fta`. Qbb @css ‘Bxèoet F‛,

hest cg ahfeks. E `fvb hfen cut t`b bvenbdab suppcrtedm t`bsb ahfeks.

^`b ‘A`rcdchcmy cg Bvbdts‛ (nrfgtbn bfrhy cd oy ^cdy Fhfrned) s`cuhn dct `fvb obbd fhhcwbn

fs

bvenbdab

gcr

t`b

jury―s

acdsenbrftecd

obafusb

et

wfs

s`cwd

tc

ob

edfaaurftb

eg

tfibd

ft

gfab

vfhub. ]èhb pfrt cg et wfs wet``bhn grck acdsenbrftecd, t`b bdterb ncaukbdt s`cuhn `fvb obbd.

^`b A`rcdchcmy fnns up tc $60?,66<, dct t`b $6?2,?2= t`ft @css9 tc t`ft tekb, ahfekbn

wfs nub t`bk fdn kfdy cg t`b etbks ahfekbn neggbr fs wbhh.

^`b fnnetecdfh ahfeks oy @css wbrb sprudm up ft trefh fdn prbvbdtbn Fhfrned f gfer

a`fdab tc nbgbdn fmfedst t`bk, gcr edstfdab Fhfrned wfs udfohb tc nbpcsb @css

rbmfrnedm t`b dbw cr fnnetecdfh ahfeks ed prbpfrftecd gcr trefh.



^`b jury fwfrnbn Mrbmm @css t`b tctfh vfhub cg fhh ‘hcfds‛ hestbn cd t`b A`rcdchcmy

wrettbd oy Fhfrned “ $60?,66<.

Kcst cg t`b ‘hcfds‛ hestbn ed t`b ‘A`rcdchcmy‛ gcr obdbget cg Mrbmm @css frb nboudibn

oy t`b a`bais fdn edvceabs wet` @BA, fdn t`b bvenbdab prcnuabn suppcrts Fhfrned.

Fs s`cwd ed t`ber cwd ‘Bxèoet F‛ hestedm t`ber ahfeks fmfedst Fhfrned9 sbvbrfh cg t`b

‘hcfds‛ hestbn

ed

t`b

‘A`rcdchcmy‛

wbrb

systbks

pura`fsbn

oy

@BA.

F systbk pura`fsbn oy @BA afddct ob f hcfd tc Fhfrned.

@cw afd t`by ob hcfds tc Fhfrned fs ahfekbn oy Mrbmm @css eg…3

F) @css `fs pcssbssecd cg (cr schn cgg) t`b prcpbrty t`b gudns wbrb usbn tc pura`fsb. (sbb

edvbdtcry hest)

O) Kcst gudns rbabevbn fdn rbgbrrbn tc ed \? wbrb grck edvceabs pfen oy @BA. (^`brb wbrb

dc ‘hcfd‛ ncaukbdts obafusb t`by wbrb dct hcfds.)

A) Mrbmm @css wfs f dfkbn Nerbatcr wet` semdftcry fut`crety cd t`b Qetb]fta` HHA ofdiedm

faacudt `fvedm guhh faabss tc fhh gudns ed t`b faacudt `b fut`crezbn a`bais pfen tc.

^`b pcedt

`brb

obedm

t`by

wbrb

ed

gfat

pfrt

cg

f sa`bkb

oy

Mrbmm

@css

tc

nesmuesb

afpetfh

acdtreoutecds fs sckbtèdm ct`br. ^`bsb pcedts ochstbr Fhfrned―s acdtbdtecd t`by `fn f

pfrtdbrsèp fdn t`b pfykbdts ed qubstecd wbrb dct ‘hcfds‛.

Qbb @css ‘Bxèoet F‛ (grck t`ber cremedfh suet ahfeks) wèa` acdtfeds t`b hest cg gudns t`b suet

ahfeks t`by frb cwbn.

Mrbmm @css― ‘Bxèoet F‛ hest grck t`b hfwsuet ahfeks `b es cwbn cg $6?2,?2=.

@css― dbvbr prcnuabn fdy afdabhhbn a`bais cr fdy ncaukbdtftecd tc suppcrt t`b hcfd

ahfeks.

‘Bxèoet F‛ grck @css wfs rennhbn wet` brrcrs. (E prcvenbn acrrbatecds, bxphfdftecd, fdn

acudtbr frmukbdt tc bfa` pcedt E acuhn)

]èa cdb cg t`bsb twc Bxèoets ncbs @css ahfek es faaurftb9 t`by oct` afddct ob3 Ed

nbpcsetecd t`brb es tbstekcdy t`ft kfibs t`b nesarbpfdaebs covecus. Nen Mrbmm @css kfib

ahfeks ed acurt t`ft frb acudtbr tc t`ber cwd prb“trefh bxèoets fdn ahfeks3 UBQ.

Nen Mrbmm @css stftb t`b ‘a`rcdchcmy cg bvbdts‛ (wèa` wfs t`ber \? bxèoet ft trefh) es faaurftb

fdn t`b ‘hcfds‛ nbpeatbn t`brbed ednbbn cwbn tc Mrbmm @css, èksbhg3 ^ès es vbry ekpcrtfdt.

^`b fssukptecd grck ets prckedbdt usb oy t`bk es ‘ybs‛.

\cedt 6: Acuhn t`b frmukbdt ob kfnb t`ft t`b nespfrety obtwbbd t`b ‘A`rcdchcmy cg Bvbdts‛,

\? cg

t`b

@css

trefh

bxèoets

fdn

t`ber

cremedfh

‘Bxèoet

F‛

(grck

@css

tc

suppcrt

t`ber

ahfeks

cg

hcss) ob bdcum` t`ft \? s`cuhn `fvb obbd supprbssbn3 UBQ

Bvenbdab dct prbsbdtbn.

Cdb afsb ed pcedt: Bvenbdab s`cws t`ft ft hbfst 6<% cg t`b trfehbr systbks @css prcvenbn gcr

rbvebw `fvb semdegeafdthy edghftbn bxpbdsb acsts nub tc f ncuohb oehhedm sa`bkb w`brb twc

trfehbrs frb oehhbn edtc f sedmhb trfehbr systbk.



AFQB HF] R\NF^B:

F QR_WBU CG _BABD^ ^BPFQ \F_^DB_Q@E\ FDN HHA AFQBQ

Oy Bhezfobt` Q. Kehhbr \rcgbsscr cg HfwOfyhcr Rdevbrsety Qa`cch cg Hfw

]fac, ^bxfs^`b Rdevbrsety cg ^bxfs Qa`cch cg Hfw?<61 HHAs, H\s fdn \F_^DB_Q@E\QJuhy 6<, 66 & 6?, ?<61Fusted, ^bxfs© ?<61

^`b gchhcwedm afsb acdabrds kb, Fdt`cdy Fhfrned. ^`b kfjcr neggbrbdab fppbfrs t`ft t`b jury fdn Nestreat Acurt hccibn ft fhh t`b bvenbdab fdn t`b Fppbhhftb Acurt nen dct. ^ès sbrvbs tc qubstecd t`b Acurt fdn t`b nbaesecd rbdnbrbn.

@css v. Fhfrned, 110 Q.].1n 712 (^bx. Fpp.„Nfhhfs ?<66, dc pbt.).Fhfrned subn @css fhhbmedm t`ft `b fdn @css crfhhy gcrkbn f pfrtdbrsèp fdn t`ft @css orbfa`bn ès genuaefry nuty fresedm grck t`ft pfrtdbrsèp. ^`b jury gcudn t`ft f pfrtdbrsèp bxestbn fdn t`ft@css orbfa`bn ès genuaefry nuty.

^`b fhhbmbn pfrtdbrsèp frcsb cut cg @css―s acdtreoutecd cg $?2,<<< fdn sckb bquepkbdt tcFhfrned―s Qetb]fta` prcjbat (f survbehhfdab tba`dchcmy prcjbat). Acdsestbdt wet` t`b ^bxfs_bvesbn \frtdbrsèp Fat (‘^_\F‛) t`b jury wfs edstruatbn t`ft ‘fd fsscaeftecd cg twc cr kcrb

pbrscds tc afrry cd f ousedbss gcr prcget arbftbs f pfrtdbrsèp, rbmfrnhbss cg w`bt`br:(6) t`b pbrscds edtbdn tc arbftb f pfrtdbrsèp cr

(?) t`b fsscaeftecd es afhhbn f ‐pfrtdbrsèp―, ‐jcedt vbdturb―, cr ct`br dfkb.‛ ^`b edstruatecd fhscsbt gcrt` t`b gchhcwedm gevb gfatcrs t`ft edneaftb t`b bxestbdab cg f pfrtdbrsèp: (6) rbabept cr rem`ttc rbabevb f s`frb cg prcgets cg t`b ousedbss9 (?) bxprbssecd cg edtbdt tc ob pfrtdbrs ed t`b ousedbss9

(1) pfrteaepftecd cr rem`t tc pfrteaepftb ed acdtrch cg t`b ousedbss9

(>) s`fredm cr fmrbbedm tc s`frb hcssbs fdn hefoehetebs cg t`b ousedbss, fdn

(2) acdtreoutedm cr fmrbbedm tc acdtreoutb kcdby cr prcpbrty tc t`b ousedbss. ^`b rbaetftecd cg t`bsb gfatcrs trfaibn t`b stftutb bxabpt gcr f kedcr vfreftecd wet` rbmfrn tc t`b wfy t`b gcurt`gfatcr wfs stftbn, fs gurt`br bxphfedbn obhcw. ^`b acurt dctbn t`ft t`b ^bxfs Quprbkb Acurt ed Edmrfk v. Nbbrb a`frfatbrezbn t`b gevb-gfatcr tbst fs f ‘tctfhety cg-t`b-aeraukstfdabs tbst.‛ ^`bacurt fhsc dctbn t`b muenbhedbs prcvenbn oy t`b suprbkb acurt ed Edmrfk, e.b., t`ft dc bvenbdab cg fdy cg t`b gfatcrs wehh prbahunb rbacmdetecd cg f pfrtdbrsèp udnbr ^_\F, t`ft acdahusevbbvenbdab cg cdhy cdb gfatcr es dcrkfhhy edsuggeaebdt, fdn t`ft acdahusevb bvenbdab cg fhh gevb



gfatcrs wehh bstfohes` t`b bxestbdab cg f pfrtdbrsèp fs f kfttbr cg hfw. Obtwbbd t`bsb bxtrbkbs,t`b a`fhhbdmb cg fpphyedm t`b tctfhety-cg-t`b-aeraukstfdabs tbst es prbsbdtbn. ^`b acurt dctbn t`ftt`b ackkbdtfry tc ^_\F stftbs t`ft t`b s`fredm cg prcgets fdn acdtrch `fvb trfnetecdfhhy obbdrbmfrnbn fs t`b kcst ekpcrtfdt gfatcrs fdn wehh prcofohy acdtedub tc ob t`b kcst ekpcrtfdtgfatcrs udnbr t`b stftutb. ^`b acurt fhsc dctbn t`ft ^_\F spbaegeafhhy prcvenbs t`ft fd fmrbbkbdt

tc s`frb hcssbs es dct f rbquerbn bhbkbdt cg f pfrtdbrsèp. ^`b acurt t`bd bxfkedbn t`b bvenbdab pbrtfededm tc bfa` cg t`b gevb stftutcry gfatcrs.

Gerst, t`b acurt hccibn ft t`b prcget s`fredm gfatcr. Fd fmrbbkbdt tc s`frb mrcss rbvbdubs fhcdb esedsuggeaebdt tc sftesgy tès bhbkbdt. Fhfrned cggbrbn dc bvenbdab t`ft t`b vbdturb mbdbrftbn fdy prcgets, fdn @css tbstegebn t`ft et dbvbr kfnb f prcget. Fhfrned―s prekfry bvenbdab cg fdfmrbbkbdt tc s`frb prcgets wfs ès cwd pbrscdfh tbstekcdy. ^`b acurt gcudn tès tbstekcdy tc obsckb bvenbdab cg fd fmrbbkbdt tc s`frb prcgets out a`frfatbrezbn t`b bvenbdab fs ‘wbfi fdn sbhg-acdtrfneatcry.‛

Qbacdn, t`b acurt hccibn tc t`b bxprbssecd cg edtbdt gfatcr. Kbrbhy rbgbrredm tc fdct`br pbrscd fs

‘pfrtdbr‛ ed f setuftecd w`brb t`b rbaepebdt cg t`b kbssfmb wcuhn dct bxpbat t`b nbahfrfdt tckfib f stftbkbdt cg hbmfh semdegeafdab es dct bdcum`. Gurt`br, t`brb kust ob bvenbdab t`ft oct` pfrtebs bxprbssbn t`ber edtbdt tc ob pfrtdbrs. Fhfrned fmfed rbhebn cd ès cwd tbstekcdy edfttbkptedm tc sftesgy tès bhbkbdt. @b fhsc pcedtbn tc @css―s trefh tbstekcdy t`ft `b wfs‘pfrtdbredm wet` YFhfrned[ tc try tc mbt èk edtc f ousedbss w`brb `b acuhn ob suaabssguh.‛ ^`bacurt strbssbn t`ft t`b tbrks usbn oy t`b pfrtebs nc dct acdtrch fdn t`ft t`b acdtbxt cg t`bstftbkbdts es kcst ekpcrtfdt ed nbtbrkededm w`bt`br t`by bvenbdab f hbmfh pfrtdbrsèp. Ousedbss pbcphb cgtbd usb t`b wcrns ‘pfrtdbr‛ fdn ‘pfrtdbrsèp‛ tc kbfd fdy scrt cg ahcsb ousedbssrbhftecdsèp fdn dct streathy tc kbfd f hbmfh pfrtdbrsèp. Gurt`br, hbmfh acdahusecds oy f hfywetdbss nc dct prcvb t`b bxestbdab cg f pfrtdbrsèp. ^ùs, t`b acurt gcudn t`ft dc bvenbdabsuppcrtbn t`b frmukbdt t`ft @css bxprbssbn fdy edtbdt tc gcrk f hbmfh pfrtdbrsèp wet` Fhfrned.

^èrn, t`b acurt hccibn ft t`b gfatcr cg pfrteaepftecd ed cr rem`t tc pfrteaepftb ed acdtrch. ^`b gcauscg tès bhbkbdt es t`b rem`t tc kfib bxbautevb nbaesecds. _bhbvfdt gfatcrs gcr acdtrch edahunbbxbraesedm fut`crety cvbr t`b ousedbss―s cpbrftecds, t`b rem`t tc wretb a`bais cd t`b ousedbss―sa`baiedm faacudt, acdtrch cvbr fdn faabss tc t`b ousedbss―s occis, fdn rbabevedm fdn kfdfmedmfhh cg t`b ousedbss―s fssbts fdn kcdebs. ^`b acurt gcudn t`ft Fhfrned cggbrbn dc bvenbdabs`cwedm t`ft `b bxbraesbn acdtrch cvbr t`b ousedbss―s cpbrftecds cr kfnb fdy bxbautevbnbaesecds. Ft kcst, Fhfrned nerbatbn @css―s bkphcybbs t`ft @css fssemdbn tc Fhfrned―sQetb]fta` prcjbat.

Gcurt`, t`b acurt hccibn tc t`b gfatcr rbmfrnedm s`fredm cg hcssbs cr hefoehetebs. ^`b acurt dctbn t`ft t`b jury edstruatecd stftbn t`b gfatcr fs w`bt`br t`b pfrtebs s`frbn cr fmrbbn tc s`frb t`b‘hcssbs fdn hefoehetebs cg t`b ousedbss‛ rft`br t`fd prbaesbhy trfaiedm t`b hfdmufmb cg ^_\F,wèa` rbgbrs tc hcssbs cr hefoehetebs cg t`b ousedbss. Obafusb t`brb wfs dc cojbatecd tc t`bedstruatecd, t`b acurt bvfhuftbn t`b bvenbdab udnbr t`b edstruatecd mevbd. ^`b acurt dctbn t`ft 67fd fmrbbkbdt tc s`frb hcssbs es dct dbabssfry tc arbftb f pfrtdbrsèp udnbr ^_\F, out t`bbxestbdab cg sua` fd fmrbbkbdt suppcrts t`b bxestbdab cg f pfrtdbrsèp. Fmfed, Fhfrned rbhebn cdhy cd ès cwd tbstekcdy. Ed rbspcdsb tc f qubstecd ft trefh fs tc w`bt`br `b fdn @css fmrbbn tcs`frb hefoehetebs, Fhfrned fdswbrbn ‘Ubs.‛ ^`b acurt gcudn t`ft tès stftbkbdt fhcdb wfs



edsuggeaebdt bvenbdab tc suppcrt fd fmrbbkbdt tc s`frb hcssbs fdn t`ft t`brb wfs tùs dc bvenbdabcg t`b gcurt` gfatcr fs suokettbn tc t`b jury.

Gegt`, t`b acurt hccibn ft t`b gfat rbmfrnedm acdtreoutecd cg kcdby cr prcpbrty. ^_\F nbgedbs‘prcpbrty‛ fs ‘fhh prcpbrty, rbfh, pbrscdfh, cr kexbn, tfdmeohb cr edtfdmeohb, cr fd edtbrbst ed t`ft

prcpbrty.‛ @css frmubn t`ft abrtfed hcfds `b kfnb wbrb dct acdtreoutecds tc f pfrtdbrsèp fdn t`ft t`brb wfs dc ct`br bvenbdab t`ft `b acdtreoutbn kcdby cr prcpbrty tc t`b fhhbmbn pfrtdbrsèp.^`b acurt stftbn t`ft hcfds cg kcdby afd acdstetutb acdtreoutecds tc t`b ousedbss udnbr ^_\Ffht`cum` ^_\F prcvenbs t`ft t`b rem`t tc rbpfykbdt cg f nbot oy etsbhg ncbs dct edneaftb f pfrtdbrsèp rbhftecdsèp. Fhfrned frmubn t`ft @css fmrbbn tc acdtreoutb gedfdaedm, ousedbsskfdfmbkbdt, arbnet, kbdtcredm, fdn rbscurabs cg @css―s cwd ousedbss. Fhfrned tbstegebn t`ft@css acdtreoutbn f pebab cg bquepkbdt tc t`b prcjbat, fmrbbn tc `bhp Fhfrned wet` t`b arbnetsetuftecd, fdn fhhcwbn Fhfrned tc usb gfaehetebs fdn pbrscddbh cg @css―s ousedbss. ^`b acurt stftbn t`ft `bhpedm sckbcdb cotfed arbnet grck f tèrn pfrty es dct f acdtreoutecd cg kcdby cr prcpbrtyfdn t`ft bvenbdab cg acdtreoutecds oy @css―s ousedbss wfs dc bvenbdab cg acdtreoutecds oy @cssednevenufhhy. Gurt`br, bvbd t`cum` t`brb wfs bvenbdab t`ft @css kfnb hcfds tcwfrn t`b prcjbat

fdn acdtreoutbn f pebab cg bquepkbdt usbn fs pfrt cg t`b prcjbat, t`brb wfs dc bvenbdab t`ftFhfrned èksbhg acdtreoutbn cr fmrbbn tc acdtreoutb kcdby cr prcpbrty tc t`b prcjbat. ^`brbgcrb,t`b acurt gcudn dc bvenbdab tc suppcrt tès gfatcr.

@fvedm acdahunbn t`ft t`brb wfs dc bvenbdab cg gcur cg t`b gevb gfatcrs fdn t`ft t`b bvenbdab cg fd fmrbbkbdt tc s`frb prcgets wfs wbfi fdn sbhg-acdtrfneatcry, t`b acurt fhsc dctbn ct`br bvenbdab t`ft pcedtbn fwfy grck t`b bxestbdab cg t`b pfrtdbrsèp. Nbspetb Fhfrned―s fhhbmftecdt`ft t`b pfrtdbrsèp bxestbn gcr sbvbrfh ybfrs, t`b fhhbmbn pfrtdbrsèp dbvbr gehbn f gbnbrfh cr stftb pfrtdbrsèp tfx rbturd. Et dbvbr fpphebn gcr ets cwd gbnbrfh tfx enbdtegeaftecd dukobr cr essubn I-6tfx gcrks tc ets pfrtdbrs. Gurt`br, t`b fhhbmbn pfrtdbrsèp nen dct `fvb f dfkb. ^`brb wfs fhsc dcbvenbdab t`ft fdycdb, edahunedm Fhfrned, bvbr trbftbn t`b fhhbmbn pfrtdbrsèp fs f nestedat bdtetyednbpbdnbdt cg t`b pbcphb fdn ackpfdebs t`ft pfrteaepftbn ed t`b Qetb]fta` prcjbat. Gedfhhy, edès cwd prb-hetemftecd ncaukbdtftecd, Fhfrned nen dct rbgbr tc t`b pfrtdbrsèp ft fhh. Ofsbn cd tèsfdfhyses, t`b acurt acdahunbn t`ft t`b bvenbdab wfs hbmfhhy edsuggeaebdt tc suppcrt t`b jury―sgednedm cg f pfrtdbrsèp obtwbbd @css fdn Fhfrned. Obafusb dc pfrtdbrsèp bxestbn, @css acuhn dct `fvb orbfa`bn f genuaefry nuty fresedm cut cg t`b fhhbmbn pfrtdbrsèp.



_BWB_QB fdn _BDNB_ ed pfrt, FGGE_K ed pfrt9 Cpedecd essubn Kfra` =, ?<66

Q

Ed ^`b

Acurt cg Fppbfhs

Gegt` Nestreat cg ^bxfs ft Nfhhfs┌┌┌┌┌┌┌┌┌┌┌┌┌┌┌┌┌┌┌┌┌┌┌┌┌┌┌┌

Dc. <2-<0-<665?-AW ┌┌┌┌┌┌┌┌┌┌┌┌┌┌┌┌┌┌┌┌┌┌┌┌┌┌┌┌

M_BMM @CQQ, Fppbhhfdt/Arcss-Fppbhhbb

W.

FD^@CDU FHF_NED, QE^B]FÂ@ HHA, n/o/f QE^B]FÂ@ QUQ^BKQ, fdn

FHF_NED NBWBHC\KBD^ AC_\C_FÊCD, n/o/f _BKC^B KCDE^C_EDM

^BA@DCHCMEBQ, Fppbhhbbs/Arcss-Fppbhhfdts

╜╜╜╜╜╜╜╜╜╜╜╜╜╜╜╜╜╜╜╜╜╜╜╜╜╜╜╜╜╜╜╜╜╜╜╜╜╜╜╜╜╜╜╜╜╜╜╜╜╜╜╜╜╜╜╜╜╜╜╜╜ Cd Fppbfh grck t`b 67<t` Juneaefh Nestreat Acurt

Nfhhfs Acudty, ^bxfs

^refh Acurt Afusb Dc. <7-<<1?7-@ ╜╜╜╜╜╜╜╜╜╜╜╜╜╜╜╜╜╜╜╜╜╜╜╜╜╜╜╜╜╜╜╜╜╜╜╜╜╜╜╜╜╜╜╜╜╜╜╜╜╜╜╜╜╜╜╜╜╜╜╜╜

C\EDECDC\EDECDC\EDECDC\EDECD

Obgcrb Justeabs Kcrres, GetzMbrfhn, fdn GrfdaesCpedecd Oy Justeab GetzMbrfhn

Mrbmm @css fdn ct`brs subn fppbhhbbs cd sbvbrfh ahfeks edahunedm orbfa` cg abrtfed hcfd

fmrbbkbdts. Fdt`cdy Fhfrned gehbn f sbpfrftb hfwsuet fmfedst @css gcr orbfa` cg genuaefry nuty. ^`b

afsbs wbrb acdschenftbn fdn trebn tc f jury, wèa` fwfrnbn @css f tctfh cg focut $60?,<<< phus

fttcrdbys― gbbs fmfedst fppbhhbbs fdn fwfrnbn Fhfrned $1 kehhecd cd es ahfek fmfedst @css. ^`b trefh

acurt rbdnbrbn junmkbdt hfrmbhy ed faacrnfdab wet` t`b jury―s vbrneat. @css fppbfhbn, fdn fppbhhbbs

arcss-fppbfhbn. ]b rbvbrsb fdn rbdnbr ed pfrt, wb fggerk ed pfrt, fdn wb rbvbrsb fdn rbkfdn ed pfrt.



‑?‑

E. OFAIM_CRDN

F. Gfats

^`b bvenbdab ft trefh suppcrtbn t`b gchhcwedm gfats fdn sbrebs cg bvbdts. @css cwdbn f

ackpfdy afhhbn @css Bquepkbdt Ac. (@BA), wèa` es f bfvy-bquepkbdt nbfhbr b gcudnbn ed 655<.

Fhfrned gcudnbn f ackpfdy afhhbn Fhfrned Nbvbhcpkbdt Acrpcrftecd ed 6550 cr 6555, fdn et obmfd

ncedm ousedbss udnbr t`b dfkb _bkctb Kcdetcredm ba`dchcmebs (_K^) ed Kfra` ?<<6. @css fdn

ès wegb Fdmbhf wbrb grebdns cg Fhfrned fdn ès wegb Ift`ryd.

