how did we get a renaissance? · why italy? • geographically ... • edmund spenser – leading...
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How did we get a Renaissance?The late Middle Ages—1300 – 1453• Black Death 1348-1359
• Left 2/5ths of the population dead• France vs. England
• Hundred Years’ War 1337-1453• English king Edward III asserted claim to French
throne after French King Charles IV• 68 years of peace, and 44 of war
• Papacy moved from Rome to Avignon, France• The Great Schism• 2 Popes• Eventually restored back to Rome as a city state: Papal
States
RENAISSANCE
• The Renaissance was a time of renewal
• Renaissance means rebirth and Europe was recovering from the Dark ages and the plague.
• People had lost their faith in the church and began to put more focus on human beings.
How did the Crusades contribute to the Renaissance?
• Increased demand for Middle Eastern products
• Stimulated production of goods to trade in Middle Eastern markets
• Encouraged the use of credit and banking
• Church rule against usury and the banks’ practice of charging interest helped to secularize northern Italy.
• New accounting and bookkeeping practices (use of Arabic numerals) were introduced.
Why Italy?1300-1600
Why Italy?
• Geographically, Italy’s location opened it up to trade between Europe and Eurasia
• Easy trading gave rise to merchant wealth and rulers
Why in Italy at this Time?• Revival of Commerce and
Town Building was more intense in Italy
• Feudalism had less of a grip on Italy
• Italy didn’t unite• Presence of antiquity was
stronger in Italy than elsewhere in Europe
Major Italian States• Florence
– Oligarchy– Medici family
• Milan– Condottiere -
mercenaries– Spanish empire
• Venice– Great Council
• Doge - leader– Monopoly on spice and
luxury trade
• Papal States– Renaissance Popes
(Italian)– Borgias (Spain) 1492• Kingdom of the
Two SiciliesPoor landSpanish empire
Popolo Minuto1/3rd of Population
Popolo Grosso
Grandi
Middle-Burgher
• Northern cities had free men who competed with the Nobles (Political and economic)
• Merchant guilds and communes (Oligarchies)• Political rivals created an unstable government• The common people (popolo) were heavily taxed and
excluded from government– Frequent uprisings because society made life
unbearable– Ciompi Revolt (1378)
• 4-years of chaos established by lower Florentine classes
• The wealthy and nobles would gain back control by using the Condottieri (military leaders)
• The wealthy acted like nobles and created courts
Renaissance Society• Northern Italy: Very urban• Southern Italy: Rural land for farming
and villages• Very family-oriented society• Marriages were frequently arranged
to strengthen business ties• Father’s authority over his family• Some wealthy women played an
important role in Italian city-states• --Isabella d’Este of Mantua
• Concentration of wealth among great families
• -- “popolo grosso”
Renaissance Politics• Same pattern and problems as those of the Greek city-
states• Shift from republicanism (1300s) to despotism (1400s)
• Despotism: absolute rule | podesta• “hired” by their city to maintain LAW AND ORDER
• De’Medici Family (Florence)• Visconti (1278) and Sforza (1450)
• Inter-city warfare led to new advances in diplomacy• “balance of power”
• Signoria• 8 members
• Condottieri • Mercenary armies aided despot’s rule
Political Ideas of the RenaissanceNiccolò Machiavelli
Machiavelli believed:
“One can make this generalization about men: they are ungrateful, fickle, liars, and deceivers, they shun danger and are greedy for profit”
Machiavelli observed city-state rulers of his day and produced guidelines for the acquisition and maintenance of power by absolute rule.
He felt that a ruler should be willing to do anything to maintain control without worrying about conscience.
• Better for a ruler to be feared than to be loved• Ruler should be quick and decisive in decision
making• Ruler keeps power by any means necessary• The end justifies the means• Be good when possible, and evil when necessary
How did classical knowledge of the ancient Greeks and Romans foster humanism in the
Italian Renaissance?
