Hotspots, opportunities & initiatives

Deodorant

Version 1 May 2013

The Product Sustainability Forum (PSF) is a collaboration of 80+ organisations made up of grocery and home improvement retailers and suppliers, academics, NGOs and UK Government representatives. It provides a platform for these organisations to understand, improve and communicate the environmental performance of the grocery and home improvement products. (www.wrap.org.uk/psf)

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How to use this deck

1. Please view in „Slide Show‟ to activate hyperlinks. 2. To access the slide‟s content either browse one

page at a time or use the navigation bar below to jump between the main sections. Throughout the deck there are links to external sources of interest.

3. A „Help‟ section is provided with more background information on this product summary, FAQs, terms of use and a list of other product summaries and reduction opportunities available to download.

4. We would like to encourage feedback on the contents of this deck. Please click the „Submit feedback‟ links on each page to contribute.

Introduction About this slide deck …

This slide deck summarises some of the key environmental hotspots relevant to this product category. It also provides examples of reduction opportunities to explore – and references key initiatives that could support your activities to improve product sustainability. This work has drawn upon a wide variety of evidence and is intended to be adapted for use by different business functions (e.g. procurement, R&D, etc.). It is important to note that, as every supply chain is different, the information provided should be used to guide further investigation.

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Notable primary & secondary hotspots

Notes

Hotspot - Deodorant

Packaging material extraction & processing can contribute more than 50% of GHG emissions, for both aerosol and roll-on formats – e.g. aluminium metal used for aerosol cans to resist the pressure of blowing agent (2, 4).

• The hotspots, left, can be used to target efforts – however actual performance will be dependent on the specifics of your supply chain.

• Numbers in brackets denote numbered reference in references slide.

• Evidence level: Medium - No life cycle data available on water use, waste.

• The key variables are the type of propellant and packaging format used (e.g. metal spray vs. plastic roll-on) (2).

• Impact can be reduced by using alternate formats which do not use propellants and metal cans (e.g. roll-on). New „compressed‟ cans introduced by Unilever cut propellant use by 50% & aluminium use by 25%.

• The British Aerosol Manufacturers‟ Association states that 76% of local authorities recycle aerosol cans.

Propellant (blowing agent) used in aerosols (e.g. butane, iso-butane, propane) (3) makes up a significant proportion of the formulation and so contributes significantly to the ingredient carbon and energy footprints (2).

These propellants have low direct global warming potentials (e.g. 3 times that of CO2) and are a GHG hotspot at a consumer level (2).

Reducing waste reduces resource consumption at all stages upstream

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Initiatives & key resources

The initiatives and resources identified offer a range of potential business benefits, including: best practice guidance; knowledge sharing; innovation ideas; standards development; input or process certification; sustainability benchmarking; and communication.

Notes

1. Courtauld Commitment – responsibility agreement aimed at improving resource efficiency, incl. an aerosol recycling initiative 2. MetalMatters – initiative from AluPro designed to increase the capture rate for metal packaging (incl. deodorant cans) 3. Ball Corporation – Ball have introduced a new alloy that enables the use of recycled aluminium 4. Lindal Dispenser GmbH – Lindal have developed a „double piston can‟ that does not require incendiary gases 5. British Aerosol Manufacturer‟s Association (BAMA) – provides recycling guidance for households & businesses 6. Cosmetic, Toiletry & Perfumery Association (CTPA) – provides member sustainability case studies

3,4 3

1,3 1,3

1,2 4

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The documents below have been used to identify primary and secondary environmental impact hotspots

Hotspot references

1. British Aerosol Manufacturers‟ Association, (2013). Household Recycling

2. Climatop, (2010). CO2 Balance: Hairspray [PDF]

3. Tesco, (2009) Carbon Footprint of Deodorants. Confidential

4. Tesco, (2012). Tesco Product Carbon Footprints Summary [PDF]

5. WRAP, (2013). An initial assessment of the environmental impact of grocery products [PDF]

6. WRAP, (n.d.). Potential Refill Solutions for the Food and Non-Food Retail Sectors – Feasibility Study

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Reduction opportunities The PSF has researched a selection of „reduction opportunities‟, „action plans and topic guides‟ relevant to the grocery sector. Below are a selection relevant to deodorants. Follow the links to find out more about each opportunity. For a full list of resources available see the Help section. While many of the opportunities are not tailored specifically to deodorants – the principles and resources are transferable. Where they target a hotspot they are flagged red.