Ft sckb tekb obgcrb Qbptbkobr ?<<6, Fhfrned obmfd tryedm tc nbvbhcp f survbehhfdab

tba`dchcmy t`ft wcuhn fhhcw austckbrs tc edstfhh venbc afkbrfs w`brbvbr t`by heibn fdn kcdetcr

t`csb afkbrfs cvbr t b edtbrdbt grck fdyw`brb ed t`b wcrhn. @b bvbd stfrtbn ouehnedm sua` f

survbehhfdab systbk ed ès `ckb mfrfmb fdn cggeab. @b afhhbn et t`b ‘futcdckcus kcoehb bt`brdbt

venbc survbehhfdab systbk,‛ cr FKBWQQ.

Obafusb Fhfrned hfaibn ousedbss scpèsteaftecd fdn idbw t`ft @css pcssbssbn ousedbss

bxpbrebdab, `b tchn @css focut ès bggcrts tc nbvbhcp t`b FKBWQQ. Cd cr focut Qbptbkobr 6>,

?<<6, @css kfnb cr afusbn @BA tc kfib fd edetefh edvbstkbdt, hcfd, cr pura`fsb ed t`b fkcudt cg

$?2,<<< (t`b bvenbdab cg t`b dfturb cg tès trfdsfatecd es acdgheatedm), fdn @css fhsc ncdftbn sckb

bquepkbdt gcr usb ed ouehnedm fd FKBWQQ prctctypb. Fhfrned tbstegebn t`ft `b fdn @css crfhhy

fmrbbn tc obackb pfrtdbrs ft t`ft tekb. Dc wrettbd pfrtdbrsèp fmrbbkbdt wfs bvbr bxbautbn.

Grck ?<<6 tc bfrhy ?<<2, Fhfrned wcribn cd t`b survbehhfdab-systbk prcjbat, wèa` wfs

mevbd t`b dfkb ‘Qetb]fta`.‛ @css fhhcwbn Fhfrned tc sbt t`b Qetb]fta` prcjbat up ft fd @BA

gfaehety. @css fhsc fssemdbn @BA pbrscddbh tc fssest Fhfrned ed t`b Qetb]fta` prcjbat. Ed ?<<>,



‑1‑

Fhfrned gcrkbn f dbw ackpfdy afhhbn Qetb]fta` HHA n/o/f Qetb]fta` Qystbks.6 Qckb bvenbdab

summbsts t`ft Fhfrned trfdsgbrrbn fhh cg _K^―s ousedbss rbhftedm tc t`b Qetb]fta` prcjbat tc

Qetb]fta` HHA ed Qbptbkobr ?<<>, out ct`br bvenbdab edneaftbs t`ft _K^ acdtedubn tc cpbrftb

t`rcum` Kfra` ?<<2.

Ed Kfra` ?<<2, Fhfrned fdn sckb ct`brs wbdt tc f trfnb s`cw ed Hfs Wbmfs afhhbn AcdBxpc

tc nesphfy t`b Qetb]fta` survbehhfdab systbk. Nuredm t`b s`cw, f nesfmrbbkbdt nbvbhcpbn obtwbbd

Fhfrned fdn fd @BA bkphcybb dfkbn Nfven Ufdaby. Hftbr, fgtbr bvbrycdb `fn rbturdbn tc ^bxfs,

t`b @cssbs fdn Ufdaby kbt wet` Fhfrned ft f rbstfurfdt, fdn f `bftbn frmukbdt orcib cut. Q`crthy

fgtbr t`ft edaenbdt, Fhfrned wfs tchn dct tc veset t`b @BA yfrn wet`cut kfiedm fd fppcedtkbdt gerst,

fdn f hcai wfs put cd ès cggeab nccr. Cd cr focut Fpreh ?6, ?<<2, Fhfrned typbn f t`rbb-pfmb

‘A`rcdchcmy cg bvbdts‛ t`ft nbsareobn sckb cg t`b estcry cg t`b Qetb]fta` prcjbat fdn hestbn ‘hcfds

cr dctbs‛ t`ft b, Mrbmm @css, fdn Fdmbhf @css fn kfnb tcwfrns t`b Qetb]fta` prcjbat grck ?<<6

tc Qbptbkobr ?<<>. F rbnfatbn vbrsecd cg t`ft a`rcdchcmy wfs fnkettbn ft trefh.

O. \rcabnurfh èstcry

^ès hfwsuet obmfd fs f suet oy @css, Fdmbhf @css, fdn @BA fmfedst Fhfrned fdn Qetb]fta`

HHA. Oy t`b tekb cg trefh, @css fdn t`b ct`br phfedteggs fn fkbdnbn t`ber phbfnedms fdn fnnbn _K^

fs f nbgbdnfdt. ^`by phbfnbn sbvbrfh ahfeks, out gcr cur purpcsbs et es suggeaebdt tc dctb t`ft @css

subn fhh t`rbb fppbhhbbs gcr orbfa` cg acdtrfat, fhhbmedm t`ft t`by fn gfehbn tc rbpfy abrtfed hcfds. @b

scum`t nfkfmbs gcr orbfa` cg acdtrfat fdn fttcrdbys― gbbs udnbr a`fptbr 10 cg t`b aeveh prfateab fdn

rbkbnebs acnb.

6]b rbgbr tc tès bdtety fs ‘Qetb]fta` HHA‛ tc fvcen acdgusecd wet` t`b mbdbrfh Qetb]fta` prcjbat.

Fhfrned, Qetb]fta` HHA, fdn _K^ gehbn f sbpfrftb hfwsuet fmfedst @css, fd ednevenufh



‑>‑

dfkbn Dyhb Orfsa` w`c `fn wcribn cd t`b prcjbat, fdn ct`brs, out t`ft hfwsuet wfs bvbdtufhhy

acdschenftbn edtc @css―s hfwsuet fmfedst t`bk. ^`by phbfnbn dukbrcus ahfeks, out gcr cur fdfhyses

wb dctb cdhy twc cg t`bk. Gerst, Fhfrned ahfekbn t`ft `b fdn @css crfhhy gcrkbn f pfrtdbrsèp fdn

t`ft @css orbfa`bn es genuaefry nuty fresedm grck t`ft pfrtdbrsèp. Qbacdn, fhh fppbhhbbs subn @css

gcr orbfa` cg acdtrfat, spbaegeafhhy, orbfa` cg t`b crfh pfrtdbrsèp fmrbbkbdt. ^`b trefh acurt

neskessbn fppbhhbbs― orbfa`-cg-acdtrfat ahfeks cd @css―s kctecd gcr sukkfry junmkbdt.

^`b rbkfededm ahfeks wbrb trebn tc f jury, wèa` gcudn ed gfvcr cg @css cd ès acdtrfat

ahfeks fdn ed gfvcr cg Fhfrned cd es genuaefry-nuty ahfek. ^`b jury rbjbatbn fhh cg t`b pfrtebs― ct`br

ahfeks.? Fs tc @css―s acdtrfat ahfeks, t`b jury gcudn t`ft Fhfrned cwbn @css $66=,>06, Qetb]fta`

HHA cwbn @css $17,716, fdn _K^ cwbn @css $?=,550. ^`b jury fhsc gcudn t`ft @css―s

rbacvbrfohb fttcrdbys― gbbs wbrb $2<<,<<< gcr prbpfrftecd fdn trefh, $6<<,<<< gcr fd fppbfh tc t`b

acurt cg fppbfhs, fdn $2<,<<< gcr fd fppbfh tc t`b bxfs Quprbkb Acurt. Fs tc Fhfrned―s ahfek, t`b

jury gcudn t`ft f pfrtdbrsèp bxestbn obtwbbd @css fdn Fhfrned, fdn t`ft @css nen dct ackphy wet`

t`b genuaefry nuty `b cwbn tc Fhfrned. ^`b jury fwfrnbn Fhfrned $1 kehhecd fmfedst @css fs

nfkfmbs.

?^`b jury rbjbatbn t`b gchhcwedm ahfeks: (6) Fdmbhf @css―s fssfuht ahfek fmfedst Fhfrned fdn `br ahfeks gcr orbfa` cg acdtrfat fmfedst fhh t`rbb

fppbhhbbs, (?) @BA―s orbfa`-cg-acdtrfat ahfek fmfedst fppbhhbbs, (1) Dyhb Orfsa`―s orbfa`-cg-genuaefry-nuty ahfek fmfedst Fhfrned, fdn (>) Fhfrned―s,Qetb]fta` HHA―s, fdn _K^―s acdvbrsecd ahfeks fmfedst @css, Orfsa`, @BA, fdn f ackpfdy afhhbn @css Bquepkbdt Dbvfnf, Eda.



‑2‑

^`b trefh junmb semdbn f junmkbdt t`ft fwfrnbn Fhfrned fdn @css t`b fkcudts gcudn oy t`b

jury. ^`b pfrtebs gehbn vfrecus pcsttrefh kctecds, fdn t`b junmb t`bd semdbn fd fkbdnbn gedfh

junmkbdt t`ft rbnuabn Fhfrned―s rbacvbry fmfedst @css tc $?,0??,2651 out stehh fwfrnbn @css

$66=,>06 fmfedst Fhfrned, $17,716 fmfedst Qetb]fta` HHA, fdn $?=,550 fmfedst _K^. ^`b pfrtebs

gehbn pcst-junmkbdt kctecds t`ft wbrb cvbrruhbn oy cpbrftecd cg hfw. @css fppbfhbn, fdn fppbhhbbs

arcss-fppbfhbn.

EE. @CQQ―Q F\\BFH

@css rfesbs gcur essubs cd fppbfh: (6) t`b bvenbdab es hbmfhhy fdn gfatufhhy edsuggeaebdt tc

suppcrt t`b jury―s gednedm t`ft b fdn Fhfrned bdtbrbn f pfrtdbrsèp, (?) t`b jury―s gfehurb tc gedn t`ft

@css ackphebn wet` ès genuaefry nuty tc Fhfrned wfs fmfedst t`b acdahusevb bvenbdab cr t`b mrbft

wbem`t fdn prbpcdnbrfdab cg t`b bvenbdab, (1) t`b bvenbdab es hbmfhhy fdn gfatufhhy edsuggeaebdt tc

suppcrt t`b jury―s gednedm t`ft Fhfrned―s nfkfmbs wbrb $1 kehhecd, fdn (>) t`b trefh acurt brrbn oy

gfehedm tc cggsbt @css―s fwfrns fmfedst Fhfrned―s fwfrn.

F. Bxestbdab cg f pfrtdbrsèp

]b gerst acdsenbr w`bt`br suggeaebdt bvenbdab suppcrts t`b jury―s gednedm t`ft f pfrtdbrsèp

bxestbn obtwbbd @css fdn Fhfrned.

6. Qtfdnfrn cg rbvebw

]`bd fd fppbhhfdt fttfais t`b hbmfh suggeaebday cg t`b bvenbdab tc suppcrt fd fnvbrsb gednedm

cd fd essub cd wèa` et nen dct `fvb t`b ournbd cg prccg, et kust nbkcdstrftb t`ft dc bvenbdab

suppcrts t`b gednedm. Abruhhc v. Mctthebo, 1<5 Q.].1n 67<, 672 (^bx. Fpp.„Nfhhfs ?<6<, pbt.

nbdebn). ‘]`bd bvenbdab es sc wbfi fs tc nc dc kcrb t`fd arbftb f surkesb cr suspeaecd cg t`b

1^`b fkbdnbn junmkbdt rbaetbs t`ft tès fkcudt wfs afhauhftbn oy suotrfatedm grck $1 kehhecd t`b ‘$6==,>06.<< gcudn oy t`b jury fs t`b fkcudt

cwbn tc Mrbmm @css oy Fdt`cdy Fhfrned.‛ ^ès wfs f kestfib, obafusb t`b jury fatufhhy fwfrnbn @css $66=,>06 fmfedst Fhfrned.



‑7‑

kfttbr tc ob prcvbn, t`b bvenbdab es dc kcrb t`fd f saedtehhf fdn, ed hbmfh bggbat, es dc bvenbdab.‛

Mubvfrf v. Gbrrbr , ?>= Q.].1n 77?, 770 (^bx. ?<<=) (edtbrdfh quctftecds fdn aetftecd ckettbn). ^`b

bvenbdab es hbmfhhy suggeaebdt eg et es suggeaebdt tc bdfohb rbfscdfohb fdn gfer-kednbn pbcphb tc rbfa`

t`b vbrneat udnbr rbvebw. Aety cg Ibhhbr v. ]ehscd, 670 Q.].1n 0<?, 0?= (^bx. ?<<2).

Ed acdnuatedm cur rbvebw, wb vebw t`b bvenbdab ed t`b hem`t kcst gfvcrfohb tc t`b vbrneat fdn

ednuhmb bvbry rbfscdfohb edgbrbdab t`ft wcuhn suppcrt et. En . ft 0??. ]b kust arbnet bvenbdab

gfvcrfohb tc t`b vbrneat eg f rbfscdfohb pbrscd acuhn, fdn wb kust nesrbmfrn acdtrfry bvenbdab udhbss

f rbfscdfohb pbrscd acuhn dct. En . ft 0?=. ‘Jurcrs frb t`b schb junmbs cg t`b arbneoehety cg t`b

wetdbssbs fdn t`b wbem`t tc mevb t`ber tbstekcdy.‛ En . ft 065 (gcctdctb ckettbn). Out t`b jury―s

arbneoehety nbtbrkedftecds kust ob rbfscdfohb9 ‘Yj[urcrs afddct emdcrb udnesputbn tbstekcdy t`ft es

ahbfr, pcsetevb, nerbat, ct`brwesb arbneohb, grbb grck acdtrfneatecds fdn edacdsestbdaebs, fdn acuhn

`fvb obbd rbfnehy acdtrcvbrtbn.‛ En . ft 0?<.

?. ^`b jury―s gednedm fdn ^bxfs pfrtdbrsèp hfw

^`b jury fdswbrbn ‘ybs‛ tc Vubstecd 67 cg t`b jury a`frmb, wèa` edquerbn, ‘Nen f

pfrtdbrsèp bxest obtwbbd Fdt`cdy Fhfrned fdn Mrbmm @css3‛ Vubstecd 67 wfs faackpfdebn oy t`b

gchhcwedm t`rbb pfrfmrfp`s cg edstruatecds:

Fd fsscaeftecd cg twc cg kcrb pbrscds tc afrry cd f ousedbss gcr prcget fs cwdbrs

arbftbs f pfrtdbrsèp, rbmfrnhbss cg w`bt`br: (6) t`b pbrscds edtbdn tc arbftb fpfrtdbrsèp cr (?) t`b fsscaeftecd es afhhbn f ‘pfrtdbrsèp‛, ‘jcedt vbdturb‛, cr ct`brdfkb.

Gfatcrs edneaftedm t`b arbftecd cg f pfrtdbrsèp edahunb: (6) rbabept cr rem`t tc rbabevbf s`frb cg prcgets cg t`b ousedbss9 (?) bxprbssecd cg edtbdt tc ob pfrtdbrs ed t`b

ousedbss9 (1) pfrteaepftecd cr rem`t tc pfrteaepftb ed acdtrch cg t`b ousedbss9 (>) s fredmcr fmrbbedm tc s`frb hcssbs fdn hefoehetebs cg t`b ousedbss, fdn (2) acdtreoutedm crfmrbbedm tc acdtreoutb kcdby cr prcpbrty tc t`b ousedbss.

F mbdbrfh pfrtdbrsèp fmrbbkbdt kfy cr kfy dct ob ed wretedm.



‑=‑

^`b gerst twc pfrfmrfp`s cg t`b edstruatecds ahcsbhy trfai prcvesecds cg t`b bxfs _bvesbn \frtdbrsèp

Fat, wet` cdb bxabptecd wb wehh dctb hftbr. Qbb mbdbrfhhy Fat cg Kfy 16, 6551, =1n Hbm., _.Q., a`.

56=, § 6, 6551 ^bx. Mbd. Hfws 100=, 105< (bxperbn Jfd. 6, ?<6<) (gcrkbr frteahbs 761?o‑?.<?(f),

761?o‑?.<1(f)) (aetbn brbfgtbr fs ‘^_\F frt. SS‛).>

Rdnbr t`b _\F, ‘Yf[ pfrtdbrsèp es fd bdtety

nestedat grck ets pfrtdbrs.‛ ^_\F frt. 761?o‑?.<6.

^`b ^bxfs Quprbkb Acurt `fs nbsareobn t`b ^_\F fs fncptedm f ‘tctfhety-cg-t`b-

aeraukstfdabs tbst‛ gcr pfrtdbrsèp gcrkftecd. Edmrfk v. Nbbrb, ?00 Q.].1n 007, 057 (^bx. ?<<5).

‘Y^[`b essub cg w`bt`br f pfrtdbrsèp bxests s`cuhn ob nbaenbn acdsenbredm fhh cg t`b bvenbdab

obfredm cd t`b _\F pfrtdbrsèp gfatcrs.‛ En . Ed Edmrfk, t`b acurt faidcwhbnmbn t`ft t`b tctfhety-

cg-t`b-aeraukstfdabs tbst wcuhn ob neggeauht tc fpphy udegcrkhy, out et cggbrbn f gbw muenbhedbs gcr

fppheaftecd. En . ft 050. Fd fosbdab cg bvenbdab fs tc fhh gevb gfatcrs wehh prbahunb t`b rbacmdetecd cg

f pfrtdbrsèp udnbr t`b ^_\F, fdn bvbd acdahusevb bvenbdab cg cdhy cdb gfatcr wehh dcrkfhhy ob

edsuggeaebdt tc bstfohes` t`b bxestbdab cg f pfrtdbrsèp. En . Ft t`b ct`br bdn cg t b spbatruk,

acdahusevb bvenbdab cg fhh gevb gfatcrs wehh bstfohes` t`b bxestbdab cg f pfrtdbrsèp fs f kfttbr cg hfw.

En .9 sbb fhsc _bfmfd v. Hyobrmbr , 627 Q.].1n 5?2, 5?0 (^bx. Fpp.„Nfhhfs ?<<2, dc pbt.)

(up`chnedm gednedm cg pfrtdbrsèp obafusb fhh gevb _\F gfatcrs wbrb suppcrtbn oy bvenbdab). \cedts

cd t`b spbatruk obtwbbd t`b bxtrbkbs wehh prbsbdt t`b ‘a`fhhbdmb‛ cg t`b tctfhety-cg-t`b-

aeraukstfdabs tbst. Edmrfk, ?00 Q.].1n ft 050. Ed Edmrfk etsbhg, t`b acurt `bhn t`ft t`b prcpcdbdt

cg t`b pfrtdbrsèp fmrbbkbdt fnnuabn dc bvenbdab cg fdy cg t`b gevb gfatcrs, fdn tùs t`ft t`brb wfs

dc pfrtdbrsèp fs f kfttbr cg hfw. En . ft 5<>9 sbb fhsc Qket` v. Nbdbvb, ?02 Q.].1n 5<>, 561‑62

(^bx. Fpp.„Nfhhfs ?<<5, dc pbt.) (fggerkedm sukkfry junmkbdt fs tc pfrtdbrsèp ahfek obafusb

dcdkcvfdt fnnuabn dc bvenbdab cg t`b gevb ^_\F gfatcrs).

>Fht`cum` t`b ^_\F bxperbn cd Jfdufry 6, ?<6<, et wfs ed bggbat nuredm fhh cg t`b bvbdts kfnb t`b ofses cg tès hfwsuet. Mbdbrfh pfrtdbrsèps frb

dcw mcvbrdbn oy a`fptbr 62? cg t`b ^bxfs Ousedbss Crmfdezftecds Acnb. Qbb mbdbrfhhy ^BP. ORQ. C_MQ. ACNB FDD. §§ 62?.<<6‑.56> (]bst ?<6<).Gcr f survby cg t`b t`rbb stftutcry rbmekbs t`ft `fvb mcvbrdbn ^bxfs pfrtdbrsèps, sbb Edmrfk v. Nbbrb, ?00 Q.].1n 007, 05>‑52 d.> (^bx. ?<<5).

Faacrnedm tc t`b stftutcry ackkbdt prbpfrbn oy t`b \frtdbrsèp Hfw Ackkettbb cg t`b



‑0‑

Ousedbss Hfw Qbatecd cg t`b Qtftb Ofr cg bxfs, ‘et es dct gbfseohb tc sfy bxfathy wèa` gfatcrs Yhestbn

ed frteahb 761?o‑?.<1(f)[ kust ob prbsbdt, cr w`ft t`b rbhftevb wbem`ts cg t`b gfatcrs s`cuhn ob.‛

^_\F frt. 761?o‑?.<1 akt. Out t`b ackkbdtftcrs gurt`br dctb t`ft t`b s`fredm cg prcgets fdn acdtrch

`fvb trfnetecdfhhy obbd rbmfrnbn fs t`b kcst ekpcrtfdt gfatcrs, fdn ‘Yt[`by wehh prcofohy acdtedub tc

ob t`b kcst ekpcrtfdt udnbr tès sbatecd.‛ En .9 faacrn Oem Bfsy Afjud Acrp. v. Nfhhfs Mfhhbref Htn.,

?51 Q.].1n 1>2, 1>0 (^bx. Fpp.„Nfhhfs ?<<5, pbt. nbdebn). ^`b ^_\F spbaegeafhhy prcvenbs t`ft

fd fmrbbkbdt tc s`frb hcssbs es dct f rbquerbn bhbkbdt cg f pfrtdbrsèp. ^_\F frt. 761?o‑?.<1(a).

1. Bvenbdab cg t`b ^_\F gfatcrs

Heib t`b suprbkb acurt ed Edmrfk, ?00 Q.].1n ft 050‑5<1, wb gcaus cur edquery cd t`b

bvenbdab pbrtfededm tc bfa` cg t`b gevb ^_\F gfatcrs.

f. \rcget s`fredm

^`b gerst _\F gfatcr es ‘rbabept cr rem`t tc rbabevb f s`frb cg prcgets cg t`b ousedbss.‛ ^_\F

frt. 761?o‑?.<1(f)(6). ^`b Edmrfk acurt `bhn t`ft tès gfatcr es dct sftesgebn oy fd fmrbbkbdt tc

s`frb mrcss rbvbdubs. ?00 Q.].1n ft 055. _ft`br, t`b ^_\F rbquerbs f s`fredm cr f rem`t tc s`frb

prcgets, nbgedbn fs t`b bxabss cg rbvbdubs cvbr bxpbdneturbs ed f ousedbss trfdsfatecd. En . Ed Edmrfk,

twc pfrtebs fmrbbn t`ft t`by wcuhn usb cdb-tèrn cg t`ber ousedbss―s mrcss rbvbdubs tc pfy bxpbdsbs

fdn nevenb t`b rbkfededm twc-tèrns bqufhhy obtwbbd t`bk. En . ft 050. ^`b acurt `bhn t`ft tès

acdstetutbn dc bvenbdab cg t`b gerst ^_\F gfatcr obafusb t`b pfrtebs― fmrbbkbdt acdabrdbn mrcss

rbvbdubs, dct prcgets. En . ft 050‑55.

Fhfrned aetbs dc bvenbdab t`ft nuredm t`b tekb pbrecn ed qubstecd, ?<<6‑?<<2, `b cr @css

fatufhhy rbabevbn fdy prcgets grck t`b vbdturb, fdn wb `fvb gcudn dcdb. Fhfrned tbstegebn t`ft t`b

fhhbmbn pfrtdbrsèp nen mbdbrftb rbvbdub, out `b nen dct tbstegy cw kua`, eg fdy, cg t`ft rbvbdub wfs

prcget. @b tbstegebn t`ft fdy prcgets kfnb oy t`b pfrtdbrsèp wbrb rbedvbstbn, sc faacrnedm tc Fhfrned,



‑5‑

`b fdn @css nen dct fatufhhy ekphbkbdt t`b 2<-2< sphet t`ft Fhfrned tbstegebn t`by fmrbbn tc, f gfat

t`ft es edacdsestbdt wet` Fhfrned―s ahfek. @css tbstegebn t ft t`b prcnuats kfnb oy t`b fhhbmbn

pfrtdbrsèp dbvbr kfnb f prcget.

Fhfrned frmubs t`ft t`b bvenbdab s`cws t`ft `b fdn @css crfhhy fmrbbn tc s`frb prcgets,

pcedtedm tc ès cwd tbstekcdy fs gchhcws:

V. Nen y―fhh spbaegeafhhy fmrbb tc ob pfrtdbrs3

F. ]b spbaegeafhhy nen.

V. Mrbmm Y@css[ fmrbbn3

F. Mrbmm nen fmrbb.

V. ]`ft iedn„`cw wbrb y―fhh mcedm tc wcri t`ft ed tbrks cg `cw y―fhh wbrb

mcedm tc sphet prcgets3

F. ]b wbrb mcedm tc sphet prcgets 2<-2<.

. . .

V: Ucu mc cd brb Yed t`b a`rcdchcmy Fhfrned wrctb cd Fpreh ?6, ?<<2[, fdn t`bdbxt pfrt wb tfhi focut es, ycu―rb iedn cg nbsareoedm w`ft y―fhh fn fmrbbn tc

fgtbr t`b gfat, t`ft Mrbmm wfs mcedm tc mbt rbpfen gcr t`bsb tèdms, t`b kcdby

`b put ed, fdn t`b rbekoursbkbdt cg pfrts, fdn t`b s`cp acsts. Nc ycu sbbt`ft3

F: Ubs, E nc.

