how does unemployment insurance aect consumer spending? · spender-saver [campbell-mankiw 89] 0.80...
TRANSCRIPT
How Does Unemployment Insurance A�ect ConsumerSpending?
Peter Ganong and Pascal Noel
UChicago Harris, Harvard
December 15, 2016
1
How Does Unemployment Insurance A�ect ConsumerSpending?
Data: Chase bank accounts with direct deposit of UI benefits
Empirics: Estimate path of spending for UI recipients. Why?
ModelsInconsistent with canonical bu�er stock modelEstimate alternative behavioral models [Gabaix 16, Campbell-Mankiw 89]
Consumption-smoothing gains from UI
1
Data: Description
Checking accounts – transaction type aggregated by month
Oct 2012 through May 2015
210,000 UI recipients
Concern: 28% of households have checking accounts at multiplebanks [Consumer Financial Life Survey 14]
1 Sum over family’s linked accounts2 Select families that do most of their banking with Chase
Restriction: Ø5 monthly outflows
2
Data: Building Spending From Outflows
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
Debit C
ard Swipe
sCas
hBills
(Utilit
ies)
Chase
CC BillOuts
ide
CC Bill
Instal
lmen
t
Debt
Other
Paper
Checks
Saving
Shar
e Pr
ior t
o U
I Ons
et
Checking Account Outflows [Median $3520]
3
Data: Representativeness
Sample Bank Benchmark SourcePretax Fam Inc * Prior to UI Receipt $4,580 $5,080 SIPP Figure
Age § Prior to UI Receipt 44 41 SIPP Figure
Ckg Balance * Employed $1,460 $1,500 SCF Figure
Spending § Selected Categories $1,799 $1,912 CEX Table
Geography All 23 states 50 states Chase Map
* median, § mean
4
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Why Does Spending Drop at Onset?
Spending Changeat Exhaustion
0.80
0.85
0.90
0.95
1.00
−3 0 3 6Months Since First UI Check
Spen
ding
Rel
ative
to t
= −2
Spending While Unemployed
Equation Ex Post Exhaustees Standard Errors
5
Why Does Spending Drop? Low Current Income
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●●
Higher Spend By3.3% ($87)
0.94
0.96
0.98
1.00
−6 −3 0
Months Since First UI Check
Rat
io to
t = −3
UI_Benefits
● High
Low
Spending
6
Exhaustion: State-Level Comparison: Spending
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0.80
0.85
0.90
0.95
1.00
0 10Months Since First UI Check
Spen
ding
Rel
ative
to t
= −3
sample
● Florida (Max Weeks = 14)
Other States (Max Weeks = 26)
Benefit Exhaustion −− Spending Sample: Duration >= 14 Weeks
7
Exhaustion: Is Consumption Really Dropping?
Pre-Exhaust Post-Exhaust �%Large % Drop
Drug Stores $38 $31 -18%Medical Copay $28 $24 -14%Food At Home $289 $253 -13%Entertainment $25 $22 -11%
Small % Change
8
Exhaustion: Is Consumption Really Dropping?
Pre-Exhaust Post-Exhaust �%Large % Drop
Drug Stores $38 $31 -18%Medical Copay $28 $24 -14%Food At Home $289 $253 -13%Entertainment $25 $22 -11%
Small % ChangeAuto Loan $76 $71 -7%Mortgage $148 $142 -4%Insurance $141 $138 -2%Any Credit Bureau Delinquency 18% 19%
9
Model: Data vs Calibrated Model
Job Loss
0.8
0.9
1.0
−2 0 2 4 6Months Since First UI Check
Spen
ding
Rel
ative
to t
= −2
Model
Spending During Unemployment Spell Data and Buffer Stock Model
10
Model: Data vs Calibrated Model
Exhaust Benefits
0.8
0.9
1.0
−2 0 2 4 6Months Since First UI Check
Spen
ding
Rel
ative
to t
= −2
Model
Spending During Unemployment Spell Data and Buffer Stock Model
11
Model: Data vs Calibrated Model
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0.8
0.9
1.0
−2 0 2 4 6Months Since First UI Check
Spen
ding
Rel
ative
to t
= −2
● Data
Model: Buffer Stock
Spending During Unemployment Spell: Data and Buffer Stock Model
12
Five Close Cousins Do Not Predict Drop At Exhaustion
◊ = arg min◊
ÿ
t(ct ≠ ct(◊))2
Estimate discount factor and risk aversion Slide
Alternative borrowing technologyCredit card borrowing Figure
Natural borrowing limit Figure
Alternative time preferencesHeterogeneous impatience [Krusel Smith 98] Figure
Naive present-bias [Laibson 97] Figure
Other Models
13
Sparse model [Gabaix 16]
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0.8
0.9
1.0
−2 0 2 4 6Months Since First UI Check
Spen