• Closed-loop recycling • Identifying the true cost of waste • Product re-formulation • Improving consumer portioning • Capital allowance for green tech

Hotspot

Reduction opportunities None directly relevant to deodorants.

Action plans

Topic guides • Best practice in embedding sustainability in product design

• Effective commissioning of LCAs/footprint studies

• Engaging colleagues on sustainability

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Closed-loop recycling Product sustainability opportunity The adoption of a circular economy offers considerable economic benefits (1). Strictly defined, „closed-loop recycling‟ is where recycled material from one product is wholly, or partially incorporated back into the same product. In contrast, „open-loop recycling‟ is where recycled material is used for another purpose (2). Certain materials are better suited to this process. Glass, aluminium, steel & plastic recycling can reduce energy, GHG emissions & water use without affecting performance, e.g. recycling ink cartridges – see case study below (3).

Other resources & initiatives

1. WRAP's vision for the UK circular economy to 2020 – outlines the benefits of pushing the UK economy towards circularity 2. Recycled Content Fact Sheet – Incpen guidance on recycled materials 3. Driving Sustainable Consumption: Closed Loop Systems – World Economic Forum report providing overview of closed loop systems 4. Closed Loop Recycling – Opening The Door To Cost Saving – WRAP case study of closed-loop recycling 5. Ellen MacArthur Foundation (EMF) – works with education & business to accelerate the transition to a circular economy 6. Environmental Benefits of Closed-Loop Glass Recycling – WRAP information supported by a glass collection directory

Closed-loop recycling ensures a long term relationship between customers and suppliers and provides a revenue from recovered material, whilst at the same time reducing the amount of waste sent to landfill (2). A closed-loop system operator will need to ensure the manufacturing process allows for the introduction of recycled material and that there are appropriate logistics and distribution networks to control the flow of recovered material (4). Additionally the cost of collection, and possible use of 3rd party collecting centres, may be an extra economic and organisational burden (3).

Benefits & barriers Case study – HP ink cartridges

HP ink cartridges are retrieved by post and disassembled following consumer use. PET pellets from packaging are combined with recycled drinks bottles and formed into new cartridges. To date, individual cartridges are recycled up to 10 times and have a 33% smaller carbon footprint per cartridge.

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Identifying the true cost of waste Product sustainability opportunity

The cost of waste disposal is a small fraction, typically 5%, of the true cost of waste. The true cost should include cost of materials and value added during the production process, including: costs of labour; energy; water; equipment; warehouse; administration; and disposal. The example shown in the chart shows how value added to a cake at each stage of production increases the true cost of waste.

Other key resources & initiatives

1. Business Benefits of Resource Efficiency – WRAP report estimating the overall potential resource efficiency gains for UK business 2. Opportunities for Resource Efficiency in the Food and Drink Sector – WRAP report reviewing waste arisings at FDF member sites 3. WRAP, Confidential Waste Prevention Reviews, 2011-13 4. Efficient Consumer Response – working group co-ordinator, supporting developments in process efficiency 5. Lean Manufacturing and the Environment – USEPA research on advanced manufacturing systems and their environmental benefits 6. Waste Arising in the Supply of Food and Drink to Households in the UK – focusing on manufacture, distribution & retail 7. Benefits to Change in the Retail Supply Chain – provides links on improving supply chain resource efficiency

There are more than £800m worth of savings possible through improved waste in the food & drink sector (1). Estimates place the true cost of a tonne of waste at £550 (2) to £2,000 (3) per tonne. Calculation of the true cost helps prioritise opportunities, develop accurate cost-benefit analyses and implement waste prevention measures.

Benefits & barriers

Hotspot

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Product re-formulation Product sustainability opportunity Product reformulation, where a product‟s composition is altered or ingredients are substituted for alternatives, can be driven by a number of different factors e.g. ingredient price fluctuation or compliance to government legislation. Altering a product‟s composition can mitigate material risk associated with high environmental impact ingredients, or may impact how the product is used by the consumer which might lower the product‟s energy or water requirement (1). There are many other potential benefits, including: reduced raw material costs; lower distribution impacts; less required storage space; reduced packaging; as well as the potential to pass on costs savings to the consumer.

Other key resources & initiatives

1. See Unilever‟s Persil Small & Mighty 2. Courtauld Commitment Phase Two Case Studies – provides some examples of product re-formulations 3. Product Re-formulation: Channelling Efficiency savings – WRAP information sheet encouraging re-thinking of products

Case study - United Biscuits

United Biscuits (UB) reformulated their McVitie‟s biscuits, reducing the salt content by up to 60% and the saturated fat content by up to 80%. The reformulations enabled a 40% reduction in UB‟s use of palm oil and reduced pressure on rainforest destruction, but most importantly, a total of £4m was added to sales value, with sales of biscuits up by more than 5%.