V. ]`ft wfs t`b spbaegea fmrbbkbdt obtwbbd ycu fdn MrbmYm[ cd `cw ycu fdn`b wbrb mcedm tc mbt pfen gcr t`b vfrecus tèdms t`ft ycu bfa` put edtc t`bpfrtdbrsèp3

F. ]b wcuhn `fvb tc `fvb fd faacudtedm, covecushy, fdn t`ft―s w`ft E tèdi„Ekfy bvbd sfy et t`brb cd t`ft Yncaukbdt[. Out cut cg t`b 2<-2<, wb wcuhn try

tc pfy èk ofai cut cg ès„cut cg t`ft gerst.

V. Cut cg es prcgets, es senb cg t`b prcgets, b wcuhn mbt pfen ofai gcr w`ftbvbr

`b put ed3

F. Bxfathy.



‑6<‑

V. Fdn t`ft―s `cw ycu wcuhn mbt pfen ofai gcr t`b hfocr t`ft ycu put ed3

F. Fdn t`b ybfrs cg puttedm tès tcmbt`br fdn trfdsgbrredm bvbrytèdm fdn, ycuidcw, t`b kfdugfaturedm fdn fhh cg t`ft, ybs.

]b acdahunb t`ft Fhfrned―s tbstekcdy acdstetutbs sckb bvenbdab cg fd fmrbbkbdt tc s`frb

prcgets, out t`ft t`b bvenbdab ed suppcrt cg tès fmrbbkbdt es wbfi fdn sbhg-acdtrfneatcry. Ft gerst,

Fhfrned tbstegebn udbquevcafhhy, ‘]b wbrb mcedm tc sphet prcgets 2<-2<.‛ ^ès tbstekcdy tbdns tc

suppcrt t`b gerst ^_\F gfatcr, fht`cum` et fhsc acuhn ob edtbrprbtbn tc ob fd fmrbbkbdt tc fmrbb.

Fhfrned gurt`br tbstegebn @css wfs mcedm tc ob pfen ofai gcr w`ft b put edtc t`b pfrtdbrsèp ‘cut cg

t`b 2<-2<,‛ tùs acdtrcvbrtedm es edetefh tbstekcdy. Gedfhhy, ed fdswbr tc f hbfnedm qubstecd, Fhfrned

fmrbbn t`ft b kbfdt t`ft @css wcuhn mbt pfen ofai gcr w`ftbvbr b put edtc t`b pfrtdbrsèp ‘Yc[ut cg

ès prcgets, es senb cg t`b prcgets.‛ Fhfrned―s tbstekcdy t`ft @css―s hcfds wcuhn ob pfen ofai tc ek

cut cg es 2<% cg t`b prcgets ahbfrhy acdtrfneatbn es tbstekcdy t`ft t`b prcgets wcuhn ob sphet 2<-2<.2

Eg, faacrnedm tc Fhfrned, @css―s hcfds wbrb ed gfat tc ob rbpfen cut cg @css―s s`frb cg prcgets, t`bd

t`b pfrtebs nen dct fmrbb t`ft t`b prcgets wcuhn ob sphet bvbdhy obtwbbd t`bk. Fhfrned―s bxphfdftecd

cg `cw @css―s hcfds wcuhn ob rbpfen sibws t`b afhauhftecds fdn udnbrkedbs Fhfrned―s tbstekcdy

t`ft t`b pfrtebs fmrbbn tc sphet prcgets bvbdhy.

]b acdahunb t`ft Fhfrned fnnuabn dc bvenbdab t`ft b cr @css fatufhhy rbabevbn fdy prcgets

cg t`b fhhbmbn pfrtdbrsèp. ]b gurt`br acdahunb t`ft Fhfrned―s tbstekcdy prcnuabn cdhy wbfi fdn

sbhg-acdtrfneatcry bvenbdab t`ft `b fdn @css kfnb fd fmrbbkbdt tc s`frb prcgets. Dcdbt`bhbss, mevbd

Fhfrned―s stftbkbdt t`ft prcgets wbrb mcedm tc ob sphet ‘2<-2<,‛ t`brb wfs sckb bvenbdab cg t`b gerst

^_\F gfatcr, ft hbfst edscgfr fs et rbhftbs tc t`b rem`t tc rbabevb prcgets fs acdtrfstbn wet` t`b fatufh

rbabept cg prcgets.

2Caafsecdfhhy nuredm ès tbstekcdy, Fhfrned wcuhn usb ‘hcfds‛ fdn ‘acdtreoutecds‛ edtbra`fdmbfohy. Ed acdtbxt, tès es f nestedatecd wet`cut f

neggbrbdab ed vebw cg Fhfrned―s tbstekcdy t`ft `b nen dct idcw w`ft f ‘afpetfh acdtreoutecd‛ wfs obgcrb tès hfwsuet wfs gehbn, fdn ed vebw cg Fhfrned―stbstekcdy t`ft tès kcdby, w`bt`br f hcfd cr acdtreoutecd, wcuhn ob rbpfen tc @css cut cg @css―s s`frb cg prcgets. Ed fnnetecd, Fhfrned―s cwda`rcdchcmeafh sukkfry, acdtfedbn ed f ncaukbdt bdtethbn ‘Qetb]fta` HHA nof Qetb]fta` Qystbks,‛ bxphfeds bvbdts out rbgbrs cdhy tc hcfds, dct tcacdtreoutecds. Gedfhhy, t`b jury gcudn Fhfrned fmrbbn tc rbpfy kcdebs fnvfdabn oy @css, tùs gednedm t`b kcdebs fnvfdabn wbrb hcfds.



‑66‑

o. Bxprbssecd cg edtbdt tc ob pfrtdbrs

^`b sbacdn ^_\F gfatcr es ‘bxprbssecd cg fd edtbdt tc ob pfrtdbrs ed t`b ousedbss.‛ ^_\F

frt. 761?o‑?.<1(f)(?). ^`b Edmrfk acurt ahfregebn t`ft tès ^_\F gfatcr es nestedat grck t`b ct`br

gfatcrs, fdn t`brbgcrb wb ‘s`cuhn cdhy acdsenbr bvenbdab dct spbaegeafhhy prcoftevb cg t`b ct`br

gfatcrs‛ w`bd wb bvfhuftb tès gfatcr. ?00 Q.].1n ft 5<<. ‘YA[curts s`cuhn rbvebw t`b putftevb

pfrtdbrs― spbba`, wretedms, fdn acdnuat.‛ En . ft 055. ‘Bvenbdab cg bxprbssecds cg edtbdt acuhn

edahunb, gcr bxfkphb, t`b pfrtebs― stftbkbdts t`ft t`by frb pfrtdbrs, cdb pfrty chnedm t`b ct`br pfrty

cut fs f pfrtdbr cd t`b ousedbss―s hbttbr`bfn cr dfkb phftb, cr ed f semdbn pfrtdbrsèp fmrbbkbdt.‛ En .

ft 5<<. Out t`b Edmrfk acurt afutecdbn t`ft ‘kbrbhy rbgbrredm tc fdct`br pbrscd fs ‐pfrtdbr― ed f

setuftecd w`brb t`b rbaepebdt cg t`b kbssfmb wcuhn dct bxpbat t`b nbahfrfdt tc kfib f stftbkbdt cg

hbmfh semdegeafdab es dct bdcum`.‛ En . ^ùs, wb kust ‘hcci tc t`b tbrkedchcmy usbn oy t`b putftevb

pfrtdbrs, t`b acdtbxt ed wèa` t`b stftbkbdts wbrb kfnb, fdn t`b enbdtety cg t`b spbfibr fdn hestbdbr.‛

En . Kcrbcvbr, ‘t`brb kust ob bvenbdab t`ft oct` pfrtebs bxprbssbn t`ber edtbdt tc ob pfrtdbrs.‛ En .

(bkp`fses fnnbn)9 sbb fhsc _bfmfd, 627 Q.].1n ft 5?0 (`chnedm t`ft t`brb wfs sckb bvenbdab cg

sbacdn ^_\F gfatcr w`brb oct` fhhbmbn pfrtdbrs rbgbrrbn tc t`bksbhvbs fs pfrtdbrs).

Ed suppcrt cg t`b sbacdn _\F gfatcr, Fhfrned rbhebs cd es cwd tbstekcdy t`ft b fdn @css

crfhhy fmrbbn tc ob ‘pfrtdbrs‛:

V. Nen ycu fdn Mrbmm Y@css[ `fvb f pfrtdbrsèp fmrbbkbdt3

F. Foschutbhy.

V. Nen ycu fdn `b fmrbb tc ob pfrtdbrs ed tès Qetb]fta` prcjbat3

F. ]b nen, ybs, ser.

. . .

V. Nen y―fhh spbaegeafhhy fmrbb tc ob pfrtdbrs3



‑6?‑

F. ]b spbaegeafhhy nen.

V. Mrbmm fmrbbn3

F. Mrbmm nen fmrbb.

Fhfrned fhsc rbgbrs us tc @css―s trefh tbstekcdy nbsareoedm t`b pfrtebs― rbhftecdsèp, ed wèa` @css

tbstegebn, ‘YE wfs p[frtdbredm wet` ^cdy tc try fdn mbt èk edtc f ousedbss w`brb `b acuhn ob

suaabssguh.‛

‘^`b tbrks usbn oy t`b pfrtebs ed rbgbrredm tc t`b frrfdmbkbdt nc dct acdtrch . . . .‛ Edmrfk,

?00 Q.].1n ft 5<<9 faacrn Acfstfh \hfeds Nbv. Acrp. v. Kearbf, Eda., 2=? Q.].?n ?02, ?00 (^bx.

65=0). Edmrfk edstruats us t`ft t`b acdtbxt ed wèa` stftbkbdts frb kfnb es ekpcrtfdt ed fssbssedm

w`bt`br t`by bvenbdab f hbmfh pfrtdbrsèp. Qbb Edmrfk, ?00 Q.].1n ft 5<<. Ednbbn, t`brb wfs

udnesputbn bvenbdab ft trefh t`ft ousedbss pbcphb cgtbd usb t`b wcrns ‘pfrtdbr‛ fdn ‘pfrtdbrbn‛ tc

kbfd fdy scrt cg ahcsb ousedbss rbhftecdsèp, fdn dct streathy tc kbfd hbmfh pfrtdbrsèps. Fhfrned

èksbhg tbstegebn t`ft `b fs usbn t`b wcrn ‘pfrtdbr‛ tc nbsareob f mccn ousedbss rbhftecdsèp t`ft fn

dctèdm tc nc wet` f hbmfh pfrtdbrsèp. @b fhsc faidcwhbnmbn t`ft b wfs fwfrb cg ct`br pbcphb fhsc

usedm t`b wcrn ‘pfrtdbr‛ w`bd dc hbmfh pfrtdbrsèp bxestbn. Fhfrned usbn t`b tbrk ‘pfrtdbr‛ tc

nbsareob trfdsfatecds ed wèa` dc hbmfh pfrtdbrsèp bxestbn.

Kcrbcvbr, ‘Yk[brb hbmfh acdahusecds oy f hfy wetdbss . . . nc dct prcvb t`b bxestbdab cg f

pfrtdbrsèp cr jcedt vbdturb.‛ Obd Getzmbrfhn _bfhty Ac. v. Kuhhbr , 0>7 Q.].?n 66<, 6?6 (^bx.

Fpp.„^yhbr 6551, wret nbdebn)9 sbb fhsc crrbs v. Ibhhby, Dc. 61-<>-161-AW, ?<<= ]H 2?00>5, ft

*1 (^bx. Fpp.„Acrpus A`reste Gbo. ??, ?<<=, dc pbt.) (kbk. cp.) (`chnedm t`ft acdahuscry

stftbkbdts focut t`b bxestbdab cg f pfrtdbrsèp ‘frb dc bvenbdab cg f pfrtdbrsèp fmrbbkbdt‛).

]b acdahunb t`ft Fhfrned―s tbstekcdy t`ft b fdn @css ‘spbaegeafhhy fmrbbYn[ tc ob pfrtdbrs‛

es acdahuscry fdn tùs dc bvenbdab cg fd bxprbssecd cg edtbdt tc ob pfrtdbrs ed f pfrtdbrs ep udnbr t`b



‑61‑

^_\F. Qbb Obd Getzmbrfhn _bfhty Ac., 0>7 Q.].?n ft 6?6. ]b fhsc rbjbat Fhfrned―s acdtbdtecd t ft

@css―s trefh tbstekcdy nbsareoedm es rbhftecdsèp wet` Fhfrned fs ‘pfrtdbredm‛ wet` ek acdstetutbs

bvenbdab t`ft `b bxprbssbn fd edtbdt tc gcrk f hbmfh pfrtdbrsèp wet` Fhfrned ft t`b rbhbvfdt tekb

sbvbrfh ybfrs bfrhebr. Dctèdm ed @css―s tbstekcdy edneaftbs t`ft `b bxprbssbn fd edtbdtecd tc ob

Fhfrned―s pfrtdbr ft t`b tekb t`b fhhbmbn pfrtdbrsèp wfs gcrkbn.

Fhfrned fhsc nerbats us tc ès cwd tbstekcdy t`ft `b sckbtekbs tcci austckbrs tc @css―s

cggeab fdn edtrcnuabn @css fs ès ‘pfrtdbr,‛ fdn t`ft @css dbvbr acrrbatbn èk gcr rbgbrredm tc èk

t`ft wfy. Fhfrned fnnuabn spbaegea tbstekcdy ed tès vbed grck f tèrn-pfrty wetdbss dfkbn Jcsbp`

Kfra`bsb, w`c tbstegebn oy venbc nbpcsetecd t`ft Fhfrned edtrcnuabn @css tc èk fs Fhfrned―s

‘pfrtdbr.‛ Out Kfra`bsb fhsc tbstegebn t`ft `b nen dct idcw w`bt`br @css `bfrn Fhfrned sfy t`ft

Fhfrned wfs @css―s pfrtdbr, wèa` kbfds es tbstekcdy focut Fhfrned―s edtrcnuatecd ncbs dct prcvb

fdy scrt cg ‘fncptevb fnkessecd‛ oy @css. Fdn t`brb wfs dc bvenbdab t`ft usedm t b wcrn ‘pfrtdbr‛

ed t`b acdtbxt cg austckbr edtrcnuatecds heib Fhfrned nbsareobn wcuhn crnedfrehy ob udnbrstccn tc

`fvb hbmfh semdegeafdab. ^ùs, wb acdahunb t`ft Fhfrned―s bvenbdab t`ft `b edtrcnuabn @css tc

austckbrs fs es ‘pfrtdbr,‛ fosbdt bvenbdab tc bxphfed w`y t`b acdtbxt cg t`csb edtrcnuatecds s`cwbn

t`ft t`b tbrk afrrebn hbmfh semdegeafdab, es dc bvenbdab cg t`b sbacdn ^_\F gfatcr.

Gedfhhy, Fhfrned tbstegebn t`ft b spbaegeafhhy rbgbrrbn tc @css fs es ‘pfrtdbr‛ ft f kbbtedm cg

t`b pbrscddbh edvchvbn ed t`b Qetb]fta` prcjbat. @es tbstekcdy wfs dct spbaegea, out tès kbbtedm

fppfrbdthy tcci phfab ed cr focut Fumust ?<<>. Et es dct ahbfr grck Fhfrned―s tbstekcdy w`bt`br

@css wfs prbsbdt ft t`b kbbtedm, out Fhfrned nen tbstegy t`ft @css dbvbr nesputbn t`ft Fhfrned

rbgbrrbn tc ek fs es pfrtdbr ft t`b kbbtedm. ]`bt`br @css wfs prbsbdt cr dct, t`brb es dc bvenbdab

t`ft tès acdtbxt„f kbbtedm cg Fhfrned wet` t`b @BA bkphcybbs w`c wbrb `bhpedm wet` t`b

Qetb]fta` prcjbat„wfs cdb ed wèa` Fhfrned―s funebdab wcuhn fvb udnbrstccn ek tc ob kfiedm f



‑6>‑

stftbkbdt cg hbmfh semdegeafdab rbmfrnedm ès ousedbss rbhftecdsèp wet` @css. ^ùs, Fhfrned―s

tbstekcdy focut t`b ?<<> kbbtedm es dc bvenbdab cg t`b sbacdn ^_\F gfatcr.

Gcr t`b gcrbmcedm rbfscds, wb acdahunb t`ft Fhfrned fnnuabn dc bvenbdab cg t`b sbacdn

^_\F gfatcr.

a. Acdtrch

^`b tèrn ^_\F gfatcr es pfrteaepftecd ed cr t`b rem`t tc pfrteaepftb ed t`b acdtrch cg t`b

ousedbss. ^_\F frt. 761?o‑?.<1(f)(1). ‘^`b rem`t tc acdtrch f ousedbss es t`b rem`t tc kfib

bxbautevb nbaesecds.‛ Edmrfk, ?00 Q.].1n ft 5<6. ^bxfs acurts `fvb `bhn t`ft vfrecus gfats afd ob

rbhbvfdt tc tès gfatcr, sua` fs bxbraesedm fut`crety cvbr t`b ousedbss―s cpbrftecds, t`b rem`t tc wretb

a`bais cd t`b ousedbss―s a`baiedm faacudt, acdtrch cvbr fdn faabss tc t`b ousedbss―s occis, fdn

rbabevedm fdn kfdfmedm fhh cg t`b ousedbss―s fssbts fdn kcdebs. En . ft 5<6‑<? (aetedm afsbs).


Fhfrned aetbs dc bvenbdab s`cwedm t`ft b bxbraesbn fut`crety cvbr t`b ousedbss―s cpbrftecds cr kfnb

fdy cg ets bxbautevb nbaesecds. @b aetbs cdhy bvenbdab tbdnedm tc s`cw t`ft `b nerbatbn t`b @BA

bkphcybbs t`ft @css fssemdbn tc t`b Qetb]fta` prcjbat. @b tbstegebn fs gchhcws:

V. Ed t`ft rbmfrn, nen Mrbmm `fvb cr nen `b fmrbb tc `fvb t`b foehety ed tèsfmrbbkbdt t`ft b acuhn tbhh ycu w`ft tc nc cr y―fhh acuhn bfa`„bfa` cg ycuacuhn nerbat t`b bkphcybbs ed tès prcjbat3

F. Ubs, ser.

V. ]`ft wfs ycur kedn-sbt ft t`ft tekb ed tbrks cg scrt cg gchhcwedm Mrbmm,w`ftbvbr `b t`cum`t wfs obst, w`ft y―fhh wbrb mcedm tc nc, w`ft wbrb ycutèdiedm ed t`ft rbmfrn3

F. ]bhh, eg Mrbmm sfen jukp, E wcuhn jukp. E kbfd, t`ft―s just t`b wfy et wfs.Fdn E wfs t`b pcedt kfd ed bssbdab cvbr t`b prcjbat etsbhg, out `b `fn gedfh

nbaesecd fs gfr fs, ycu idcw, eg b wfdtbn sckbtèdm ncdb cr dct ncdb, t`ft―st`b wfy et wfs.



‑62‑

V. Fdn w`y wfs t`ft t`b wfy et wfs3

F. _bspbat. @b wfs„`b `fn„`b wfs t`b kcdby kfd, `b `fn bfrdbn, ycuidcw, `b `fn„`b `fn bxpbrebdab, ès ousedbss bxpbrebdab, ousedbss faukbd.

Fhfrned―s tbstekcdy fhsc s`cwbn t`ft b fn tc faacudt tc @css gcr t`b ousedbss―s gedfdabs fdn t`ft

@css uhtekftbhy kfnb t`b gedfdaefh nbaesecds rbhftedm tc t`b vbdturb:

V. Qc w`bd ycu `fn f hest cg oehhs t`ft `fn tc mbt pfen, w`ft nen ycu nc fs f

prfateafh kfttbr, w`ft nen ycu nc wet` t`ft3

F. Rsufhhy E wehh sbb Mrbmm cd t`b yfrn fdn tbhh èk cr wretb f dctb focut

neggbrbdt tèdms t`ft wb dbbnbn, phfabs t`ft wb dbbnbn tc mc, oehhs t`ft dbbnbntc ob pfen, fdn et wcuhn usufhhy fnn up tc hct kcrb t`fd w`ft E wcuhn mbt,quetb afdnenhy, obafusb `b wfs mcedm t`rcum` sckb gedfdaefh neggeauhtebs, cr

ès ackpfdy wfs ft t`ft tekb, fdn `b wcuhn sfy, cify, wbhh, w`ft nc wb

rbfhhy fvb tc pfy rem`t dcw3 Fdn t`bd t`ft―s w`ft E wcuhn fvb tc suoket fdedvceab gcr.

^`b bvenbdab cg acdtrch ed tès afsb es ackpfrfohb tc t`ft ed Idcwhbs v. ]rem`t , ?00 Q.].1n

617 (^bx. Fpp.„@custcd Y6st Nest.[ ?<<5, pbt. nbdebn). Ed t`ft afsb, Idcwhbs ahfekbn t`ft `b fdn

]rem`t fn gcrkbn f pfrtdbrsèp, out b faidcwhbnmbn t`ft b fn dc ‘semdftcry fut`crety‛ gcr t`b

pfrtdbrsèp fdn t`ft `b nen dct `fvb fdy fut`crety tc cvbrrenb ]rem`t―s nbaesecds. En . ft 6>=.

Fht`cum` Idcwhbs tbstegebn t`ft b fdn ]rem`t kfnb nbaesecds tcmbt`br, es tbstekcdy kfnb et ahbfr

t`ft ‘`b fn dc acdtrch cvbr t`b purpcrtbn pfrtdbrsèp fdn t`ft ]rem`t rbtfedbn uhtekftb acdtrch cvbr

ousedbss nbaesecds.‛ En . Ed tès afsb, Fhfrned fnnuabn dc bvenbdab t`ft b pfrteaepftbn ed t`b acdtrch

cg t`b ousedbss cr fn fdy rem`t cg acdtrch bxabpt tc nerbat t`b @BA bkphcybbs t`ft @css fssemdbn tc

t`b Qetb]fta` prcjbat. Fdn `b faidcwhbnmbn t`ft @css `fn t`b uhtekftb pcwbr tc nbaenb w`bt`br

fdytèdm wfs ncdb cr dct ncdb cd t`b prcjbat.

Fhfrned fnnuabn dc bvenbdab cg t`b tèrn ^_\F gfatcr.

n. Q`fredm cg hcssbs fdn hefoehetebs

]et` rbspbat tc t`b gcurt` ^_\F gfatcr, t`b jury wfs fsibn w`bt`br t`b pfrtebs s`frbn cr



‑67‑

fmrbbn tc s`frb t`b ‘hcssbs fdn hefoehetebs cg t`b ousedbss.‛ ^ès es shem`thy neggbrbdt grck t`b fatufh

hfdmufmb cg t`b ^_\F, wèa` rbgbrs tc hcssbs cr hefoehetebs cg t`b ousedbss. Qbb ^_\F frt. 761?o‑

?.<1(f)(>). Ed t`b fosbdab cg f rbhbvfdt cojbatecd tc t`b jury a`frmb, wb bvfhuftb t`b suggeaebday cg

t`b bvenbdab ofsbn cd t`b a`frmb fdn edstruatecds t`ft wbrb suokettbn tc t`b jury. Cstbrobrm v. \baf,

6? Q.].1n 16, 22 (^bx. ?<<<)9 BKA Kcrtm. Acrp. v. Jcdbs, ?2? Q.].1n 02=, 075 (^bx. Fpp.„

Nfhhfs ?<<0, dc pbt.). ^ùs, udnbr t`b jury a`frmb, t`b gcurt` gfatcr rbquerbn Fhfrned tc fnnuab

bvenbdab t`ft `b fdn @css s`frbn cr fmrbbn tc s`frb ed oct` t`b hcssbs fdn t`b hefoehetebs cg t`b

ousedbss. ]b dctb t`ft fd fmrbbkbdt tc s`frb hcssbs es dct dbabssfry tc arbftb f pfrtdbrsèp udnbr t`b

^_\F, out t`b bxestbdab cg sua` fd fmrbbkbdt suppcrts t`b bxestbdab cg f pfrtdbrsèp. ^_\F frt.

761?o‑?.<1(a)9 Edmrfk, ?00 Q.].1n ft 5<?.

Fs tc tès gfatcr, Fhfrned aetbs cdhy ès cwd tbstekcdy, fs gchhcws:

V. ]`ft iedn„`cw wbrb y―fhh mcedm tc wcri t`ft ed tbrks cg `cw y―fhh wbrbmcedm tc sphet prcgets3

F. ]b wbrb mcedm tc sphet prcgets 2<-2<.

V. Hefoehetebs fs wbhh3

F. Ubs.

Bvbd fssukedm Fhfrned―s tbstekcdy fkcudts tc sckb bvenbdab t`ft `b fdn @css fmrbbn tc s`frb

hefoehetebs, et acdstetutbs dc bvenbdab t`ft `b fdn @css s`frbn cr fmrbbn tc s`frb ed t`b ousedbss―s

hcssbs, fs rbquerbn oy t`b jury a`frmb.

]b acdahunb t`ft Fhfrned fnnuabn dc bvenbdab cg t`b gcurt` _\F gfatcr fs t`ft gfatcr wfs

suokettbn tc t`b jury.

b. Acdtreoutecd cg kcdby cr prcpbrty

^`b hfst ^_\F gfatcr es w`bt`br t`b fhhbmbn pfrtdbrs acdtreoutbn cr fmrbbn tc acdtreoutb



‑6=‑

kcdby cr prcpbrty tc t`b ousedbss. ^_\F frt. 761?o‑?.<1(f)(2). ^`b ^_\F nbgedbs ‘prcpbrty‛ fs

‘fhh prcpbrty, rbfh, pbrscdfh, cr kexbn, tfdmeohb cr edtfdmeohb, cr fd edtbrbst ed t`ft prcpbrty.‛ En . frt.