ding
Rel
ative
to t
= −2
● Data
Model: Sparsity
Spending During Unemployment Spell Misperception parameter m = 0.71 (0 is myopia and 1 is full rationality)
14
Spender-Saver [Campbell-Mankiw 89]
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0.80
0.85
0.90
0.95
1.00
−2 0 2 4 6Months Since First UI Check
Spen
ding
Rel
ative
to t
= −2
● Data
Mean from Spender−Saver Model
Estimated Shares: 25% Hand−to−Mouth, 40% Permanent Income, 35% Buffer Stock
15
Consumption-Smoothing Gains
Gain Relative to a 1% Increase in Life-time Income
Model UI Level ø 1.6% UI Dur ø 1 Mo Ratio (2)/(1)Bu�er stock 0.044% 0.122% 2.78Spender-saver 0.054% 0.202% 3.72Sparsity 0.071% 0.205% 2.89
16
Lessons for Consumer Financial Regulation
Question: How to teach people to prepare for bad events?Failure to prepare creates possible opportunities for welfareimprovement
This paper: Spend as if they don’t expect exhaustion to happenCFPB: Payday lending rule
Borrowers expect to repay sooner than they do [Bertrand and Morse2011, Mann 2013]
17
Conclusion
Monthly spending tracks UI benefits1 Onset: MPC of 43 cents2 Exhaustion: Spending drops 11%
Consequences of the drop at exhaustionReject rational modelConsistent with sparsity and spender-saverConsumption-smoothing gains of extending UI benefits >�> raising UIbenefits
18
Must believe job-finding rate is 74% [Spinnewijn 15]
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0.00
0.25
0.50
0.75
1.00
0 2 4 6Months Since First UI Check
Expe
cted
Job−F
indi
ng P
roba
bilit
y ● Calibrated to Job−Finding Rate
Over−optimism Estimated to Fit Spending Path
Monthly Job−Finding Expectations Under Different Beliefs
19
Need to believe job-finding rate is 74% [Spinnewijn 15]
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0.75
0.80
0.85
0.90
0.95
1.00
−2 0 2 4 6Months Since First UI Check
Valu
e R
elat
ive to
t = −2
● Data
Model: Believe 73% Chance of Job at Exhaustion
Spending Assuming 74.0% Job−Finding Rate At Exhaustion
20
Model: Estimated Parameters
◊ =I
— discount factor“ risk aversion
◊ = arg min◊
ÿ
t(ct ≠ ct(◊))2
21
Model: Data vs Calibrated Model
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0.8
0.9
1.0
−2 0 2 4 6Months Since First UI Check
Spen
ding
Rel
ative
to t
= −2
● Data
Natural Borrowing Limit
Unsecured Borrowing
Zero Assets at Onset, Cannot Borrow
A. Alternative Borrowing Technologies
Back 21
Other Models
Durables CommitmentsModel: Mortgage default should raise nondurables spendingData: Spending falls at exhaustion
Rational inattention Assets
Model:Agents with most at stake are most rational (low-asset group andlow-income group)smaller drop for these groups
Data: larger drop for these groups
Illiquid asset with transaction costKaplan and Violante 14 estimate a $1,000 costTwo-year loss from unemployment is mean $10,000 ∆ agent shouldliquidate to smooth consumptionComplicating factor: dynamic uncertainty from unemployment
Back22
Model: Permanent Income Consumer
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0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
−2 0 2 4 6Months Since First UI Check
Spen
ding
Rel
ative
to t
= −2
● Buffer Stock
Hand to Mouth
Permanent Income
Three Agent Types in Spender−Saver
Back22
Model: Credit Card Borrowing
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0.8
0.9
1.0
−2 0 2 4 6Months Since First UI Check
Spen
ding
Rel
ative
to t
= −2
● Data
Natural Borrowing Limit
Unsecured Borrowing
Zero Assets at Onset, Cannot Borrow
A. Alternative Borrowing Technologies
Back 22
Models with persistent over-optimism
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0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
−2 0 2 4 6Months Since First UI Check
Spen
ding
Rel
ative
to t
= −2
● Data
Model: Believe 41% Chance of Job in Every Month
F. Persistent Over−optimism About Job−finding Rate
Back 22
Alternatives: Time Preferences
Heterogeneous impatience [Krusell and Smith 98, Carroll, Slacalek, Tokuokaand White 15, Parker 15, Auclert 16]
Three types. Impatient type has ” = 0.9 and no assets.