Case study – Britvic concentrate

In March 2011, Britvic introduced a new double concentrate to its Robinsons squash brand. The double concentrate squash is now in 1.25 litre and 1.75 litre bottles. The smaller bottle sizes have enabled a significant reduction in secondary packaging, & transport required. The benefits are: • Better consumer value for money • 61% reduction PET per litre drunk • 70% reduction in total packaging • 50% reduction in lorries used • 14,000 tCO2 saving p.a.

Hotspot

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Improving consumer portioning Product sustainability opportunity Unit dose packaging is one of the ways that manufacturers can influence consumer behaviours by removing the need for the consumer to measure the product at use phase. If product measurement instructions are not followed closely this may lead to unnecessary environmental impact through avoidable product use. Additionally, excessive product use may be detrimental to the effectiveness of the product, for instance in the case of detergents (1), or may lead to food waste in the case of grocery products not being consumed after being prepared for meals.

Other key resources & initiatives

1. Unit Dose: A Sustainability Step for Fabric Liquids – Unilever report detailing the environmental benefits of liquid tablets 2. Revision of Ecolabel Criteria for Laundry Detergents 2008-2010 – background report for revision of ecolabel by Ecolabelling Denmark 3. Annual Review 2008 Towards Sustainable Cleaning – report by AISE, the soap, detergents & maintenance products industry body 4. WRAP food hub – provides a multitude of consumer food waste resources, including case studies, initiatives & reports

For detergent, only 65% of consumers dose according to the manufacturer recommendations, most over-dose (2). Portion control reduces overall material use, transport and product wastage. Dosing control can face consumer backlash and new products will need to work with marketing to develop an approach to ensure consumer engagement (1). R&D will need to be involved to develop workable products but may provide an opportunity for innovation and brand differentiation even overall if less product is being sold.

Benefits & barriers Case study – Ariel

Ariel have diversified their product portfolio to include unit dose control measures. Liquitabs require more packaging, however due to reduced product per wash and wastage they estimated it has resulted in a reduction of 250,000 tonnes of product per annum (1).

Case study – Heinz

Heinz have introduced a 1kg reclosable bottle for their Heinz Beanz range, which includes a see-through portion guide on the side to help consumer portioning.

Hotspot

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Capital allowance for green tech Product sustainability opportunity The Enhanced Capital Allowance (ECA) scheme is managed by the Carbon Trust on behalf of HMRC and DECC. It allows businesses to claim a 100% first year capital allowance on certain energy and water-saving equipment against the taxable profits of the period of investment. Even if the company surrenders a loss in that tax year, it can still claim 19% of the capital costs (1). The Energy and Water Technology Lists (2,3) provide practical platforms to source new equipment.

Other key resources & initiatives

1. The Enhanced Capital Allowance scheme for energy-saving technologies – Carbon Trust‟s guide to the scheme 2. The Energy Technology List – DEFRA‟s list of approved energy-saving equipment 3. The Water Technology List – DEFRA‟s list of approved water-saving equipment 4. HMRC‟s guide to first year allowances

Müller Wiseman Dairies (formerly Robert Wiseman) utilised the ECA scheme to invest £1.5m of capital towards their “Environmental Excellence Roadmap”, including installing two new low loss transformers, helping to achieve: • An 18% saving on electricity • A 7% saving on gas consumption • An overall saving of £100,000 • Emissions reductions of 353 tCO2 p.a. The full environmental measures taken by staff at the plant can be seen here.

Case study - Jaspers Case study – Müller Wiseman Dairies

Jaspers, a family-run abattoir in Treburley, Cornwall, uses 17,000m3 water p.a. They chose to install a water recycling system from the Water Technology List (3), reclaiming capital through the ECA scheme. The installation: • Re-uses 90% of water for washing animal

sheds and vehicles • Saves £10,000 p.a. • ECA reduced payback period to 4.5 years Financial controller Michael Armstrong explains how selecting the right system allowed Jaspers to claim an ECA here.

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Proposal/ briefing

Product design

Production Launch Post-

launch review

Embedding sustainability in product design Topic Guide Over 80% of all product-related environmental impacts can be influenced during the design phase, presenting an opportunity for designers to adopt more sustainable practices and in turn contribute towards lower impact products and services. The challenge is to incorporate sustainable design principles into R&D processes, and to embed Ecodesign principles within the business sustainability strategy and brand positioning considerations.