761?o‑6.<6(62). @css pcedts cut t`ft t`b ^_\F prcvenbs t`ft t`b rem`t tc rbabevb f s frb cg prcgets

fs rbpfykbdt cg f nbot, ‘oy etsbhg, ncbs dct edneaftb t`ft f pbrscd es f pfrtdbr ed t`b ousedbss.‛ En . frt.

761?o‑?.<1(o)(6)(F). ^ùs, `b frmubs, t`b jury―s gednedms t`ft Fhfrned, _K^, fdn Qetb]fta` HHA

cwbn èk kcdby cd vfrecus hcfds s`cws t`ft t`csb hcfds wbrb dct acdtreoutecds tc t`b fhhbmbn

pfrtdbrsèp. Out wb fvb bhn t`ft hcfds cg kcdby afd acdstetutb acdtreoutecds tc t`b ousedbss udnbr

t`b ^_\F, _bfmfd, 627 Q.].1n ft 5?09 t`b ^_\F prcvenbs cdhy t`ft rem`t tc rbpfykbdt cg f nbot

‘oy etsbhg‛ ncbs dct edneaftb f pfrtdbrsèp rbhftecdsèp, ^_\F frt. 761?o‑?.<1(o)(6)(F). @css

acdtbdns t`ft t`brb es dc bvenbdab t`ft b ct`brwesb acdtreoutbn kcdby cr prcpbrty tc t`b ousedbss cg

t`b fhhbmbn pfrtdbrsèp.

Fhfrned frmubs t`ft @css fmrbbn tc acdtreoutb tc t`b vbdturb ed f vfrebty cg wfys. @b

acdtbdns t`ft @css fmrbbn tc acdtreoutb gedfdaedm, ousedbss kfdfmbkbdt, arbnet, kbdtcredm, fdn t`b

rbscurabs cg ès ousedbss, @BA. @b fhsc frmubs t`ft @css acdtreoutbn f ‘hem`t phfdt‛ tc t`b fhhbmbn

pfrtdbrsèp. Qpbaegeafhhy, `b tbstegebn fs gchhcws:

Fdn cd 5-6>Y-?<<6[ E wbdt tc Mrbmm Y@css[ fdn wb nesaussbn tès. Fdn `b ft t`ftpcedt ed tekb„t`ft―s w`bd `b ocum`t ed. ^`ft―s w`bd `b sfen, ycu idcw, `b acuhnsbb tès obedm sckbtèdm t`ft wb acuhn nc sckbtèdm wet`. Fdn t`ft―s w`bd wb

obmfd„`b„`b kfnb t`ft edetefh edvbstkbdt cg t`b $?2,<<< t`ft wb oueht t`b gerstsystbk wet`. @b ncdftbn f hem`t phfdt.

Et es dct ahbfr grck t`b rbacrn w`ft tès ‘hem`t phfdt‛ wfs, out t`b acdtbxt cg t`b bvenbdab summbsts

t`ft et wfs f pebab cg bquepkbdt t`ft wfs usbn fs pfrt cg f prctctypb survbehhfdab systbk t`ft wfs

tfibd tc acdstruatecd trfnb s`cws. Fhfrned―s tbstekcdy focut t`b hem`t phfdt acdstetutbs sckb

bvenbdab t`ft @css acdtreoutbn prcpbrty tc t`b ousedbss.

^`b ct`br bvenbdab rbhebn cd oy Fhfrned ncbs dct suppcrt tès gfatcr. Fht`cum` @css tbstegebn



‑60‑

t`ft `b ‘fmrbbn tc `bhp YFhfrned[ wet` t`b arbnet setuftecd,‛ `bhpedm sckbcdb cotfed arbnet grck f

tèrn pfrty es dct f acdtreoutecd cg kcdby cr prcpbrty. Fhfrned tbstegebn t`ft @css fhhcwbn ek tc usb

@BA gfaehetebs fdn pbrscddbh fdn, kcrb mbdbrfhhy, t`ft @BA ‘wfs es frk, sc tc spbfi, t`ft b wcuhn

`bhp gurt`br t`b pfrtdbrsèp wet`.‛ Out bvenbdab cg acdtreoutecds cg gfaehetebs, pbrscddbh, cr kftbrefhs

oy @BA es dc bvenbdab cg acdtreoutecds oy @css ednevenufhhy.

Fht`cum` t`b bvenbdab s`cws @css kfnb hcfds tcwfrn t`b prcjbat fdn acdtreoutbn f hem`t

phfdt tc t`b prcjbat, @css fhsc pcedts cut t`ft Fhfrned aetbs dc bvenbdab t`ft Fhfrned acdtreoutbn cr

fmrbbn tc acdtreoutb kcdby cr prcpbrty tc t`b prcjbat. ]b fvb rbvebwbn t`b rbacrn fdn gcudn cdhy

foorbveftbn stftbkbdts oy Fhfrned t`ft frmufohy tcua` cd t`b suojbat. Ft cdb pcedt, Fhfrned tbstegebn

fs gchhcws:

F: ]b ofseafhhy rfd f hct cg tèdms cd ky„cd cur FKBP arbnet afrns, cr cd kycwd arbnet afrn f hct cg tekbs, tcc.

Hftbr, Fhfrned tbstegebn fs gchhcws:

V: Ed Jfdufry cg ―<>, t`b Ypfrtdbrsèp―s[ rbvbdubs wbrb $20,<<<, es t`ft rem`t3

F: Qckbtèdm heib t`ft, ybs, ser.

V: ]`ft wbrb t`b prcgets ed ―<>3

F: ^`by wbrbd―t„t`by wbrb dbmhemeohb. ^`brb wfsd―t fdy obafusb E wfs fvedmtc fatufhhy put ky cwd kcdby ed.

Fdn `b fhsc tbstegebn fs gchhcws:

V: ^`brb wfs f gfer fkcudt cg rbsbfra` fdn nbvbhcpkbdt t`ft wbdt edtc tèsafkbrf prcjbat grck Qbptbkobr cg ?<<6 udteh t`b gfhhedm cut ed Kfra` cg ?<<23

F: ^`brb wfs, foschutbhy.

V: Fdn Kr. @css pfen gcr t`ft _&N3

F: E pfen gcr sckb, tcc, out, ybs, `b nen.



‑65‑

Bvenbdab t`ft ousedbss bxpbdsbs wbrb pfen oy f arbnet afrn, ed fdn cg etsbhg, es dct bvenbdab

t`ft kcdby cr prcpbrty wfs acdtreoutbn fs afpetfh tc t`b ousedbss. Fhfrned―s tbstekcdy focut t`b usb

cg arbnet afrns fdn t`b pfykbdt cg rbsbfra` fdn nbvbhcpkbdt bxpbdsbs es dct, t`brbgcrb, bvenbdab cg

acdtreoutecds tc t`b ousedbss. Fdn Fhfrned―s stftbkbdt t`ft `b `fn tc put ès cwd kcdby ed t`b

ousedbss es dc kcrb t`fd f saedtehhf cg bvenbdab t`ft `b acdtreoutbn afpetfh tc t`b ousedbss. Obafusb

Fhfrned fnnuabn dc bvenbdab t`ft `b acdtreoutbn cr fmrbbn tc acdtreoutb kcdby cr prcpbrty tc t`b

prcjbat, wb acdahunb t`brb es dc bvenbdab tc sftesgy t`b gegt` ^_\F gfatcr.

>. Quggeaebday fdfhyses

]b `fvb acdahunbn t`ft t`b rbacrn acdtfeds dc bvenbdab cg gcur cg t`b gevb ^_\F gfatcrs.

^`brb wfs sckb bvenbdab, fhobet wbfi fdn sbhg-acdtrfneatcry, t`ft @css fdn Fhfrned fmrbbn tc s`frb

prcgets. ^`brb wfs dc bvenbdab t`ft t`b pfrtebs fatufhhy s`frbn fdy prcgets, dc bvenbdab t`ft t`by

bxprbssbn fd edtbdt tc ob pfrtdbrs, dc bvenbdab t`ft Fhfrned acdtrchhbn cr pcssbssbn f rem`t tc acdtrch

t`b ousedbss, dc bvenbdab t`ft t`b pfrtebs fmrbbn tc s`frb hcssbs fdn hefoehetebs, fs t`b jury a`frmb

rbquerbn, fdn dc bvenbdab t`ft Fhfrned acdtreoutbn cr fmrbbn tc acdtreoutb kcdby cr prcpbrty tc t`b

vbdturb. ^`b ^_\F ackkbdts dctb t`ft t`b s`fredm cg prcgets fdn acdtrch cvbr t`b ousedbss wehh

prcofohy acdtedub tc ob t`b kcst ekpcrtfdt gfatcrs ed nbtbrkededm w`bt`br f pfrtdbrsèp bxests.

^_\F frt. 761?o‑?.<1 akt. Fs wb `fvb nbsareobn, t`brb es dc bvenbdab cg f s`fredm cg acdtrch fdn

cdhy wbfi fdn sbhg-acdtrfneatcry bvenbdab cg fd fmrbbkbdt tc s`frb prcgets.

Ed Edmrfk, t`b suprbkb acurt cpedbn t`ft fd fosbdab cg bvenbdab fs tc fhh gevb gfatcrs wehh

prbahunb t`b rbacmdetecd cg f pfrtdbrsèp, fdn t`ft bvbd acdahusevb bvenbdab cg cdhy cdb gfatcr wehh

dcrkfhhy ob edsuggeaebdt tc bstfohes` t`b bxestbdab cg f pfrtdbrsèp. Edmrfk, ?00 Q.].1n ft 050. Ed

t`b edstfdt afsb, Fhfrned nen dct put cd acdahusevb bvenbdab cg fdy cg t`b _\F gfatcrs. @b put cd

cdhy wbfi bvenbdab, kua` cg ets acdtrfneatbn oy es cwd tbstekcdy, cg cdb _\F gfatcr. ^ès fhcdb



‑?<‑

es suggeaebdt tc ackpbh t`b acdahusecd t`ft t`b bvenbdab suppcrtedm t`b jury―s gednedm cg f pfrtdbrsèp

es hbss t`fd f saedtehhf cg bvenbdab.

Kcrbcvbr, Fhfrned―s ahfek cg t`b bxestbdab cg f pfrtdbrsèp wfs acdtrfneatbn oy bvenbdab t`ft

wb acdahunb t`b jury acuhn dct rbfscdfohy nesrbmfrn. Qbb ]ehscd, 670 Q.].1n ft 0?= (acurts kust

‘nesrbmfrn acdtrfry bvenbdab udhbss rbfscdfohb jurcrs acuhn dct‛)9 sbb fhsc en . ft 0?< (‘Jurcrs afddct

emdcrb udnesputbn tbstekcdy t`ft es ahbfr, pcsetevb, nerbat, ct`brwesb arbneohb, grbb grck

acdtrfneatecds fdn edacdsestbdaebs, fdn acuhn `fvb obbd rbfnehy acdtrcvbrtbn.‛). Rdnbr t b _\F, f

pfrtdbrsèp es fd bdtety nestedat grck ets pfrtdbrs. ^_\F frt. 761?o‑?.<6. Ubt, Fhfrned tbstegebn t`ft

t`b fhhbmbn pfrtdbrsèp, wèa` `b acdtbdnbn bxestbn gcr sbvbrfh ybfrs, dbvbr gehbn f gbnbrfh cr stftb

pfrtdbrsèp tfx rbturd. @b tbstegebn t`ft et dbvbr fpphebn gcr ets cwd gbnbrfh tfx enbdtegeaftecd dukobr

fdn dbvbr essubn I-6 tfx gcrks tc t`b fhhbmbn pfrtdbrs. @b bvbd tbstegebn t`ft t`b fhhbmbn pfrtdbrs ep

nen dct `fvb f dfkb.7 Fdn t`brb es dc bvenbdab t`ft fdycdb„Fhfrned edahunbn„bvbr trbftbn t`b

fhhbmbn pfrtdbrsèp fs f nestedat bdtety ednbpbdnbdt cg t`b pbcphb fdn ackpfdebs t`ft pfrteaepftbn ed

t`b Qetb]fta` nbvbhcpkbdt prcjbat.

]b fhsc acdahunb t`ft t`b jury acuhn dct rbfscdfohy nesrbmfrn Fhfrned―s prb-hetemftecd wrettbd

faacudt cg t`b èstcry cg t`b Qetb]fta` prcjbat, wèa` wfs fnkettbn ft trefh ed rbnfatbn gcrk. @b

arbftbn tès ncaukbdt ed Fpreh ?<<2„s`crthy fgtbr b wfs hcaibn cut cg t`b @BA gfaehety w`brb t`b

prcjbat wfs `cusbn, fdn sbvbrfh kcdt`s obgcrb @css subn èk. @b bdtethbn t`b ncaukbdt ‘Qetb]fta`

HHA nof Qetb]fta` Qystbks,‛ wèa` wfs es cwd ackpfdy, fdn dct ‘Qetb]fta` pfrtdbrsèp.‛ Ed t`b

ncaukbdt, Fhfrned nen dct rbgbr tc f pfrtdbrsèp ft fhh, wet` @css cr fdycdb bhsb. _ft`br, `b

nbsareobn t`b obmeddedm cg t`b pfrtebs― ousedbss rbhftecdsèp fs gchhcws:

7Fhfrned sfen `b ‘gbht heib wb afhhbn et t`b Qetb]fta` prcjbat pfrtdbrsèp.‛



‑?6‑

Cd Qbptbkobr 6>, ?<<6Y,[ Mrbmm K. @css cg @css Bquepkbdt Ackpfdy hcfdbn_bkctb Kcdetcredm ^ba`dchcmebs $?2,<<< gcr rbsbfra` fdn nbvbhcpkbdt.

Mrbmm @css fsibn gcr fdn wfs prckesbn t`ft ed bxa`fdmb gcr kbdtcredm, arbnet fdngedfdaefh acdsenbrftecds, fdn usb cg t`b @css Bquepkbdt gfaehetebs, pbrscddbh fdn

fssbts9 `b wcuhn rbabevb rbpfykbdt cg dctbs, rbekoursbkbdt cg pfrts fdn vbregefohb

s`cp acsts, fmrbb tc kutufh dcd-ackpbtb, fdn rbabevb fd bxahusevb sfhbs fdnkfribtedm fmrbbkbdt wet` _K^ gcr Qetb]fta` Qystbk tba`dchcmy wetèd es ednustry- Acdstruatecd fdn Kededm.

^ùs, ed Fhfrned―s cwd prb-hetemftecd rbaetftecd cg ès udnbrstfdnedm wet` @css, `b kbdtecdbn

dctèdm focut fd fmrbbkbdt wet` @css tc ob pfrtdbrs, focut kutufh acdtrch cg t`b bdtbrpresb, cr focut

t`b s`fredm cg prcgets, hcssbs, cr hefoehetebs. Edstbfn, `b edneaftbn t`ft @css―s cdhy edtbrbst ed t`b

prcjbat hfy ed rbpfykbdt cg hcfds fdn bxpbdsbs, phus f kfribtedm fmrbbkbdt rbmfrnedm Qetb]fta`

tba`dchcmy. Dcdb cg tès es acdsestbdt wet` f pfrtdbrsèp edvchvedm @css fdn Fhfrned fs ednevenufhs

out, rft`br, es acdsestbdt wet` ct`br bvenbdab s`cwedm f pfrtdbrsèp wfs dbvbr gcrkbn.

2. Acdahusecd

Fhfrned fnnuabn dc bvenbdab cg gcur cg t b gevb ^_\F gfatcrs. @b fnnuabn cdhy wbfi

bvenbdab rbhftedm tc f sedmhb ^_\F gfatcr, fd fmrbbkbdt tc s`frb prcgets. Rdnesputbn bvenbdab,

edahunedm kfdy fnkessecds oy Fhfrned èksbhg, prcvbn kfdy gfats t`ft wbrb edacdsestbdt wet` t`b

prcpcsetecd t`ft `b fdn @css gcrkbn f pfrtdbrsèp. Rdnbr t`b tctfhety-cg-t`b-aeraukstfdabs tbst

prbsareobn oy Edmrfk, ?00 Q.].1n ft 050, wb acdahunb t`ft t`b bvenbdab cg f pfrtdbrsèp es hbss t`fd

f saedtehhf, fdn tùs es hbmfhhy edsuggeaebdt tc suppcrt t`b jury―s gednedm cg f pfrtdbrsèp.

Cur acdahusecd t`ft t`b jury―s gednedm cg f pfrtdbrsèp obtwbbd @css fdn Fhfrned wfs

suppcrtbn oy hbmfhhy edsuggeaebdt bvenbdab dbmftbs t`b prbneaftb gcr Fhfrned―s rbacvbry gcr orbfa` cg

genuaefry nuty, sc wb dbbn dct acdsenbr @css―s rbkfededm essubs cd fppbfh.

EEE. F\\BHHBBQ― A_CQQ-F\\BFH

]b dbxt acdsenbr t`b t`rbb essubs fppbhhbbs fssbrt ed t`ber arcss-fppbfh. ^`by acdtbdn (6) t`b



‑??‑

bvenbdab es hbmfhhy fdn gfatufhhy edsuggeaebdt tc suppcrt t`b jury―s gednedm t`ft fppbhhbbs cwbn @css

kcdby, (?) t`b bvenbdab es hbmfhhy fdn gfatufhhy edsuggeaebdt tc suppcrt t`b fwfrn cg fttcrdbys― gbbs tc

@css, fdn (1) t`b trefh acurt brrbn oy rbdnbredm f tfib-dctèdm sukkfry junmkbdt cd fppbhhbbs―

orbfa`-cg-acdtrfat ahfek.

F. @css―s orbfa`-cg-acdtrfat ahfek

^`b jury gcudn t`ft bfa` fppbhhbb fmrbbn tc rbpfy kcdebs fnvfdabn oy @css. Fs tc bfa` cg

t`csb t`rbb pfrtebs, Vubstecd Dc. 5 fsibn, ‘]`ft suk cg kcdby, eg fdy, es dcw nub fdn cwedm . . . tc

Mrbmm @css3‛ ^`b jury gcudn t`ft Fhfrned cwbn @css $66=,>06, _K^ cwbn @css $?=,550, fdn

Qetb]fta` HHA cwbn @css $17,716. ^`b junmb rbdnbrbn junmkbdt fmfedst fppbhhbbs ed t`csb

fkcudts. Ed t`ber gerst essub cd arcss-fppbfh, fppbhhbbs frmub t`ft t`b bvenbdab es hbmfhhy fdn

gfatufhhy edsuggeaebdt tc suppcrt t`b jury―s gednedms t`ft t`bsb suks wbrb nub fdn cwedm. ]b

nesfmrbb.

‘F pfrty orbfa`bs f acdtrfat oy gfehedm tc pbrgcrk w`bd t`ft pfrty―s pbrgcrkfdab es nub.‛

B.\. ^cwdb Atr. \frtdbrs, H.\. v. A`cpsteais, Eda., ?>? Q.].1n 66=, 6?1 (^bx. Fpp.„Bh \fsc ?<<=,

dc pbt.)9 sbb fhsc Crex Afpetfh Kits., H.H.A. v. ]fs`. Kut. Ofdi , ?7< Q.].1n 7?<, 7?1 (^bx. Fpp.„

Nfhhfs ?<<0, dc pbt.) (‘F orbfa` cg acdtrfat caaurs w`bd f pfrty gfehs cr rbgusbs tc pbrgcrk fd fat

t`ft et bxprbsshy prckesbn tc nc.‛). Fppbhhbbs acdabnb t`brb es acdgheatedm bvenbdab fs tc w`bt`br

t`by fmrbbn tc rbpfy kcdebs tc @css, out t`by acdtbdn t`brb es dc bvenbdab t`ft t`ber fhhbmbn

cohemftecds tc pfy bvbr afkb nub. ^`by acdtbdn gurt`br t`ft t`b cdhy bvenbdab ed t`b rbacrn

acdahusevbhy prcvbs t`ft t`ber fhhbmbn cohemftecds tc pfy dbvbr afkb nub. @css acdtbdns t`brb es

suggeaebdt bvenbdab t`ft fppbhhbbs― nbots tc èk wbrb nub.

Fppbhhbbs frmub t`ft @css―s cwd tbstekcdy bstfohes`bs t`ft t`by wbrb dct cohemftbn tc rbpfy

ès acdtreoutecds udteh t`b Qetb]fta` prcjbat obafkb prcgetfohb. ^`by rbhy spbaegeafhhy cd t`b



‑?1‑

gchhcwedm tbstekcdy oy @css:

V: Fdn ycu―vb tfhibn focut fdn ycu―vb tchn us t`ft ycu tèdi t`b tbrks cg t`bhcfds wbrb t`ft ^cdy dbbnbn tc pfy t`ft ofai w`bd t`b Qetb]fta` prcnuattcci cgg fdn kfnb f prcget, rem`t3

F: Fdn, fmfed, E―k dct tryedm tc ob acdtbdtecus, out fs gfr fs t`b hcfds t`ft Epbrscdfhhy kfnb3

V: R`-ù`, ybs, ser.

F: Ubs, t`ft wfs acrrbat. Fdmbhf―s cremedfh hcfds wbrb ackphbtbhy neggbrbdt.

. . .

V: Ucur pfrteauhfr hcfds ycu sfen„eg E udnbrstfdn ycur vbrsecd cg `cw et―s

mcedm„es t`ft, ^cdy, ycu dbbn tc pfy tès ofai w`bd ycu kfib et, rem`t3

F: Acrrbat.

V: E ncd―t wfdt tc put tcc gedb f pcedt cd et, Kr. @css, out esd―t et just hcmeafh eg wb―rb obedm `brb bvbd udnbr ycur vbrsecd„fdn E―k tryedm tc tfhi cd ycur

senb cg tèdms fdn cw ycu tèdi et es dcw„t`ft t`b trut` es bvbd eg t`by wbrbhcfds udnbr t`b tbrks t`ft ycu just sfen udnbr ycur cpedecd, b fsd―t kfnb et,sc rbfhhy t`by―rb dct nub tc èk tc pfy ofai ybt, rem`t3 ^`ft―s t`b trut`, esd―t

et3

F: ^`ft―s t`b trut`, ybs, ser.

Fppbhhbbs acdstrub tès tbstekcdy tc kbfd t`ft @css―s hcfds tc t`bk wcuhn dct ackb nub udteh t`b

Qetb]fta` prcjbat obafkb prcgetfohb, fdn t`ft ed @css―s cwd cpedecd t`ft bvbdt dbvbr afkb tc pfss.

@css rbspcdns t`ft t`brb wfs sckb bvenbdab tc suppcrt t`b jury―s gednedm t`ft fppbhhbbs―

nbots tc èk wbrb nub fdn cwedm. Gerst, `b rbhebs cd ès cwd tbstekcdy t`ft Fhfrned fmrbbn tc pfy

ofai bfa` hcfd @css kfnb fdn t`ft Fhfrned nen dct nc sc. ]b fmrbb t`ft tès es sckb bvenbdab t`ft

t`b hcfds wbrb nub fdn cwedm. Crnedfrehy f hbdnbr ncbs dct stftb t`ft f ocrrcwbr nen dct rbpfy ek

udhbss t`b cohemftecd es fhrbfny nub fdn cwedm. @css fhsc pcedts cut t`ft Fhfrned èksbhg tbstegebn

t`ft t`b Qetb]fta` prcjbat nen mbdbrftb sckb prcgets, wèa` wbrb rbedvbstbn ed t`b ackpfdy fdn tùs



‑?>‑

dct usbn tc rbpfy @css. ^`b jury acuhn rbfscdfohy `fvb acdahunbn grck tès bvenbdab t`ft, nbspetb

@css―s tbstekcdy t`ft Fhfrned `fn dct ‘kfnb et,‛ t`b prcjbat nen rbfa` sckb hbvbh cg prcgetfoehety,

t`brboy tremmbredm fppbhhbbs― cohemftecd tc pfy @css ofai.

]b acdahunb t`ft t`b bvenbdab wfs hbmfhhy fdn gfatufhhy suggeaebdt tc suppcrt t`b jury―s

gednedm t`ft fppbhhbbs― hcfds grck @css wbrb nub fdn cwedm. Faacrnedmhy, wb rbjbat fppbhhbbs― gerst

essub cd t`ber arcss-fppbfh.

O. Fttcrdbys― gbbs

^`b jury fwfrnbn @css ès fttcrdbys― gbbs ed t`b fkcudts cg $2<<,<<< gcr prbpfrftecd fdn

trefh, $6<<,<<< gcr fd fppbfh tc t`b acurt cg fppbfhs, fdn $2<,<<< gcr fd fppbfh tc t`b bxfs Quprbkb

Acurt. ^`b jury spbaegebn t`csb fkcudts ed fdswbr tc Vubstecd Dc. 6>, wèa` fsibn, ‘]`ft es f

rbfscdfohb gbb gcr t`b dbabssfry sbrveabs cg Mrbmm @css―s fttcrdbys ed rbmfrn gcr Ysea[ t`b ahfek cg

orbfa` cg fmrbbkbdt gcudn oy ycu ed fdswbr tc Vubstecd =3‛ ^`b junmb rbdnbrbn junmkbdt fmfedst

fppbhhbbs ed t`csb fkcudts, spbaegyedm t`ft @css acuhn rbacvbr t`b fppbhhftb gbb fwfrns cdhy eg `b

prbvfehbn cd fppbfh. Fppbhhbbs acdtbdn t`ft t`b bvenbdab es hbmfhhy fdn gfatufhhy edsuggeaebdt tc

suppcrt t`b gbb fwfrns obafusb @css nen dct fnnuab bvenbdab sbmrbmftedm es rbacvbrfohb fttcrdbys―

gbbs grck gbb bxpbdneturbs t`ft wbrb dct rbacvbrfohb.

