houses that work€¦ · the physics of buildings ... 2” x 6” stud = r-6 insulation cavity =...
TRANSCRIPT
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Welcome
Houses That Work
Energy Design Conference – Duluth, MN
February 20th, 2018
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Local Sponsor
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EEBA National Education Partners
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Who’s here and What would you like to talk about?? 5
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Today’s Agenda
■ Industry trends
■ Essential elements in a home
■ Basic building science to effectively manage Heat, Moisture and Air in buildings
■ Creating systems that work for healthy, safe durable, efficient and sustainable homes.
■ Foundation systems
■ Above grade wall systems
■ Roof systems
■ Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning Systems (HVAC)
■ Marketing and selling basics
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What is our goal? 7
“Create an enclosure that separates the indoors from the outdoors...and is safe and healthy for the people inside.”
In addition to:Creating a high performance home that is; energy efficient, durable, healthy, aesthetically pleasing,
respectful to the environment and profitable...
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House SystemsWhat’s Changed in that home in the last 35 years? How has this impacted the home? 8
Environment
Enclosure Mechanical
Occupants
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What’s the decision tree? 9
■ Decisions made on price
■ Decision made on warranty/service issues
■ Customers satisfaction/expectations
■ Process/cycle times
■ Supplier availability
■ We are here to help reinforce your decision process
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What’s Changing quicker….?Codes or expectations of consumers?
■ Comfort
■ Quiet
■ Lifestyle
■ Investment quality
■ Demographics
■ Access to information
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1. Air Temperature(Ambient)2. Surrounding Surface
Temperature(MRT)3. Humidity
PERSONAL FACTORS:1. Air movement-Drafts(Air Speed)2. Occupant Activity AND
Sensitivity(Metabolic Rate and Clothing )
ASHRAE 55….”Mean Radiant Temperature”http://comfort.cbe.berkeley.edu/
THERMAL COMFORT DEFINED:ASHRAE 55( 40 years old)
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How does the body lose (transfer) heat?
• 15% humidity/perspiration
• 35% convection/air movement
• 50% radiation heat exchange.
The Temperatures of the surrounding walls ,floors and windows impacts comfort MORE than air temperature(Thermostat).
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Energy Efficiency Scale
■ Every 1 point reduction is equal to a 1% reduction in energy use
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14Code adoption as of March, 2017
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Codes respecting the science15
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Codes will be more Performance Objectives 16
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Defining High Performance Homes…. 17
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Tight Construction
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Improved Insulation Systems
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Improved Insulation Systems
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Improved Durability
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High Performance Windows 22
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Efficient Heating and Cooling Equipment
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Effective Distribution
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Efficient Water Heating 25
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Ventilation & IAQ Systems
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Lighting-Energy EfficiencyCompact fluorescent Bulbs 27
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Appliances 28
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Water Efficiency 29
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Smart Technology 30
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Sustainable Materials 31
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Site planning 32
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33Renewable Energy Systems
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34
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35Total U.S. and Household Energy Use
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30 years ago….
Hot water 15%
Heating 75%
Lights /
Appliances
10%
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IECC 2015….
SMALLER TOTAL CIRCLELOAD PROFILE HAS CHANGED
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NET ZERO / ZERH….
Heating 13%
Hot Water 12.5%
Occupant /Baseload 67.5%
Air Conditioning 3%
HRV /Fans 4%Occupants /Base loads
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WHERE DO WE START?….
START WITH THE LARGEST ENERGY CONSUMPTION
ACTIVITY (BTU & KWH, NOT $...)
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…THE LARGEST CONTRIBUTORS TO THE ALMIGHTY SPACE HEATING LOAD
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41A Complicated Business
discussing a high performance heating system installation in field
■ Extensive collection of materials
■ Uncontrolled building conditions
■ Communication challenges
■ Workforce training
■ Changing codes
■ Elevated consumer expectations
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Average Annual Rainfall for Philadelphia, PA 50 inches/yr
Average Annual Rainfall for Los Angeles, CA 15 inches/yr
Average Annual Rainfall for Portland, OR 40 inches/yr
Average Annual Rainfall for Miami, FL 60 inches/yr
Average Annual Rainfal for Minneapolis, Mn 28 inches/yr
Courtesy of Building Science Corp.
