How did various colonial colonial “rebellions”“rebellions” encourage the colonies’ rebellious attituderebellious attitude

toward England?

What factors led to the introduction of African slaveryAfrican slavery

replacing indentured servitudeindentured servitude as the labor force in the American

Colonies?

•Slavery introduced by the Spanish into the West Indies after Columbus’s

discovery of America.•Spanish and Portuguese expanded

African slavery into Central and South American after enslaved Indians

began dying off.•In 1619, the first recorded

introduction of African slaves into what would become the United States

was in the settlement of Jamestown……Only 20 slaves were

purchased….

Slaves captured in Africa

Slaves aboard ship—Middle Passage

Indentured Servants• In return for free passage to Virginia, a laborer worked for four to five years in the fields before being granted freedom.

•The Crown rewarded planters with 50 acres of land for every inhabitant they brought to the New World.

Naturally, as the colony began to expand, it was soon challenged by the Native American confederacy

formed and named after Powhatan

))))

Headright SystemHeadright System: Plantation owners were given 50 acres for every indentured servant they sponsored to come to America.

Indentured ContractIndentured Contract: Served plantation owner for 7 years as a laborer in return for passage to America.

Freedom DuesFreedom Dues: Once servant completed his contract, he/she was freed….They were given land, tools, seed and animals. However, they did not receive voting rights.

What factors led to the introduction of

African slaveryAfrican slavery replacing indentured indentured

servitudeservitude as the labor force in the

American Colonies?

What factors led to the introduction of

African slaveryAfrican slavery replacing indentured indentured

servitudeservitude as the labor force in the

American Colonies?

Bacon’s Bacon’s RebellionRebellion((1676 - 1677)1676 - 1677)

Bacon’s Bacon’s RebellionRebellion((1676 - 1677)1676 - 1677)

Nathaniel Bacon Nathaniel Bacon represents represents

former former indentured indentured servants.servants.

Nathaniel Bacon Nathaniel Bacon represents represents

former former indentured indentured servants.servants.

GovernorGovernorWilliam William

Berkeley of Berkeley of JamestownJamestown

GovernorGovernorWilliam William

Berkeley of Berkeley of JamestownJamestown

•Involved former indentured servants•Not accepted in

Jamestown•Disenfranchised and unable to receive their

land•Gov. Berkeley would not defend settlements

from Indian attacks

•Nathaniel Bacon acts as the representative for

rebels•Gov. Berkeley refused to meet their conditions and

erupts into a civil war.•Bacon dies, Gov.

Berkeley puts down rebellion and several

rebels are hung

Consequence of Bacon’s RebellionConsequence of Bacon’s Rebellion Plantation owners gradually replaced indentured servants

with African slaves because it was seen as a better investment in the long term than indentured servitude.

(Rebellion)

• 250 insurrections have been documented; between 1780 and 1864.

•91 African-Americans were convicted of insurrection in Virginia alone.

•First revolt in what became the United States took place in 1526 at a Spanish settlement near the mouth of the Pee Dee River in South Carolina.

Slave Revolts

•September 9, 1739September 9, 1739, twenty black Carolinians met near the Stono River, approximately twenty miles southwest of Charleston. They took guns and powder from a store and killed the two storekeepers they found there.

•"With cries of 'Liberty' and beating of drums"With cries of 'Liberty' and beating of drums," the rebels headed south toward Spanish St. Augustine. Burned houses, and killed white opponents.

•Largest slave uprising in the 13 colonies prior to the American Revolution.

•Slaveowners caught up with the band of 60 to 100 slaves. 20 white Carolinians and 40 black Carolinians were killed 20 white Carolinians and 40 black Carolinians were killed

before thebefore the rebellion was suppressedrebellion was suppressed..

Slave Revolts/Stono

Stono County Rebellion

Slave Revolts would lead plantation owners to Slave Revolts would lead plantation owners to develop a series of develop a series of slave laws/codesslave laws/codes which which

restricted the movement of the slaves.restricted the movement of the slaves.

- Slaves were not taught to read or write- Slaves were not taught to read or write - Restricted to the plantation- Restricted to the plantation

- Slaves could not congregate after dark- Slaves could not congregate after dark - Slaves could not possess any type of firearm- Slaves could not possess any type of firearm

Slave owners wanted to keep their slaves ignorant of Slave owners wanted to keep their slaves ignorant of the outside world because learning about life the outside world because learning about life

beyond the plantation could lead to more slave beyond the plantation could lead to more slave revolts and a desire to escape.revolts and a desire to escape.

Slave Laws

PurposeUnite against a Unite against a

common enemycommon enemy.Involved

Massachusetts Massachusetts Connecticut but not Connecticut but not

Rhode IslandRhode Island

(REBELLIONS)

Indian Wars Pequot War, 1644Pequot War, 1644

King Philip’s King Philip’s War, 1675War, 1675

Confederation Confederation dissolves once dissolves once

wars end.wars end.

PurposeUnite against a Unite against a

common enemycommon enemy.Involved

Massachusetts Massachusetts Connecticut but not Connecticut but not

Rhode IslandRhode Island

(REBELLIONS)

Indian Wars Pequot War, 1644Pequot War, 1644

King Philip’s King Philip’s War, 1675War, 1675

Confederation Confederation dissolves once dissolves once

wars end.wars end.Not Rhode Island

Massasoit’s son, Metacom (King

Phillip) formed Indian alliance – attacked throughout New

England, especially frontier

English towns were attacked and burned -unknown numbers of

Indians died

1676: War ended, Metacom executed, lasting defeat for

Indians.

