How Science Developed

Ajah Saputra and Yudhi Widayanto

Science

• Arabian: ‘alama

• Latin: scio, scire

• Science is the accumulation of knowledge which explains causality (cause-effect relationships) of an object according to certain methods that has a systematic unity (Soetriono dan Hanafie, 2007:140).

Knowledge

Science

• Knowledge is the formation of associative thinking that connect or establish a mind with reality or with other thoughts based on experience over and over again without understanding of causality (cause and effect) are essential and universal (Soetriono dan Hanafie, 2007:140).

Science

• Knowledge is the main part of science. It does not answer the question of the fact, as can be answered by science. In other words, knowledge can only answer questions about “what”, while science can answer questions about “why” of the fact or event (Soetriono dan Hanafie, 2007:140).

Ways of Obtaining Science

• Rationalism

• Empiricism

• Combination of Rationalism and Empiricism (Scientific Method)

Ways of Obtaining Science

• Rationalism• Rationalists believe that all knowledge starts in

the mind.• The human mind has the ability to "know" the idea, but humans do not create it, and do not learn through experience. Idea is already "there" as part of a basic reality, and the human mind, as he is seen in the fact, will contain the idea anyway (Jujun S. Suriasumantri, 2001:99).

• Conclusion: Basically, knowledge is already exists in the human mind in the form of ideas. These ideas are innate and not something we earn or learn.

Ways of Obtaining Science

• Rationalism

• Empiricism

• Combination of Rationalism and Empiricism (Scientific Method)

Ways of Obtaining Science

• Empiricism• Empirikos (Greek): experience

• Humans acquire knowledge through experience. John Locke concluded that there are no such things as INNATE IDEAS but that all we know comes from experience and reflection upon experience.• Such experiences cannot be isolated from their surroundings as everything is inter-related to everything else.

Ways of Obtaining Science

• Empiricism• Empirikos (Greek): experience

• Humans acquire knowledge through experience. John Locke concluded that there are no such things as INNATE IDEAS but that all we know comes from experience and reflection upon experience.• Such experiences cannot be isolated from their surroundings as everything is inter-related to everything else.

• Combination of Rationalism and Empiricism (Scientific Method)

Ways of Obtaining Science

• Combination of Rationalism and Empiricism (Scientific Method)

• The mindset of rationalism and empiricism are complementary and go hand in hand.• Rationalism gives/provides logical framework (theory, hypothesis). Empiricism provides framework for testing the theory with facts gathered.

• The combination of these two methods will generate knowledge which is consistent, systematic, and reliable.

Ways of Obtaining Science

• Combination of Rationalism and Empiricism (Scientific Method)

• Key elements of scientific method:Problem/Question → Observation → Formulate a Hypothesis → Experiment/Testing the Hypothesis → Conclusion

Method of Developing Science

• Problem/Question• Collecting Data

• Hypothesis• Experiment• Conclusion

Method of Developing Science• Problem/Question

Develop a question or problem that can be solved through experimentation.

Method of Developing Science• Collecting Data

Use references to do background research– Books– Journals–Magazines– Internet– TV– Videos– Experts

Method of Developing Science• Hypothesis– Possible answer to a question that can be tested– Based on observations and knowledge– Use “If” “then” statement

Example: If I unplug the modem, then the internet connection is lost.

Method of Developing Science• Experiment

Develop and follow a procedure. Include a detailed materials list.

Method of Developing Science• Conclusion

Include a statement that accepts or rejects the hypothesis. Make recommendations for further study and possible improvements to the procedure.

To make you more understand about scientific method, check this out.

CONCEPT OF RESEARCH

• Research is an activity or process that is done systematically to find and solve the problem or get answers to specific questions.

KIND OF RESEARCHR

ESEA

RC

H QUANTITATIVE

EXPERIMENTAL

CORRELATIONAL

CAUSAL-COMPARATIVE

SURVEY.

QUALITATIVE

ETHNOGRAPIC

HISTORICAL

QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH• Sugiyono (2013: 11) defines quantitative research as

research that is based on the philosophy of positivism, is used to examine the population or a particular sample, using a data collection instrument research, quantitative data analysis / statistics, with the goal to test the hypothesis that has been assigned

Characteristics of Quantitative Research • The study was conducted on a particular population or a

representative sample • Quantitative research is deductive, which is used to

answer the problem formulation concepts or theories that can be formulated hypotheses. The hypothesis is then tested through data collection field.

• Data were analyzed quantitatively using descriptive or inferential statistics so that it can be concluded that formulated the hypothesis is confirmed or not.

TYPES OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

Experimental Research A study which is aimed to examine the effect of one or

more than one variable to another variable. Researchers looked at the effects of at least one

independent variable on one or more dependent variables.

The independent variable in experimental research is also often referred to as experimental, or treatment.

The dependent variable, also known as the criterion, or outcome, referring to the results of research

There is manipulation to the dependent variable

Correlational Research• It examined the possible relationship between only two

variables, although the study of more than two variables are common.

• There is no manipulation of variables in correlational studies.

Causal Comparative Research

Purpose of this research is to investigate the possibility of a causal relationship based on observation of the existing result, then seek

back the fact that may be the cause of certain data through

SURVEY RESEARCH

The main purpose of survey research is to describe the characteristics of a population.

QUALITATIVE RESEARCHNana Syaodih Sukmadinata (2006: 60):A qualitative research method is a study aimed at describing and analyzing phenomena, events, social activities, attitudes, beliefs, perceptions, thoughts of people individually or in groups. Characteristics of qualitative research is as follows.

Characteristics of Qualitative Research• Performed on natural conditions, directly to the data

source and the researcher is the key instrument. • Qualitative research is more descriptive. Data collected in

the form of words or images, so it does not emphasize the figure.

• Qualitative research is more emphasis on the process rather than the product or outcome.

• Qualitative research is inductive data analysis. • Qualitative research emphasizes the significance (data

diibalik observed).

TYPES OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

Ethnographic researchIt describes and interpret the cultural, social group or system. This research usually focuses on activity patterns, language, beliefs, rituals, and ways of life. This research process takes a long time in the field, shaped by nature observation and interviews with participants.

Historical ResearchHistorical research is research regarding the collection and evaluation of data is systematically related to the past events to test hypotheses related to the causes, influences, events or developments that may help with memberiikan information on current events and anticipate the events to come.

The Differences Religion Development from Development of Science and Arts

1. Material Objecta. Science : Materials that can be studied, examined, and studied by

scientists in search of knowledgeb. Art: Material studied, reviewed, learned or worked in research in the

creation of art or an artistic creation artistic activityc. Religion: Objects in the physical and metaphysical dimensions

2. Formal Objecta. Science: The central focus of the problem or objective study of

scientists in search of knowledge, as embodied in the thinking process of research subjects

b. Art: goals and objectives of arable art interpretation of the phenomena is the object of the material world in the creation of art as embodied in the thinking process of the subject of art creator

c. Religion: thorough point of view, objective, free, and radically about the principal learning of religion

Continue…….3. The Source

a. Science comes from brainpower, b. Art comes from a sense, c. Religion comes from revelation

4. What Precedesa. Science is preceded by curiosity, b. Art is preceded by the beauty or aesthetics, c. Religion is preceded by beliefs

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