Average Annual Rainfall for Seattle, WA - 40”inches/yr
Where we live affects performance.
Columbia, SC - 49 ”inches/yr
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Minneapolis, MN - design conditions
Condition ASHRAE 99% / 1%
Winter, design dry bulb (F) -8°F
Summer, design dry bulb (F) 87.9°F
Summer, design wet bulb (F) 72.3°F
Degree days-heating 7565
Degree days-cooling 751
Precipitation 28
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Our investment in the structure is significant 44
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45
We often under invest in managing moisture. 80% of building failures=water related…yet less than 1% of total construction cost spent on managing water -flashings
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46
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47
The resulting damage can be extensive
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48What defines durability?
1. Design
2. Material selection
3. Installation detail
4. Maintenance
Will they be affected by:
‣ Water
‣ Heat
‣ Radiation
‣ Insects
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51
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The Building Industry is Changing 52
“You must learn from the mistakes of others. You can’t possibly live
long enough to make them all yourself.”
Sam Levenson
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The Building Enclosure
■ Developing a strategic approach
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What rules must be followed?
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Building Science Fundamentals
Heat
Air
Moisture
55
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The Physics of Buildings
■ Moisture moves from more to less■ Moisture moves from warm to cold ■ Heat flows from warm to cold■ CFM (air) out equals CFM (air) in■ Heat, air & moisture are one■ Drain the rain■ Things always get wet - let them dry■ All the action happens at the surface
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57
Methods of Heat Transfer
‣ Conduction
‣ Convection
‣ Radiation
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Heat flow = Exposed Area × Temp. DifferenceR-Value
Example: With R-30 insulation in the attic
Heat Loss through 1000 sq. ft of ceiling, 70 F inside, -10 F outside
=1000 × (70 - (-10)) / 40 = 2,000 BTUs/hr
58Conduction Heat Loss/Gain
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Thermal Bridging- Problem
Heat flows more easily through wood studs = Conduction
■ 2” x 6” stud = R-6
■ Insulation cavity = R-19+
60
What about...double, triple studs, rim joists, headers and partition wall
intersections?
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61
■ Without insulated sheathing, a quarter of your walls are not insulated!
■ On a square house, it’s the equivalent of one whole wall!
25% of the surface Area is wood!
Thermal Bridging - Stud Loss
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23% framing-no windows
R-ValueCavity Studs
Outside air film 0.17 0.17
½” OSB 0.62 0.62
2 x 6 stud-wood n/a 5.83
cavity insulation* 21 n/a
½” gypsum 0.45 0.45
Interior air film 0.68 0.68
Totals 22.92 7.75
Total wall 15.26
Effective R-value of 2 x 6 wall- no windows or doors
62
* denotes “perfect” insulation installation
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63
Exterior Insulated sheathing will be normal
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The dew point discussion
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0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR
2 x 6 wall R21 w/ plywood sheathing
Temperature at cavity side of sheathing- R-20 cavity w/
plywood sheathing
Daily temperature
Dewpoint at 35% RH, 70°F
Potential for condensation
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0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR
2 x 6 wall w/ R-10 sheathing
Temperature at cavity side of sheathing- R-20 cavity w/ R-10
ext.
Mean Daily temperature
Dewpoint at 35% RH, 70°F
Potential for condensation
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69
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70
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Insulated Concrete Forms
Increasing use as whole house solution for walls of thermal enclosure from foundation to roof
71
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73Managing radiant heat flow
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74
DP 30
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Air Flow...
■ Understanding pathways & pressures
75
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76Reasons we want houses to be tight
■ Most cost effective energy saving measure - 20% -30% savings
■ Makes homes quieter and cleaner
■ Makes homes more “comfortable”
■ Reduces water entry - homes last longer
■ Makes homes healthier - controlled air quality
■ Environmental benefits because we are not wasting energy
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77
From an Energy Perspective - We Would like Houses to be very tight
■ Indoor Air Quality
■ Moisture problems
■ Chemical pollutants
■ Combustion Safety
■ “The walls have to breathe”
Are there any concerns of Houses Being “Too Tight”?
