how to write a great paper
TRANSCRIPT
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Presented by: Anthony Newman
Senior Publisher,
Elsevier, Amsterdam
Location/Date: Louisiana State University Baton Rouge, Louisiana
February 2014
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1
100
10000
1665 1765 1865 1965
Year
N o o f t i t l e s l a u n c h e d a n d s t i l l e x t a n t 2 0 0 1
Source:
M A Mabe The number and growth of journals
Serials 16(2).191-7, 2003
,))' <=)>()#)7 ?"2'4+3 *'"#%0 @AABCDEE@
Philosophical Transactionsof the Royal Society (London) 2009
1,4 million articles
in 23,000 journalsby 2,000 publishers
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Solicit and manage submissions
Manage peer review
Production
Publish and disseminate Edit and prepare
Archive and promote
• 1,000 new editors per year• 20 new journals per year • 600,000+ article submissions per year
• 200,000 reviewers
• 1 million reviewer
reports per year
• 7,000 editors
• 70,000 editorial board
members
• 6.5 million author/publisher
communications /year
• 280,000 new articles produced per year
• 190 years of back issues scanned, processed and data-tagged
• 11 million
researchers
• 5,000+
institutions• 180+ countries
• 400 million+
downloads per
year
• 3 million print
pages per year
• 11 million articles
now available
• Organise editorial boards
• Launch new specialist
journals
• 40%-90% of
articles rejected
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! Rapid conversion from “print” to “electronic”! 1997: print only
! 2009: 55% e-only (mostly e-collections)25% print only20% print-plus-electronic
! 2013: 95+% e-only
! Changing role of “journals” due to e-access
! Increased usage of articles
! at lower cost per article
! Electronic submission
! Increased manuscript inflow
! Experimentation with new publishing models! E.g. “author pays” models, “delayed open access”, etc.
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1-)4 I::)..
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*"37 1-)4 I::)..
*"37 1-)4 I::)..
! After acceptance, research is made
immediately, permanently open access
! Readers can copy and reuse the
content as defined by user licenses.
! Costs are covered by a open accesspublication fee
! Some funding bodies & institutions will
reimburse authors for such fees.
7
J)4)K%. "L *"37
! Immediate open access
! You can choose your user license
! Authors retain copyright
! Share the final published article
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Green Open Access
• After publication and acceptance in a
subscription journal author publish in a journal
• The article is immediately available to
subscribers
• After a delayed period of time ( an embargo)
authors can post their manuscript to aninstitutional repository for public use
• Applies to the accepted author manuscript and
preprint versions
• Cost of publication are covered and dependent
on the subscription model.
Green Open Access
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Look for reputable journals
Tips for publishing Gold Open Access?
Find theright
journal
Collect keyinfo
Keep yourAAM
Make yourarticle OA
Publish OA
Check your funding body and
institution’s policies
See your journal’s posting policy
Select a license and pay an OA fee
Share the final version of your article!
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Complying with new polices
Three key funder developments:
! Research Councils UK
! European Commission - Horizon 2020
! Every EU country to develop their own policy
! Office of Science and Technology Policy (US)
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G e t f u n d i n g
?
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!. your published papers, as a
permanent record of your research,
are your passport to
your community !
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Editors and reviewers are all busy scientists –
make things easy to save their time
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! Look at your references – these will help you narrow your
choices.
! Review recent publications in each candidate journal. Find outthe hot topics, the accepted types of articles, etc.
! Ask yourself the following questions:
! Is the journal peer-reviewed to the right level?
! Who is this journal’s audience?
! How fast does it make a decision or publish your paper?
! What is the journal’s Impact Factor?
! Does it really exist or is dubious? (check for example Beall’s
List of Predatory Open Access Publishers)
! DO NOT gamble by submitting your manuscript to more thanone journal at a time.
! International ethics standards prohibit multiple/simultaneoussubmissions, and editors DO find out! (Trust us, they DO!)
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! Identify the sector of
readership/community for
which a paper is meant
! Identify the interest of your audience
! Is your paper of local or internationalinterest
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0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5
Mathematics & Computer Sciences
Social Sciences
Materials Science & Engineering
Biological Sciences
Environmental Sciences
Earth Sciences
Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
Physics
Pharmacology & Toxicology
Clinical Medicine
Neuroscience
Fundamental Life Sciences
Mean Impact Factor
^4l2)4:). "4 ^G-+:% _+:%"'.R X26`):% I')+
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Complaint from an editor:
“[This] paper fell well below my threshold. I refuse to spend time trying
to understand what the author is trying to say. Besides, I really want to
send a message that they can't submit garbage to us and expect us to fix
it. My rule of thumb is that if there are more than 6 grammatical errors
in the abstract, then I don't waste my time carefully reading the rest.”