ct(◊) =w1 c
impatientt + w2c
perm inct + (1 ≠ w1 ≠ w2)cbu�er-stock
t
◊ = arg min◊
ÿ
t(ct ≠ ct(◊))2
23
Heterogeneous impatience slide – 0.9
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0.80
0.85
0.90
0.95
1.00
−2 0 2 4 6Months Since First UI Check
Spen
ding
Rel
ative
to t
= −2
● Data
Model: Krusel−Smith
D. Heterogeneous Agents Estimated Weights: 10% Impatient, 30% Permanent Income, 60% Buffer Stock
Back 24
Naive present bias [Laibson 97]
max{ct}
E
T≠tÿ
n=0—”n
u(ct+n)
To build intuition, show spending with — = 0.8 and — = 0.6
Estimate — which best fits data
25
Quantitative Evaluation of Models]
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0.6
0.8
1.0
−2 0 2 4 6Months Since First UI Check
Spen
ding
Rel
ative
to t
= −2
● Data
Model: Hyperbolic, Beta = 0.3
Model: Hyperbolic, Beta = 0.6
E. Hyperbolic Time Preferences
Back 26
What Models Can Fit Path of Spending? (Worst to Best)
Fit =ÿ
t
(ct ≠ ct(◊))2
Back
Model Comment # Params Fit
Permanent income Spending drops 0 1.00Baseline Should cut spending before benefit exhaust 0 0.22Borrow on credit Spending drop too large at benefit exhaust 0 0.11Sparse agent Act as if income loss at exhaust is 71% as
big as true loss1 0.09
Estimate params Spending drop too large at benefit exhaust 2 0.08Heterogeneousimpatience
Even highly impatient (e.g. ” = 0.9) cutbefore exhaustion
2 0.06
Sparse agent, esti-mate ”
Act as if income loss at exhaust is 71% asbig as true loss
2 0.03
Spender-saver 25% of agents hand-to-mouth 2 0.03Over-optimism 68% job-finding rate in exhaust month 2 0.01 27
Model Technical Details
Concern Spec Change PlotChanges That Don’t Matter
Duration Dependence {e6, e7, . . .}: 0.25 æ 0.15 Figure
Spending Mismeasured Spending = All Outflows Figure
Consumption Commitments “: 2 æ 4 Figure
Changes That Matter
Alternative Asset Values a0 = {0, 12} Figure
Alternative Discount Factor — = {0.98, 1} Figure
28
Model Failure: Too Little Liquid Asset Holdings
Liquid Asset HoldingsData: Survey of Consumer Finances 0.7 months
Model: Match drop through exhaustion 0.8 monthsModel: Steady state a 2.4 months
Gournichas and Parker (02) ~12 months
29
Implications for UI Policy
Fact: UI surprisingly important for consumptionIncrease UI to help families smoothIncrease UI for macro stabilization
Fact: People who cut spending more find a job faster. Some peoplewon’t search until benefits are exhausted.
Decrease UI
30
Implications beyond UI Policy
Fact: Spending drops sharply at benefit exhaustionPolicy: Help families prepare for exhaustion
Fact: People who cut spending more find a job faster. Some peoplewon’t search until benefits are exhausted.
Policy: Encourage “worrying” early on to motivate job search
Fact: Spending very sensitive to incomePolicy: Encourage larger bu�ers. Dedicated accounts?
31
Empirics. Onset. Family Income Recovers Quickly
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$0
$1,000
$2,000
$3,000
−20 −10 0 10 20
Months Since First UI Check
Mea
n ($
)
Income Source● Gov
LaborLabor + Gov
Labor and Gov Transfers −− UI Receipt Beginning in Month 0
32
Empirics. Onset. Concept Di�erences Explain QuickIncome Recovery
Jacobson, LaLonde and Sullivan (93) report a 30% permanent income lossfor displaced workers. Why?