Humanism
• Celebrated the individual
• Stimulated the study of Greek and Roman literature and culture
• Was supported by wealthy patrons
Renaissance Education and Philosophy
• Humanistic age• Various types of humanism• Great fervor displayed in
finding and collecting old documents
• Leads to critical examination of documents--Lorenzo Valla
• Education produces moral uplift—CIVIC HUMANISM
Renaissance Education and Philosophy (cont)
• A true liberal education• Humanist education for
women• Love for the study of history
most of all• A Greek language fad after
1454—wrote in vernacular• Petrarch (1304-1374): the
Father of Italian Renaissance humanism
• Focus on the individual and his dignity
Renaissance Education and Philosophy (cont)
• First influenced secondary education
• Extreme vanity of Renaissance scholars
• The importance of law and rhetoric in Renaissance education
• Classical political ideals were cultivated
• Knowledge needed to be useful
Renaissance Philosophy (cont)
• Renaissance philosophy flourishes during Greek revival after 1450
• Marsilio Ficino (1433-1499)• The teachings of
Hermeticism• Giovanni Pico Mirandola
(1463-1494)--Oration on the Dignity of Man
Northern Renaissance
• Growing wealth in Northern Europe supported Renaissance ideas.
• Northern Renaissance thinkers merged humanist ideas with Christianity.
• The movable type printing press and the production and sale of books (Gutenberg Bible) helped disseminate ideas.
Northern Renaissance writers
• Erasmus—The Praise of Folly (1511)
• Sir Thomas More—Utopia (1516)
• Northern Renaissance artists portrayed religious and secular subjects
Northern Renaissance
• The Kings and Queens of Europe brought in the great artists and scholars
• Trade and travel to Italy – people were educated in Italy -exploration
Renaissance in Germany and Low Countries
• Printing press w/ moveable type– Johannes Gutenberg– 1456 - the Bible– Rapid spread of
knowledge
• Christian Humanism– Unite classical learning w/ Christian
faith – Church encouraged Bible study
– This is different from the Italian Renaissance/ Humanism
Flemish Painting• Jan and Hubert van
Eyck– First to use oil paints– The Adoration of the
Lamb– Giovanni Arnolfini and
His Bride
• Peter Brueghel– Earthly and lively activities of
peasants– Peasant Wedding– Children’s Games
German Painting
• Albrecht Durer–Mastery of
expression–Woodcuts–Self-Portrait
• Hans Holbein the Younger– Portraits
• Henry VIII• Erasmus• Thomas More• The Ambassadors
Elizabethan Literature• Edmund Spenser
– Leading poet• Christopher Marlowe
– playwright– Brief career– Doctor Faustus
• William Shakespeare– Most famous playwright
• Thomas More– Utopia – beneficent
government
Spanish Renaissance
• Miguel de Cervantes– Don Quixote
• El Escorial – King’s Palace
• El Greco
Mannerism (1520-1600) – The artists did not focus on nature,
more on style
El Greco, ResurrectionTintoretto, The Last Supper
France
• Black Death and 100 years war left France depopulated
• Charles VII revived the monarchy, expelled the English, strengthened finances thru salt and land taxes.
