how europe changed european integration what is integration? what is integration? –economic...
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How Europe changedHow Europe changed
http://www.ena.lu/http://www.ena.lu/
European IntegrationEuropean Integration
What is integration?What is integration?– EconomicEconomic– PoliticalPolitical
What is the European What is the European Community/Union?Community/Union?– A federation in the makingA federation in the making– A type of macro-regional regime or A type of macro-regional regime or
better international governance better international governance
Factors in European Factors in European IntegrationIntegration Solving French-German problemSolving French-German problem
Different domestic calculations Different domestic calculations both economic and politicalboth economic and political
Role of ‘crisis’Role of ‘crisis’
History of the History of the European European Community/UnionCommunity/Union No linear, teleological, unfolding No linear, teleological, unfolding Deep historical roots, but concrete Deep historical roots, but concrete
results only after 1945results only after 1945 Ideological, political, and economic Ideological, political, and economic
factors have all played a rolefactors have all played a role International influences (role of US and International influences (role of US and
USSR)USSR) Continuous process but with phases of Continuous process but with phases of
stagnation and accelerationstagnation and acceleration
HistoryHistory
IdeologicalIdeological– From the Resistance movement to the From the Resistance movement to the
Hague ConferenceHague Conference Economic: Economic:
– 1944-48 Benelux Custom Union through 1944-48 Benelux Custom Union through OEEC, to economic union OEEC, to economic union
Political Political – From Common Assembly to European From Common Assembly to European
ParliamentParliament
EnlargementEnlargement
1951: France, Germany, Italy, Belgium, Netherlands, 1951: France, Germany, Italy, Belgium, Netherlands, LuxembourgLuxembourg
1973: UK, Denmark, Ireland (case of Norway)1973: UK, Denmark, Ireland (case of Norway) 1981: Greece1981: Greece 1986: Spain and Portugal1986: Spain and Portugal 1995: Austria, Finland, Sweden (case of Norway)1995: Austria, Finland, Sweden (case of Norway) 2005: Estonia, Lithuania, Latvia, Czech Republic, 2005: Estonia, Lithuania, Latvia, Czech Republic,
Slovakia, Poland, Hungary, Malta, Cyprus, SloveniaSlovakia, Poland, Hungary, Malta, Cyprus, Slovenia 2007: Bulgaria, Romania2007: Bulgaria, Romania Waiting: Croatia, Macedonia, Serbia, Albania, Waiting: Croatia, Macedonia, Serbia, Albania,
Montenegro; Montenegro; Problems of Bosnia-Herzegovina and KosovoProblems of Bosnia-Herzegovina and Kosovo TurkeyTurkey
The collapse of the The collapse of the Soviet UnionSoviet Union From below: 1974 Helsinki conferenceFrom below: 1974 Helsinki conference
– Regime loss of legitimacy due to poor Regime loss of legitimacy due to poor economic performance (low productivity)economic performance (low productivity)
From outside: Reagan and the new From outside: Reagan and the new Cold WarCold War– Defense spending outpacing economic Defense spending outpacing economic
growthgrowth From above: Gorbachev (1985)From above: Gorbachev (1985)
– PerestroikaPerestroika and and glasnostglasnost– Constitutional reform – power from Constitutional reform – power from
Communist party to ‘national’ Communist party to ‘national’ governments - collapse of the systemgovernments - collapse of the system
The collapse of the The collapse of the Soviet UnionSoviet Union June 1991: Attempts to retain at June 1991: Attempts to retain at
least a confederation least a confederation August 1991: The failed coup and August 1991: The failed coup and
Gorbachev resignation on Dec. 25 Gorbachev resignation on Dec. 25 19911991
Re-emergence of Russia (?)Re-emergence of Russia (?)
Eastern EuropeEastern Europe
Economic reforms and political Economic reforms and political reformsreforms
Nationalist coalitions which Nationalist coalitions which eventually splintereventually splinter
Peaceful vs. less peaceful Peaceful vs. less peaceful (Romania) transitions. (Romania) transitions. – How to explain them?How to explain them?