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78
Wind Pressure Stack Effect Mechanical Pressure
Graphics courtesy: Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation
Air pressure in buildings
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Stack effect - pressures created by air temp. differences 79
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80
Neutral pressure plane of building
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Moisture laden air flow can create problems 81
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Wind effects are variable 82
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Mechanical systems can also adversely affect performance 83
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Moisture Flow
■ The basic principles of a complicated subject
85
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Forms of Moisture 86
■ Solid
■ Snow & Ice
■ Liquid
■ Rain, soil moisture & condensed vapor
■ Gas (Vapor)
■ Evaporated moisture
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Moisture Flows 87
■ Liquid Flow (gravity driven)
• Rain
■ Capillary
• Material wicking
■ Air Transport
• Air pressure induced flows of moisture laden air
■ Diffusion
• Molecular transport via vapor pressure drive (no airflow)
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Moisture Flows 88
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Liquid Water
Water follows gravity
■ Site
■ Foundations
■ Walls
■ Roof
89
Graphic courtesy of Building Science Corp.
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Capillary Flow
■ Wood & concrete wick water
■ Water can climb (in wood) in excess of 300 ft!
■ Water can climb (in concrete) in excess of 1,000 ft!
90
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Capillary91
Material type
Location
Proximity to soil
Spacing
Sealing
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92Vapor Diffusion
■ Diffusion
■ Migration of moisture by means of vapor pressure differential
■ Occurs in either direction based on climate conditions and interior levels of humidity
■ One seasonGraphics Courtesy of Building Science Corp.
1/2 Pint
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Vapor Diffusion is complex93
F
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Air Transport of Water Vapor
■ Air Leakage• Moisture flow through
a 1in2 hole by air leakage
■ Flow quantity• 14 Pints of water in a
two week period
94
Air barriers are far more important than vapor retarders in most cases
Graphics Courtesy of Building Science Corp.
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95
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The Physics of Buildings
■ Moisture moves from more to less■ Moisture moves from warm to cold ■ Heat flows from warm to cold■ CFM (air) out equals CFM (air) in■ Heat, air & moisture are one■ Drain the rain■ Things always get wet - let them dry■ All the action happens at the surface
97
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NOW THAT WE KNOW THE BUILDING SCIENCE BASICS....
■ We can begin to create walls, roofs and foundation systems that work
98
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99
What are the key components of the structure and envelope?
Occupants
Equipment & Systems
• Framing• Insulation• Air sealing• Windows/doors• Materials• Finishes
Structure & Envelope
Let’s Review
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Managing the elements100
First we need to protect our building system from water
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Liquid Water - Drain Everything 101
The Six D’s:
1. Drain the site
2. Drain the building
3. Drain the assembly
4. Drain the opening
5. Drain the component
6. Drain the material
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102
Graphics from EEBA Water Management Guide
Drain the Site
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103
Text
The site and soil affect many decisions
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Adjusting grading to redirect water away from the homes
104
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Landscape too close to the foundation 105
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106
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Ground slopes away from the wall at 5%. (6” per 10’)
Graphics from EEBA Water Management Guide
Remember proper grading
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108
Graphics from EEBA Water Management Guide
Drain the Building
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Rain on cladding system
Liquid Water
Cladding is 1st line of defenceWater gets behind all types of cladding
by:Liquid
CapillaryAir pressures
109
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110
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Deflection
Durability
The Four “D”sKey Strategies to building
Water Management
Drainage
House wrap
Drying
111
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Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation
1. Deflection 80%
2. Drainage (1/16th”)
3. Drying (perms)
4. Durability
Resistance (treated wood? Why?)
The four D’s of wall design
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113Deflection?
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116
Gutters are important to any water management strategy
Graphics from EEBA Water Management Guide
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117
Follow the path of water will it create a problem?
