how to avoid a gear-up landing

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HOW TO AVOID AGEAR-UP LANDING

Presented ByLarry Enlow

Aviation Safety InspectorFederal Aviation Administration

Orlando Flight Standards District Office


ORLANDO FSDO-15 ORLANDO FSDO-15 ACCIDENT & INCIDENT SUMMARYACCIDENT & INCIDENT SUMMARY

ORLANDO FSDO-15 ORLANDO FSDO-15 ACCIDENT & INCIDENT SUMMARYACCIDENT & INCIDENT SUMMARY

1998 1999 2000 2001

TOTAL ACC. & INC. 185 176 147 141

TOTAL GEAR-UP 35 26 19 11

TOTAL TRAINING A & I 60 38 24 28

TRAINING GEAR-UP 17 10 4 9

TNG. GEAR-UP WITH CFI 11 10 4 9


WHY DO GEAR-UPS OCCUR ?

SUPERFICIAL CAUSE:

DISTRACTION OR NO CHECKLIST

REAL CAUSE:

INADEQUATE FLIGHT TRAINING IN RETRACTABLE GEAR OPERATIONS


DEFICIENCY IN FLIGHT TRAINING CAN BE RESOLVED BY

MODIFYING THE INSTRUCTIONAL METHODS USED DURING INITIAL AND RECURRENT RETRACTABLE

LANDING GEAR TRAINING OPERATIONS


THIS PRESENTATION IS DESIGNED TO PROVIDE AN

EXTRAORDINARILY VALUABLE SET OF RETRACTABLE LANDING

GEAR OPERATIONAL TECHNIQUES THAT WILL

PREVENT A GEAR-UP LANDING


RETRACTABLE LANDING GEAR RETRACTABLE LANDING GEAR

TRAINING CONCEPTSTRAINING CONCEPTS PRIORITIZATIONPRIORITIZATION

AIRCRAFT OPERATIONAL TASKS AND AIRCRAFT OPERATIONAL TASKS AND ASSOCIATED CHECKLIST ITEMS DON’T ASSOCIATED CHECKLIST ITEMS DON’T

ALL HAVE THE SAME VALUEALL HAVE THE SAME VALUE

RETRACTABLE GEAR OPERATIONS RETRACTABLE GEAR OPERATIONS HAVE SIGNIFICANT PRIORITY, AND HAVE SIGNIFICANT PRIORITY, AND

MUST BE MUST BE EMPHASIZEDEMPHASIZED BY CFI BY CFI


RETRACTABLE LANDING GEAR RETRACTABLE LANDING GEAR

TRAINING CONCEPTSTRAINING CONCEPTS POSITIONAL IMPRINTINGPOSITIONAL IMPRINTING

IMPRINTING MEANS:IMPRINTING MEANS: “TO IMPLANT FIRMLY ON “TO IMPLANT FIRMLY ON THE MIND OR FIX IN THE MEMORY”THE MIND OR FIX IN THE MEMORY”

POSITIONAL IMPRINTING MEANS:POSITIONAL IMPRINTING MEANS: “TO FIX IN THE “TO FIX IN THE MEMORY THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN MEMORY THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN POINTS IN SPACE DURING FLIGHT OPERATIONS POINTS IN SPACE DURING FLIGHT OPERATIONS AND THE NEED TO EXTEND OR RECHECK AND THE NEED TO EXTEND OR RECHECK

THE LANDING GEAR IN THE DOWN POSITION THE LANDING GEAR IN THE DOWN POSITION


POSITIONS AND ASSOCIATED POSITIONS AND ASSOCIATED

ACTIONS TO BE IMPRINTEDACTIONS TO BE IMPRINTED TYPICAL TRAFFIC PATTERNTYPICAL TRAFFIC PATTERN

ABEAM TOUCH-DOWN:ABEAM TOUCH-DOWN: GEAR GEAR DOWNDOWN


ABEAM THE TOUCH-DOWN POINTABEAM THE TOUCH-DOWN POINT


FIXED DISTANCE MARKERSFIXED DISTANCE MARKERS


GEAR SELECTED DOWNGEAR SELECTED DOWN


GEAR CONFIRMED DOWNGEAR CONFIRMED DOWN





BASE:BASE: 2ND GEAR CHECK 2ND GEAR CHECK


SECOND GEAR CHECK ON BASESECOND GEAR CHECK ON BASE


THREE GREENTHREE GREEN






SHORT FINAL:SHORT FINAL: FINAL GEAR FINAL GEAR CHECKCHECK


FINAL GEAR CHECKFINAL GEAR CHECK




ABEAM TOUCH-DOWN:ABEAM TOUCH-DOWN: GEAR DOWNGEAR DOWN


SHORT FINAL:SHORT FINAL: FINAL GEAR CHECK FINAL GEAR CHECK

““ALWAYS HAVE AT LEAST ALWAYS HAVE AT LEAST THREETHREE GEAR CHECKS”GEAR CHECKS”



