how to manufacture petroleum, greases, lubricants & petro chemicals

8/19/2019 How to Manufacture Petroleum, Greases, Lubricants & Petro Chemicals

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How to Manufacture

Petroleum, Greases, Lubricants

Petro Chemicals

http://goo.gl/8ZpZSL





Lubricants, greases and petrochemicalsare most versatile on the Industrial Plateaunow a day. The significance of Lubricants,

Greases and specialty products in the dayto day functioning of nearly every machinepart, instrument, appliance & device cannotbe over emphasized lubricants reduce

friction & wear between rubbing parts,thereby enhancing their life.


Information




A lubricant is a substance introduced toreduce friction between moving surfaces. It

may also have the function of transportingforeign particles. The property of reducingfriction is known as lubricity. The broad typesof lubricating oils are as under; crankcase oils,

gear oils, metal working oils, metal drawingoils, spindle and other textile oils, steamturbine oils. Synthetic lubricants have a higherviscosity index, but are less stable to

oxidation. They are suitable for hightemperature applications.




In the modern industrial year, greases have beenincreasingly employed to cope with a variety of

difficult lubrication problems, particularly thosewhere the liquid lubricant is not feasible. Greasesare essentially solid or semi solid lubricantsconsisting of gelling or thickening agent in a liquid

lubricant. Greases and lubricants are one of theimportant products derived from crude petroleum.Petroleum is formed by hydrocarbons (ahydrocarbon is a compound made up of carbonand hydrogen) with the addition of certain othersubstances, primarily sulphur.




Petroleum in its natural form when firstcollected is usually named crude oil, and can

be clear, green or black and may be either thinlike gasoline or thick like tar. The principalproduct of petroleum refining are motorgasoline, aviation gasoline, kerosene, jet fuels,

diesel fuels, lubricating oils and fuel oils.Considerable quantities of petroleum wax,bitumen, liquid petroleum gases (LPG),industrial naphtha and coke are also produced.

Petrochemicals are chemicals made frompetroleum (crude oil) and natural gas.




Petroleum and natural gas are made up of hydrocarbon molecules, which are comprised

of one or more carbon atoms, to whichhydrogen atoms are attached. The Indianlubricants industry claims to be the sixthlargest in the world. The petrochemicalindustry in India has been one of the fastestgrowing industries in the country. Thisindustry also has immense importance in the

growth of economy of the country and thegrowth and development of manufacturingindustry as well.




Some of the fundamentals of the book are typesof lubricating oils, crankcase oils, gear oils,

metal working oils, metal drawing oils, spindleand other textile oils, steam turbine oils,synthetic lubricants, formulations and compounding of lubricants, additives for straight

mineral oil gear lubricants, raw materials forlubricants, equipments for lubricantsmanufacture, reclamation of used lubricating oil,nature of contaminants in used lubricating oil,

gravity methods of purification, metal formingand deforming lubricant, cutting oils, heattreatment oils, greases,




sodium soap greases, lithium soap greases,aluminium soap greases, mixed soap

greases, complex soap greases etc.The objective of this book is to furnishcomprehensive information about nearly allprominent types of lubricants, greases and

petrochemicals. This book covers formulae,processes of various petroleum items. Thisbook is an invaluable resource forentrepreneurs, existing units, professionals,institutions etc.



Table of Contents

1. Types of Lubricating OilsCrankcase OilsGear OilsMetal Working OilsMetal Drawing OilsSpindle and Other Textile OilsSteam Turbine Oils

Synthetic LubricantsMiscellaneous OilsFatty Oils



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Residual and Petrolatums as

LubricantsAsphalt Residual as LubricantsApplication of Asphalt Residual as

LubricantsPetrolatums as LubricantsParaffin Wax as Lubricant

Resinous Materials as LubricantsSolid LubricantsThickeners




Carbohydrates and Proteins asThickenersPolymers as Thickening AgentsAcetylene Black as a Thickener

Petroleum LubricantsBolt LubricantsCryogenic Bearing Lubricants

Lubricants for Missile SystemsLubrication with Glass




2. Formulations and Com-pounding of LubricantsAdditives for straight Mineral Oilgear LubricantsFormulation of Open or ExposedLubricantsFormulation of mild type E.P.LubricantsAircraft LubricantMiscellaneous Formulation



3. Raw Materials for LubricantsTest for good fatty acid

Preformed SoapsAdvantages and the Use of PreformedSoapsLubricating Oil

Gravity of Lubricating OilPour Point of OilDyes for Colour

PerfumeFillerSynthetic Lubricants



4. Equipments for Lubricants

Manufacture EquipmentsHandling Packaged Raw MaterialEquipment for Saponification

Equipment for Dispersion ofThickening AgentsManufacture of Lubricating Oils

Milling Equipment



5. Reclamation of used Lubricating OilNature of Contaminants in Used Lubricating Oil

Gravity Methods of PurificationFilterationRegenerating Process of Used Lube OilContaminants present in Used Lube Oil

Principles of Used Lub OilExisting Process for Regeneration of UsedLubricating OilsLubricant RecyclingReprocessingReclamation




6. Additives for LubricantsAntioxidants, Rust & Corrosion Inhibitors

Extreme Pressure Additives AntiwearAgentsFoam Inhibitors

Viscosity Index ImproversDetergents and DispersantsPour Point Depressants

Antiknock AgentsAntiscrackers Agents



7. Characteristics of LubriViscosity Index of Lubricating Oils

Vapour PressureGravity of Lab OilThermal Properties

Electrical PropertiesProperties under High PressureSurface Properties

Carbon ResidueColour of Tube Oils




Neutralisation NoSaporifications No of Petroleum Products

Aniline Point of Petroleum ProductsAsh content of Petroleum OilsPrecipitation No of Lube Oils