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Flashing & Gutters must effectively redirect water 118
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119
Concentrate on the path of flow...
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120Kickout Flashing
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121Drainage?
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Integration of flashing systems 122
From EEBA Water Management Guide
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Flashing must be integrated with the drainage plane123
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124
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Flashing needs backing too 125
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127
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128
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129Inadequate pan flashing
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130
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131
Barrier Wall Installation has limitations
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132
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133
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134
Drying?
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135
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136
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Demonstrating a Method
■ The pan flashing system connects to the drainage plane
137
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138Windows need special attention
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Site-Constructed or manufactured pan flashings for window and door openings in frame walls
139
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140
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142
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143
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144
Use low pressure, low expanding foam around openings
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145
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Window Installation-Great Job!146
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147
Flashing at Shed Roofs
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Draining Housewraps148
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Venting our Cladding
149
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Air Flow assists drying
Create intentional airflowWhen using brick & stone &
siding in:Humid summer climates
Rainy climatesWood sheathing
applications
150© Building Science Press. Reprinted with permission.
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151
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152
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Stone should have drainage and ... ventilation 153
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154
Create an intentional gap between trim and flashing
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155
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156Holes Add Up
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157
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158
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159
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160
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161
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Water Managed Foundations
■ Types and design strategies
162
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163When below grade....
■ Remember the rules:
■ Moisture is present
■ Insects are close by
■ Soil gas can enter
■ Surfaces can be cool
■ Concrete wicks water
■ Foundations can be very challenging
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164
Foundation systems
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165
Capillary break applied between footing and foundation wall
■ Required whenever one porous component meets another
■ Footing/slab to foundation wall
■ Foundation wall to framing
■ Under slabs-on grade Footing to foundation connection
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166
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168Membrane under-slab
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169Drainage Board Application
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Foundation Insulation170
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Insulation - Slab Perimeter
■ Heat loss is significant - 30% - 50% - in the heating season through an un-insulated slab (FOREVER!!)
■ Slab perimeter insulation strategies (vertical, horizontal, interior, exterior)
171
See EEBA Builder’s Guide for details
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Same house, same time of year, which one is right? 172
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Insulating a crawl space floor is difficult and often ineffective 173
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174
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175Basements need thermal insulation
Insulated inside the wall
Externally Insulated
Internally Insulated
Foundation type, climate and soil conditions all affect performance
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176Basement Slab Insulation
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Types■ Block
■ Poured
■ ICF
■ T-bar type
■ Precast
■ Wood
177
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178
Graphics Courtesy of Building Science Corp.
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179
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180
Graphics Courtesy of Building Science Corp.
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181
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Membrane over slab 182
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Insulated Concrete Forms
■ An innovative and proven technology for foundations and walls
184
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Insulated Concrete Forms
■ Allows for controlled drying towards the interior
■ Insulation and foundations in one system
■ Interior finished can be directly applied
■ Remember the capillary break
185
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187ICF Wall
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189
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190
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195A wall system needs to perform
■ Provide strength & rigidity
■ Be durable
■ Control light & solar gain
■ Control noise
■ Control rain penetration
■ Control air flow
■ Control heat flow
■ Control water & vapor flow
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Air Barriers
196
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Air Barriers
■ Air Barriers are systems of materials
■ Designed and constructed to control air flow between a conditioned space and an unconditioned space
■ Air barrier system is the primary air enclosure boundary that separates indoor (conditioned) air and outdoor (unconditioned) air
197
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198
Define breaks and create a plan to manage them
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Common Holes We Miss
PlumbingHVAC
ElectricalFraming Holes
SoffitsBehind Tubs
Chimney ShaftsCantilevers
199
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A very helpful OC research project
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Air Flow Barrier-Interior
■ Airtight Drywall Approach
■ Connecting and sealing the materials to stop air flow
■ Must be continuous through all penetrations
201
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Tighter is better - any concerns?
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204
© Building Science Press. Reprinted with permission.