ACTIONS TO BE IMPRINTEDACTIONS TO BE IMPRINTED PRECISION INSTRUMENT APPROACHPRECISION INSTRUMENT APPROACH

SLIDE-SLOPE INTERCEPT: GEAR DOWNSLIDE-SLOPE INTERCEPT: GEAR DOWN


GLIDE SLOPE INTERCEPTGLIDE SLOPE INTERCEPT





500’ ABOVE DH:500’ ABOVE DH: 2ND GEAR CHECK 2ND GEAR CHECK






RUNWAY IN SIGHT: FINAL GEAR CHECKRUNWAY IN SIGHT: FINAL GEAR CHECK







““ALWAYS HAVE AT LEAST ALWAYS HAVE AT LEAST THREE THREE GEAR CHECKS”GEAR CHECKS”



ACTIONS TO BE IMPRINTEDACTIONS TO BE IMPRINTED NON-PRECISION INSTRUMENT APPROACHNON-PRECISION INSTRUMENT APPROACH

FINAL APPROACH FIX: GEAR DOWNFINAL APPROACH FIX: GEAR DOWN





500’ ABOVE MDA:500’ ABOVE MDA: 2ND GEAR 2ND GEAR CHECKCHECK





500’ ABOVE MDA:500’ ABOVE MDA: 2ND GEAR CHECK 2ND GEAR CHECK


““ALWAYS HAVE AT LEAST ALWAYS HAVE AT LEAST THREE THREE GEAR GEAR CHECKS”CHECKS”



ACTIONS TO BE IMPRINTEDACTIONS TO BE IMPRINTED NON-STANDARD ARRIVALSNON-STANDARD ARRIVALS

VISUAL APPROACHESVISUAL APPROACHES

BASE ENTRIESBASE ENTRIES

STRAIGHT-IN ARRIVALSSTRAIGHT-IN ARRIVALS

““WHEN YOU START DOWN, PUT YOUR WHEN YOU START DOWN, PUT YOUR GEAR DOWN”GEAR DOWN”



ACTIONS TO BE IMPRINTEDACTIONS TO BE IMPRINTED NON-STANDARD ARRIVALSNON-STANDARD ARRIVALS

““ALWAYS HAVE AT LEAST ALWAYS HAVE AT LEAST THREE THREE GEAR CHECKS”GEAR CHECKS”

MOSTMOST IMPORTANT OF ALL:IMPORTANT OF ALL:



SUPPLEMENTAL TECHNIQUESSUPPLEMENTAL TECHNIQUES

WHEN RETRACTING GEAR AFTER WHEN RETRACTING GEAR AFTER TAKEOFF, TAKEOFF, CONFIRM CONFIRM THAT IT GOES UP THAT IT GOES UP


GEAR SELECTED UPGEAR SELECTED UP




WHEN EXTENDING GEAR, PRIORITIZE WHEN EXTENDING GEAR, PRIORITIZE TASK AND TASK AND CONFIRM CONFIRM GEAR IS DOWN GEAR IS DOWN


GEAR IN TRANSITGEAR IN TRANSIT




WHEN EXTENDING GEAR, PRIORITIZE WHEN EXTENDING GEAR, PRIORITIZE TASK AND TASK AND CONFIRM CONFIRM GEAR IS DOWN GEAR IS DOWN

AFTER LANDING, CLEAR RUNWAY, STOP AFTER LANDING, CLEAR RUNWAY, STOP AIRCRAFT, THEN AIRCRAFT, THEN IDENTIFYIDENTIFY AND AND VERIFYVERIFY

EACH ITEM BEFORE MOVING ITEACH ITEM BEFORE MOVING IT


SYSTEMS KNOWLEDGESYSTEMS KNOWLEDGE

THOROUGH UNDERSTANDING OF THOROUGH UNDERSTANDING OF RETRACTABLE GEAR SYSTEM IS RETRACTABLE GEAR SYSTEM IS

ESSENTIALESSENTIAL TO AVOID A GEAR-UP TO AVOID A GEAR-UP

HOW DOES SYSTEM OPERATE ?HOW DOES SYSTEM OPERATE ? HOW DOES WARNING SYSTEM WORK ?HOW DOES WARNING SYSTEM WORK ? HOW IS SYSTEM PROTECTED FROM HOW IS SYSTEM PROTECTED FROM

INADVERTENT OPERATION ON THE INADVERTENT OPERATION ON THE GROUND ? GROUND ?