The reunification of GermanyThe reunification of Germany
The disintegration of The disintegration of YugoslaviaYugoslavia Decentralization Decentralization Nationalist revivalNationalist revival The ‘Arlecchino’ country The ‘Arlecchino’ country 1991: Slovenia and Croatia1991: Slovenia and Croatia 1992-95: The quagmire of Bosnia-Herzegovia1992-95: The quagmire of Bosnia-Herzegovia 1998-99: Kosovo, the war against Yugoslavia 1998-99: Kosovo, the war against Yugoslavia
(Serbia-Montenegro) and Independence(Serbia-Montenegro) and Independence
2000-2001 Macedonia2000-2001 Macedonia
Europe in the worldEurope in the world
Beginning of the century and up to WWII: Beginning of the century and up to WWII: colonies, power politicscolonies, power politics
Post-World War II: soft power, liberal Post-World War II: soft power, liberal internationalism (constructive dialogue, internationalism (constructive dialogue, slow elaboration of common values and slow elaboration of common values and legal principles and norms)legal principles and norms)– Exception (colonial disentanglement, Suez, Exception (colonial disentanglement, Suez,
Falklands)Falklands) An economic giant and a political An economic giant and a political
pygmy? pygmy?
Europe as a laboratoryEurope as a laboratory
The evolution of the concept and The evolution of the concept and practice of sovereignty and practice of sovereignty and nation/statenation/state– Europe as a post-modern space?Europe as a post-modern space?
What will Europe be at the end of What will Europe be at the end of the first century of the third the first century of the third millennium?millennium?
Emerging cleavagesEmerging cleavages
Immigration, multiculturalism Immigration, multiculturalism & Euro-skepticism& Euro-skepticism
Final Exam:Final Exam:
Saturday, April 12Saturday, April 12thth
3:00-5:00 p.m.3:00-5:00 p.m.
ED1014ED1014
Parties and Policy in the Parties and Policy in the 1980s & 1990s1980s & 1990s
Mainstream right:Mainstream right:Bolstered by Thatcher in the UK,Bolstered by Thatcher in the UK,Realization, for some, that state cannot Realization, for some, that state cannot
& should not do everything& should not do everythingManifest in Manifest in
Privatization of nationalized industries in the Privatization of nationalized industries in the UK & elsewhereUK & elsewhere
Trimming of social protection, welfare state Trimming of social protection, welfare state programsprograms
Social Democracy: Social Democracy: Toward a ‘Third Way’? Toward a ‘Third Way’?
Britain: Britain: New LabourNew Labour rather than Labour rather than Labour Tony Blair re-brands the party, brings it back to powerTony Blair re-brands the party, brings it back to power DifferencesDifferences
More market and less state – e.g. public-private partnershipsMore market and less state – e.g. public-private partnerships Accepts Thatcher reforms in many areasAccepts Thatcher reforms in many areas Maintain welfare state, but willing to target aidMaintain welfare state, but willing to target aid
vs. previous commitment to universal benefitsvs. previous commitment to universal benefits Tougher administration of justiceTougher administration of justice Emphasis on spin and presentationEmphasis on spin and presentation
Germany, Germany, SPD under Gerhard Schroeder follows similar courseSPD under Gerhard Schroeder follows similar course
Netherlands:Netherlands: Social Democrats abandon polarizationSocial Democrats abandon polarization Return to cabinet, Return to cabinet,
First with Christian DemocratsFirst with Christian Democrats Then with Liberals and Democrats 66: ‘Purple coalition, in office Then with Liberals and Democrats 66: ‘Purple coalition, in office
from 1994-2002, reconciles historic rivalsfrom 1994-2002, reconciles historic rivals
Elsewhere on the leftElsewhere on the left Diminishing appeal of Communism in FranceDiminishing appeal of Communism in France Weakening of Communism in ItalyWeakening of Communism in Italy
PCI re-baptized Democratic Left in 1991PCI re-baptized Democratic Left in 1991 Green and left-libertarian parties:Green and left-libertarian parties:
Greens (Germany) start out as anti-establishment Greens (Germany) start out as anti-establishment party with roots in student movements, Young party with roots in student movements, Young Socialists (JUSOs)Socialists (JUSOs)
Ongoing arguments between ‘realos’ and `fundos’Ongoing arguments between ‘realos’ and `fundos’ Entry in to Entry in to laender laender (provincial governments in (provincial governments in
1990s1990s Coalition with SPD from 1998-2005Coalition with SPD from 1998-2005
PDS in Germany PDS in Germany