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Check the Guide for Authors of the target journal for language
specifications
Write with clarity, objectivity, accuracy, and brevity.
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X:()4VK: g+452+5) < X)4%)4:). !
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An example of what NOT to do:
“If it is the case, intravenous administration should result in that emulsion has
higher intravenous administration retention concentration, but which is not in
accordance with the result, and therefore the more rational interpretation
should be that SLN with mean diameter of 46nm is greatly different from
emulsion with mean diameter of 65 nm in entering tumor, namely, it isprobably difficult for emulsion to enter and exit from tumor blood vessel as
freely as SLN, which may be caused by the fact that the tumor blood vessel
aperture is smaller.”
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I2%0"'.0(-
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All others would qualify as “Acknowledged Individuals”
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I2%0"'.0(- C 1'7)' n I62.).
! General principles for who is listed first
! First Author
! Conducts and/or supervises the data generation and analysis
and the proper presentation and interpretation of the results
! Puts paper together and submits the paper to journal
! Corresponding author! The first author or a senior author from the institution
! Particularly when the first author is a PhD student or
postdoc, and may move to another institution soon.
! Abuses to be avoided
! Ghost Authorship: leaving out authors who should be included
! Gift Authorship: including authors who did not contribute
significantly
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I2%0"' 4+G).R :"GG"4 -'"63)G. ! Different Spellings
! Järvinen / Jaervinen / Jarvinen
! Lueßen / Lueben / Luessen
! van Harten / Vanharten / Van
! First/Last Names
! Asian names often difficult for Europeans or Americans
! What in case of marriage/divorce?
Be consistent!
If you are not, how can others be?
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I2%0"' ,'"K3).P6) :"4.(.%)4% (L N"2 :+4M "' :"''):%
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•
1-)4• =).)+':0)' n
• i"4%'(62%"'
• ^U
H0) i0+33)45)R• The scholarly record is broken
• Name ambiguity is an issue
H0) X"32V"4R• Establish a researcher identifier registry (partnership
between Univs, Publishers, funding bodies…)!
H0) J)4)K%.R• Current authors can claim already published work
• New authors can establish unique identifier
1=i^UR I2%0"' ,'"K3) D8E
Launched 16 October 2012
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46
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Journal space is not unlimited.
Your reader’s time is scarce.
Make your article as concise as possible -
more difficult than you imagine!.
Make them easy for indexing and
searching! (informative, attractive,
effective)
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47
Methods Results Discussion
Conclusion
Figures/tables (your data)
Introduction
Title & Abstract
H0) -'":).. "L #'(V45 < 62(37(45 %0) +'V:3)
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48
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48
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I6.%'+:% H)33 ')+7)'. #0+% N"2 7(7 +47 %0) (G-"'%+4% K47(45.
! 14) -+'+5'+-0 96)%#))4 BECDBE #"'7.; "\)4M -32. !(503(50%
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Graphite intercalation compounds (GICs) of composition C x N(SO2CF3)2 ! !F
are prepared under ambient conditions in 48% hydrofluoric acid, using
K2MnF6 as an oxidizing reagent. The stage 2 GIC product structures are
determined using powder XRD and modeled by fitting one dimensional electron
density profiles.
A new digestion method followed by selective fluoride electrode elemental
analyses allows the determination of free fluoride within products, and the
compositional x and ! parameters are determined for reaction times from 0.25 to
500 h.
What are the
main findings
What has been
done
7
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51
General
Specific
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53
Reviewers will criticize incomplete or incorrect descriptions, and may even
recommend rejection
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"One Picture is Worth a
Thousand Words"
Sue Hanauer (1968)
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Final approval from all
authors
Explanation of
importance of research
Suggested reviewers
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Submit a
paper
Basic requirements met?
REJECT
Assign
reviewers
Collect reviewers’
recommendations
Make a
decisionRevise the
paper
[Reject]
[Revision required]
[Accept]
[Yes]
[No]Review and giverecommendation
START
ACCEPT
Author Editor Reviewer
H0) ,))' =)>()# ,'":).. < 4"% + 63+:/ 0"3)p
Michael Derntl. Basics of Research Paper Writing and Publishing.
http://www.pri.univie.ac.at/~derntl/papers/meth-se.pdf
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67
Submit a
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Basic requirements met?