Population of the New England Colonies

Population of the New England Colonies

Background

Great Awakening

NewDenominations

Political & socialimplications

• Puritan ministers lost authority (Visible Saints)Visible Saints)• Decay of family (Halfway Covenant – Halfway Covenant – allows non church allows non church

attendees some political power)attendees some political power)• DeismDeism, God existed/created the world, but afterwards left

it to run by natural laws. Denied God communicated to man or in any way influenced his life…get to heaven if you are good. (Old Lights)(Old Lights)

• 1740s, Puritanism declined by the 1730s and people were upset about the decline in religious piety. (devotion to (devotion to God) God)

• ““New Lights”:New Lights”: Heaven by salvation by grace through Jesus Christ. FormedFormed: Baptist, Methodists

• Led to founding of colleges

• Crossed class barriers; emphasized equality of all

• Unified Americans as a single people• Missionaries for Blacks and Indians

(“Rebellious Thinking”)

•John Peter Zenger, a New York publisher charged John Peter Zenger, a New York publisher charged with libel against the colonial governorwith libel against the colonial governor

•Zenger’s lawyer argues that what he wrote was Zenger’s lawyer argues that what he wrote was true, so it can’t be libeltrue, so it can’t be libel

•English law says it doesn’t matter if it’s true or English law says it doesn’t matter if it’s true or notnot

•Jury acquits Zenger anywayJury acquits Zenger anyway

•Not total freedom of the press, but newspapers Not total freedom of the press, but newspapers now took greater risks in criticism of political now took greater risks in criticism of political

figures.figures.

•John Peter Zenger, a New York publisher charged John Peter Zenger, a New York publisher charged with libel against the colonial governorwith libel against the colonial governor

•Zenger’s lawyer argues that what he wrote was Zenger’s lawyer argues that what he wrote was true, so it can’t be libeltrue, so it can’t be libel

•English law says it doesn’t matter if it’s true or English law says it doesn’t matter if it’s true or notnot

•Jury acquits Zenger anywayJury acquits Zenger anyway

•Not total freedom of the press, but newspapers Not total freedom of the press, but newspapers now took greater risks in criticism of political now took greater risks in criticism of political

figures.figures.

“Rebellious decision”

Zenger decision was a landmark case which paved the way for the

eventual freedom of the press.

Zenger Case, 1734-5: defended by Alexander

Hamilton

March of the Paxton Boys - 1763• Scots-Irish farmers (“the Paxton

Boys”)• Protesting government’s

inadequate protection of frontier setters

• Kill a number of Indians• March to Philadelphia…met in

Lancester by Ben Franklin • Franklin promises to address

their grievances

Carolina “Regulation” – 1760’sSouth Carolina:

-colonial legislatures refuse to grant inland settlers equal representation - lack of law enforcement leads to vigilantes- threatened to march on Charleston…leads to court system extension westward

North Carolina:-protest corruption of local gov’t (controlled by wealthy eastern planters)- farmers seize county courts- Eastern militia crushes the “regulators” at Battle of Alamance (1771)-bitterness between east and frontier

Rebellious Demands…

fair representation and protection under the laws!

Boundary Disputes and Tenant WarsBoundary Disputes and Tenant Wars(“Rebellious Actions”)(“Rebellious Actions”)

Colonial charters gave vague definitions to Colonial charters gave vague definitions to western borders.western borders.– Settlement of frontier prompted bitter disputes Settlement of frontier prompted bitter disputes

between colonies over boundariesbetween colonies over boundaries– 1760s: Ethan Allen and the Green Mountain 1760s: Ethan Allen and the Green Mountain

Boys resist New York governance of VermontBoys resist New York governance of Vermont• Allen led a successful Allen led a successful guerrilla resistanceguerrilla resistance

– Harassing Yorker settlements, occupying Yorker Harassing Yorker settlements, occupying Yorker courthouses, setting up competing judicial system in the courthouses, setting up competing judicial system in the Green Mountains.Green Mountains.

– (When the Revolutionary War started in 1775, Ethan Allan and a force (When the Revolutionary War started in 1775, Ethan Allan and a force of his guerillas along with colonial General Benedict Arnold marched up of his guerillas along with colonial General Benedict Arnold marched up to Lake Champlain and captured the important military posts at Fort to Lake Champlain and captured the important military posts at Fort Ticonderoga, Crown Point, Fort Ann and the town of St John (Now St Ticonderoga, Crown Point, Fort Ann and the town of St John (Now St Jean, Quebec.)Jean, Quebec.)

24

• Plan was rejected by colonies because it didn’t allow enough independence!

• And was rejected by England because it allowed the colonies too much independence!

• Even so, the Albany Plan of Union would serve as a model for a future central government

• Proposed by Ben Franklin (not adopted)

• Plan for mutual defense by the 13 colonies against the French– President-General (appointed

by king)– Grand Council (elected by

colonial assemblies)– Grand Council would have

specific powers: • make treaties with Native

Americans• make taxes for colonial

army• oversee settlement in

western lands

Albany Plan of Union – 1754( A “rebellious” plan)

The English colonists who settled America brought with them some “rebellious”

concepts:

The English colonists who settled America brought with them some “rebellious”

concepts:

– The need for an ordered social system, or government.

– The idea of limited government, that is, that government should not be all-powerful.

– The concept of representative government or a government that serves the will of the people.

– The need for an ordered social system, or government.

– The idea of limited government, that is, that government should not be all-powerful.

– The concept of representative government or a government that serves the will of the people.

“Rebellious Concepts”