See also Couch and Placzek (10), von Wachter, Sullivan and Manchester (09),Davis and von Wachter (11), Jarosch (15), Flaaen et al. (15)
Sources:
1 Gov’t transfersRecovery of family labor income matches SIPP Figure
2 Family income vs individual income3 All UI recipients vs high-tenure JLS Figure Back
33
Empirics. Why Drop at Onset? Work-Related ExpensesSteps
1 Identify expenditure categories containing work expenses cwork
Method: drop at retirement for people with enough assets to smooth
Aguiar and Hurst (13) �c > median at retirementFood Away From Home Food Away From HomeTransportation Fuel, Auto, Flights/HotelsClothing Department Stores
Small Durables, Online31% of nondurables 29-41% of nondurables
2 Estimate impact of change in employment status Details
E (cwork(y , e = 1)) ≠ E (cwork(y , e = 0))
Back
34
Spending At Onset By Expenditure Category
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0.91
0.94
0.97
1.00
−5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5
Months Since First UI Check
Spen
ding
: Rat
io to
t = −5
● Card Non−Work−Related
Card Work−Related
Cash and Bills
Spending If Stay Unemployed
Back 35
Empirics. Onset. Work-Related Expenses ¥ 1/3
−150
−100
−50
0
Counterfactual 1: dNon−Work−Related
Categories@ Onset
Counterfactual 2: dWork−Related
Categories@ Exhaust
All Spendingin Work−Related
Categories
Total Change
Cha
nge
From
t=−3
to t=−1
($)
Role of Work−Related Expenses in Spending Drop at Onset
Back 36
Spending Change at Reemployment
0.80
0.85
0.90
0.95
1.00
−20 −10 0 10 20
Months Since First UI Check
Spen
ding
: Rat
io to
t = −3
Completed UI Duration
1
2
3
4
5
36
Families Smooth Income Loss Over Several Months
37
Reemployment Spending Recovery Details
Focus on families that get UI for exactly three months
1 Prior work overstated spending drop during unemployment Figure
2 Spending recovers slowest for low-asset families Figure
38
Bank UI Families Have Incomes Similar to SIPP
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0
5
10
15
0 50,000 100,000 150,000 200,000
Annual Family Income
Perc
ent o
f Sam
ple
Data Source
● Survey (SIPP)
JPMCI Ckg Inflow
Distribution of Income Prior to UI Receipt
Back39
Representativeness by Age
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10
20
20 30 40 50 60 70
Age of Family Head or Primary Customer
Perc
ent o
f Sam
ple
Data Source
● Survey (SIPP)
JPMCI
Age Distribution
Back 40
Representativeness by Labor Income Before and AfterSeparation
Before Sep Drop at Sep SourceExternal Benchmark
(1) Labor Share of Total 85% 52% Rothstein and Valetta (14)(2) Use Payroll DD 80% 80% SCF(3) = (2) * (1) 68% 42%Bank 69% 38%
Back
41
Assets External Benchmark
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10
20
30
0 5,000 10,000
Checking Account Balance
Perc
ent o
f Sam
ple
key
● Survey (SCF) Employed
JPMCI Employed
JPMCI UI Recip
Checking Account Balance
Medians: SCF Employed $1,500, Bank Employed $1,520, Bank UI $1,060 Back 42
Chase Branch Footprint
Back 43
Monthly Spending Compared to External Benchmarks
Category Bank Ratio to CEX Ratio to BEAFood At Home 478 1.44 0.82Food Away From Home 291 1.33 0.62Utilities 371 1.19 –
Ratio to SCFMortgage 1536 1.12Auto Loan 484 1.04Credit Card 1010 0.63Back
44
Benchmarks: Receipt of UI Direct Deposit
External Benchmarks SourceWeekly UI payments 2.9 million FREDConsumer Units 125 million CEXConsumer units getting UI 2.2% –UI recipients getting DD 45% Natl Consumer Law CenterConsumer units getting UI DD 1.0% –
Bank families getting UI DD 0.8%Back
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Control Group Nondurables Spending Rises $7/month
