how to say

How to say

过山车　不管哪一个　不管什么　不管在哪里　自由落体　东南方的　室内的　室外的　工匠、手艺人　旧式的　蒸汽引擎的　马背　世界闻名的　

roller coaster whicheverwhateverfree-fall

whereversoutheastern

indoor outdoorcraftsman old-fashioned

steam-engineworld-famous

horseback

Compound words:A word that consists either of two or more elements that are independent words, or of specially modified combining forms of words.

Word formation( 构词法 )

Compounding 合成 (made from two words)

two separate words: bus stop; roller coaster

one word: whichever; southeastern; indoor

words joined by a hyphen: world-famous; free-fall

Derivation 派生 (formed by using prefix/ suffix added to a root)

prefix: misunderstand; dislike

suffix: amusement; tourism; attraction; magical

Conversion 转化 (changing from one part of speech to another without changing the form)

v.—n. : visit sp – pay a visit to sp

n.—v.: hand in hand; hand in sth

adj.—v.: Her room is clean; She cleans her room

Types of common compound words:n. +n./adv. =n.: 黑板；操场

blackboard; playground

n./ v. +adv. =n.: 过路者；成人passer-by; grown-up

adj./adv. +participle=adj.:新建的；好看的；勤奋的newly-built; good-looking; hard-working

adj./adv. +v.=v.:广播；粉刷；推翻broadcast; whitewash; overthrow

adj./adv. +adv.=adv.: 无论何时；然而；在某处whenever; however; somewhere

pron./adj. +n.=pron.: 他本人；某物；任何事himself; something; anything

prep. +prep./adv./n.=prep.: 没有；在…之内；进入；在…里without; within; into; inside

常见合成名词复数变化形式：n. +adv. ： a passer-by 过路人→ passers-by ；v. +adv. ： a grown-up 成人→ grown-ups ；n. +n. ： a girl friend 女朋友→ girl friends ； a coffee cup 咖啡杯→ coffee cups ；man (woman)+n. ： women doctors ； men-servants男招待；〖注〗①名词用于合成形容词中不变复数： a five-year-old boy 一个五岁的男孩　②合成名词的所有格形式：在词后加“’ s” 。He found that a lot of ____ were ____.

A. passers-by; grown-ups B. passers-bys; growns-upC. passers-bys; grown-upsD. passers-by; growns-up

He was filled with envy at his ____ wealth. He decided to go down south to seek his fortune.

A. brother-in-law’s B. brother’s-in-lawC. brother-in-law D. brothers-in-law

√

√

Types of common conversion:v.--n.: taste;

It tastes good. It has a good taste.n.--v.: hand; shade

Let’s go hand in hand.Please hand in your exercise books after class.She is sitting in the shade of a big tree.She shaded her eyes against the sun.

adj.--v.: clean;Her room is clean and tidy.She cleans her room every day.

麦田干涸了，需要浇水。

湖水被化工厂污染了。


The wheat field is very dry and needs watering.

The water in the lake has been polluted by the chemical factory.

Sometimes there is a change in pronunciation:

The use of too much chemical fertilizer leads to serious problems.

May I use your pencil?

She gave a very special present for my birthday.

Large classes present great problems to many teachers.

Horses were the only means of transport in those days.

The goods were transported to Beijing.

She is hoping for a wage increase.

The population has increased greatly.

n. [ju:s]

v. [ju:z]

n. []

n. []

v. []

v. []n. [n]

v. [n]


Types of derivation:

prefix:

a-; dis-; un-; in-; im-; -ir; non-; re-; en-; multi-; tele-; kilo-;

suffix:

-able/-ible; -al; -an; -er; -or; -ess; -ese; -ist; -ian; -ism; -ment; -ness; -tion/-ation; -ship; -fy/-ify; -en; -ern; -ing; -ize/ise; -dom; -th; -teen; -ty; -y; -ish; -ful; -less; -ive; -ly; -ward(s)

Word formation(构词法 )

a-+ v.=adj./adv. asleep; ahead

dis-+v. 表否定 disagree; disappearin/-im/-ir + adj. 表否

定 invisible; impossible; irregular

un-：不，非 unlimited; untie

non-不，无 non-stop; non-smoker

re-再，重复 rebuild; reuse

en- 使……可能 enlarge; enable


prefix:

dis-; un-; in-; im-; non-; re-; en-; multi-; tele-; kilo-;


名

词

-er者 farmer; villager

-an, -ian…的人 American; musician

-ist专业人员 artist; journalist

-ese…地方的人 Chinese; Japanese

-ment行为，状态 government; movement

-ness性质，状态 happiness; illness

-or者，器具 visitor; tractor

-tion/-ation过程，结果

action; suggestion; celebration


suffix: -able/-ible; -al; -an; -er; -or; -ess; -ese; -ist; -ian; -ism; -ment; -ness; -tion/-ation; -ship; -fy/-ify; -en; -ern; -ing; -ize/ise; -dom; -th; -teen; -ty; -y; -ish; -ful; -less; -ive; -ly; -ward(s)


形

容

词

－ al关于…的 medical; national

-ern …方位的 southern; northern

-ful 有…性质的 hopeful; useful

-able/-ible 能…的，具有…性质的 eatable; horrible

-ly具有…性质的，每隔…发生的 motherly; daily




动词

-en使，变得 shorten; lengthen

-fy 使…化 simplify; beautify

-ize 以…方式处理 apologize; organize

副词

-ly 以…方式，关于…

happily; luckily

-ward(s)向着，朝着 towards; forward



Word formation(构词法 )即时演练：I. 用括号内单词的适当形式填空：1. Do you lie _______ (wake) at night, worrying

about things?

2. It is generally thought that traveling abroad can ________ (rich) one’s knowledge.

3. Although I _________ (like) him, I pretend to be polite.

4. Her children have all been __________(success) in their careers, which makes her proud.

5. It would be _________ (polite) to leave the party without saying good-bye to the host.

awake

enrichdislike

successful

impolite

Word formation(构词法 )I. 用括号内单词的适当形式填空：6. The earthquake is the worst _________ (nature)

disaster that Japan has experienced. 7. The scenery here is too beautiful. But

____________ (fortunately), my time is limited and I’ll have to go home tomorrow.

8. There were games, music and dancing for our ____________ (entertain) at the party.

9. In doing _________(translate), one shouldn’t change the original meaning to suit one’s own tastes.

10. They quarreled once, but they’re quite _________ (friend) now.

natural

unfortunately

entertainment

translation

friendly

II. 判断下列句中划线单词的词性和意义：

1. If you don’t respect yourself, how can you expect others to show respect to you?

2. The color of the suit doesn’t suit me well. Could I change it for another?

3. We presented some flowers to those scientists present at the meeting.

4. I bought several books in a second-handed store and went to the station to book the train ticket.

5. The classroom is clean and tidy? Who cleaned it?


v.尊重

n. 尊重

n. 套装 v. 适合v. 呈交

adj. 出席

adj. 干净的

n. 书籍

v. 预订

v. 打扫

how to say

Documents