State and economyState and economy
Despite Thatcherism, social protections Despite Thatcherism, social protections retained, sometimes in moderate formretained, sometimes in moderate form
Less public ownershipLess public ownership But, at best incomplete withdrawal of But, at best incomplete withdrawal of
states from economic lifestates from economic life Germany maintains social market economy& Germany maintains social market economy&
‘Rhineland’ model of capitalism: cooperation ‘Rhineland’ model of capitalism: cooperation among economic interestsamong economic interests
Swedish model persists, albeit with less Swedish model persists, albeit with less cooperation between capital and labourcooperation between capital and labour
The New RightThe New Right
Emergence & success in several countries:Emergence & success in several countries: Front Nationale (FN) in FranceFront Nationale (FN) in France Lega Nord (LN) in ItalyLega Nord (LN) in Italy Freedom Party (FPFreedom Party (FPÖ) in AustriaÖ) in Austria Danish People’s Party Danish People’s Party Flemish Block (Belgium)Flemish Block (Belgium) List Pim Fortuyn (LPF) & Freedom Party (PVV) in List Pim Fortuyn (LPF) & Freedom Party (PVV) in
the Netherlandsthe Netherlands Comparative weakness in GermanyComparative weakness in Germany
NPDNPD Republikkaner Republikkaner
New Right PartiesNew Right Parties
PopulistPopulistLeader-centredLeader-centredCommon features: Anti partiesCommon features: Anti parties
anti-EUanti-EUanti-immigrantanti-immigrantanti-establishmentanti-establishment
Positions not always internally Positions not always internally consistentconsistentTend to be anti-state, pro marketTend to be anti-state, pro marketBut sometimes protectionistBut sometimes protectionist
Explaining the New RightExplaining the New Right
Weakening hold of established parties:Weakening hold of established parties:Difficulties maintaining or re-establishing Difficulties maintaining or re-establishing
electorates of belonging –electorates of belonging – loyal loyal supporterssupporters
Ability of capitalize on disgruntlement, Ability of capitalize on disgruntlement, sense that things are not quite rightsense that things are not quite right
Use of local issues – e.g. Lega & anti-Use of local issues – e.g. Lega & anti-southern sentimentsouthern sentiment
Use of the mediaUse of the media
Euro-skepticismEuro-skepticism
Stronger in some countries than othersStronger in some countries than others UKUK DenmarkDenmark
EU & Europe as an elite project, about EU & Europe as an elite project, about which voters were not consultedwhich voters were not consulted EnlargementEnlargement EUROEURO ConstitutionConstitution
Dutch and French referenda as exampleDutch and French referenda as example Desire to ensure local (member-state) controlDesire to ensure local (member-state) control
Anti-immigrant sentimentAnti-immigrant sentiment
Immigration & migration largely Immigration & migration largely unplanned or not fully thought throughunplanned or not fully thought through
Growing concentrations, especially in Growing concentrations, especially in larger centreslarger centres
Incomplete integration and assimilationIncomplete integration and assimilation Marginal economic position – insufficient Marginal economic position – insufficient
employment or opportunitiesemployment or opportunities Differences in values – caught between two Differences in values – caught between two
worldsworlds Incomplete acceptance by host populationsIncomplete acceptance by host populations
Anti-establishment sentimentAnti-establishment sentiment
Elites seen as Elites seen as Out of touchOut of touch In collusion – parties the sameIn collusion – parties the same Not coping with real problemsNot coping with real problemsExamples:Examples: Austria: reaction against proporz & power-Austria: reaction against proporz & power-
sharingsharing Netherlands:Netherlands:
Saga of Pim FortuynSaga of Pim Fortuyn Geert Wilders and the Freedom PartyGeert Wilders and the Freedom Party
Bottom-lineBottom-line
Party systems more fragmented than Party systems more fragmented than before:before:New competitors on the left New competitors on the left
former E. German Communists, now the Left former E. German Communists, now the Left PartyParty
A new Socialist Party (SP) in the NetherlandsA new Socialist Party (SP) in the NetherlandsNew rightNew right
Party strengths fluctuateParty strengths fluctuateSometimes hurt by government participationSometimes hurt by government participation
Yet no return to the instability of the Yet no return to the instability of the interwar periodinterwar period