• Charles VII created the first permanent royal army
• Concordant of Bologna (1516) – Frances I and Pope Leo X agreed to allow French kings to appoint bishops – set church policies
England• Decline in Population?• Tudors restored royal prestige, crush power
of nobility, and establish local order• Tudors, except Henry VIII, stayed away from
expensive wars• The royal council was filled with common
lawyers, not nobles – The Star Chamber• When Henry VII dies (1509), England is at
peace, wealthy from trade, and the royals are well respected
Spain
• Isabella of Castile and Ferdinand of Aragon unite the royal houses, but not the two peoples – Spain not united
• They weaken the power of the aristocracy –excluded from royal council
• They secured the power to appoint biships in colonies
• Anti-Semitic pogroms – 40% of jews killed or forced to convert (conversos)- “purity of blood”
Spain
• Inquisition – Expel all Jews• Hapsburg dynasty continues with
Charles V and Philip II• Charles V – inherits the Netherlands
and Holy Roman Empire• Philip II – Unites Spain in 1580
Spread of Humanism to the Rest of Europe
• The significance of Gutenberg’s printing press
• Explosion of printed materials--By 1500, 40,000 titles printed and between 8-10 million copies
• The impact of movable-type printing presses: research and literacy
Spread of Humanism to the Rest of Europe (cont)
• Popular publications in the early days of the printing press
• Thomas More--Utopia--Executed by Henry VIII in 1535
• Erasmus—Dutch Christian Humanist
Sir Thomas MoreEnglish Humanist
Wrote: Utopia
A book about a perfect society.
Believed men and women live in harmony. No private property, no one is lazy, all people are educated and the justice system is used to end crime instead of executing criminals.
ErasmusDutch humanist
Desiderius Erasmus
Pushed for a Vernacular form of the Bible
“I disagree very much with those who are unwilling that Holy Scripture, translated into the vernacular, be read by the uneducated . . . As if the strength of the Christian religion consisted in the ignorance of it”
The Praise of Folly
Used humor to show the immoral and ignorant behavior of people, including the clergy. He felt people would be open minded and be kind to others.
Spread of Humanism to the Rest of Europe (cont)
• William Shakespeare (1564-1616)--Globe Theater
• Shakespeare returns to classical subjects and genres
• His history plays were the most popular at the time
• Macbeth: ambition• Hamlet: individualism• Keen sensitivity to sounds and
meanings of words
Patrons, wealthy from newly expanded trade, sponsored works which glorified city-states in northern Italy. Education became increasingly secular.
Medieval art and literature focused on the Church and salvation
VS.
Renaissance art and literature focused on individuals and worldly matters, along with Christianity.
Renaissance Artists embraced some of the ideals of Greece and Rome in their art
They wanted their subjects to be realistic and focused on humanity and emotion
New Techniques also emerged
Frescos: Painting done on wet plaster became popular because it gave depth to the paintings
Sculpture emphasized realism and the human form
Architecture reached new heights of design
Italian Renaissance Art
• Religious scenes focused on expressions• Holy as human - Humanism• God’s beauty in world• Nude body• Uniqueness - self-portraits
Born in 1475 in a small town near Florence, is considered to be one of the most inspired men
who ever lived
Michelangelo Buonarotti• Sistine Chapel
– Nine scenes of OT from Creation to Flood
• The Last Judgment• David• Moses• Pieta• Dying Slave• Night
Sistine ChapelAbout a year after creating
David, Pope Julius II summoned Michelangelo to Rome to work on his most famous project, the ceiling
of the Sistine Chapel.
Creation of Eve Creation of Adam
Separation of Light and Darkness The Last Judgment
Michelangelo Buonarotti
La Pieta 1499Marble Sculpture
Moses
1452-1519
Painter, Sculptor, Architect, Engineer
Genius!
Leonardo da Vinci• First Italian artist to use oil
paints• Mona Lisa• The Last Supper• The Virgin of the Rocks• Religious matter in secular and
humanized fashion
The Last Supper
Leonardo da Vinci• Studying fossils• Anatomy from
dissections• First accurate
description of human skeleton
• Remained on paper
Notebooks
RaphaelPainter
1483-1520
Raphael Santi • Humanized Madonna paintings
• Sistine Madonna• School of Athens
The School of Athens
Pythagoras
Socrates
Plato and Aristotle
Euclid
Zoroaster & Ptolemy
Raphael (back)
Jan Van EyckPortrait of
Giovanni Arnolfini and his Wife
(1434)
Northern Renaissance
Van EyckPortrait of Giovanni
Arnolfini and his Wife (detail)
Sandro Botticelli• Vivid colors• Classical mythology• The Adoration of the Magi• The Birth of Venus• Primavera
Using these two paintings, comment on the similarities and differences between Italian and Northern humanism.