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1800
1900
2000
2100
2013−01 2013−07 2014−01 2014−07 2015−01
Mea
n
Secular Trend In Spending
Back
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
Debit C
ard Swipe
sCas
hBills
(Utilit
ies)
Chase
CC BillOuts
ide
CC Bill
Instal
lmen
t
Debt
Other
Paper
Checks
Saving
Shar
e Pr
ior t
o U
I Ons
et
Checking Account Outflows [Median $3520]
46
Control Group Income Rises $15/month
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1900
2000
2100
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2400
2013−01 2013−07 2014−01 2014−07 2015−01
Mea
n
Secular Trend In Labor Income
Back 47
Calendar Adjustment for Income
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−400
−200
0
200
2013−01 2013−07 2014−01 2014−07 2015−01
Adju
stm
ent T
erm
● Annual Income 30K−80K
Ever Receive UI
Pay DD in 20−31 of 32 Mos
Monthly Adjustment Constant for Labor Income
Back 48
Calendar Adjustment for Spending
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−200
0
200
2013−01 2013−07 2014−01 2014−07 2015−01
Adju
stm
ent T
erm
● Annual Income 30K−80K
Ever Receive UI
Pay DD in 20−31 of 32 Mos
Monthly Adjustment Constant for Spending
Back 49
Empirics: Introduction – Families Remaining Unemployed
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0.91
0.94
0.97
1.00
−5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5
Months Since First UI Check
Rat
io to
t = −5
Spending If Stay Unemployed
Back50
Equation for Spending Drop
0.91
0.94
0.97
1.00
−5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4
Months Since First UI Check
Spen
ding
: Rat
io to
t = −3
Completed UI Duration
1
2
3
4
5
6
Spending by Completed UI Duration
�ct = 1n
ÿ
iœUI Duration >tci ,t ≠ ci ,t≠1
Back51
Nonparametric spending series
Back52
Exhausted vs Did Not Exhaust
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0.91
0.94
0.97
1.00
−5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5
Months Since First UI Check
Rat
io t
o t=
−5
● Did Not Exhaust UI
Exhausted UI
Spending At Onset
Back53
Labor Income in high vs low benefit states
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0.5
0.7
0.9
−6 −3 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27
Months Since First UI Check
Rat
io to
t = −3
UI_Benefits
● High
Low
Labor
Back54
Spending (long-term) in high vs low benefit states
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0.900
0.925
0.950
0.975
1.000
−6 −3 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27
Months Since First UI Check
Rat
io to
t = −3
UI_Benefits
● High
Low
Spending
Back55
Spending At Unemployment OnsetPre-Onset Post-Onset �%
(t ≠ 3) (t ≠ 1)Cut a Lot
Any Student Loan 12.4% 10.9% -16%Food Away From Home $185 $164 -11%Auto $181 $162 -11%Any Doctor Copay 24.6% 22.4% -9%
Cut a LittleRetail $358 $337 -6%Food At Home $300 $291 -3%Any Auto Loan Pay 17.0% 16.6% -2%
StableUtilities $164 $163 -1%Any Entertainment 43.7% 44.3% 1%Any Mortgage Pay 15.0% 15.3% 2%
Back
56
Age < MedianAnnual Income < MedianAny Mortgage Payments
CC utilization > 50%Chase Assets in Bot QuintChase Assets in Top Quint
Debt / Income > MedianHas Chase Credit Card
No Revolving CC BalancePenalty Fees > $5/month
SingleTotal Assets in Bot QuintTotal Assets in Top QuintUI Ben / Inc in Bot QuintUI Ben / Inc in Top Quint
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5Marginal Propensity to Consume
MPC Heterogeneity at Onset
Back
57
Empirics. Onset. Mean Duration and Spending Drop
AZ
CO
FL
GA
ID
IL
KY
LA
MI
NJ
NV
NY
OH
OK
OR
TX
UT
WAWI
WV
100
150
200
250
12.5 15.0 17.5 20.0Mean UI Duration (Weeks)
Spen
ding
Dro
p at