The business benefit include cost reductions, brand and reputation enhancement. This approach may also meet future customer demand for products and services with reduced environmental impacts.

Resources

1. Defra sustainable product roadmaps – life cycle assessments, research and initiatives to improve environmental impact of products 2. WRAP circular economy – research and information on the circular economy (recapture & reuse of resources) 3. Eco SME – resources on Ecodesign for small businesses 4. Centre for Sustainable Design Ecodesign Strategy Wheel – Ecodesign consultancy for business 5. Eco3 Design consultancy – integrating Ecodesign into R&D

Implementation Process

This Topic Guide focuses on how to adapt conventional design into Ecodesign, starting with R&D. Embedding Ecodesign encompasses five main stages:

1) Identify design improvements

2) Compare design alternatives

3) Set Ecodesign strategy

4) Develop communications plan

5) Pilot and review of programme

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Topic Guide

Identify

design

improvements

– review

products in

context of

sustainability

strategy

Comparison

of design

alternatives –

develop new

products or

make changes

to existing

products

Ecodesign

strategy

setting –

agree

principles

aligned to

strategy

Communicate

environmental

benefits of

products

Pilot and

embed

programme.

Review and

feedback on

process

Key:

- Organisational aims

- Suggested follow-up actions

Carrying out an LCA or footprinting study Topic Guide A Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) or footprinting study can give you a more detailed understanding of the environmental impacts of your products, workplaces and activities. These studies can take many forms and lead to a variety of actions and outcomes depending on your particular needs and concerns. This Topic Guide should help you to design and implement the LCA or footprinting study that is right for you. The flowchart below can help you identify what you need to do in response to different drivers in your organisation:

Resources

1. The Product Sustainability Forum - Product Summaries detailing the key environmental impacts of 50 typical products 2. Greenhouse Gas Protocol - this website gives help and advice on carbon footprinting standards 3. European Environment Agency - this website has a useful page of further information on Life Cycle Assessments (LCAs)

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Topic Guide

Engagement strategy

Align with business

goals

Employee lead action

plans

Review of progress

Feedback and embed

Engaging employees on product sustainability Topic Guide Engaging employees on product sustainability provides an opportunity to embed sustainability within everyday business practice. The aim is to engage employees on in a way that promotes behaviour change and encourages employee-led action. An engagement strategy developed by Sustainability teams is then lead by employee representatives, and supported by HR, internal marketing communications, category managers and online communications. The strategy should also seek to incentivise employees to take further action and increase buy-in. The business benefits include cost-savings, product innovation, brand enhancement, reduced environmental impacts and increased employee motivation.

Resources 1. Action Learning guide – guidance on the action learning process 2. Ecoinomy – online education platform 3. Wal-Mart case study – example of online communication tool 4. Unilever case study – example of employee-led action and marketing mechanisms 5. M&S case study – Plan A Product Attributes – assigning health, environmental and ethical attributes to drive product sustainability

Engagement strategy

This Topic Guide focuses on how to engage employees using established methods as part of an engagement strategy: 1) Employee-led approaches

2) Action Learning

3) Internal communications

4) Online communications

5) Training and e-learning

6) Incentivisation programmes

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Topic Guide

Engage

internal teams

and develop

strategy

working with

HR, marketing

and employee

representatives

Integrate with

business

goals,

environmental /

sustainability

strategy and

embed in

category and

marketing

plans

Support

implementation

of action plans

by employees

and further

engage using

internal

marketing

Review plans

with employee

teams and

communicate

cost and

resource

savings to

make business

case for further

action

Develop further

action plans

and internal

policies and

business

processes and

embed product

sustainability

thinking in

organisation

Help section

This section contains background information on the contents of this slide deck, including:

1.Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

2.Terms of use

3.Product summary list – 50 product summaries are available covering food, drink, household and personal care categories

4.Reduction opportunities – a list of all those developed to date

5.Action plans & topic guides – a list of all those developed to date

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FAQs

1.What is the Product Sustainability Forum (PSF)? The Product Sustainability Forum is a collaboration of 80+ organisations made up of grocery and home improvement retailers and suppliers, academics, NGOs and UK Government representatives. It provides a platform for these organisations to understand, improve and communicate the environmental performance of the grocery and home improvement products. Website: www.wrap.org.uk/psf

2.What are the five PSF ‘metrics’? To date, the PSF has focused on the performance of products across five core environmental „metrics‟: energy use, water use, waste generation, material use and greenhouse gas emissions. A more detailed discussion of the work done on these five metrics is available in a published PSF report entitled “An initial assessment of the environmental impact of grocery products”. The PSF is also beginning to look at the biodiversity impact of products.