REJECT
Assign
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Collect reviewers’
recommendations
Make a
decisionRevise the
paper
[Reject]
[Revision required]
[Accept]
[Yes]
[No]Review and giverecommendation
START
ACCEPT
Author Editor Reviewer
H0) ,))' =)>()# ,'":).. < ')>(.("4.
Michael Derntl. Basics of Research Paper Writing and Publishing.
http://www.pri.univie.ac.at/~derntl/papers/meth-se.pdf
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! Major revision
! The manuscript may finally be published in the journal
! Significant deficiencies must be corrected before
acceptance
! Usually involves (significant) textual modifications and/or
additional experiments
! Minor revision
! Basically, the manuscript is worth being published
! Some elements in the manuscript must be clarified,
restructured, shortened (often) or expanded (rarely)
! Textual adaptations
! “Minor revision” does NOT guarantee acceptance after
revision!
T ( % = ( (
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! Prepare a detailed Response Letter! Copy-paste each reviewer comment, and type your response below it! State specifically which changes you have made to the manuscript
! Include page/line numbers
! No general statements like “Comment accepted, and Discussion changed
accordingly.”
! Provide a scientific response to comments to accept, .....
! ..... or a convincing, solid and polite rebuttal when you feel the reviewer was
wrong.
! Write in such a manner, that your response can be forwarded to the reviewerwithout prior editing
! Do not do yourself a disfavour, but cherish your work! You spent weeks and months in the lab or the library to do the research
! It took you weeks to write the manuscript.........
.....Why then run the risk of avoidable rejection
by not taking manuscript revision seriously?
^ ( 0 3(/ 3(0 7 L
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All these various steps are not difficult
You have to be consistent.
You have to check and recheck before submitting.
Make sure you tell a logical, clear, story about your findings.
Especially, take note of referees’ comments. They improve your
paper.
This should increase the likelihood of your paper being
accepted, and being in the 30% (accepted) not the 70%
(rejected) group!
&0 % 3 7 % % Q
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! Attention to details
! Check and double check your work
! Consider the reviewers’ comments
! English must be as good as possible
! Presentation is important
! Take your time with revision
! Acknowledge those who have helped you
! New, original and previously unpublished
! Critically evaluate your own manuscript
! Ethical rules must be obeyed
– Nigel John Cook
Editor-in-Chief, Ore Geology Reviews
71
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Scientific misconduct! Falsification of results
Publication misconduct! Plagiarism
! Different forms / severities! The paper must be original to the authors
! Duplicate publication
! Duplicate submission
! Appropriate acknowledgement of prior research and
researchers! Appropriate identification of all co-authors
! Conflict of interest
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Fabrication: Making up data or results, and
recording or reporting them
“! the fabrication of research data! hits at the heart of our
responsibility to society , the reputation of our institution, the trustbetween the public and the biomedical research community, and
our personal credibility and that of our mentors, colleagues!”
“It can waste the time of others, trying to replicate false data ordesigning experiments based on false premises, and can lead to
therapeutic errors. It can never be tolerated.”Professor Richard Hawkes
Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy
University of Calgary
“The most dangerous of all falsehoods is aslightly distorted truth.”
G.C.Lichtenberg (1742-1799)
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Falsification:! Manipulation of research materials, equipment, processes
! Changes in / omission of data or results such that the research is notaccurately represented in the research record
“Select data to fit a preconceived hypothesis:
! We do not include (data from) an experiment because ‘it did not work ’, or
! We show ‘representative’ images that do not reflect the total data set, or
! We simply shelve data that do not fit.”
Richard Hawkes
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! Elsevier is participating in 2 plagiarism detection
schemes:! TurnItIn (aimed at universities)
! IThenticate (aimed at publishers and corporations)
Manuscripts are checked against a database of 20
million peer reviewed articles which have been donated
by 50+ publishers, including Elsevier.All post-1994 Elsevier journal content is now included,
and the pre-1995 is being steadily added week-by-week
! Editors and reviewers
! Your colleagues! "Other“ whistleblowers
! “The walls have ears", it seems ...
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An article in which the authors committed plagiarism: it will not beremoved from ScienceDirect ever. Everybody who downloads it will
see the reason for the retraction…
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