Ons
et ($
)Onset −− Falsification Test with UI Duration
Back58
Borrowing on All Credit Cards
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6900
6950
7000
7050
7100
−6 −3 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21
Months Since First UI Check
Rev
olvi
ng B
alan
ce −−
All C
redi
t Car
dsCredit Card Borrowing in Credit Bureau
UI Receipt Beginning in Month 0
Back to Onset Back to Model59
Herkenho�, Phillips and Cohen-Cole 2016
Back to Model60
Baseline Chars: Pre-Onset Medians By UI Duration
Duration Income Spending Ckg Assets1 2788 2236 9492 2894 2239 10113 2811 2181 10514 2737 2164 9835 2685 2147 9976 2612 2110 982Exhaust 2564 2112 1045
Back
61
Onset: Heterogeneity By Duration
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●●●●●●●
$1,000
$1,500
$2,000
$2,500
$3,000
−20 −10 0 10 20
Months Since First UI Check
Mea
n Am
ount
($)
key
● Exhaust
Find Job in 2−6 Mos
Find Job in < 2 Mos
Labor Income By Benefit Duration
Back62
Onset: Heterogeneity By Duration
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●●●●●●●●●●
●●●
●
●
●
●
●
●●
●
●●
●●●●●
●●●
●
$2,200
$2,400
$2,600
−20 −10 0 10 20
Months Since First UI Check
Mea
n Am
ount
($)
key
● Exhaust
Find Job in 2−6 Mos
Find Job in < 2 Mos
Spending By Benefit Duration
Back63
Onset: Heterogeneity By Total Liquid Assets
●●
●
●
●
●
● ●
●
●●
● ●
●● ●
● ● ●● ●
●
0.80
0.85
0.90
0.95
1.00
−6 −3 0 3 6 9 12 15
Months Since First UI Check
Inco
me:
Rat
io to
t = −3
● Liquid Asset Bottom Tercile
Liquid Asset Medium Tercile
Liquid Asset Top Tercile
Income Event Study for Nonexhaustees
Back64
Onset: Heterogeneity By Total Liquid Assets
●
● ● ●
●
● ●
● ● ●●
●●
● ● ●
● ●● ●
● ●
0.90
0.95
1.00
−6 −3 0 3 6 9 12 15
Months Since First UI Check
Spen
ding
: Rat
io to
t = −3
● Liquid Asset Bottom Tercile
Liquid Asset Medium Tercile
Liquid Asset Top Tercile
Spending Event Study for Nonexhaustees
Back65
Onset MPC By State
AZ
CO
FLGA
IL
LAMI NJ
NY
OH
OR
TX
UT
WV
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
Fraction of UI Recipients Getting Direct Deposit
MPC
= S
pend
ing
Dro
p / I
ncom
e D
rop
Usage of Direct Deposit and MPC at Onset
Back
66
Spending: Long-Run Trends
●
●
●
●●●●●●●
●●●●●●●●●
●●●●●●
●
●
●
●
●
●●●
●●●●●●●
●●●●
●●
●●●●
●●
●●
●
−400
−200
0
−20 −10 0 10 20Months Since Start of UI Spell
Amou
nt R
elat
ive to
t−3
($)
key● Income
Spend.LoSpend.Hi
Income and Spending
Back 67
Linked and Unlinked Accounts
Most families with multiple checking accounts have linked theiraccounts together under a single primary customer
About 10% of UI recipients have multiple accountsNot linkedMatched by same last name and addressCould arise if two Chase customers got married, decided to keepseparate accounts
PlotsOnset: Income and SpendingExhaustion: Income and Spending Back to Onset Back to Exhaustion
68
Linked and Unlinked Accounts – Income at Onset
● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ●
−1500
−1000
−500
0
−5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5
Months Since First UI Check
Inco
me
Rel
ative
to t
= −3
($)
Account
● Did not receive UI deposit
Received UI deposit
Labor Income at UI Onset −− Families with 2 accts
69
Linked and Unlinked Accounts – Spending at Onset
●●
●
●
●
● ●
●
● ●
●
−300
−200
−100
0
−5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5
Months Since First UI Check
Spen
ding
Rel
ative
to t
= −3
($)
Account
● Did not receive UI deposit
Received UI deposit
Spending at UI Onset −− Families with 2 accts
70
Linked and Unlinked Accounts – Income at Exhaustion
●
● ● ●● ● ●
●●
● ●
0
200
400
600
−5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5