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Renaissance Ideas That Influenced Exploration
• Most educated men believed that the world was round
• There were certainly stories of other lands, but they were not focused on the Western Hemisphere
Portugal: Africa, South America, Indian Ocean, SE Asia [ da Gama, Cabral, Henry Nav., Dias ]Spain: Americas, Cape of Good Hope [Magellan, Columbus, Cortes, Pizarro ]France: Canada England: Hudson Bay, North AmericaNetherlands: Northeast North America
Age of Exploration• It was an expansion of trade (Asia &
Africa) AND Colonization (Americas)
• 15th-18th centuries
• Spain and Portugal started the exploration, starting with Prince Henry the Navigator
Why?• Exotic goods (silk, spices, minerals, etc.) were
expensive– Trade routes were already dominated by other
empires– LAND ROUTE: Ottomans– MEDITERRANEAN ROUTE: Italians
• 1453—Fall of Constantinople• Spain and Portugal can get around the “middle man”• Europe wanted to trade in Asia, but hated and was
afraid of Muslims in between them.
But really, why?
GODGLORYGOLD
The 3 G’s• God: spread Christianity to the
Americas and Asia• Glory: Sailors and conquistadors
sought to discover new lands and build empires
• Gold: European monarchs sought to gain wealth from finding gold & importing exotic goods
How?• New innovations
– Mercator projection and Cartography
• Mapmaking– Magnetic Compass– Caravel
• Small, sturdy ships
– Firearms
Social Classes & the Spanish
Mestizos
Native Americans
Creoles
Spanish
Consequences
• Increase in global trade & European dominance
• Columbian Exchange– Permanent trade relationship established
between Europe and the Americas• More available goods at a cheaper price
because of competition
The Columbian Exchange
Plants, animals, and foodstuffs
Migrations and population
shifts
Disease
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Columbian Exchange:Plants and Animals
From the Americas:Potatoes PumpkinCoffee MaizeCocoa SquashPeanuts HominyPineapple TomatoesChicle SorghumQuinine AvocadosAlpaca Llamas
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Columbian Exchange:Plants and Animals
From Europe:Wheat PigsCauliflower
ChickensRadishes CattlePeas HorseCabbage SheepClover
Columbian Exchange:European Diseases
• European diseases• Smallpox, measles,
influenza, and whooping cough
Smallpox victim
Population and Migration
• Population changes• Migration and
colonization• Forced migration
Slaves arriving in America
Development of Global Trade• World connected
by trade• Silver, bullionism,
and mercantilism
Mining in the colonies
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Triangular Trade• How it
worked• European
supremacy
French seaport at the height of mercantilism
Triangle Trade• Atlantic trading -- “Triangular Trade”
– Europeans traded weapons and manufactured goods with Africans in exchange for slaves.
– African slaves were then forcibly transported across the Atlantic Ocean to work in mines and on plantations.
– The natural resources produced in the Americas were then shipped back to Europe, for trade
How did the Pope keep Spain and Portugal from fighting over newly discovered lands?
Line of Demarcation: Spain tells Pope about discovery. Pope divides non-Christian world between Portugal and Spain so they don’t fight.
Treaty of Tordesillas, (June 7, 1494) agreement between Spain and Portugal aimed at settling conflicts over lands newly discovered or explored by Christopher Columbus and other late 15th-century voyagers.
The end result of the Treaty of Tordesillas was that Portugal was given free rein in Africa and Asia, as well as in Brazil. Spain was given control over the rest of the Americas.
Rise of Monarchy
• New monarchies increased royal power/ authority and decreased power of the church and nobility
• Wealth incurred from the Age of Exploration enriched monarchs and allowed them to centralize their power to strengthen their country.