]b fvb fhrbfny sbt gcrt` t`b stfdnfrn cg rbvebw gcr hbmfh suggeaebday cg t`b bvenbdab. ]`bd

fd fppbhhfdt fttfais t`b gfatufh suggeaebday cg t`b bvenbdab tc suppcrt fd fnvbrsb gednedm cd fd essub

cd wèa` et nen dct fvb t`b ournbd cg prccg, et kust nbkcdstrftb t`ft t`brb es edsuggeaebdt bvenbdab

tc suppcrt t`b fnvbrsb gednedm. @fde v. Jekbdbz, ?7> Q.].1n 006, 007 (^bx. Fpp.„Nfhhfs ?<<0, pbt.

nbdebn). Ed f gfatufh-suggeaebday a`fhhbdmb, wb acdsenbr fhh t`b bvenbdab fdn sbt t`b vbrneat fsenb

cdhy eg t`b bvenbdab suppcrtedm t`b jury gednedm es sc wbfi cr sc fmfedst t`b cvbrw`bhkedm wbem`t cg

t`b bvenbdab t`ft t`b gednedm es ahbfrhy wrcdm fdn udjust. Qtftb Gfrk Hhcyns v. @fkehtcd, ?72



‑?2‑

Q.].1n =?2, =?5 (^bx. Fpp.„Nfhhfs ?<<0, pbt. nesk―n).

Eg f ahfekfdt es bdtethbn tc rbacvbr fttcrdbys― gbbs gcr sckb out dct fhh cg es ahfeks, b obfrs

t`b ournbd cg sbmrbmftedm ès gbbs obtwbbd ahfeks gcr wèa` t`by frb rbacvbrfohb fdn ahfeks gcr

wèa` t`by frb dct. ^cdy Muhhc Kctcrs E, H.\. v. A`fpf, ?6? Q.].1n ?55, 166 (^bx. ?<<7)9 F&H

Bdm―m & Acdsuhtedm, Eda. v. Qèhc` Fpchhc \hfzf, Eda., 162 Q.].1n 5?0, 516 (^bx. Fpp.„Nfhhfs

?<6<, dc pbt.). ‘Qbmrbmftecd es dct dbabssfry, `cwbvbr, w`brb t`b ahfeks frb ‐edbxtreafohy

edtbrtwedbn.―‛ Accpbr v. Aca`rfd, ?00 Q.].1n 2??, 217 (^bx. Fpp.„Nfhhfs ?<<5, dc pbt.) (aetedm

^cdy Muhhc Kctcrs, ?6? Q.].1n ft 16?). Eg hbmfh sbrveabs frb edaurrbn tc prcsbautb f ahfek gcr wèa`

gbbs frb rbacvbrfohb, t`b rbsuhtedm gbbs frb rbacvbrfohb bvbd eg t`b sbrveabs fhsc suppcrt ahfeks gcr

wèa` gbbs frb dct rbacvbrfohb. ^cdy Muhhc Kctcrs, ?6? Q.].1n ft 1619 Accpbr , ?00 Q.].1n ft 21=.

Obafusb @css prbvfehbn cd ès orbfa`-cg-acdtrfat ahfek, `b wfs bdtethbn tc rbacvbr ès

rbfscdfohb fttcrdbys― gbbs edaurrbn ed t`b prcsbautecd cg t`ft ahfek. Qbb ^BP. AEW. \_FA. & _BK.

ACNB FDD. § 10.<<6 (]bst ?<<0). Fdn t`b jury qubstecd heketbn t`b jury―s acdsenbrftecd tc @css―s

gbbs edaurrbn ed acddbatecd wet` ès orbfa`-cg-acdtrfat ahfeks fmfedst fppbhhbbs. Fppbhhbbs acdtbdn

t`ft @css―s bvenbdab cg gbbs, cwbvbr, gfehbn tc nestedmues` obtwbbd gbbs edaurrbn tc prcsbautb t`csb

pfrteauhfr ahfeks fdn gbbs edaurrbn ed acddbatecd wet` ct`br ahfeks gcr wèa` gbbs wbrb dct

rbacvbrfohb. Ed pfrteauhfr, fppbhhbbs pcedt cut t`ft @css―s bvenbdab s`cwbn t ft t`b $2<<,<<< ed gbbs

edaurrbn obgcrb trefh wbrb edaurrbn dct cdhy tc prcsbautb @css―s orbfa`-cg-acdtrfat ahfeks, out fhsc tc

prcvenb rbprbsbdtftecd gcr pfrtebs Fdmbhf @css, @BA, fdct`br ackpfdy afhhbn @css Bquepkbdt

Ackpfdy Dbvfnf, fdn Dyhb Orfsa`. Fdmbhf @css prcsbautbn ahfeks gcr orbfa` cg acdtrfat fdn gcr

fssfuht, fdn s`b nen dct prbvfeh cd t`csb ahfeks. Orfsa` prcsbautbn f genuaefry-nuty ahfek fmfedst

Fhfrned, fdn `b nen dct prbvfeh cd t`ft ahfek. @BA nen dct prbvfeh cd ets orbfa`-cg-acdtrfat ahfek,

fdn @css Bquepkbdt Ackpfdy Dbvfnf nen dct bvbd suoket fdy ahfeks tc t`b jury. Obafusb cg t bsb



‑?7‑

gfehurbs cg prccg, fppbhhbbs acdtbdn, t`b fwfrn cg fttcrdbys― gbbs tc @css es suppcrtbn oy edsuggeaebdt

bvenbdab. ]b fmrbb wet` fppbhhbbs.

@css acdtbdns t`ft t`b pfrtebs― vfrecus ahfeks wbrb sc edtbrtwedbn t`ft b wfs dct rbquerbn tc

sbmrbmftb ès gbbs. @b fhsc acdtbdns t`ft ès nbgbdsb cg Fhfrned―s pfrtdbrsèp acudtbrahfek wfs

dbabssfry gcr èk tc prbvfeh cd ès orbfa`-cg-acdtrfat ahfeks obafusb Fhfrned frmubn t`ft @css―s

acdtreoutecds tc t`b prcjbat wbrb afpetfh acdtreoutecds fdn dct hcfds. @b fhsc fssbrts t`ft fhh t`b

ahfeks ed tès afsb edvchvbn t`b sfkb sbt cg gfats. @css―s frmukbdts frb dct pbrsufsevb. ‘Edtbrtwedbn

gfats nc dct kfib Yudrbacvbrfohb[ gbbs rbacvbrfohb9 et es cdhy w`bd nesarbtb hbmfh sbrveabs fnvfdab

oct` f rbacvbrfohb fdn udrbacvbrfohb ahfek t`ft t`by frb sc edtbrtwedbn t`ft t`by dbbn dct ob

sbmrbmftbn.‛ ^cdy Muhhc Kctcrs, ?6? Q.].1n 161‑6>. ^ùs, gbbs edaurrbn gcr t`b nrfgtedm cg

phbfnedms fdn jury-a`frmb kftbrefhs t`ft rbhftbn tc tcrt ahfeks cr udsuaabssguh acdtrfat ahfeks oy

ct`br ahfekfdts wbrb dct rbacvbrfohb. Qbb en . ft 1619 sbb fhsc Fhhfd v. Dbrsbscvf, 1<= Q.].1n 27>,

2=1 (^bx. Fpp.„Nfhhfs ?<6<, dc pbt.) (‘YG[bbs edaurrbn ed nrfgtedm t`b cremedfh fdn fkbdnbn

pbtetecds fdn t`b jury a`frmb rbhftedm tc t`b tcrt ahfeks wbrb dct rbacvbrfohb, wèhb t`b pcrtecd cg t`b

gbbs rbhftedm tc t`b acdtrfat ahfek wfs rbacvbrfohb.‛). @css pcedts tc dc bvenbdab s`cwedm t`ft t`b

gbbs edaurrbn ed prcsbautecd cg t`b dukbrcus udsuaabssguh ahfeks orcum`t oy Fdmbhf @css, Orfsa`,

fdn ct`brs fhsc fnvfdabn t`b prcsbautecd cg ès suaabssguh acdtrfat ahfeks.

Fhtbrdftevbhy, @css frmubs t`ft fppbhhbbs gfehbn tc afrry t`ber ournbd tc s`cw t ft sbmrbmftecd

wfs dbabssfry fdn pcsseohb. ]b fmrbb wet` fppbhhbbs t`ft @css kesphfabs t`b ournbd cg prccg.

‘Mbdbrfhhy, t`b pfrty sbbiedm tc rbacvbr fttcrdby―s gbbs afrrebs t`b ournbd cg prccg.‛ F&H Bdm―m,

162 Q.].1n ft 516. ‘Eg fttcrdby―s gbbs frb fut`crezbn gcr sckb, out dct fhh, cg f pfrty―s ahfeks, t`ft

pfrty mbdbrfhhy fs t`b nuty tc sbmrbmftb t`b rbacvbrfohb grck t`b dcd-rbacvbrfohb fttcrdby―s gbbs.‛

En . Ed tès afsb, @css fnnuabn udsbmrbmftbn bvenbdab cg t`b tctfh gbbs ès fttcrdbys edaurrbn ed



‑?=‑

rbprbsbdtedm èk fdn fhh t`b ct`br pfrtebs cd ès senb cg t`b afsb. ]b acdahunb t`ft t`csb hbmfh

sbrveabs dbabssfrehy edvchvbn sckb sbrveabs t`ft nen dct fnvfdab @css―s orbfa`-cg-acdtrfat ahfeks,

sua` fs wcri ncdb cd Fdmbhf @css―s fssfuht ahfek fmfedst Fhfrned, fdn wcri ncdb cd Orfsa`―s

pfrtdbrsèp ahfek fmfedst Fhfrned. ^ùs, @css―s bvenbdab cg gbbs nen dct suppcrt fdy pfrteauhfr

fkcudt cg gbbs t`ft wfs prcpbrhy rbacvbrfohb grck fppbhhbbs.

@css rbhebs cd t`b afsb cg Accpbr v. Aca`rfd ed suppcrt cg es t`bcry t`ft fppbhhbbs ocrb t`b

ournbd cg prccg cd t`b sbmrbmftecd essub. ]b acdahunb t`ft Accpbr es nestedmues fohb. Ed t`ft afsb,

Accpbr frmubn t`ft fppbhhbbs fn gfehbn tc sbmrbmftb t`ber gbbs, out b gfehbn tc pcedt tc fdy edstfdabs

cg hbmfh sbrveabs gcr wèa` sbmrbmftecd wcuhn ob fpprcpreftb. En . ft 21=. Obafusb t`b hbmfh sbrveabs

gcr fppbhhbbs― ahfeks fdn nbgbdsbs fppbfrbn tc ob edtbrtwedbn, wb rbjbatbn Accpbr―s frmukbdt. En .

]b rbfn Accpbr tc kbfd cdhy t`ft Accpbr gfehbn tc afrry es ournbd cg orebgedm cd fppbfh oy gfehedm

tc pcedt cut w`y fppbhhbbs― bvenbdab cg udsbmrbmftbn gbbs wfs edsuggeaebdt. Ed tès afsb, fppbhhbbs

`fvb prcvenbn spbaegea rbfscds @css wfs cohembn tc sbmrbmftb ès gbbs„ès fttcrdbys rbprbsbdtbn

kuhtephb pfrtebs cd kuhtephb ahfeks, sckb cg wèa` afrrebn dc rem`t tc gbbs fdn kcst cg wèa` gfehbn

ft trefh. Ft hbfst sckb cg t`b wcri cd t`csb ahfeks„sua` fs wcri cd Fdmbhf @css―s fssfuht fdn

orbfa`-cg-acdtrfat ahfeks„wcuhn dct suppcrt t`b ahfeks cd wèa` @css nen rbacvbr. Faacrnedmhy,

wb acdahunb t`ft fppbhhbbs fnbquftbhy orebgbn tès essub fdn fvb nbkcdstrftbn t`ft @css―s bvenbdab

cg t`b udsbmrbmftbn fkcudt cg fttcrdbys― gbbs edaurrbn oy ès fttcrdbys ed tès afsb prcvenbs fd

edfnbquftb bvenbdtefry ofses gcr t`b jury―s gednedm cg ès rbfscdfohb fdn dbabssfry fttcrdbys― gbbs

edaurrbn ed t`b prcsbautecd cg ès suaabssguh orbfa`-cg-acdtrfat ahfeks.

‘Rdsbmrbmftbn fttcrdby―s gbbs gcr t`b bdterb afsb frb sckb bvenbdab cg w`ft t`b sbmrbmftbn

fkcudt s`cuhn ob.‛ ^cdy Muhhc Kctcrs, ?6? Q.].1n ft 16>. Faacrnedmhy, fd fwfrn cg fttcrdbys―

gbbs t`ft es ekprcpbrhy ofsbn cd bvenbdab cg udsbmrbmftbn gbbs kust ob rbkfdnbn gcr gurt`br



‑?0‑

prcabbnedms cd t`b essub. En .9 F&H Bdm―m, 162 Q.].1n ft 516‑1?9 Fhhfd, 1<= Q.].1n ft 2=1‑=>.

]b sustfed fppbhhbbs― sbacdn essub cd t`ber arcss-fppbfh.

A. Qukkfry junmkbdt

Fppbhhbbs Fhfrned, Qetb]fta` HHA, fdn _K^ bfa` phbfnbn f ahfek fmfedst @css gcr orbfa`

cg acdtrfat, spbaegeafhhy orbfa` cg fd crfh pfrtdbrsèp fmrbbkbdt. @css scum`t fdn cotfedbn sukkfry

junmkbdt cd t`bsb orbfa`-cg-acdtrfat ahfeks cd trfnetecdfh fdn dc-bvenbdab mrcudns, acdtbdnedm t`ft

t`b bvenbdab nesprcvbn t`b bssbdtefh bhbkbdt cg nfkfmbs fdn t`ft fppbhhbbs acuhn prcnuab dc

bvenbdab cg nfkfmbs. Ed t`ber tèrn essub cd arcss-fppbfh, fppbhhbbs a`fhhbdmb t`b sukkfry

junmkbdt.=

]b rbvebw f sukkfry junmkbdt nb dcvc. Qket` v. Nbdbvb, ?02 Q.].1n 5<>, 5<5 (^bx.

Fpp.„Nfhhfs ?<<5, dc pbt.). ]`bd wb rbvebw f trfnetecdfh sukkfry junmkbdt ed gfvcr cg f

nbgbdnfdt, wb nbtbrkedb w`bt`br t`b nbgbdnfdt acdahusevbhy nesprcvbn fd bhbkbdt cg t`b phfedtegg―s

ahfek cr acdahusevbhy prcvbn bvbry bhbkbdt cg fd fggerkftevb nbgbdsb. En . ]`bd wb rbvebw f dc-

bvenbdab sukkfry junmkbdt, wb edquerb w`bt`br t`b dcdkcvfdt fnnuabn suggeaebdt bvenbdab tc rfesb

f mbduedb essub cg gfat cd t`b a`fhhbdmbn bhbkbdts. En .

=Cur acdahusecd t`ft Fhfrned gfehbn tc prcvb t`b bxestbdab cg f pfrtdbrsèp ft trefh frmufohy kfibs fdy brrcr ed t`b trefh acurt―s sukkfry-junmkbdt

nespcsetecd cg ès orbfa`-cg-acdtrfat ahfek `frkhbss. Out bvbd eg tès wbrb t`b afsb, wb kust fnnrbss t`b sukkfry junmkbdt cd t`b kbrets fs tc t`bsbpfrftb orbfa`-cg-acdtrfat ahfeks fssbrtbn oy Qetb]fta` HHA fdn _K^. Obafusb wb fggerk t`b sukkfry junmkbdt cd mrcudns bqufhhy fppheafohb tc fhht`rbb fppbhhbbs, wb nc dct acdsenbr t`b pcsseohb `frkhbss-brrcr pcedt.

Qckb fnnetecdfh ofaimrcudn es dbabssfry tc put fppbhhbbs― frmukbdt ed acdtbxt. Fgtbr

Fhfrned fdn @css `fn t`ber gfhhedm cut ed bfrhy ?<<2, @BA gcrkbn fd edtbrdfh nevesecd afhhbn @css

Cd-Qetb Qchutecds (@CQQ) tc `fdnhb t`b sfhb cg prcnuats t`ft wbrb fhhbmbnhy sekehfr tc t`csb

edvchvbn ed t`b Qetb]fta` prcjbat. Faacrnedm tc fppbhhbbs, bvenbdab t`ft @CQQ wfs prcgetfohb es

suggeaebdt tc nbgbft sukkfry junmkbdt, obafusb bvenbdab t`ft @CQQ wfs prcgetfohb wcuhn fhsc ob

bvenbdab t`ft fppbhhbbs suggbrbn hcst-prcgets nfkfmbs afusbn oy @css―s fhhbmbn orbfa` cg t`b fhhbmbn

pfrtdbrsèp fmrbbkbdt. Ed t`ber fppbhhftb orebg, fppbhhbbs rbhy spbaegeafhhy cd twc pfmbs cg sukkfry-



‑?5‑

junmkbdt bvenbdab tc rfesb f gfat essub w`bt`br @CQQ wfs prcgetfohb. Cdb pfmb purpcrts tc ob f

prcget-fdn-hcss stftbkbdt gcr @CQQ gcr t`b ybfr bdnbn Nbabkobr 16, ?<<2. Et rbghbats f mrcss kfrmed

cg $5?,?70.02 fdn rbghbats zbrc nbnuatecds gcr cvbr`bfn sua` fs fnvbrtesedm, rbdt, fdn sfhfrebs. ^`b

ct`br pfmb purpcrts tc ob f prcget-fdn-hcss stftbkbdt gcr @CQQ gcr t`b ybfr bdnbn Nbabkobr 16,

?<<7. Et rbghbats f mrcss kfrmed cg $?==,<?=.5=, out et fhsc acdtfeds gemurbs gcr vfrecus etbks cg

cvbr`bfn, hbfnedm tc f stftbkbdt cg f dbt hcss cg cvbr $1<0,<<<.

]b acdahunb t`ft t`b bvenbdab aetbn oy fppbhhbbs ncbs dct rfesb f mbduedb gfat essub cd t`b

bhbkbdt cg nfkfmbs. ^`b prcpbr kbfsurb cg hcst-prcgets nfkfmbs es hcst dbt prcgets, dct hcst mrcss

prcgets. @cht Ft`brtcd Ednus., Eda. v. @bedb, 012 Q.].?n 0<, 01 d.6 (^bx. 655?)9 ^bxfac, Eda. v.

\`fd, 61= Q.].1n =71, ==6 (^bx. Fpp.„@custcd Y6st Nest.[ ?<<>, dc pbt.). ‘Dbt prcget‛ es nbgedbn

fs t`b neggbrbdab obtwbbd f ousedbss―s tctfh rbabepts fdn fhh cg t`b bxpbdsbs edaurrbn ed afrryedm cd

t`b ousedbss. ^bxfac, Eda., 61= Q.].1n ft ==69 ûrdbr v. \W Edt―h Acrp., =72 Q.].?n >22, >72 (^bx.

Fpp.„Nfhhfs 6500), wret nbdebn , ==0 Q.].?n 072 (^bx. 6505) (pbr aurefk). Mrcss prcget, oy

acdtrfst, es t`b neggbrbdab obtwbbd f ousedbss―s rbabepts fdn t`b acst cg mccns schn, wet`cut fnjustedm

gcr fnnetecdfh bxpbdsbs fdn tfxbs. OHFAI―Q HF] NEAÊCDF_U 6?>7 (0t` bn. ?<<>)9 sbb fhsc Fnieds

Fnjustkbdt Qbrvs., Eda. v. Dbfh, Dc. <2-<<-<6>65-AW, ?<<6 ]H 6?16702, ft *6 (^bx. Fpp.„Nfhhfs

Cat. 6=, ?<<6, dc pbt.) (dct nbsemdftbn gcr puoheaftecd) (nbsareoedm ‘mrcss prcget‛ fs ‘rbvbdubs hbss

vfrefohb acsts edaurredm ed mbdbrftedm t`ft rbvbdub‛).

Fppbhhbbs― sukkfry-junmkbdt bvenbdab s`cws, ft kcst, t`ft @CQQ bfrdbn mrcss prcgets ed

t`b ybfrs ?<<2 fdn ?<<7. Dbet`br pfmb cg bvenbdab rbhebn cd oy fppbhhbbs s`cws t`ft @CQQ bfrdbn

fdy dbt prcgets. ^`b ?<<2 stftbkbdt rbpcrts cdhy @CQQ―s mrcss prcgets, wet cut faacudtedm gcr

cvbr`bfn9 tès es dc bvenbdab cg @CQQ―s dbt prcgets. Qbb ]ebsb v. \rc Fk Qbrvs., Eda., 16= Q.].1n

02=, 071‑7> & d.> (^bx. Fpp.„@custcd Y6>t` Nest.[ ?<6<, dc pbt.) (bvenbdab cg hcst rbvbdubs



‑1<‑

wet`cut nbnuatedm ‘dcrkfh ousedbss cpbrftedm bxpbdsbs‛ wfs dc bvenbdab cg hcst prcgets)9 Fthfs

Acpac ^cchs, Eda. v. Fer \cwbr ^cch & @cest, Eda., 616 Q.].1n ?<1, ?<5 (^bx. Fpp.„Gcrt ]crt`

?<<>, pbt. nbdebn) (bvenbdab cg hcst mrcss prcgets acdstetutbn dc bvenbdab cg nfkfmbs). Fht`cum`

fppbhhbbs frmub t`ft @CQQ―s stftbkbdt cg f dbt hcss gcr ?<<7 edstbfn cg f dbt prcget rbsuhts grck

‘arbftevb faacudtedm,‛ t`by fnnuabn dc bvenbdab s`cwedm t`ft @CQQ fatufhhy kfnb f dbt prcget ed

?<<7 cr ed fdy ct`br tekb grfkb.

]b rbjbat fppbhhbbs― tèrn essub cd t`ber arcss-fppbfh.

EW. NEQ\CQEÊCD

]b rbvbrsb t`b junmkbdt ed gfvcr cg Fhfrned fdn rbdnbr junmkbdt t`ft `b tfib dctèdm. ]b

rbvbrsb t`b fwfrn cg fttcrdbys― gbbs tc @css fdn rbkfdn gcr gurt`br prcabbnedms cd t`ft essub fhcdb.

Ed fhh ct`br rbspbats, wb fggerk t`b junmkbdt cg t`b trefh acurt.

IB__U \. GE^ZMB_FHNJRQÊAB

<0665?G.\<2



Qtftbkbdt oy Fdt`cdy Fhfrned

]èhb E `fvb rbspbat ed t`b juneaefh systbk, ky gfet` es tfrdes`bn. E acuhn dct fmrbb hbss wet` t`b

2t` Acurt cg Fppbfhs― cpedecd.

Cd Kfra`

=,

?<66,

t`b

2t`

Acurt

cg

Fppbfhs

ed

t`b

Qtftb

cg

^bxfs

rbvbrsbn

ed

pfrt

f jury

vbrneat

grck t`b 67<t` Nestreat Acurt ed Nfhhfs. ^`b 2t` Acurt cg Fppbfhs t`rbw cut f $1k junmkbdt

fmfedst Mrbmm @css out fhhcwbn t`b junmkbdt ed t`ft sfkb afsb fmfedst Fhfrned tc stfdn. Qc

edstbfn cg @css cwedm Fhfrned cvbr $?k9 Fhfrned wfs hbgt cwedm @css dbfrhy $?<<i.

^ès duhhegeaftecd cg t`b jury vbrneat ed f aeveh ousedbss nesputb wfs kfnb pcsseohb oy f hcdm

cvbrnub ybt acdvchutbn fdn acdtrfneatcry cpedecd wrettbd oy Justeab Ibrry Getzmbrfhn. ^`b

Acurt―s cpedecd fppbfrs tc `fvb ackb grck f hem`t covecushy kcrb gfvcrfohb tc t`b @css

pfrtebs. ^`b Acurt wfs dct nbgbrbdtefh tc t`b jury vbrneat fdn fppbfrs tc `fvb emdcrbn

ekpcrtfdt bvenbdab t`ft t`b jury fdn hcwbr Acurt nen dct. ^`b jury obhebvbn Fhfrned―s ahfeks `fn

kbret fdn wfs t`b `frkbn pfrty, Justeab Ibrry Getzmbrfhn fdn t`b 2t` Acurt cg Fppbfhs nen dct.