Months Since Last UI Check
Inco
me
Rel
ative
to t
= −1
($) Account
● Did not receive UI deposit
Received UI deposit
Labor Income at UI Exhaustion −− Families with 2 accts
71
Linked and Unlinked Accounts – Spending at Exhaustion
●
● ● ●
● ●
● ●
●
● ●
−300
−200
−100
0
100
−5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5
Months Since Last UI Check
Spen
ding
Rel
ative
to t
= −1
($)
Account
● Did not receive UI deposit
Received UI deposit
Spending at UI Exhaustion −− Families with 2 accts
72
Income Recovery: Comparison to SIPP
●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●●●●●●●
●●●
●●●●
●●●●
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
−20 0 20 40Months Since UI Start
Rat
io to
Prio
r Ear
ning
s
key
● JPMCI
SIPP
Earnings Drop in JPMCI and Survey Data
Back 73
Income Recovery: JLS Mass Layo�
Back 74
Income Recovery: JLS All UI Recips
Back 75
Empirics. Work-Related Expenses Details
Methodology for estimating impact of change in employment statuson spending in work-related categories
E (cwork(y , e = 1)) ≠ E (cwork(y , e = 0)) =E (cwork(yemp, e = 1)) ≠ E (cwork(yunemp, e = 0))¸ ˚˙ ˝
Total drop in work categories
≠
E (cwork(yUI Benefit, e = 0)) ≠ E (cwork(yUI Exhaust, e = 0))¸ ˚˙ ˝
Drop in work categories due to lost incomeEstimate final term using two methods:
Drop in spending on work-related categories at benefit exhaustionMPC
workexhaust(yEmp ≠ yUI Benefit)
Drop in spending on non-work-related categories at onsetMPC
nonworkonset (yEmp ≠ yUI Benefit)
Back76
Annual Spending Data Miss Monthly Smoothing
● ● ● ●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●●
●● ●
●●
● ●
0.85
0.90
0.95
1.00
−6 −3 0 3 6 9 12
Months Since First UI Check
Spen
ding
: Rat
io to
t = −3
Monthly Spending Data vs Prior Work Using Annual Data Completed UI Duration = 3 Months
Back77
Path of Income Similar By Asset Holdings
●
●
●
●
●
● ●
● ●
●
● ●●
●
●●
●
● ●
0.80
0.85
0.90
0.95
1.00
1.05
−6 −3 0 3 6 9 12
Months Since First UI Check
Inco
me:
Rat
io to
t = −3
Assets at Onset● Low Asset
Medium Asset
High Asset
Income. Sample has Completed UI Duration of 3 Months.
Back78
Spending Recovers Slowly For Low Asset Types
●
●●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
0.92
0.94
0.96
0.98
1.00
−6 −3 0 3 6 9 12
Months Since First UI Check
Spen
ding
: Rat
io to
t = −3
Assets at Onset● Low Asset
Medium Asset
High Asset
Spending. Sample has Completed UI Duration of 3 Months.
Back
79
Exhaustion: Robustness Checks for Internal Validity
●● ●
● ●
●
●
●
●●
●
●●
●●
●●
●
●
●
$−500
$0
0 5 10 15Months Since Last UI Check
Amou
nt R
elat
ive to
t−1
($)
key● Income
Spending..Lower.Bound.Spending..Upper.Bound.
Spending at Exhaustion: Sharp Inc Change
Back 80
Age < MedianAnnual Income < MedianAny Mortgage Payments
CC utilization > 50%Chase Assets in Bot QuintChase Assets in Top Quint
Debt / Income > MedianHas Chase Credit Card
No Revolving CC BalancePenalty Fees > $5/month
SingleTotal Assets in Bot QuintTotal Assets in Top QuintUI Ben / Inc in Bot QuintUI Ben / Inc in Top Quint
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5Marginal Propensity to Consume
MPC Heterogeneity at Exhaustion
Back
81
Exhaustion MPC By State
AZ
COFL
GA
IL
LA
MI
NJNY
OH
OR
TX
UT
WV
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
Fraction of UI Recipients Getting Direct Deposit
MPC
= S
pend
ing
Dro
p / I
ncom
e D
rop
Usage of Direct Deposit and MPC at Exhaustion
Back
82
Exhaustion: Time Aggregation for Spending
●
●●
●
●
●
●
● ●
●
●
●
●●
●
●●
●
●
−200
−100
0
0 5 10
Months Since Last UI Check
Spen
ding
Rel
ative
to t
= −1
($)
key
● All Exhaustees
Last UI Ck >= 25
Spending at Benefit Exhaustion