SYSTEMS KNOWLEDGESYSTEMS KNOWLEDGE

HOW TO RESOLVE SYSTEM HOW TO RESOLVE SYSTEM MALFUNCTIONSMALFUNCTIONS

HOW TO CHANGE INDICATOR BULBSHOW TO CHANGE INDICATOR BULBS HOW TO MANUALLY EXTEND GEARHOW TO MANUALLY EXTEND GEAR PUMP FAILURESPUMP FAILURES ELECTRICAL FAILURESELECTRICAL FAILURES PARTIAL EXTENSIONPARTIAL EXTENSION


GEAR UNSAFE LANDINGSGEAR UNSAFE LANDINGS

WHEN GEAR IS NOT CONFIRMED SAFEWHEN GEAR IS NOT CONFIRMED SAFE

TOUCH DOWN SMOOTHLYTOUCH DOWN SMOOTHLY DON’T APPLY BRAKESDON’T APPLY BRAKES DON’T TURN OFF RUNWAYDON’T TURN OFF RUNWAY STOP STRAIGHT AHEADSTOP STRAIGHT AHEAD EXIT AIRCRAFT & DON’T GET UNDER EXIT AIRCRAFT & DON’T GET UNDER

IT TO SEE IF GEAR IS LOCKEDIT TO SEE IF GEAR IS LOCKED


GEAR UNSAFE LANDINGSGEAR UNSAFE LANDINGS

WHEN GEAR IS CONFIRMED UNSAFEWHEN GEAR IS CONFIRMED UNSAFE

FOLLOW EMERGENCY CHECKLISTFOLLOW EMERGENCY CHECKLIST LAND ON PAVEMENT, NOT GRASSLAND ON PAVEMENT, NOT GRASS TURN OFF FUELTURN OFF FUEL TURN OFF MAGS & MASTER SWITCHTURN OFF MAGS & MASTER SWITCH UNLATCH CABIN DOOR UNLATCH CABIN DOOR EXIT AIRCRAFT QUICKLYEXIT AIRCRAFT QUICKLY


ADDITIONAL CONSIDERATIONSADDITIONAL CONSIDERATIONS

TOUCH & GO LANDINGS ?TOUCH & GO LANDINGS ?• IDENTIFY AND VERIFYIDENTIFY AND VERIFY

DON’T DO TOUCH & GOES WITH GEAR DON’T DO TOUCH & GOES WITH GEAR REMAINING DOWNREMAINING DOWN

• TRAIN FOR NORMAL FLIGHT OPERATIONSTRAIN FOR NORMAL FLIGHT OPERATIONS

RIGHT SEAT TRANSITIONRIGHT SEAT TRANSITION• CFI BE READYCFI BE READY

ARE YOU FIT TO FLYARE YOU FIT TO FLY• FATIGUE OR MENTAL DISTRACTIONS CAN FATIGUE OR MENTAL DISTRACTIONS CAN

CAUSE FORGETFULNESS CAUSE FORGETFULNESS


SUMMARYSUMMARY

APPLYAPPLY

SIGNIFICANT PRIORITYSIGNIFICANT PRIORITY TO RETRACTABLE TO RETRACTABLE

LANDING GEAR LANDING GEAR OPERATIONSOPERATIONS


SUMMARYSUMMARY

DEVELOP AND USE DEVELOP AND USE POSITIONAL IMPRINTINGPOSITIONAL IMPRINTING

APPLYAPPLY SUPPLEMENTAL SUPPLEMENTAL TECHNIQUESTECHNIQUES


SUMMARYSUMMARY

EVALUATE EVALUATE ADDITIONAL ADDITIONAL CONSIDERATIONSCONSIDERATIONS

MAKE SURE YOU’RE MAKE SURE YOU’RE FIT FIT TO FLY TO FLY

how to avoid a gear-up landing

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