Gcr t`b Fppbhhftb Acurt tc fssbrt t`ft t`brb wfsd―t f saedtehhf cg bvenbdab tc suppcrt Fhfrned―s

pcsetecd cd bfa` fdn bvbry pcedt t`by ahfek es rbquerbn es foschutbhy udtrub. Gcr t`b Fppbhhftb

Acurt tc acdahunb sua` nbkcdstrftbs t`b bvenbdab gcausbn cd tc cvbrturd t`b Nestreat Acurt

tùs duhhegy t`b jury vbrneat wfs a`brry peaibn. Fs @css `fn pcstbn f dbfrhy $>K Fppbfh Ocdn,

t`ft duhhegeaftecd sfvbn t`b edsurfdab ackpfdy t`ft wrctb t`b ocdn f hfrmb pfycut. ^`brb frb

aurrbdt stunebs puohes`bn oy hfw jcurdfhs t`ft acdahunb jury duhhegeaftecd cd afsbs (sua` fs tès)

wet` hfrmb nfkfmb fwfrns es f rbaurredm t`bkb ed t`b ^bxfs Aeveh Acurt systbk cg hftb.

`ttp://www.nfhhfsdbws.ack/ousedbss/`bfnhedbs/?<6?<>1<“tbxfs“fppbhhftb“acurts“cgtbd“

rbvbrsb“aeveh

“ jury

“vbrneats

“stuny

“gedns.bab3daheaiSa`bai;6

Et es nes`bfrtbdedm tc obhebvb t`b gcudnftecd cg f juneaefh cpedecd kfy ob mrcudnbn ed pcheteafh

enbchcmy cr ct`br rbfscds fs cppcsbn tc w`ft es just. ]èhb E `fvb dc bvenbdab sua` fpphebs ed

tès afsb9 t`b rftecdfhb gcr jury duhhegeaftecd ed tès afsb edvetbs sarutedy cg t`b pbrscd obèdn t`b

cpedecd. Hcci ft t`b bvenbdab gcr ycursbhg.

E fk dct f hfwybr out wehh nc ky obst tc hfy cut w`brb Justeab Ibrry Getzmbrfhn, wretedm gcr t`b

2t` Acurt cg Fppbfhs mct et vbry wrcdm. F afrbguh stuny cg tès afsb fdn bvenbdtefry bxèoets

nbkcdstrftb t`b hcw rbmfrn tès Acurt fdn tès Justeab `fvb gcr f aeveh jury vbrneat. ^ès afsb

edvetbs sarutedy fs tc w`bt`br t`b rbvbrsfh kfy ob mrcudnbn ed sckbtèdm ct`br t`fd w`ft es

rem`t fdn

just.

Et es covecus t`b 2t` Acurt cg Fppbfhs ed ^bxfs nen dct fn`brb tc t`b vbry stfdnfrn gcr rbvebw

t`by stftb fs dbabssfry tc cvbrturd f jury―s vbrneat.

^`b hcmea obèdn t`b 2t` Acurt cg Fppbfh―s cpedecd wrettbd oy Justeab Ibrry Getzmbrfhn

cvbrturdedm t`b Nfhhfs Nestreat Acurt jury―s vbrneat es edfaaurftb fdn acdvchutbn ed rbfscdedm.



^`b Fppbfhs Acurt fppbfrs tc ahfek t`ft t`b ouhi cg t`b bvenbdab suppcrtedm Fhfrned―s pcsetecd

es ès cwd tbstekcdy, wèa` es sekphy udtrub.

^`b Fppbhhftb Acurt brrbn ed ruhedm t`brb wfs dc pfrtdbrsèp. Fhh rbquerbkbdts dbabssfry gcr f

pfrtdbrsèp wbrb fppheafohb fdn prcvbd. Fhfrned acdtbdns t`ft eg t`b jury―s vbrneat es tc ob

vfaftbn t`bd

`b

nbsbrvbn

f dbw

trefh

ft

t`b

hbfst.

6. Qtfdnfrn cg rbvebw (\fmb 2 cg t`b Acurt cg Fppbfhs Cpedecd) ]`bd fd fppbhhfdt fttfais t`b hbmfh suggeaebday cg t`b bvenbdab tc suppcrt fd fnvbrsb

gednedm cd fd essub cd wèa` et nen dct `fvb t`b ournbd cg prccg, et kust nbkcdstrftb

t`ft dc bvenbdab suppcrts t`b gednedm. Abruhhc v. Mctthebo, 1<5 Q.].1n 67<, 672 (^bx.

Fpp.„Nfhhfs ?<6<, pbt. nbdebn). ‘]`bd bvenbdab es sc wbfi fs tc nc dc kcrb t`fd

arbftb f surkesb cr suspeaecd cg t`b kfttbr tc ob prcvbn, t`b bvenbdab es dc kcrb t`fd f

saedtehhf fdn, ed hbmfh bggbat, es dc bvenbdab.‛ Mubvfrf v. Gbrrbr, ?>= Q.].1n 77?, 770

(^bx. ?<<=) (edtbrdfh quctftecds fdn aetftecd ckettbn). ^`b bvenbdab es hbmfhhy suggeaebdt eg

et es

suggeaebdt

tc

bdfohb

rbfscdfohb

fdn

gfer

“kednbn

pbcphb

tc

rbfa`

t`b

vbrneat

udnbr

rbvebw. Aety cg Ibhhbr v. ]ehscd, 670 Q.].1n 0<?, 0?= (^bx. ?<<2).

Ed acdnuatedm cur rbvebw, wb vebw t`b bvenbdab ed t`b hem`t kcst gfvcrfohb tc t`b

vbrneat fdn ednuhmb bvbry rbfscdfohb edgbrbdab t`ft wcuhn suppcrt et. En. ft 0??. ]b

kust arbnet bvenbdab gfvcrfohb tc t`b vbrneat eg f rbfscdfohb pbrscd acuhn, fdn wb kust

nesrbmfrn acdtrfry bvenbdab udhbss f rbfscdfohb pbrscd acuhn dct. En. ft 0?=. ‘Jurcrs frb

t`b schb junmbs cg t`b arbneoehety cg t`b wetdbssbs fdn t`b wbem`t tc mevb t`ber

tbstekcdy.‛ En. ft 065 (gcctdctb ckettbn). Out t`b jury―s arbneoehety nbtbrkedftecds kust

ob rbfscdfohb9 ‘Yj[urcrs afddct emdcrb udnesputbn tbstekcdy t`ft es ahbfr, pcsetevb,

nerbat, ct`brwesb

arbneohb,

grbb

grck

acdtrfneatecds

fdn

edacdsestbdaebs,

fdn

acuhn

`fvb

obbd rbfnehy acdtrcvbrtbn.‛ En. ft 0?<. ^`b jury fdswbrbn ‘ybs‛ tc Vubstecd 67 cg t`b jury a`frmb, wèa` edquerbn, ‘Nen f pfrtdbrsèp

bxest obtwbbd Fdt`cdy Fhfrned fdn Mrbmm @css3‛

\frtdbrsèp ahfeks “ ]èhb wb prcnuabn ackpbhhedm bvenbdab cd bfa` pcedt “ dcdb es kcrb

ohftfdthy wrcdm t`fd t`b gchhcwedm. (\fmb 6> cg t`b Cpedecd) A) Acdtrch: ^`b Fppbhhftb Acurt es edacrrbat ed sfyedm Fhfrned nen dct `fvb "acdtrch".

]èhb Fhfrned kfy `fvb tbstegebn tc nbgbrredm tc Mrbmm @css― idcwhbnmb fdn bxpbrebdab,

Fhfrned `bhn

acdtrch

wet`

Mrbmm

@css

fdn

dbvbr

stftbn

ct`brwesb.


Fhfrned aetbs dc bvenbdab s`cwedm t`ft `b bxbraesbn fut`crety cvbr t`b ousedbss―s

cpbrftecds cr kfnb fdy cg ets bxbautevb nbaesecds. @b aetbs cdhy bvenbdab tbdnedm tc

s`cw t`ft `b nerbatbn t`b @BA bkphcybbs t`ft @css fssemdbn tc t`b Qetb]fta` prcjbat.



^`b bvenbdab cg acdtrch ed tès afsb es ackpfrfohb tc t`ft ed Idcwhbs v. ]rem`t, ?00

Q.].1n 617 (^bx. Fpp.„@custcd Y6st Nest.[ ?<<5, pbt. nbdebn). Ed t`ft afsb, Idcwhbs

ahfekbn t`ft `b fdn ]rem`t `fn gcrkbn f pfrtdbrsèp, out `b faidcwhbnmbn t`ft `b `fn

dc ‘semdftcry fut`crety‛ gcr t`b pfrtdbrsèp fdn t`ft `b nen dct `fvb fdy fut`crety tc

cvbrrenb ]rem`t―s nbaesecds. En. ft 6>=. Fht`cum` Idcwhbs tbstegebn t`ft `b fdn ]rem`t

kfnb nbaesecds

tcmbt`br,

ès

tbstekcdy

kfnb

et

ahbfr

t`ft

‘`b

`fn

dc

acdtrch

cvbr

t`b

purpcrtbn pfrtdbrsèp fdn t`ft ]rem`t rbtfedbn uhtekftb acdtrch cvbr ousedbss

nbaesecds.‛ En. Ed tès afsb, Fhfrned fnnuabn dc bvenbdab t`ft `b pfrteaepftbn ed t`b

acdtrch cg t`b ousedbss cr `fn fdy rem`t cg acdtrch bxabpt tc nerbat t`b @BA bkphcybbs

t`ft @css fssemdbn tc t`b Qetb]fta` prcjbat. Fdn `b faidcwhbnmbn t`ft @css `fn t`b

uhtekftb pcwbr tc nbaenb w`bt`br fdytèdm wfs ncdb cr dct ncdb cd t`b prcjbat.

Idcwhbs v. ]rem`t ncbs dct fpphy ed tès afsb ft fhh. ^`b Fppbhhftb Acurt `fn tc a`brry peai

tbstekcdy tc nbtbrkedb tès. Fhfrned tbstegebn t`ft Mrbmm @css wfs ès kbdtcr fdn wèhb `b

nbgbrrbn tcwfrn ès junmkbdt, Fhfrned nen rud t`b nfy tc nfy cpbrftecds fdn `fn bvbry rem`t

fdn fut`crety tc nc ct`brwesb eg `b sfw get.

Et fppbfrs ed tès frbf t`b Fppbhhftb Acurt tfibs f pcsetecd `brb dbet`br pfrty ahfekbn. Et wfs

dbvbr nesputbn t`ft Fhfrned pfrteaepftbn ed t`b acdtrch cg t`b ousedbss/pfrtdbrsèp t`ft obafkb

Qetb]fta` HHA. Fhfrned ahfekbn `b rfd nfy tc nfy cpbrftecds fdn Mrbmm @css wfs ès pfrtdbr ed

t`b bdtety. Mrbmm @css pcsetecd wfs t`ft Qetb]fta` HHA wfs Fhfrned―s ousedbss fdn t`ft @css

wfs cdhy t`b ofdi fdn `fn DC ACD^_CH cvbr t`b bdtety. ^`b Fppbhhftb Acurt sbbks tc

acdtrfneat oct` senbs fdn vbdturbs cut cd ets cwd. Eg Fhfrned nen dct `fvb acdtrch cg Qetb]fta`

HHA es t`b Acurt stftedm t`ft Mrbmm @css nen3 Eg @css nen `fvb acdtrch t`bd `cw es `b dct f

genuaefry pfrtdbr ed t`b bdtety `b acdtrchhbn3

Ft trefh,

t`b

jury

fppbfrs

tc

`fvb

obhebvbn

Fhfrned―s

senb

ackphbtbhy9

t`ft

fssukptecd

afd

ob

mhbfdbn grck t`ber vbrneat. Out et aut oct` wfys9 Obafusb Fhfrned―s bfrhy dctbs fppbfr tc

acdtrfneat hftbr ahfeks fdn gednedms. ^`b acdtrfneatecd es fatufhhy just dckbdahfturb wèa` E wehh

fnnrbss ed nbtfeh gurt`br cd.

]`brb Fhfrned―s dctbs acdtrfneat @css― faacudtedm pfpbrwcri “ t`b jury obhebvbn Fhfrned―s

dctbs. Fs s`cwd ed t`b bvenbdab, sbvbrfh @BA edvceabs pfen tc _K^ wèa` Fhfrned edfaaurftbhy

rbgbrrbn tc ed ès bfrhy dctbs fs ‘hcfds‛ rft`br t`fd acdtreoutecds tc t`b pfrtdbrsèp “ ^`b jury

obhebvbn Fhfrned dctbs fdn fwfrnbn @css nfkfmbs gcr t`b ‘hcfds‛ Fhfrned rbgbrrbn tc. Ubt

t`bsb wbrb fgtbr t`b gfat `fdnwrettbd dctbs oy Fhfrned cd edvceabs prbvecushy pfen oy @BA9 f

pfen edvceab afddct fhsc ob f ‘hcfd‛ kfnb.

Fhfrned tbstegebn t`ft pbrscdfh prcpbrty, edvbdtcry fssbts, tcchs, rbacrns fdn ousedbss trfnb

sbarbts cg _K^ & Qetb]fta` wbrb ehhbmfhhy sbezbn oy @css ed t`b hcai“cut. Fhfrned fhsc prcvenbn

bvenbdab t`ft s`cws `cw Mrbmm @css bdmfmbn fd udnbr`fdnbn sa`bkb cra`bstrftbn wet`

sbvbrfh @css bkphcybbs tc nesedtbmrftb t`b ousedbss pfrtdbrsèp wet` Fhfrned idcwd fs

Qetb]fta`.



^`b @css strftbmy ft trefh wfs f ofet fdn sweta` tc acdgusb t`b jury fdn et pfrthy wcribn.

Fhfrned tbstegebn t`b acdtreoutecds wbrb dct hcfds out rft`br fd faacudtedm dckbdahfturb

bkphcybn oy Fhfrned tc ibbp trfai cg acdtreoutecds. Qckb cg t`b ‘hcfds‛ hestbn wbrb grck

Fhfrned fs wbhh “ t`ft―s obafusb fhh wbrb acdtreoutecds. Fhfrned prcnuabn bvenbdab tc s`cw t`ft

fatufh hcfds kfnb obtwbbd t`b pfrtebs wbrb ncaukbdtbn wet` prckesscry dctbs fdn rbpfen.

^`b @css ahfeks cg dcd rbpfen hcfds kfnb tc Fhfrned kfy ob acdgusedm wet` fhh t`b vfrecus

bdtetebs edvchvbn fdn t`b vbry hcdm tekbhedb tès caaurs cvbr. ^`b gchhcwedm fdfhcmy suks et up

wbhh.

Ekfmedb ycu ocrrcw kcdby grck f ofdi tc ouy f afr9 fgtbr renedm ed t`b afr wet` ycu gcr

f acuphb cg ybfrs t`b ofdi nbaenbs et wfdts t`b afr ofai. Nbspetb t`b gfat t`ft dc

nbkfdn gcr pfykbdt wfs bvbr kfnb cr fdy dcteab mevbd (gcr ?“> ybfrs ed kcst afsbs) t`b

ofdi edbxpheafohy nbkfdns t`ft ycu rbpfy t`b afr hcfd ed guhh. Kbfdwèhb t`b ofdi sbhhs

t`b afr ft guhh preab tc f suosenefry et cwds. Qc ycu cwb gcr f afr ycu nc dct `fvb fdn t`b

ofdi mbts pfen gcr t`b afr ^]EAB. Qua` f sabdfrec fpphebs ed tès afsb pbrgbathy.

^`b @css justegeaftecd wfs t`ft sckb cg t`b gudns cwbn t`bk wbrb hcfds tc Fhfrned obafusb

Fhfrned―s dctbs ahfssegebn t`bk fs sua` fs. ^ès ahfek ruds acudtbr tc @css― cwd pfpbrwcri fdn

faacudtedm bxèoets. @css pfpbrwcri `fs sbvbrfh ‘hcfds‛ ahfssbn fs gudns pfen cd edvceabs gcr

edvbdtcry, wèa` Mrbmm @css schn tc ès orct`br―s ackpfdy, @css Bquepkbdt“Dbvfnf ft guhh

vfhub t`rbb fdn gcur ybfrs fgtbr t`b edetefh trfdsfatecd. Qc @css ahfekbn `b es cwbn kcdby oy

Fhfrned gcr fssbts @css schn tc fdct`br bdtety.

^`b bvenbdab suppcrts ahfeks grck Fhfrned―s 1rn fkbdnbn pbtetecd ed t`ft Kr. @css edetefhhy

(?<<6“?<<1) `fn Kr. Fhfrned suoket @BA edvceabs gcr usb fs afpetfh acdtreoutecds sc `b acuhn

‘pfpbr t`b gehb‛ gcr t`b ofdis. Ed ?<<1, @BA afkb udnbr sarutedy gcr ofdiedm acvbdfdt

edgrfatecds sc

@css

acdtreoutbn

ed

ct`br

wfys.

Ed

?<<>

Mrbmm

@css

fatufhhy

wrctb

‘afpetfh

acdtreoutecd‛ cd f a`bai tc Qetb]fta` HHA. @b dcw ahfeks tès wfs f hcfd tcc. Bvbd kcdby pfen

tc Qetb]fta` fgtbr Fhfrned wfs hcaibn“cut grck ès cggeab cd t`b @css prbkesbs wfs obedm

ahfekbn oy @css fs fd fgtbr t`b gfat hcfd.

^`b bvenbdab s`cws @css AGC Fdny Qpbbr accibn t`b @BA occis tc ènb t`b bxestbdab cg t`b

Qetb]fta` pfrtdbrsèp fdn t`b sbarbt wfy Mrbmm @css `fn obbd gudnedm et gcr ybfrs. Qpbbr tcci

kbfsurbs tc fssurb fd faaurftb rbacrn cg t`b trfdsfatecds hestbn fs Qetb]fta` ‘edvbdtcry‛ wfs

ibpt grck funetcrs oy rbqueredm Fhfrned tc suoket edvceabs gcr gudnedm. ^ès _&N gudnedm

kbt`cn gcr t`b Qetb]fta` pfrtdbrsèp fhhcwbn Fdny Qpbbr tc `bhp Mrbmm @css acdabfh afpetfh

acdtreoutecds

tc

t`b

Qetb]fta`

pfrtdbrsèp.

Qetb]fta` HHA wfs t`b hbmfh bdtety gcrkbn ed Kfy ?<<> tc bdackpfss t`b Fhfrned“@css

pfrtdbrsèp. Et wfs gcrabn tc abfsb t`b ousedbss cpbrftecds et wfs gcrkbn tc nc w`bd Mrbmm

@css hcaibn Fdt`cdy Fhfrned grck Fhfrned―s cggeab cd t`b @css prbkesbs. Ct`br @css ousedbss

bdtetebs t`bd prcabbnbn tc sbezb fdn nespcsb cg tc ets obdbget fhh tcchs fdn prcpbrty faquerbn

cvbr t`b hegb cg t`b ousedbss rbhftecdsèp. Qedab fhh rbacrns fdn prcpbrty wfs sbezbn oy @css ed



Kfra` ?<<2 hcai“cut, t`brb wfs dbvbr fd cppcrtudety gcr f tfx rbturd tc `fvb obbd gehbn oy

Qetb]fta` HHA.

^`b bvenbdab cggbrs f ahbfr rbacrn t`ft @css phfaftbn Fhfrned gcr kcdt`s wet` gfhsb

fssurfdabs wèhb fatedm ed ofn gfet` obèdn t`b sabdbs fdn gurt`br nbkcdstrftbs `cw @css

orbfa`bn ès

genuaefry

rbspcdseoehety

tc

t`b

pfrtdbrsèp.

Fhfrned obhebvbs sbvbrfh qubstecdfohb trfdsfatecds fs wbhh fs ct`br fatecds oy @css pfrtebs t`ft

caaurrbn ed t`b wbbis obgcrb fdn fgtbr rbturdedm grck f suaabssguh trfnb s`cw wbrb dct

acedaenbdab. Et wfs ekkbneftbhy gchhcwedm AcdBxpc ed Kfra` ?<<2 t`ft @css hcaibn Fhfrned

grck t`b prbkesbs.

Ed nbpcsetecd, ^cdy Fhfrned hbfrdbn t`ft precr tc t`b hcaicut9 Mrbmm @css phfdtbn f kchb/spy,

Nfven Nurwccn Ufdaby tc wcri fs f systbk fnkedestrftcr gcr Qetb]fta` HHA fdn tc spy cd

Fhfrned ed fd bggcrt tc gedn justegefohb afusb tc cust èk, w`bd dctèdm tfdmeohb wfs gcudn t`by

nbaenbn tc prcabbn fdywfy fgtbr f suaabssguh trfnb s`cw.

Mrbmm @css wfs fwfrb t`ft Ufdaby `fn precr fdekcsety wet` Fhfrned sc fdy edgcrkftecd mhbfdbn

spyedm cd Fhfrned kem`t ob tfedtbn, ybt nen et fdywfy. Gcr sua` f areteafh pcsetecd ed f ghbnmhedm

ousedbss ft f aruaefh tekb, et wcuhn ob neggeauht bdcum` gcr f `frn wcriedm hcyfh stfgg9 out Ufdaby

kfnb dc ocdbs rbmfrnedm ès hfai cg hcyfhty tc Qetb]fta` cr Fhfrned. Nfven Ufdaby tbstegebn ed

nbpcsetecd focut t`b mhbb `b tcci ed ‘mbttedm ^cdy―s mcft‛ oy frmuedm wet` èk fdn afusedm

ackkctecd. Ufdaby wfs gurt`br bkochnbdbn oy t`b idcwhbnmb t`ft ès sbarbt pfat wet` Mrbmm

ibpt èk sfgb grck sfdatecd oy Fhfrned. ^`b nfkfmb afusbn oy sua` f sbrecus orbfa` cg trust es

ednbgedfohb. Fhfrned obhebvbs t`b jury nen dct mc gfr bdcum` fdn t`brb wfs kfheab ed t`b fatecds

cg @css.

F huda` kbbtedm ft Hf @faebdnf rbstfurfdt wfs `fstehy afhhbn oy Mrbmm @css t`b nfy fgtbr

rbturdedm grck AcdBxpc. Ft t`ft kbbtedm (kbdtecdbn ed t`b Fppbhhftb Acurt―s Cpedecd) Nfven

Ufdaby faidcwhbnmbn t`b spyedm fatevety fmfedst Fhfrned t`ft `fn obbd caaurredm gcr kcdt`s.

^cdy Fhfrned wfs s`caibn t`ft wèhb Mrbmm @css nbdebn fdy idcwhbnmb cg sua` fatevety, `b nen

dct acdnbkd t`b fatevety. ^`bd w`bd t`b s`cai cg t`b obtrfyfh tc Fhfrned nesedtbmrftbn tc

fdmbr, @css fsibn Fhfrned tc stfy fwfy grck t`b cggeab gcr f acuphb cg wbbis. Nfven Ufdaby

wfs t`bd prckctbn rft`br t`fd sfdatecdbn fgtbr t`b fnkessecd cg t`b kfhgbfsfdab.

Fhfrned obhebvbs t`b bvenbdab s`cws t`b frmukbdt obtwbbd èksbhg fdn Ufdaby wfs phfddbn

oy

@css

tc

edstemftb

f

rfdacrcus

setuftecd

tc

bdfohb

f

gfhsb

bxausb

tc

hcai

Fhfrned

grck

ès

cggeab ft t`b @css prbkesbs.

Fgtbr t`b hcai“cut rbkcvedm Fhfrned fdn bvenbdab cg t`b Qetb]fta` pfrtdbrsèp, t`b @css

pfrtebs acdsperbn tc arbftb f dbw bdtety, @css Cd Qetb Qchutecds, tc acdtedub w`brb t`b

pfrtdbrsèp hbgt cgg. Qetb]fta` hfobhs fdn orfdnedm wbrb rbkcvbn grck prcnuats fdn kfribtedm

wfs rbphfabn wet` t`b @css orfdn. Austckbrs fdn prcspbats cg t`b Qetb]fta` pfrtdbrsèp wbrb



acdvbrtbn tc @css austckbrs. Cvbr $?k ed sfhbs wbrb occibn oy @css cvbr t`b dbxt 60 kcdt`s

sbhhedm prcnuats nbvbhcpbn grck t`b pfrtdbrsèp.

Bvbdtufhhy @css stcppbn sbhhedm9 prckctedm fdn kfribtedm sua` prcnuats prbsukfohy obafusb

acdtedubn suaabss wcuhn kfib t`ber ahfeks ed tès trefh kcrb neggeauht tc prcvb ‑ sc t`by just

stcppbn. Out

t`b

nfkfmb

tc

Qetb]fta`

fdn

Fhfrned

wfs

ncdb.

Kehhecds

cg

nchhfrs―

wcrt`

cg

prcnuats t`ft kem`t ob prcvbd tc ob f prcmbdy cg t`b prcnuats nbvbhcpbn oy t`b Qetb]fta`

pfrtdbrsèp acdtedub tc ob schn.

Bfrhy pftbdt gehedms oy Fhfrned (fdn gudnbn oy @css) kem`t `fvb mrbft vfhub tcnfy eg @css `fn

dct abfsbn gudnedm t`ber pursuet ed ken“?<<>. Ct`br ackpfdebs wbrb mrfdtbn pftbdts cd sekehfr

prcnuats fgtbr Fhfrned―s ahfeks wbrb fofdncdbn9 t`csb ackpfdebs― pftbdts (wèa` Fhfrned

prcnuabn ed bvenbdab) frb dcw bfrdedm suostfdtefh rcyfhtebs.