8. Cutting OilsMetal Forming and Deforming LubricantCutting Oils

Heat Treatment OilsIndustrial ApplicationsTypes of Cutting Oils




E.P. Additives or Antiweld

Future Trend of Cutting Oil

Formulations of cutting oilsHydrogenation Process in Lube OilProduction

Choice of Catalyst

9. Greases

Solid LubricantsSemi Solid LubricantsSolid Lubricants




Gareavs LubricantsType of Greeses

Calcium SoapSodium Soap GreasesLithium Soap Greases

Aluminium Soap GreasesMixed Soap GreasesComplex Soap GreasesNon-Soap Greases

Properties of GreasesGrease Applications




Market PositionFillers

Carbon BlackAsbestosMicaVermiculiteTalcVarious clay or silicateMetal PowderMetal Oxide




Manufacturing Process for GreaseIndustrial Grease

Manufacturing Process of Greases inGeneralFire Hazards in the Manufacture

Processing of aluminium baselubricants and greasesProduction of another Barium Base

Lubricating GreasePreparation of Lead SoapsPreparation of Lead Base Lub Greases




10. Formulation of Greases

Mixed Base LubricatingGreasesColouring Lubricating OilsRefinning of Lube OilPurification of Lube Oil

Reclaiming Used Lub OilNon-Bleeding Grease




11. Lubricants and their

ManufactureComposition of Mineral OilRefinningBlendingSynthetic HBydrocarbons

Synthetic Non hydrocarbonsPolyalkylene Glycols




12. Various Formulations of Lubricants andGreases

Textile Lubricant for Spinning Jute, etc.Application of Lead Base LubricatingGreasesPreparation of Lub Grease from Normal

Strontium SoapMixture Base Strontium Soap LubricatingGreases

Complex Soap Lubricating GreasesImportance of Soap Salt complexes andtheir characteristics




13. Analysis of Quality Assessment ofLubricating

Greases and Petroleum ProductsLubricating GreasesAnalysisTests for Melting or Liquefaction

14. CrackingThermal CrackingCoke RemovalViscosity Breaking

Delayed CokingVapour-Phase CrackingGas Cracking




Catalytic CrackingFixed Bed Catalytic CrackingMoving Bed Catalytic Cracking ProcessFluid Flow Catalytic Cracking ProcessTypes of Fluid flow catalysts

Suspensoid Catalystic CrackingCycloversion Catalytic CrackingReformingGas Reversion and PolyformingCatalytic ReformingHydroforming




Fluid HydroformingPlatformingProcessing of Cracked GasesCold Sulphuric Acid PolymerizationHot Sulphuric Acid PolymerisationSolid Phosphoric Acid PolymerisationLow pressure regenerative Process

High Pressure Non-regenerative ChamberProcessHigh Pressure Non-Regenerative ReactorProcess

HydrogenationDehydrogenationAlkylationIsomerization




15. Refining of PetroleumProductsChemical RefiningPhysical RefiningSolvent Extraction ProcessesDewaxingPropane DewaxingBenzol-Acetone DewaxingBenzol Sulphur DioxideDewaxing




16 Manufacture of Asphaltic BitumenSteam-Refined Asphaltic Bitumen

Blown Asphaltic BitumenPitch-Type Asphaltic Bitumen17. Chemicals from PetroleumFeedstocksChemicalsfrom saturated hydrocarbonsChemicals from OlefinsOxidation of Olefins

Chlorination of EthyleneChlorination of OlefinsChlorination of Propylene




Chlorination of ButenesChlorhydrination of Olefins

Hydrochlorination of OlefinsSulphonation of OlefinsOxo ProcessKetones and their derivativesAldehydes and their derivativesAcids and their derivativesAcetic Acid and Acetic AnhydrideOlefin oxides and their derivativesAromatics

Naphthenes and Naphthenic AcidsCarbon Monoxide-hydrogen systemInorganic Compounds




18. Natural and Cracked GasesGeneral PropertiesNatural GasRefinery gasLiquefied petroleum gas

19. Petroleum WaxesNature of the petroleum waxesComposition of the petroleum waxesProduction of waxesThe properties of petroleum waxesParaffin Waxes




Microcrystalline waxesSolid state transitions in paraffin waxes

The effect of crystallinely modifyingagents of theproperties of paraffin waxUtilization of petroleum waxes20. BitumenEmulsions and cutbacksRheological Properties

Wetting and adhesive propertiesApplicationIndustrial applications




21. Petroleum ProductsL.P.G. (Luiquified Petroleum Gas)Synthesis Gas

Motor GasolineAviation GasolineKeroseneJet FuelsDiesel FuelsIndustrial NaphthasHeating Oils and Residual Fuel OilsLight, Medium and Heavy Fuel OilsPetroleum WaxesMicro Crystalline Wax from slack waxPetroleum Jelly

BitumenPetroleum CokeCarbon Black


22 ABS R i



22. ABS ResinUses and ApplicationsManufacturing Process23. Acetaldehyde24. Acetic Acid25. Acetone26. Acrylamide Monomer27. Acrylonitrile

28. Benzaldehyde29. Adipic Acid30. Benzene Hexachloride (B.H.C.)31. Benzoic Acid

32. Benzyl Chloride33. Bisphenol -A34. Butadiene35. Diethyl Toluamide




36. Dimethyl Formamide37. Ethyl Acetate38. Ethylene Oxide

39. Formaldehyde40. Formic Acid41. Fumaric Acid42. Iso Propyl Alcohol

43. Methyl Amines44. Nitrobenzene45. Phthalic Anhydride46. Poly Carbonates47. Polyols

48. Polyurethane Foam49. Vinyl Chloride




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