how do we get more cells: mitosis vs. meiosis and what’s going on the rest of the time
TRANSCRIPT
DNA has two forms: • Chromatin: unwound and stringy;
information is accessible but difficult to move
• Chromosomes: folded up chromatin; information is NOT accessible, but easy to move
• DNA SPENDS MOST OF THE TIME AS CHROMATIN!!!
During replication each chromosome is duplicated
Sister chromatids – two identical copies of chromosomes attached at the center
There are different types of chromosomes
• Each type has a different set of GENES on them.
• Chromosomes that are the same type are called HOMOLOGOUS chromosomes
Homologous chromosomes
• Have the same set of genes but may have different ALLELES
• An allele is a variation of a gene.
Homologous chromosomesGene: Hair color - allele: brown hair
Gene: Eye color - allele: blue eyes
Gene: Hair color - allele: blonde hair
Gene: Eye color - allele: brown eyes
What do we need to do before the cell can split?
• Make another copy of DNA
• Make more organelles (cell parts)
• Cells Grow
Cell CycleG1(Gap 1) – Cell growth and protein
synth.
S – DNA replication (copying)
G2 (Gap 2) – growth, prepare for cell division
M – Mitosis (nuclear division) and cytokinesis (cell division)
Mitosis
• Process by which body cells duplicate and split their nucleus
• 4 stages
• Followed immediately by cytokinesis
2. Metaphase• Chromosomes line up along the
middle of the cell metaphase plate
• Spindle fibers attach to the centromeres of each chromosome
3. Anaphase• Sister chromatids separate and one
chromatid of each chromosome moves toward opposite poles
4. Telophase• Chromosomes unwind to chromatin
• Nuclear Envelope reforms
• Spindle breaks down
• Nucleolus reappears
Cell Division is not yet Done!!
• What have we made?
– One Cell with Two complete Nuclei
What is left to do?
- Cytokinesis: Divide the cytoplasm and separate the cells
Cytokinesis• Animal cells:
Membrane pinches inward until it divides the cytoplasm into two equal parts–Cleavage Furrow
Cytokinesis
• Plant cell: Cell plate forms in the middle of the cytoplasm
• Made of cellulose
• Becomes cell wall
Controlling Cell Division
• Cells know when they need to divide
–Complicated series of “stop” and “go” signals make sure cells only divide when needed
Loss of control
• What happens?!?
– cells divide uncontrollably
–Pile up on top of each other
–Form big balls of cells called?????
»TUMORS!!!
Tumors
• Tumor cells do not respond to (or do not have) the body’s control signals
–missing a “stop” signal
–Hyperactive “go” signal
Tumor vs. Cancer
• Cells that grow out of control for tumors.
• BUT tumors aren’t necessarily cancerous
Tumor vs. Cancer
• Benign tumors: grow out of control, but are isolated and don’t interfere with healthy cells.
• Malignant tumors: grow out of control AND interfere with healthy cells.
Spreading Cancer
• What if 1 cancer cell breaks off and enters the blood stream?
–When it “lands” it will form a new tumor there
–This is called metastasis
Chromosome Terms
• Diploid: two of each type of chromosome (one from each parent)
• Haploid: one of each chromosome
• Most human cells are Diploid
–We have 46 chromosomes
•22 pairs of body chromosomes
•2 sex chromosomes (XX or XY)
• What would happen if we made Egg and Sperm cells through mitosis?– Fertilized egg would have 92 chromosomes!
• What do we have to do when forming these cells?
–Divide the DNA in half!
Major differences between Mitosis and Meiosis
• one cell goes through two divisions to make a total of 4 cells
• cells created at the end are different from the cell they came from because of crossing over
Meiosis
• After the first division, cells are haploid and no longer diploid
• Happens only in reproductive cells
Genetic Variation:
- diversity between individuals
- created by crossing over and meiosis and sexual reproduction!
Meiosis I: 1st division
1.Homologous chromosomes pair up to form tetrads
2.Crossing over occurs: homologous chromosomes swap info (blonde allele for brown allele)
Meiosis I: 1st division
Similar steps to mitosis but:
3. Cells end up haploid but chromosomes are still duplicated
Meiosis II: 2nd division
Just like mitosis
- each cell from Meiosis 1 divides
- Creates 4 cells total
- all are different because of crossing over - all have ½ the original chromosomes