3.What do the red and orange shading denote on hotspot matrices? Red cells highlight stages within the value chain which are often the primary source of impact for the metric in question (e.g. greenhouse gas emissions, energy use, etc.). Orange cells are typically secondary sources of impact. These are qualitative assessments to highlight likely hotspots and should be used to focus further investigation.

4.How are ‘Primary’ and ‘Secondary’ hotspots identified? Primary and secondary hotspots have been identified using a range of sources – but mainly publicly available life cycle and sector-level research into resource use and environmental impacts. These are fully referenced within the deck. Primary hotspots are those which, according to the evidence identified, are likely to contribute the most to the metric in question (e.g. agricultural stages dominate the carbon footprint of dairy products). However, due to the varied and patchy nature of the evidence, some summaries are more complete than others – and in many cases, hotspots have been estimated based on proxies. To guide users a qualitative „evidence level‟ score has been developed to highlight any significant data gaps. As every supply chain is different, this information should be used to guide further research into your own supply chain.

5.Which other product summaries are available and where can I get them from? A summary of products researched to date is available at the end of this deck.

6.How can I submit ideas/comments for future revisions of this PowerPoint deck? Click on the „Submit feedback‟ link at the top right hand side of each slide to send feedback to the PSF team.

7.How can I use this content? See our „Terms of Use‟ slide.

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Terms of use

While we have tried to make sure this slide deck is accurate, we cannot accept responsibility or be held legally responsible for any loss or damage arising out of or in connection with this information being inaccurate, incomplete or misleading. This material is copyrighted. You can copy it free of charge as long as the material is accurate and not used in a misleading context. You must identify the source of the material and acknowledge our copyright. You must not use material to endorse or suggest we have endorsed a commercial product or service. For more details please see our terms and conditions on our website at www.wrap.org.uk.

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Product summary list

Bananas Bath & shower products Beef Biscuits Bread & rolls Breakfast cereals

Butter

Cakes, pastries, etc.

Canned meat

Coffee

Canned vegetables Carbonates Cat & dog food

Cheese Chocolate Cider & perry Deli-food Deodorant

Nappies

Dishwashing products

Fish & seafood

Frozen vegetables

General cleaning products

Ice-cream & frozen desserts

Lamb Margarine

Pork Potato crisps Potatoes Poultry Pre-packed sandwiches Ready meals

Rice Spirits

Sugar confectionery Tea

Toilet & kitchen rolls Tomatoes

Processed snacks

Yogurts

Dilutables

Beer

Laundry detergent

Eggs

Wine

Juices

Onions Pizza

Canned seafood

Milk & cream

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Reduction opportunity list

• Addressing „green water‟

• Benefits of soil management

• Crop irrigation best practice

• Precision agriculture

• Rolling out agricultural GHG tools

• Sourcing palm oil responsibly

• Sugar crop sustainability

• Sustainable fisheries & aquaculture

• Sustainable forestry products

• Water efficiency in livestock farming

• Closed-loop recycling

• Drinks packaging optimisation

• Renewable packaging materials

• Boiler energy efficiency in F&D

• CIP for resource efficiency

• Identifying the true cost of waste

• Increased efficiency of in-store bakeries

• Increasing motor drive efficiency

• Product re-formulation

• Water efficiency in drinks manufacture

• Water efficiency in meat processing

• Water re-use in F&D processing

• Extending product shelf life

• Food redistribution

• Shared logistics opportunities

• Improving consumer portioning

• Reducing kitchen energy use

• Reducing consumer food waste

• Water efficiency in the home

• Capital allowance for green tech

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Action plan & topic guide list

Action plans

• Harmonising smart planning (manufacturers) and demand forecasting (retailers)

• How to participate in the closed loop economy through waste exchange

• How to use digestate as a fertiliser substitute

• Refrigeration best practice in food and drink chill chains

• Securing crop supply through whole crop purchasing

Topic guides

• Demystifying and de-risking land use change

• Implementing a sustainable procurement process for raw materials

• Lowering the impact of pig feed soya

• Effective commissioning of LCAs/footprint studies

• Engaging colleagues on sustainability

• Engaging suppliers on sustainability

• Best practice in embedding sustainability in product design

• How to identify high sustainability, reputation, supply chain risk and resilience

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