HUMAN RESOURCE ACCOUNTING

• Human resource accounting is the process of identifying and measuring data about human resources and communicating this information to interested parties.

- by AAA’s commitee....

Outputs

Services provided by individual

and groups.

OBJECTIVES

• To overcome one of the major drawbacks of traditional financial accounting system

• Helpful in making management decisions.• Helps to management to monitor efficiency.• Effective management of human resources.• Greater accountability for human resources.• Better human resource planning.

ADVANTAGES

• HRA will give the cost of developing human resource s in the business.

• The investment on development of human resource can be compared with the benefits and results derived.

• Helps management in planning and executing personnel policies.

• Helps in improving the efficiency of employees.

PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED IN ACCOUNTING FOR HR

• HOW TO FIND VALUE OF HUMAN RESOURCES?

• METHODOLOGY FOR RECORDING?

Models for accounting for human resources

HUMAN RESOURCE ACCOUNTING

H.R. COST ACCOUNTING

1. Historical cost method

2. Replacement cost method

3. Opportunity cost method

H.R. VALUE ACCOUNTING

1. Hermanson’s model

2. Lev-schwartz’s model

3. Flamholtz’s model4. Ogan’s model5. Jaggi and lau’s

model

HISTORICAL COST METHOD• This approach was developed by BRUMMET, FLAMHOLTZ

and PYLE.• The cost incurred on ACQUIRING and DEVELOPING the

human resources of an enterprise are CAPITALISED and written off over the expected useful life of human resources.

• ACQUISITION COST of human resources include recruitment and selection cost incurred on human resources.

• DEVELOPMENT COST of human resource include cost of orientation, expenses incurred for off the job training and expenses incurred for on the job training, any amount spent for increase in efficiency of human resource.

HISTORICAL COST MODEL

ACQUISITION COSTS DEVELOPMENT COSTS

Merits

• Simple to understand and easy to develop• Can provide a basis for evaluation of

companies ROI in human resources.• This method also helps in control of personnel

costs

Demerits

• It takes into account only acquisition and development costs but ignore the value of their potential services

• It is very difficult to determine the number of years over which capital expenditure on human resource is to be amortised

• It is also difficult to determine the rate of amortisation

• It has been found that economic value of human resource increases with passage of time.

Replacement cost model

• It is based on the replacement cost of human resource which is defined as the sacrifice would have to be incurred today to replace human resources presently employed.

• Flamholtz emphasised on positional replacement cost, which refers to the sacrifice that has to be incurred to replace a person with substitute of same calibre, capable of providing same set of services.

Positional replacement costs

•

ACQUISITION COSTS

DEVELOPMENT COSTS

SEPARATION COSTS

DIRECT COSTS

INDIRECT COSTS

DIRECT COSTS

INDIRECT COSTS

DIRECT COSTS

INDIRECT COSTS

RECRUITM-ENT ,

SELECTIONPLACINGHIRING

COST OF PROMOTI-

ONOR

TRANSFER FROM

WITHIN

•ON THE JOB

TRAINING•FORMAL TRAINING

AND ORIENTATI-

ON

COST OF TRAINER

TIME

SEPARATI-ON PAY

•COST OF VACANT

POSITION DURING SEARCH•LOSS OF

EFFICIENCY PRIOR TO

SEPARATION

Merits

• Replacement cost model is the best value measure.

• It is present oriented than future oriented.• This model is a form of economic value of

individual’s services reflected by amount that organisation would have to pay to replace.

Demerits

• Replacement cost is irrelevant in some situations.

• This model is based on estimates only.• This method does not reflect loyalties and

calibres of individuals.

Opportunity cost model

• This model was developed by HEKIMIAN and JONES.

• This model is based on the fact that every human asset has value only when it is scarce.

• The investment manager will bid for the scarce employees, they need to recruit.

• The investment centre with the highest bid would win the human resource and include the price in its investment base. This model is also known as competitive bidding.

Merits

• Suitable for scarce employees only• All managers will be encouraged to bid• Concept of opportunity cost is applied by

establishing an internal labour market within an organisation through the process of competitive bidding.

Demerits

• This model is subjective.• It does not show the true cost of human

resource.• The inclusion of scarce employees in the asset

base may be interpreted as discriminatory by other employees.

