how does an airplane flight
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HOW DOES AN AIRPLANE
FLIGHT
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Air
• Air is a physical substance which has weight. It
has molecules which are constantly moving.
Air pressure is created by the molecules
moving around. Moving air has a force that
will lift kites and balloons up and down.
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Laws of Motion
• Sir Isaac Newton proposed three laws of motion in 1665.
These Laws of Motion help to explain how a planes flies.
• 1. If an object is not moving, it will not start moving by itself. If
an object is moving, it will not stop or change direction unless
something pushes it.
• 2. Objects will move farther and faster when they are pushed
harder.
• 3. When an object is pushed in one direction, there is always a
resistance of the same size in the opposite direction.
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How Wings Lift the
Plane
Airplane wings are curvedon the top which make air
move faster over the top of
the wing. The air moves
faster over the top of a
wing. It moves slowerunderneath the wing. The
slow air pushes up from
below while the faster air
pushes down from the top.
This forces the wing to lift
up into the air.
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Forces of Flight
Four Forces of FlightLift - upwardDrag - down and backward
Weight - downward
Thrust - forward
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Controlling the Flight of a Plane
• To roll the plane to the right or left, the ailerons are raised on
one wing and lowered on the other. The wing with thelowered aileron rises while the wing with the raised ailerondrops.
•Pitch is to make a plane descend or climb. The pilot adjuststhe elevators on the tail to make a plane descend or climb.
Lowering the elevators caused the airplane's nose to drop,sending the plane into a down. Raising the elevators causesthe airplane to climb.
• Yaw is the turning of a plane. When the rudder is turned toone side, the airplane moves left or right. The airplane's nose
is pointed in the same direction as the direction of the rudder.The rudder and the ailerons are used together to make a turn
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ROLL
• The ailerons raise and lower
the wings. The pilot controls
the roll of the plane byraising one aileron or the
other with a control wheel.
Turning the control wheel
clockwise raises the right
aileron and lowers the left
aileron, which rolls the
aircraft to the right.
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PITCH
• The elevators which are on
the tail section are used tocontrol the pitch of the plane.
A pilot uses a control wheel toraise and lower the elevators,
by moving it forward to back
ward. Lowering the elevators
makes the plane nose go down
and allows the plane to godown. By raising the elevators
the pilot can make the plane
go up.
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YAW
• The rudder works to controlthe yaw of the plane. Thepilot moves rudder left and
right, with left and rightpedals. Pressing the right
rudder pedal moves therudder to the right. This
yaws the aircraft to theright. Used together, therudder and the ailerons are
used to turn the plane.
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Sound Barrier
• Sound is made up of molecules of air that
move. They push together and gathertogether to form sound waves . Sound waves
travel at the speed of about 750 mph at sealevel. When a plane travels the speed of sound the air waves gather together andcompress the air in front of the plane to keep
it from moving forward. This compressioncauses a shock wave to form in front of the
plane.
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Regimes of Flight
Sometimes called speeds of flight,
each regime is a different level of flight speed.
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General Aviation(100-
350 MPH)
Most of the early planes wereonly able to fly at this speed
level. Early engines were not
as powerful as they are today.
However, this regime is still
used today by smaller planes.
Examples of this regime arethe small crop dusters used by
farmers for their fields, two
and four seater passenger
planes, and seaplanes that
can land on water.
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Subsonic (350-750 MPH)
This category contains most of the commercial jets that are
used today to move
passengers and cargo. The
speed is just below the speed
of sound. Engines today are
lighter and more powerfuland can travel quickly with
large loads of people or
goods.
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Supersonic (760-3500 MPH
- Mach 1 - Mach 5)
760 MPH is the speed of sound. It is also called MACH
1. These planes can fly up to 5
times the speed of sound.
Planes in this regime have
specially designed high
performance engines. Theyare also designed with
lightweight materials to
provide less drag. The
Concorde is an example of
this regime of flight.
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Hypersonic (3500-7000
MPH - Mach 5 to Mach 10)
Rockets travel at speeds 5 to 10times the speed of sound as they
go into orbit. An example of a
hypersonic vehicle is the X-15,
which is rocket powered. The
space shuttle is also an example
of this regime. New materials and
very powerful engines were
developed to handle this rate of
speed.
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