@css AGC Fdny Qpbbr faidcwhbnmbn ed fd bkfeh f prcpbrty hefoehety tc Fhfrned cg cvbr $5<i9

wèhb stehh f hcwbr vfhuftecd t`fd ahfekbn oy Fhfrned, dc prcpbrty wfs dbvbr rbturdbn. ^ès

bvenbdab wfs emdcrbn oy t`b Fppbhhftb Acurt ybt dct t`b jury. (Qbb bvenbdab obhcw)

Iyhfd @css stftbn ed fd bkfeh t`ft @css wfs sbhhedm cgg t`ft vbry prcpbrty. ^ès bvenbdab wfs

emdcrbn oy t`b Fppbhhftb Acurt ybt dct t`b jury. (Qbb bvenbdab obhcw)

Et es udnbrstfdnfohb w`y t`b jury nen dct put kua` gfet` ed t`b faaurfay cg t`b @css gedfdaefh

rbacrns. ^`b @css gedfdaefhs hcci suspbat ed kfdy wfys. Ncaukbdtftecd (fdn hfai cg), èm`

sfhfrebs fdn oem rfesbs, trfnbs obtwbbd @css bdtetebs, dbw bdtetebs arcppedm up, brrcdbcus

bxpbdsb rbpcrts, bta.

@css afddct

ob

obhebvbn

w`bd

t`by

ahfek

t`by

bfrdbn

‘dc

prcget‛

cr

‘hcst

kcdby‛

obafusb

t`ber gedfdaefhs afddct ob trustbn fdn ofsbn cd t`b vbrneat t`b jury nen dct. Ncaukbdts

suppcrtedm tès pcsetecd frb ed bvenbdab.

^`b gchhcwedm kfy justegy gurt`br hbmfh acdsenbrftecd: Qbb @css Bxèoet \? ‘A`rcdchcmy cg

Bvbdts‛9 t`b ncaukbdt wfs t`b abdtbrpebab cg t`b @css acurtrcck prbsbdtftecd ybt et

acdtrfneatbn kfdy t`ber vbry ahfeks fmfedst Fhfrned, _K^ fdn Qetb]fta`. Qbb @css ‘Bxèoet F‛,

hest cg ahfeks. E `fvb hfen cut t`b bvenbdab suppcrtedm t`bsb ahfeks.

^`b ‘A`rcdchcmy cg Bvbdts‛ (nrfgtbn bfrhy cd oy ^cdy Fhfrned) s`cuhn dct `fvb obbd fhhcwbn

fs

bvenbdab

gcr

t`b

jury―s

acdsenbrftecd

obafusb

et

wfs

s`cwd

tc

ob

edfaaurftb

eg

tfibd

ft

gfab

vfhub. ]èhb pfrt cg et wfs wet``bhn grck acdsenbrftecd, t`b bdterb ncaukbdt s`cuhn `fvb obbd.

^`b A`rcdchcmy fnns up tc $60?,66<, dct t`b $6?2,?2= t`ft @css9 tc t`ft tekb, ahfekbn

wfs nub t`bk fdn kfdy cg t`b etbks ahfekbn neggbr fs wbhh.

^`b fnnetecdfh ahfeks oy @css wbrb sprudm up ft trefh fdn prbvbdtbn Fhfrned f gfer

a`fdab tc nbgbdn fmfedst t`bk, gcr edstfdab Fhfrned wfs udfohb tc nbpcsb @css

rbmfrnedm t`b dbw cr fnnetecdfh ahfeks ed prbpfrftecd gcr trefh.



^`b jury fwfrnbn Mrbmm @css t`b tctfh vfhub cg fhh ‘hcfds‛ hestbn cd t`b A`rcdchcmy

wrettbd oy Fhfrned “ $60?,66<.

Kcst cg t`b ‘hcfds‛ hestbn ed t`b ‘A`rcdchcmy‛ gcr obdbget cg Mrbmm @css frb nboudibn

oy t`b a`bais fdn edvceabs wet` @BA, fdn t`b bvenbdab prcnuabn suppcrts Fhfrned.

Fs s`cwd ed t`ber cwd ‘Bxèoet F‛ hestedm t`ber ahfeks fmfedst Fhfrned9 sbvbrfh cg t`b

‘hcfds‛ hestbn

ed

t`b

‘A`rcdchcmy‛

wbrb

systbks

pura`fsbn

oy

@BA.

F systbk pura`fsbn oy @BA afddct ob f hcfd tc Fhfrned.

@cw afd t`by ob hcfds tc Fhfrned fs ahfekbn oy Mrbmm @css eg…3

F) @css `fs pcssbssecd cg (cr schn cgg) t`b prcpbrty t`b gudns wbrb usbn tc pura`fsb. (sbb

edvbdtcry hest)

O) Kcst gudns rbabevbn fdn rbgbrrbn tc ed \? wbrb grck edvceabs pfen oy @BA. (^`brb wbrb

dc ‘hcfd‛ ncaukbdts obafusb t`by wbrb dct hcfds.)

A) Mrbmm @css wfs f dfkbn Nerbatcr wet` semdftcry fut`crety cd t`b Qetb]fta` HHA ofdiedm

faacudt `fvedm guhh faabss tc fhh gudns ed t`b faacudt `b fut`crezbn a`bais pfen tc.

^`b pcedt

`brb

obedm

t`by

wbrb

ed

gfat

pfrt

cg

f sa`bkb

oy

Mrbmm

@css

tc

nesmuesb

afpetfh

acdtreoutecds fs sckbtèdm ct`br. ^`bsb pcedts ochstbr Fhfrned―s acdtbdtecd t`by `fn f

pfrtdbrsèp fdn t`b pfykbdts ed qubstecd wbrb dct ‘hcfds‛.

Qbb @css ‘Bxèoet F‛ (grck t`ber cremedfh suet ahfeks) wèa` acdtfeds t`b hest cg gudns t`b suet

ahfeks t`by frb cwbn.

Mrbmm @css― ‘Bxèoet F‛ hest grck t`b hfwsuet ahfeks `b es cwbn cg $6?2,?2=.

@css― dbvbr prcnuabn fdy afdabhhbn a`bais cr fdy ncaukbdtftecd tc suppcrt t`b hcfd

ahfeks.

‘Bxèoet F‛ grck @css wfs rennhbn wet` brrcrs. (E prcvenbn acrrbatecds, bxphfdftecd, fdn

acudtbr frmukbdt tc bfa` pcedt E acuhn)

]èa cdb cg t`bsb twc Bxèoets ncbs @css ahfek es faaurftb9 t`by oct` afddct ob3 Ed

nbpcsetecd t`brb es tbstekcdy t`ft kfibs t`b nesarbpfdaebs covecus. Nen Mrbmm @css kfib

ahfeks ed acurt t`ft frb acudtbr tc t`ber cwd prb“trefh bxèoets fdn ahfeks3 UBQ.

Nen Mrbmm @css stftb t`b ‘a`rcdchcmy cg bvbdts‛ (wèa` wfs t`ber \? bxèoet ft trefh) es faaurftb

fdn t`b ‘hcfds‛ nbpeatbn t`brbed ednbbn cwbn tc Mrbmm @css, èksbhg3 ^ès es vbry ekpcrtfdt.

^`b fssukptecd grck ets prckedbdt usb oy t`bk es ‘ybs‛.

\cedt 6: Acuhn t`b frmukbdt ob kfnb t`ft t`b nespfrety obtwbbd t`b ‘A`rcdchcmy cg Bvbdts‛,

\? cg

t`b

@css

trefh

bxèoets

fdn

t`ber

cremedfh

‘Bxèoet

F‛

(grck

@css

tc

suppcrt

t`ber

ahfeks

cg

hcss) ob bdcum` t`ft \? s`cuhn `fvb obbd supprbssbn3 UBQ

Bvenbdab dct prbsbdtbn.

Cdb afsb ed pcedt: Bvenbdab s`cws t`ft ft hbfst 6<% cg t`b trfehbr systbks @css prcvenbn gcr

rbvebw `fvb semdegeafdthy edghftbn bxpbdsb acsts nub tc f ncuohb oehhedm sa`bkb w`brb twc

trfehbrs frb oehhbn edtc f sedmhb trfehbr systbk.



Qetb]fta` Qystbks(A`rcdchcmy cg bvbdts)

Hest cg fhh gudns acdtreoutbn?<<6 Mrbmm @css $?2,<<< Qbptbkobr 6>, ?<<6

?<<? Mrbmm @css $6<,<<< Kfra` =, ?<<? (\rbp gcr AcdBxpc - Gerst trfnb s`cw)

Mrbmm @css $6?,>1< Fpreh 60, ?<<? (_ft`br t`fd hcfd ncas - Mrbmm `fn kb suoketedvceabs cd prcnuats cr edvbdtcry gcr gudns fs dbbnbn.

Mrbmm @css $62,<<< Fumust ?, ?<<? - Quokettbn fs hcfd cd ? nbkc systbks.Mrbmm @css $>,152 Qbptbkobr ?=, ?<<? - Quokettbn fs AA a`frmbs tc pfy oehhs.Mrbmm @css $6=,5<< Catcobr 60, ?<<? - Quokettbn fs hcfd cd ? nbkc systbks.Mrbmm @css $6=,557 Dcvbkobr ?=, ?<<? - Quokettbn fs hcfd cd ? nbkc systbks.

$==,=?6 ctfh gcr ?<<?

?<<1 Mrbmm @css $6>,=7< Jfdufry ?, ?<<1 - Hcfd gcr edvbdtcry - 6? Crhfacs fdn ct`br.Mrbmm @css $6=,550 Judb 5, ?<<1 - Quokettbn fs hcfd tc _K^

Fdmbhf @css $2,2<< Gborufry =, ?<<1 - Hcfd tc _K^Fdmbhf @css $6<,<<< Gborufry 62, ?<<1 - Hcfd tc _K^Fdmbhf @css $62,<<< Fpreh 6<, ?<<1 - Hcfd tc _K^

$1<,2<< ^ctfh

Fdt`cdy Fhfrned $2,7<< Qbptbkobr 1, ?<<1 - Hcfd tc _K^Fdt`cdy Fhfrned $>,<<< Qbptbkobr 6?,?<<1 - Hcfd tc _K^Fdt`cdy Fhfrned $1,<<< Dcvbkobr 67, ?<<1 - Hcfd tc _K^Fdt`cdy Fhfrned $1,2<< Dcvbkobr 60, ?<<1 - Hcfd tc _K^

$67,6<< ctfh gcr ?<<1

?<<> Mrbmm @css $6<,<<< Jfdufry 67, ?<<> - Hcfd tc _K^

Fdt`cdy Fhfrned $2,16> Gborufry 61, ?<<>- Hcfd tc _K^Fdt`cdy Fhfrned $>,<<< Kfra` ?5, ?<<> - Hcfd tc _K^Fdt`cdy Fhfrned $62,2<< Fpreh = ?<<> - Hcfd tc _K^Fdt`cdy Fhfrned $6,2<< Kfy 7, ?<<> - Hcfd tc _K^

$?7,16> ctfh gcr ?<<>

Mrbmm @css $5,5<7 Juhy ?5, ?<<> - Hcfd tc Qetb]fta` HHA gcr edvbdtcry

Mrbmm @css $?7,=?2 Qbptbkobr =, ?<<> - Hcfd tc Qetb]fta` HHA gcr stfrtedmafpetfh (Faaukuhftbn oehhs fdn KedbBxpc trfnb s`cw)

$17,716 ctfh hcfds tc Qetb]fta` HHA

ctfhs Mrbmm @css $62=,66<Fdmbhf @css $1<,2<<Fdt`cdy Fhfrned $>?,>6>

^ctf c yb cw fdpedi èm`hem`tbn frbfhh ahfekbn oy Mrbmm@css. ^`by fnn tc$60?,66<. ^`bsfkb tctfh fs gcudnfmfedst t`b Fhfrnedpfrtebs.

^ctf c yb cw em em tbetbks: $6?6,<0> cd tès hestwfs pfen cd edvceabs tc @BAgrck _K^. @css Bquepkbdtbvbd afrrebn t`bsb etbks cdedvbdtcry fdn schn t`bk gcrguhh vfhub tc @css - Dbvfnf ed?<<2.

Fs wfs tbstegebn tc oy ^cdy Fhfrned9Qedab fhh t`bsb acdtreoutecds wbrb rt`ru _K^ gcr obdbget cg Qetb]fta`prcjbat pfrtdbrsèp, @b rbgbrrbn tct`bk fs dctbs cr hcfds gcr trfaiedmpurpcsbs cdhy.

^ès bxèoet wfs prckedbdthy nesphfybnoy @css pfrtebs ed acurt fdn rbprbsbdtbnfs gfat (Mrbmm @css fwfrn tctfh fppbfrsofsbn cd et)9 ybt et acdtrfneats t`ber cwdprb-trefh hest cg ahfeks grck "Bxèoet F" .



NftbA`bbigwerb EhEUcebb Qtcai

FkcudtKcdby Kcdby

NbsbreptecNdukobr dukobr dukobr \rcvenbr _baepebdt

6?6<6655 $7,<<<,<< @BA ^. Fhfdted Hcfd

<1/<6/<6 5=57 E GF25> $61,171.16 @BA _K^ \ura`fsb 62t Qystbkgcr GexbnFssbts-Kfed Ervedm Un

<2/<66<6 $2,75<.<< F. @css _K^ Hcfd

<2/<>/<6 $71??.2< F. @css _K^ HcOC

<76?56<6 6<6J> 65=? GF76? $6=,=75.62 KBA _K^ \ura fsb ?dn QysXh:k gcr Gexbn Fssbts-Dbvfnf Un

<=66</<6 $?<,<<<.<<KBA _K^ Hcfd<56<>/<6 22<1< 65=6 GF7>0 $6=,=75.62 KBA _K^ \uraofsb1rn Qystbk gcr GexbnFssbts-KD Un

<5/6>/<6 6<127 65=? 1>=2 $?2.<<<.<<KBA _K^ \ura`fsb 6st Edvbdtcry-Qtcai661>=2 gcr rbsfhb

<66166<? 2==2> 6555 $6,6?2.0< @BA _K^ Gbb

<?6<=6<1 $2,2<<.<< F.@cs s _K^ Hcfd

<?6626<1 $6<.<<<.<< F.@css _K^ Hcfd

<16<76<? 6<070 QEC,CCC.CC @BA _K^ Hcfd

<>66</<1 QE2,CCC.<< F. @css _K^ HcOC

<>/62/<? 6721 $2,<<<.<< M.@css _K^ Hcfd gcr _K6"s hbh!fh gbbs

<>/606<? 66<>< Q^HCRh $6?,>1<.<< @BA _KÔBA ocum`t Eoes systbk, w ea _K^ Eobd schn fmfed

fdn ibdt t`b sfhbs kcabbns.

<06<?6<? 6615= 6<<=Q]E<<? &

$62,<<<.<< @BA _K^'." \ura`fsb Ecvbdtcry gcr rbsfhb-teQ]E <<?& 6<<1

Q]E<<1<0661/<? 6772 $2.010.=2 M. @css _K^ Hcfd gcr _K^'s hbbfh gbbs

<56?=/<? $>,152.<< M. @css Hcfd gcr arbnet-afrn a frmbs

6<6<6/<? 67=? $2,<<<S<< M.@css _K^ Hcfd gcr _K^'s hbb_E gbbs

6<6<1/<? 67=1 $=,<==.1< MS@css _K^ Hcfd gcr_K^'s hbmfh gbbs

6</606<? 667>1 6<6?Q]E<<>&

$6=,5<<.<< @BA _K^ \ura fsb Edvbdtcry gcr rbsfhb-#Q] E<<> & 6<<2Q]E<<2

66/?=/<? 66==> 6<6>Q]E<<7&

$6=,557.<< @BA _K^ \ura`fsb Edvbdtcry gcr rbsfhb½6EQ]E <<7 & 6<<=Q]hC<= --

6?6?1/<? 6706 $6,>7?.=< M. @css _K^ Hcfd gcr _K6"s Ebbfh gbbs

<66<?/<1 66075 6<62 Q]E<<0 $6>,=7<.<<KBA _K^ \ura`fsb Edvbdtcry gcr rbsfeb-teQ]6<<0 ¹?6<=/<1 $2,2<<.<< F.@css _K^ Hcfd

<?662/<1 $6< <<<.<< F. @css _K^ Hcfd

bb prck sscry dctb rbpf

DC^B: Etbks èm`hem`tbn ed ybhhcw frb hestbn cd "A`rcdchcmy" Bxèoet oy @css fdn Mrbmm @css wfs fwfrnbn t`csbfkcudts fs "hcfds", bvbd t`cum` t`ber nbsareptecd neggbrs grck "A`rcdchcmy" nbsareptecd fdn @css ahfeks `brb kcst"A`rcdchcmy etbks wbrb pura`fsbs oy @css gcr rb-sfhb.Gcr etbks @css rbgbrs tc fs "hcfds" `brb9 Dc suppcrtedm ncaukbdtftecd wfs prcnuabn. Dct bvbd afdabhhbn a`bais.

Nupheaftb grck focvb



NftbA`bbihwerb Edvceab Qhcai

FkcudtKcdby Kcdby

Nbsareptecdddkobr dukobr dukobr \rcvenbr _baepebdt

<>/6</<1 $62,<<<.<< F. @css _K^ Hcfd

<7/<5/<1 6?16h 6<?< Q]E<<5 $6=,550.<<@BA _K^ \ura`fsb Edvbdtcrv gur rbsfhb-#Q]E <<5

<76656<1 675> $6,>>=.<< M. @css _K^ Hcfd gur_K^'s hb]hE gbbs

<5/<>/<1 6=<? $?10?.>? M.@css _K^ Hcfd gcr _K"E's hb]h6 gbbs

6</67/<1 67??= 6<?7 Q]ECE< $61 2<<.<< @BA _K g \ura`fsb Edvbdtcry gcr rbsfhb-#Q]ECE<

6<6?=/<1 6?72= 6<?= Q]E<66 $6,7>5.02 OBb _K g \uEaofsb Edvbdtcrv gcr rbsfhb-#Q]E<66

66/6?6<1 6=6< $2,<<<.<< M. @css ^. Fhfrned Hcfd666?</<1 6=61 $2,<<<.<< M. @css ^. Fhfrned Hcfd

6?6?1/<1 6?0?< 6<11 Q]E<6? $6<,0==.<< GhBA _K^ \ud:`fsbEdvbdtcrU gcr rbsfhb-#Q]6<6?

<6/67/<> $6<,<<<.<< M.@ccs _K^ Hcfd

<66?7/<> 6?056 6<17 Q]E<6? $2,16>.?0@BA _K^ \ura`fsb Edvbdtcry gcr rbsfhb-#Q]6<6?-fnnh acsts

<2/6</<> 61?<0 6<1< Wfrecus $5,<<<.<< @BA _K^ \ura`fsb Edvbdtcrv gcr rb.hfhb-#100<,12?=,A>??

<76<?/<> 61?=6 6<10 Q]E<61 $60,<<<.<< @BA _K^ \ura`fsbEdvbdtcrv gcr rb.sfhb-#Q]E<61

<=/6?6<> 6=1? $2,>0?.15 M.@css _K^ Hcfd gcr _K"E's hb]h6 gbbs

<=6?</<> 6=1> $5,5<7.<< M.@css Qetb]ftao Hcfd

<061</<> 6=>8e $67,<<<.<< M.@css Qetb]ftao Hcfd

<5661/<> 6=>0 $?7,=?2.<< M. @css Qetb]ftao Hcfd tc pfy oehhs fdn gcr Kedb Bxcc

6</666<> 61765 6<<1 Q]ECE> $??,55?.0<OBA Qetb]fta` \ura`fsb Edvbdtcry gur rbsfhb-#Q]h<6>

666?1/<> =7??6 6<<7 GF5>0 $66,>>?.=<@BA Qetb]fta` \ura`fsb >t` Qvstbkgcr Gexbn Fssbts-Nfhhfs Un

<>/<0/<2 6>677 $6>,2>6.?0 M.@ccs Qetb]fta` Hcfd-fnvfdab ov@Bb

^ctfh $>50,620.10

@BA svstbks ocukt gcr GF & Edvbkc v & gehbs $?26,>20.<>

OBA hcfds E $>0,>1<.<<

F. Kcss hcfds $=1<6?.2<

M. @css hcfds $6?2,?2=.0>

^ctfh E $>50,620.10

A`bai Ghe - Qbb rb f kbdt a`bai cd sfkb n

Nupheaftb grck focvb



7/?/?<<> 61?=6 6<10 5 Crhfac $60,<<<.<< @BA _K^ @css pura`fsbn gcr cwd usb =/6?/?<<> 6=1? $2,>0?.15 M @css _K^ Hbmfh gbbs acdtreoutecd gcr pf=/?</?<<> 6=1> $5,5<7.<< M @css Qetb]fta` Acdtreoutecd tc pfrtdbrsèp -^0/1</?<<> 6=>7 $67,<<<.<< M @css _K^0/16/?<<> 6<>2 ($67,<<<.<<) _K^ @BA5/61/?<<> 6=>0 $?7,=?2.<< M @css Qetb]fta` Afpetfh acdtreoutecd tc pfrtdb

6</66/?<<> 61765 6<<1 Q]6<6> $??,55?.0< @BA Qetb]fta` @css pura fsbn -KHI Edstfhh66/?1/?<<> =7??6 6<<7 GF5>0 $66,>26.?0 @BA Qetb]fta` @css pura bn gcr cwd usb -Er

>/0/?<<2 6>677 $6>,2>6.?0 M @css Qetb]fta` Acdtreoutecd tc pfrtdbrsèp -O

$150,?50.06^ctfhs $><6,00?.16

Mbt acpebs cg fhh a`bais grck M @css fdn F @css - \rc@BA Qys $6?2,<>1.>= Mbt acpy cg $67,<<< 3aì #6=>7 30/1</<>@BA Hcf $7,<<<.<<

$?=<,010.0> M @css cr t`ru @BA Acdtreoutecds tc \frtdbrsèp$><6 00? 16



^`b Fppbhhftb Acurt edfaaurftbhy

rbgbrrbn tc tès ncaukbdt fs f

A_BNE^ F\\HEAFÊCD rft`br t`fd f

Dctfrezbn Fppheaftecd gcr t`b

Qetb]fta` HHA ofdi faacudt wèa`

@css `fn semdftcry pcwbr cd.



Ed @css' Bx`eoet F9^`by hest t`b hcfdfsscaeftbn `brb outnc dct hest t`es rb-

pfykbdt.

Dcteab et es fhsc t`bcdhy "hcfd" wet` fprckesscry dctbfsscaeftbn wet` et.



Ed @css' Bx`eoet F9 ^`by hest t`b hcfd fsscaeftbn`brb out nc dct hest t`es rb-pfykbdt.

Dcteab t`b nftb fdn t`b pfybb, Et neggbrs grck t`bwfy @css hests et. (tc Qetb]fta` dct _K^)



_K^ edvceab 6<?<.kfx

^ès es f trfdsfatecd rbhftbn tc fd etbkhestbn cd oct` "A`rcdchcmy" fdn Bxèoet F

@css afrrebn t`b etbk rbhftbn tc tèsedvceab cd t`ber edvbdtcry cd Bxèoet Ffdn fs f hcfd grck Mrbmm @css cd"A`rcdchcmy" focvb.

Ekpcrtfdt: @css ahfeks et s`cuhnibbp t`b etbks hestbn `brb (t`bdschn tc @css-Dbvfnf gcr guhh vfhub)fdn fhsc ob rbpfen oy Fhfrned t`bkcdby spbdt tc faquerb et.





ès es f trfdsfatecd rbhftbn tc fd etbktbn cd oct` "A`rcdchcmy" fdn Bxèoet F

css afrrebn t`b etbk rbhftbn tc tèsvceab cd t`ber edvbdtcry cd Bxèoet Fn fs f hcfd grck Mrbmm @css cd`rcdchcmy" focvb.




Ekpcrtfdt: css a f ks t s cuibbp t`b etbks hestbn `brb (t`bdschn tc @css-Dbvfnf gcr guhh vfhub)fdn fhsc ob rbpfen oy Fhfrned t`bkcdby spbdt tc faquerb et.


@css afrrebn t`b etbk rbhftbn tc t`es

edvceab cd t`ber edvbdtcry cd Bx`eoet Ffdn fs f hcfd grck Mrbmm @css cd"A`rcdchcmy" focvb.



^`es s`cws `cw @css nespcsbncg t`b trfdsfatecds rbhftbn tc t`bedvceabs focvb oy sbhhedm tcfdct`br @css bdtety.



EDWBD^C_U-QC_^ OU HCAF^ECD / Q^CAI # -QRKKF_UCDHU

@CQQ-^P

Acdsemdkbdt: Dc, Bquepkbdt ^ypb: BVRE\KBD^, Qchn Nftb: '', \ur`fsbn Grck: _bkctb*

Hcaftecd QtcaiDc.