Air barrier at fireplace
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Chimney shafts and penetrations 205
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Tub Air Sealing206
© Building Science Press. Reprinted with permission.
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Prepare for the tub before the plumber arrives
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208Provide rigid blocking
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210Air-seal connections at house to garage
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Plumbing, electrical & HVAC penetrations need attention
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213Air Leakage at recessed light
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Select the best method for your fixtures
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Gaskets
Always choose airtight recessed lights for unconditioned spaces Gaskets
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Air Flow Barrier-Exterior
■ A well detailed house wrap or weather barrier can also be an effective air barrier
■ It must connect to the foundation and the ceiling air barrier
■ Must be durable through the construction process
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Air Sealing Summary
■ Reduce energy loss
■ 1/3 of htg/clg bill can be from air leakage
■ Reduce infiltration of harmful air
■ Garage connection
■ Improved comfort
■ Less drafts
■ Less noise & dust
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Insulation Installation 220
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Determine the thermal enclosure 221
Conditioned space
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Rigid Air Barrier
Insulation essentials■ Most insulation types must
be combined with an air barrier...touching on all 6 sides
■ Insulation must be free of:
■ gaps
■ voids
■ compressions
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IECC Climate Zones- U.S. lower 48
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More Insulation - Minnesota 2015
■Higher R-value requirements for ceilings, walls, basements and crawl spaces (Table R402.1.1).
225
Insulation Ceiling R-value
Wood Frame R-value
Basement R-value
Crawlspace R-value
Climate Zone 2009 2015 2009 2015 2009 2015 2009 2015
6 38 4919,
13 + 5
20, 13 +
510 15 10 15
7 44 49 19 21 10 15 10 15
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2” x 4” wall with various cavity and/or continuous insulation insulation
Total wall R-Value - including framing, insulation, sheetrock, OSB
etc...
R-13 cavity insulation ( batts - perfect install ) 10.17
R-13 Batt with R-5 cont. ext. insulation 15.17
R-13 blown cavity + R-10 cont. ext. insulation 20.17
Staggered Stud - 2 x 4 on 2 x 6 plates Completely filled with insulation R-24.5 16.6
What’s my R-Value?226
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2” x 6” wall with various cavity and/or continuous insulation insulation
Total wall R-Value - including framing, insulation, sheetrock, OSB
etc...
R-19 cavity insulation ( batts - perfect install ) 14.42
R-19 Batt with R-5 cont. ext. insulation 19.42
R-21 blown cavity ( fiberglass etc.) 15.05
R-23.5 blown cavity ( HD fiberglass) 15.77
HD spray foam ( 2” + R-14 blown) a.k.a. flash and blow 16.58
R-21 blown cavity + R-5 cont. ext. insulation 20.05
R-21 blown cavity + R-10 cont. ext. insulation 25.05
What’s my R-Value?227
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Insulated Sheathing will be normal 230
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Framing for Insulation- Wall systems 234
■ Provide structural integrity, but insulate areas we sometimes miss.
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Where 4 is good.... 236
5 is better....Graphics Courtesy of Building Science Corp.
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9 or more has got to be enough! 237
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239
Graphics Courtesy of Building Science Corp.
Delivery or Disposal?
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240
Graphics Courtesy of Building Science Corp.
Simplified Framing
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241
Carpentry Made Easy
William Bell,1858
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A 3 stud corner 242
Diagram from CMHC Best Practices
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Two-stud corner243
© Building Science Press. Reprinted with permission.
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Interior wall junction 244
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Ladder Blocking
245
© Building Science Press. Reprinted with permission.
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In the field 246
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247
Framing for Success
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.......The Same
248
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Insulating the Enclosure
■ All products have specific needs...
249
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Insulation Must.... 251
Be installed properly:■ No compressions
■ No voids
■ Touching all 6 surfaces
■ Be properly mixed (foams)
■ Be compatible with other materials
■ Be combined with an air barrier or be one
■ Not be subjected to constant wetting cycles
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Poor installation affects comfort, performance and durability 252
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Compressions and voids reduce performance 254
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