Back 83
Income Drops by $1200 At Exhaustion
●
●
● ● ●●
● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●$0
$500
$1,000
$1,500
$2,000
$2,500
−5 0 5 10
Months Since Last UI Check
Mea
n Am
ount
($)
● UI
Labor
Labor + UI
Income at Benefit Exhaustion
Back84
Exhaustion: Heterogeneity by Income Drop
●●
●
●
●
● ● ●●
●
●
●
●
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
−3 0 3 6 9
Months Since First UI Check
Inco
me:
Rat
io to
t = −3
● UI / Inc Bottom Tercile
UI / Inc Medium Tercile
UI / Inc Top Tercile
Income Event Study for Exhaustees
Back to Empirics Back to Model85
Exhaustion: Heterogeneity by Income Drop
●●
●
● ●
●
● ●●
●
●●
●
0.80
0.85
0.90
0.95
1.00
−3 0 3 6 9
Months Since First UI Check
Spen
ding
: Rat
io to
t = −3
● UI / Inc Bottom Tercile
UI / Inc Medium Tercile
UI / Inc Top Tercile
Spending Event Study for Exhaustees
Back to Empirics Back to Model86
Exhaustion: Heterogeneity by Liquid Assets
●●
●
●
●
● ●●
●
●
●
●
●
0.6
0.8
1.0
−3 0 3 6 9
Months Since First UI Check
Inco
me:
Rat
io to
t = −3
● Liquid Asset Bottom Tercile
Liquid Asset Medium Tercile
Liquid Asset Top Tercile
Income Event Study for Exhaustees
Back to Empirics Back to Model87
Exhaustion: Heterogeneity by Liquid Assets
● ●
● ●
●
●●
●
●
●
●●
●0.80
0.85
0.90
0.95
1.00
−3 0 3 6 9
Months Since First UI Check
Spen
ding
: Rat
io to
t = −3
● Liquid Asset Bottom Tercile
Liquid Asset Medium Tercile
Liquid Asset Top Tercile
Spending Event Study for Exhaustees
Back88
Exhaustion: Heterogeneity by State
● ● ● ● ● ●
●
●●
●
●
● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
−6 −3 0 3 6 9 12
Months Since First UI Check
Rat
io to
Tot
al In
com
e at
t−3
state
● FL
IL
MI
NY
TX
Govt Payments −− Sample: UI Exhaustees
Back89
Exhaustion: Heterogeneity by State
● ●●
●
●
●
● ● ●●
●●
● ● ●
●
● ●
●
0.80
0.85
0.90
0.95
1.00
−6 −3 0 3 6 9 12
Months Since First UI Check
Rat
io to
t−3
state
● FL
IL
MI
NY
TX
Spending −− UI Exhaustees
Back90
Details on Equivalent Variation CalculationsFuchs-Schuendeln and Hassan (15) calculate z which solves
u(y + x + z)¸ ˚˙ ˝
MPC=1
+11u(y + z) = 12 u(y + x
12)¸ ˚˙ ˝
perm incomefor CRRA utility with “ = 2. We calculate
15ÿ
t=1u(cPIH
t ) =15ÿ
t=1u(cdata
t + z)
15ÿ
t=1u(chand≠to≠mouth
t ) =15ÿ
t=1u(cdata
t ≠ z)
15ÿ
t=1u(cbu�er≠stock
t ) =15ÿ
t=1u(cdata
t + z)
using a 15-month horizon. For cdata, we assume that agent behavesoptimally after date 7 and aggregate over all possible job-finding histories
back91
Welfare Loss Under Di�erent Models
−0.10
−0.05
0.00
0.05
Gain over c=y Policy
Loss from PIH Policy
Loss from Buffer Stock Policy
Equi
vale
nt V
aria
tion
(% o
f ann
ual c
)Welfare Loss for Agent Choosing u( cdata ) Under Different Models
Back92
Distribution of Spending Changes
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
−1.8 −1.6 −1.4 −1.2 −1.0 −0.8 −0.6 −0.4 −0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8
Ratio of Two−Month Change in Spending to Monthly UI Benefit
Shar
e
Two−Month Window
Control (Before Onset)
Treatment (Exhaustion)
Distribution of Spending Change Before Onset and At Exhaustion
93
Distribution of Change in Spending at Benefit Exhaustion
−0.02
0.00
0.02
−1.8 −1.6 −1.4 −1.2 −1.0 −0.8 −0.6 −0.4 −0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8
Ratio of Two−Month Change in Spending to Monthly UI Benefit
Diff
eren
ce in
Sha
re B
etwe
en
Mon
th o
f Exh
aust
ion
and
3 M
onth
s Be
fore
Ons
etDistribution of Spending Change at UI Exhaustion
Back94
Schmieder, von Wacther and Bender (15) Figure 6Reemployment wages in German UI data
Back95
People Who Cut Spending Sooner Find a Job Faster –Heterogeneity
Back
96