^ypb Kcnbh Qbrefh Dc. Kgm. Ubfr _fwAcsts

\frts Hfocr Cvbr`bfn Ct`br Acsts

^ctfh

E_WEDM 1>=2 KBV KEQA QE^B]F^A@ QE^B ?<<6 ?2,<<<.<< 65?.77 <.<< <.<< <.<< ?2,6

E_WEDM Q]6<<6 KBV Qetb]fta` Q]6<<6 QE^B ?<<? <.<< ?,501.5? =,><5.=2 0,1==.2< <.<< 60,=

E_WEDM Q]6<<? KBV Qetb]fta` Q]6<<? QE^B ?<<? =,2<<.<< <.<< <.<< <.<< <.<< =,2

E_WEDM Q]6<<1 KBV Qetb]fta` Q]6<<1 QE^B ?<<? =,2<<.<< <.<< <.<< <.<< <.<< =,2

E_WEDM Q]6<<> KBV Qetb]fta` 6<<2 QE^B ?<<? 0,<<<.<< <.<< <.<< <.<< <.<< 0,<

E_WEDM Q]6<<2 KBV Qetb]fta` 6<<7 QE^B ?<<? 5,5<<.<< <.<< <.<< <.<< <.<< 5,5

E_WEDM Q]6<<7 KBV Qetb]fta` 6<<= QE^B ?<<? 0,550.<< <.<< <.<< <.<< <.<< 0,5

E_WEDM Q]6<<= KBV Qetb]fta` 6<<0 QE^B ?<<? 0,550.<< <.<< <.<< <.<< <.<< 0,5

E_WEDM Q]6<<0 KBV Crhfac Q]6<<0 QE^B ?<<? 6>,=7<.<< <.<< <.<< <.<< <.<< 6>,=

E_WEDM Q]6<<5 KBV Qetb]fta` Q]6<<5 QE^B 6=,550.<< <.<< <.<< <.<< <.<< 6=,5

E_WEDM Q]6<6? KEQ Qetb]fta` Q]6<6? QE^B 6<,0==.<< <.<< <.<< <.<< <.<< 6<,0

^C^FH66665,216.<<1,

M_FDN^C^FH

66665,216.<<1

Edvtry BVRE\ Qcrt Oy HCA-QRK

QE^B - 11== - F

@css edvbdtcry hest s`cwedm t`by afrrebn t`b etbks grck

edvceabs focvb pura`fsbn grck _K^ fs edvbdtcry gcrybfrs t`bd schn t`bk tc @css-Dbvfnf t`bd ahfek t`byhcfds tc Fhfrned ed acurt.



@css edvbdtcry hest s`cwedm t`by afrrebn t`b etbksgrck edvceabs focvb pura`fsbn grck _K^ fs

edvbdtcry gcr ybfrs t`bd schn t`bk tc @css-Dbvfnft`bd ahfek t`by hcfds tc Fhfrned ed acurt.



Kfdugfaturbr \rcnuat Nbsareptecd Vty Kcnbh Dukobr \rcnuat ypb Ac

Qtbbh Aety 5< H^ acddbatcr 6" >< H^-?51 Qchfr rfehbr cp 5<'s $5

Qtbbh Muy Afohb 6 Qtbbh Muy ]erb Afohedm 2<<' rchh $2<

Qudwezb \cwbr-_bfny Qchfr 6 \chb kcudt schfr pcwbr $?,?

Qupbr Acch @bft Bxa`fdmbr = FF-<1?-6?-??-<<-<< \bhtebr Nufh `brkcstft @bft Bxa`fdmbr $??

êkbs Kearcwfvb Afohb 6<<' 6 HK_><< 6<< gcct sbatecd fdtbddf afohb $>2

^csèof O&] Afkbrf 1 KHI $6<

^rfdmc Faabss \cedt w/ Fdtbddf 6 K201<Q F\-7< Kcudtbn cd Nbkc Ufrn $5<

^rfdmc Quosareobr Rdet 1 ^rfdmc Gcx QR Kcudtbn cd Nbkc Ufrn fdn trfehbrs $1=

^rcpcs 226< w Oft Ofaiup 6 $1,2

^rcpcs 266< ? $?,5^rcpcs ]bft`br Q`rcun Iets 1 ^rcpcs Faabsscry $6>

^rcpcs Faabss \cedt 6 166< w fdtbddfs Nfvbs Cggeab $?,<

Wbrsf Hcmea Bdahcsurb 6 Ohfai Bdahcsurb $52

]ehscd-Oc`fddcd Hcais-Wfrecus = Qchfr rfehbr Hcai Qbts $6<

$665,

Qetb]fta` trfehbr edvbdtcry edahunbs schfr trfehbrs Mrbmm @css pura`fsbn gcr _K^ tc nbsemd fdn edtbmrftb fs f Qetb]fta` Qystbks prcnuat, t`cusfdns cg nchhfrs cg

kfnb tc t`b trfehbrs ed t`b prcabss. Qetb]fta` essubn f \C gcr t`b 6< trfehbrs tc @css Bquepkbdt wet` t`b bxpbatftecd tc pfy cdab fhh wbrb schn. Dc bdtety cr ednev

nbkc fdy pfrt cg t`b Qetb]fta` HHA edvbdtcry wet`cut precr wrettbd dctegeaftecd fdn fpprcvfh cg Qetb]fta` HHA kfdfmbr(s).

^ès edvbdtcry ncbs dct edahunb trfnbkfris, edtbhhbatufh prcpbrty rem`ts, pftbdtfohb enbfs, mccnwehh, acdtrfats, prcpcsfhs, fdn mbdbrfh edtfdmeohbs.

^ès es f hest cg Qetb]fta` pfrtdbrsèp edvbdtcry ft tekb cg hcaicut.

Fs ycu afd sbb obhcw tès edvbdtcry wfs nespcsbn cg udnbr t`berdbw bdtety @css Cd-Qetb Qchutecds



\fmb

Fdny Qpbbr

Grck: Iyhfd @css YiyhfdL`cssbquepkbdh.ackh

Qbdt: ûbsnfy, Catcobr ?2, ?<<2 >:62 \K

^c: 'Fdny Qpbbr'

Quojbat: _B: \frts Edvbdtcry

Fdny,

Cd-Qetb ncbsd't `fvb t`ft kua` edvbdtcry, fsenb grck t`b trfehbrs. ]b'vb kcsthy obbd usedm pfrts cut cg t`b Qgtbwftaèdvbdtcry. Fht`cum` wb `fvb put tcmbt`br sckb edvbdtcry fs gfr fs afohb/pfrts frb acdabrdbn, kcst bvbry6èdm `fs `fndukobr fssemdbn tc eh. ^`brb wcuhn ob f gbw bdahcsurbs t`ft wcuhn ob cd f Cd-setb edvbdtcry t`ft nend't `fvbfs jco duybt, out dct edm semdegeafdt bxabpt gcr t`b trfehbrs.

Iyhfd @cssQfhbs Quppcrt Qpbaefhest

@css Bquepkbdt Ackpfdy

www.`cssbquepkbdt.ack

Cggeab Kfed: 0==-ORU-@CQQ

Nerbat Hedb: 5=?-065-<105

Nerbat Gfx: 5=?-065-<>05Ab h h : >75-2=7-<675

Grck: Fdny Qpbbr Ykfehtc:fdnyL`cssbquepkbdt.ack[

Qbdt: ûbsnfy, Catcobr ?2, ?<<2 ?:>7 \K

^c: 'Iyhfd @css'


Dc, p`yseafh edvbdtcry es gcr pfrts cdhy.

Fhsc, et wehh ob ekpcrtfdt tc ibbp t`b Cd-Qetb edvbdtcry sbpfrftb grck t`b @css DW setbwfta` edvbdtcry.

^`ft sfen, `cw kua` edvbdtcry ncbs Cd-Qetb `fvb, fdn `cw es et obedm trfaibn3 Es t`brb Cd-Qetb pfrts t`ft nc dct `fvbjco dukobr3

Gedfhhy, rbkednbr tc sbmrbmftb t`b tfmmbn pfrts edvbdtcry ed t`b trfehbr(s) fdn fmfedst t`b gbdab grck ct`br edvbdtcry, fdnsurb fhh pfrts `fvb tfms fdn t`b oed hcaftecds rbfnehy enbdtegefohb.

^`fdis.

Grck: Iyhfd @css Ykfehtc:iyhfdL`cssbquepkbdt.ack[

Qbdt: ûbsnfy, Catcobr ?Q, ?<<Q ?:6? \K^c: 'Fdny Qpbbr'


Es tès edahunedm edvbdtcry gcr Cd-Qetb

Iyhfd@css

Qfhbs Quppcrt Qpbaefhest

@css Bquepkbdt Ackpfdy

www.`cssbquepkbdh.ack

6</?7/?<<=



\fmb

Cggeab Kfed: 0==-ORU-@CQQ

Nerbat Hedb: 5=?-065-<105

Nerbat Gfx: 5=?-065-<>05

Abhh: >75-2=7-<675

Grck: Fdny Qpbbr Ykfehtc:fdnyL`cssbquepkbdt.ack[

sbdt: ûbsnfy, Catcobr 60, ?<<2 66:?? FK^c: 'Nfd Qket '9 'Q`fdb Ocftkfd'9 'Iyhfd'Aa: 'Bn Hfdnbrs'9 'Fhfd'9 jbddegbrL`cssbquepkbdt.ack9 '^ck Ofmdbhh'9 'Kea`bhhb Mfraef'9 '^rfves Ocddbkf'9 '\ftty'

Quojbat: \frts Edvbdtcry

Nfd/Q`fdb/Iyhfd:

Et's tekb gcr p`yseafh edvbdtcry cg t`b pfrts edvbdtcry fmfed.

]b wehh ob pbrgcrkedm t`b edvbdtcry cd t`b ^brbx fdn Ervedm yfrns cd ]bndbsnfy, 66/?/<2 fdn cd t`b Nfhhfs yfrn cd ^ù66/1/<2 (Eg dbbnbn, Nfhhfs yfrn edvbdtcry kfy acdtedub edtc Grenfy, 66/>/<2).

^ès s`cuhn mevb fnbquftb tekb tc mbt fhh cg t`b rbabevedm fdn s epkbdts grck Catcobr ousedbss pcstbn fdn afum`t up.

Faacrnedmhy, fhh edvceabs dbbn tc ob pcstbn oy > pk cd ûbsnfy, 66/6/<2 - fdn ^@B_B Q@CRHN OB DC _BABEWEDM CQ@E\\EDM CG \F_^Q GC_ DCWBKOB_ ORQEDBQQ RDÊH UCR_ HCAFÊCD EQ GEDEQ@BN ]E^@ ^@B EDWBD^C_U.Dct edm s`cuhn ob pRhhbn gcr s epkbdt nuredm t`b edvbdtcry, fdn fdy edackedm rbabevbrs s`cuhn ob sbmrbmftbn ft t`b rbab"ncai" cr hcaftecd fdn dct ackkedmhbn dcr acudtbn.

]et` rbspbat tc t`b Nfhhfs yfrn "idcai-ncwd" kfa edbs t`ft frb dct pfrtbn fdn preabn ybt, precr tc t`b edvbdtcry, phbfsb osurb tc enbdtegy t`bsb udets fs "w`chb" udets wet` f sedmhb tfm.

]et` rbspbat tc t`b ^brbx fdn Ervedm yfrns, et wfs dctbn t`ft edvbdtcry etbks frb ackkedmhbn wet` dcd-edvbdtcry etbks, Q\HBFQB OB QR_B ^C QBM_BMF^B FHH EDWBD^C_U G_CK ^@B DCD-EDWBD^C_U OBGC_B EDWBD^C_U NFU.

Obtwbbd dcw fdn kcdt bdn, phbfsb `fvb ycur tbfk aftaèdm up cd fhh sfhbs edvceaedm, prcabssedm rbabevbrs, sbmrbmfteddcd-edvbdtcry etbks grck t`b edvbdtcry s`bhvbs, fdn a`baiedmhrbgrbsèdm tfms cd t`b oed hcaftecds fdn cd t`b pfrt etsbhg.

^`b edvbdtcry bfa` kcrdedm wehh stfrt focut =:1< fk, fdn wehh ackkbdab wet` f wfhi-t ru cg t`b gfaehety tc rbvebw prcabnufdn kfib surb t`b edvbdtcry frbfs frb prbpfrbn gcr acudtedm. .

Fgtbr t`b acudts frb ackphbtb, wb wehh ackpfrb tc t`b pbrpbtufh edvbdtcry rbacrns, fdn t`b edvbdtcry wehh dct ob acdsenbrbackphbtb udteh wb gchhcw-up cd fdy hfrmb fdn udusufh etbks wet` rbacudts cr ct`br prcabnurbs. Faacrnedmhy, nc dct stfrtDcvbkobr ousedbss udteh Fhfd, Jbddegbr cr E `fvb dctegebn ycur orfda` t`ft fhh semdegeafdt neggbrbdabs `fvb obbd rbschvbn ft`b edvbdtcry es acdsenbrbn ackphbtb.

Fdn obhhbr ybt, eg ycu sbhh et fhh obgcrb edvbdtcry tekb, t`bd wb ncd't dbbn tc acudt et.

Fdy qubstecds, phbfsb mevb kb f afhh.

Fdny

6</?76?<<=



Fdny Qp... .r ... S

Grck:Qbdt:^c:Aa:QRojbat:

Fttfa`kbdts:

@CQQ

]CQ JNQ Edvfha

Fdny

Nfven Ufdaby YnyfdabyLnczbrdbt.ackjGrenfy, Judb 6<, ?<<2 5:<0 FK'Fdny Qpbbr''Iyhfd @css'9 '^ck Ofmdbhh'9 mrbmmL`cssbquepkbdt.ack9 'mrbmmjr'_B: @css Cd-Qetb Qchutecds

@CQQ ?<<>-?<<2 JNQ Edvceabs.xhs

Fttfa`bn e s t`b JNQ e d v c e a b s grck Jcb .

E tbk : <=/ ?7 /? <<> ><>5? $=,=><.<< e s gc r 2 venbc sb rvbr s fdn 2

Qcg ts e tb1? h e abdsbs . KHI abd tb r e d s t f h h kust ob pfr t cg t` e s crnbr . Out wb cdhy quctbn >

s b r v b r s fdn > h e a b d s b . Dct surb

w`brb t`b ct`br h e a b d s b fdn

sbrvbr mc cd t ` e s edvc eab s e d a b wb nen dct p h f a b e t .

E tbk: 6</66/?<<> ><21=

h e a b d s b s . s e d a b wb nen dct crnbr

$6,<5?.<< e s gc r ? Qcg ts e tb1? scgtwfrbt ` b s b wb

nc dct idcw w`c t`by w`brb schn tcc.

E tbk: 6</?6/?<<> ><2>0 $2,15>.<< e s gc r > venbc sb rvbr s fdn ?

Q c g t s e t b 1? scgtwfrb h e a b d s b s . Fmfed s e d a b

6 h e abdsb e g mccn gc r 6

s b r v b r wèa` h b f n s t c ? s b v b r s o be dm pura`fsbn w/c h e a b d s b wb

nc dct idcw w`ft t`bsb

w`brb usbn g c r s e d a b wb n e n dct crnbr t`bk fdn `fvb dc wfy t c

kfta` t`bk up.

Qc hcciedm cvbr t`b orbfi ncwd grck Jcb t` b cdhy t` edm t `f t @css rbabevbn pfykbdt gc r wcrncdb e s gcr t`b KHI a b d t b r wèa` e s > venbc s b r v b r s fdn >

Q c g t s e t b 1 ? h e a b d s b s cut c g t ` b s b e d v c e a b s .

Qedab ^cdy n e n f h h t `b c rn bred m fdn dc pfpbr wcri wfs ibpt wb nc d c t idcw w`ft t`b c t ` b r

etbk s frb g c r . Qckb c g t`b v en bc s b r v b r s wcuhn ob g c r t ` b

t r f e6br ( s ) out wb afd dct t b h h `cw kfdy.

Fdn cg acursb t`b h f s t e tbk: 2<>>2 fs ycu s tf tbn e s gc r BKP.

\hbfsb fnveab cd w`ft wb s`cuhn pfy. ^`b t c t f h c r j u s t BKP fdn t`b KHI Abdtbr .

Nfven

- - - - - C r e m e d f h K b s s f m b - - - - -

Grck: Fdny Qpbbr Ykfehtc:fdnyL`cssbquepkbdt.ack[Qbdt: ^ù rs nf y, J ud b <5 , ?<<2 2:1? \K

^c: 'Iyhfd @css ' 9 'Nfven Ufdaby'9 ' d y h b ' 9 ' m r b m m j r '

Aa: MrbmmL@cssBquepkbdt .ack9 '^ck O f m d b h h ' 9 jbddegbrL`cssbquepkbdt.ack9 'Kfrehyd Q f y h c r s '

'Mrfdt' 9 fhfdL`cssbquepkbdt.ack9 ' \ f t t y ' 9 ' \ ` y h h e s '

Quojbat : @css Cd-Qetb Qchu t ecds

Iy6fd fdn/cr Nfven,

6



wet` rbmfrn tc t`b edvceabs h e s t bn obhcw, faacudtedm fwfets ycur fpprcvfh tc pfy oys emdedm t`b cr em edf h edvceabs fdn gcrwfrnedm, cr e g c re me df h e dv ce ab s frb dct fvfe hfohb ,

predt t` e s bkfeh , fdn dctftb fdn fpprcvb t` e s fs f stftbkbdt c g t`b edvceabs obhcw fsudpfen e d v c e a b s grck t`b A e t y c g N f h h f s j c o g c r us t c pfy (bxahunedm t ` b h f s t e d v c e a b

wèa` wb `fvb g e m u r b n c u t e s g c r t ` b twc venbc s br vb rs s c h n t c BKP). Cdab wb m b t s emdbnf p p r c v f h , wb w e h h gbnbx f a`bai.

]b f r b f h s c dcw e d r b a b e p t c g fd BKP a`bai ( s t e h h e d t ` b bdvbhcpb) kfnb pfyfohb t c

Qe tb]fta`, wèa` e s prbsukfohy g c r t ` b s f h b c g t ` b twc venbc s b r v b r s g c r 6,00< fdn t ` f t

r b h f t b s t c t ` b udpfen e d v c e a b grck JCQ g c r 6 , = 6 = .

]b w e h h ` c h n o c t ` t ` b BKP a`bai fdn JCQ e d v c e a b u d t e h r bs ch vb n w e t` Qe tb]fta`.

Iyhfd fmrbbn tc mbt t`b Dcrvbh h edvceab rb essubn ed @css DW dfkb, obgcrb wb we h h rbhbfsb

pfykbdt.

]b we h h pfy t`b ^rfgacd fdn ^rcpcs edvceabs cut cg @css DW s edab t`by rbhftb tc t`bbx e s t edm t rf e h b r s cwdbn oy @css DW. Fhh ct`br edvceabs ed p cssbss ec d c g faacudtedm `fvb

obbd pfen ed gu h h , fdn f h h cg t` b W fhhby Webw fdn faacudtedm cg g e abs sbfra`bn tc acdgerkt`brb frb dc kcrb udpfen, pfst -nub edvceabs , b ta .

Fs fmrbbn wet` Nfven, b g g b a t ev b fs c g Judb 6, ?<<2, wb `fvb gcrkbn fdn rbmes tbrbn t`b dbw

fssukbn dfkb f g g e h e f t b (6<<% cwdbn oy @css Bquepkbdt Ac.), wèa` w e h h ` b d a b g c r t ` a f r r y c d

f h h sbaur e ty afkbrf ousedbss fs:

@css Cd-Qetb Qchutecds

(F @css Bquepkbdt Ac. Ackpfdy)

Gcr t ` b b x e s t e d m t r f e h b r s (^QCE-^QE<) fdn afk brf systbks (Q]E<<h-Q]E<62), t ` b s b w e h h

acdt edub tc f h h ob schn c g g fdn h equenftbn udnbr @css DW, s ed ab t` bs b frb cwdbn oy @css

DW, fdn @css DW we h h acdt edub tc mbt t`b gu h h rbvbdub obdbg e t grck t`b sf hbs cg t`bsbe tbks.

Quosbqubdt Judb 6, ?<<2, f h h afkbrf systbk ousedbss s`cuhn dcw ob ncdb udnbr EE@css Cd-Qe

Qchutecds". Fs acdtrfats rbdbw, wb we h h ut e h e z b t` e s dfkb, fdn wet` rbspbat tc crnbredmgrck vbdncrs, h b t ' s frrfdmb gcr dbw arbnet faacudts udnbr t` e s dfkb (wèa` s`cuhn mbtbf s e h y fpprcvbn fs f @css f g g e h e f t b ) . ]b rbvebwbn bx e s t edm acdtrfats fdn austckbr

e d v c e a b s fdn o e h h e d m s wet` N fven fdn Dyhb t c a h f r e g y wèa` b d te t y w e h h ob a r b n e t b n g c r t `rbvbdub, gcr nbfhs t`ft frb "st rfnnh edm t`b gbdabh! .

Nfven fdn Dyhb `fvb acdgerkbn t`ft f h h c g t`b vbdncrs `fvb obbd acdtfatbn, fdn t`bprbvecus arbnet faacudts fs "@css/Qetb]fta` hh `fvb o bbd a hcsbn, fdn f h h vbdncrs fnvesbnt`ft E6Qetbwfta` hh e s dct f @css bdt e ty .

]et` rb sp ba t t c t`b ^h p`cdb h ed b wet` Kbh, wb frb ed rbab ep t c g fd 1 kcdt` udpfens t f t b k b d t cd t ` b p`cdb o e h h g c r focut $?6<<. E d a`baiedm wet` KAE, t ` b a c d tr f a t e s e d

Qetb]fta` dfkb fdn we h h futckfteafh hy rbdbw udhbss tbrkedftbn Juhy 6st . Qedab t`b

?



acdtrfat e s ed Qetbwfta` dfkb, @css `fs dc

f ut `c re t y tc afdabh t`b acd t rfa t . ]b acdge rkbn wet` Nfv en fdn Fhfd t `f t

t`b ^6 h edb e s dct dbbnbn, fdn sc wb sbdt f h b t tbr tc KAE fgg erkedm t`ft bvbd t`cum` @cs

afd dct tb rk edftb t` b a cd tr fa t, wb we h h `fvb dc gurt`br h e fo e h e t y bxpcsurb obycdn Juhy

6s t , fdn KAE s`cuhn acdtfat Fhfrned tc frrfdmb f trfdsgbr cr afdabh hft ecd.

Nfven `fs prcvenbn ounmbt edgcrkftecd tc Ofmdbh h , fdn upcd ` es rb turd, wb we h h wcri

t cmb t`b r tc ackkbdab t`b ounmbt edm prcabss gc r t`b Cd-Qetb cpbrft ecds .

Faacudtedm we h h sb t up Cd-setb fs f sbpfrftb ounmbt abdtbr ed t`b g edfdaefh rbpcrtedm, fd

f jco acst edm systbk we h h ob ut e h e zbn s eke hfr tc @css c t`br cpbrf t ecd s, wet` f h h acs t s c

Cd-Qetb cpbrftecds enbdt e g ebn fdn rbpcrtbn.F hh vbdncr edvceaedm we h h ob a e rau hf tbn t`rcum` Nfven gc r fpprcvfh . Dyhb `fs frrfdmbn gc

f jco dukobredm kbt`cnchcmy, fdn we h h edgcrk f h h pfrt ebs fs dbbnbn c g sua` systbk, fdn

we h h ob rbspcdseohb gcr fssuredm f h h edvbdtcry fdn pur a` fs bs f rb a hbfr hy kfribn fdn

t rfaibn oy sua` jco systbk.

^c a hfr e gy wet` rbspbat tc f ssbts prbvecus hy usbn ed t`b afkbrf systbkcpbrftecds:

6) Kcst cg t` b Qe tb]fta` afkbrf systbks (Q]6<<6 tc Q]6<62) fdn t` b

^rfgacd t r f e h b r s (^Q<6 tc ^Q6<) frb cwdbn oy @css Bquepkbdt Dbvfnf, Eda . , fdn we h h obh equ enf tbn oy Nfven fdn Dyhb gc r t`b obdb g e t cg @css DW (bxabpt gc r sckb cg t` b afkbrfs ct`b h e s t tc ob EEmevbd'h tc Fhfrned) .

?) Kcst c g t`b ct`br edvbdtcry etbks usbn ed t`b Qetb]fta` cpbrft ecds(fmmrbmftedm fd fpprcxekftb $5<,<<<) fdn tcc hs (focut $2<<<) wbrb frmufohy pura`fsbn oyFhfrned, fdn we h h ob "mevbd hh tc Fhfrned sckbtekb ed t`b dbfr guturb - faacrnedm tc Dyhb

t`bsb etbk s frb sbmrbmftbn fdn dct obedm usbn .

1) Fhh c t`br fssb t s usbn ed t`b Cd-Qetb ous edbss (sua` fs t`b g e h bsbrvbr) , cr tc ob pura`fsbn, we h h ob f acdtreoutecd oy @css Bquepkbdt Ac. tc t`bf g g e h e f t b , fdn we h h ob faacudtbn gcr ed t`b ounmbtedm prcabss.

\ftty afd wcri up f arbn e t rbgbrbdab pfmb gcr Cd-Qetb , fdn `bhp wet` h b t tbr`bfn,edvcea edm, b ta . wet` rbspbat tc t`b Ofdiedm, t`b sfkb ofdi pfykbdt edstruat ecds t`ft wb

usb gcr @css Bquepkbdt Ac. , afd ob usbn gcr Cd-Qetb - \ftty we h h ju s t wcri up f dbw s`bbtwet` t`b Cd-Qetb dfkb.

E'k surb t`brb we h h ob h c t s kcrb qubstecds - out gcr dcw, h b t ' s mbt cut t`brb fdn s b h h

sckb afkbrfs!

hoss v alardin - a flawed decision - appellate court jury nullification in texas

Documents