• It may lower down the morale of employees.• Quantification of future economic benefit is

difficult.

HUMAN RESORCE VALUE ACCOUNTING

• Human resource value is present worth of human’s expected future services.

• Human resource value accounting is accounting for valuation of human resources.

• This concept is derived from the economic concept of value which has two dimensions

1.Utility, value in use.2.Purchasing power i.e, exchange value

HERMANSON’S MODEL

• This model is given by ROGER H HERMANSONS.• This model is based on assumption that a

relationship can be established between employees salary and his value to the organisation.

• In this the present value of discounted wages of future is calculated for each year for coming 5 years.

• The present value is further adjusted by efficiency ratio.

•This efficiency ratio is weighted average of the ROI of reporting firm to all the firms of the economy, for a fixed

period.

Steps involved in the process of valuation.

1. Estimation is to be done about annual salaries and wages for the next 5 years.

2. Discount factor is to be applied to the annual wages.

3. Present value of wages and salaries is calculated by multiplying wages with discount factor.

4. Calculate efficiency ratio with the formula.5. Present value of wages and salaries are

multiplied with efficiency ratio.

• The estimated annual wages and salaries for next five years of nippon chemical company are Rs. 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 lacs. The ARR of the company for the current and proceeding 4years is 20, 15, 12, 12, and 10.and ARR of all the firms in the chemical industry for the corresponding period is 15, 10, 8, 6 and 5 resp. Assume the discount rate is 10%.

UNPURCHASED GOODWILL MODEL

• According to hermansons, the unpurchased goodwill notion is based on the premise that

“ The best available evident of the present existence of unowned resources is the fact that a given firm earned higher than normal rate of income for the most recent year”

MERITS

• Uses information from published financial statements.

• Based on a logical indication of the presence of human resources in an organisation.

• Easy to understand and easy to make.

DEMERITS

• It ignores human resource base that is required to carry out normal operations of organisation.

• It uses the actual earnings of most recent year as the basis for calculating human assets which puts restriction on the scope of making very much discounts the reliability of forecasts of future earning that could be more relevant for managerial decisions.

• The average rate of return on tangible asset in a particular industry over past five years has been 12% and the firm has enjoyed 16% return on its tangible assets of Rs. 30,00,000. then calculate value of human resources of that company.

Tangible assets=30,00,000Profit of company= 16%Profit= 30,00,000 x 16 / 100 = 4,80,000Rate of return in industry = 12% capital base = 4,80,000 / 12% =40,00,000Valuation of unowned assets= 40,00,000-30,00,000 Human resources=10,00,000

FLAMHOLTZ’S MODEL• FLMHOLTZ was of the view that human beings cannot

be purchased or owned by the organisation like other physical assets.

• They are free to either serve or turnover.• He emphasised on dual aspect of an individual value1. the amount that organisation could potentially realise

from his services if he stays in the organisation.2. The other aspect refers to the amount actually

expected to be derived, taking into account the person likelihood of leaving.

FORMULA

COMPENSATION MODEL

• This model was developed by BARUCH LEV and SCHWARTZ .

• schwartz model also known as compensation model, which determines present value of future earnings of a person in an organisation.

• It recognises human resource as wealth providing source of income and relies on measurement of such wealth as present value of future earnings.

Formula

There is a group of 200 skilled workers in sant valve ltd. In the age group of 20-29 . It is estimated that every employee will earn as per earning profile as under

Calculate value of 200 employees by using schwartz model by assuming discount rate 10% and age 20.

• Each employee will earn as under as per earning profile:Rs. 8,000 per year for 1st 10 years.Rs. 10,000 per year for 2nd 10 years.Rs. 12,000 per year for 3rd 10 years.Rs. 16,000 per year for 4th 10 years.Calculate the present value: 8000 x 6.145(1-10)=49,160 10000 x 2.369(11-20)=23,690 12000 x .913(21-30)=10,956 16000 x .352(31-40)=5,632

• Value of each employee=89,438• Value of 200 employees= 200 x 89,438 =1,78,87,600

Limitations• It ignores the possibility and probability of an

individual leaving an organisation for reasons other than retirement and death.

• The assumptions of schwartz that human beings will not make role changes during thier tenure in the organisation seems unrealistic.

• it fails to accurately evaluate the group and the team work involved.

• It ignores security, bargaining capacity, skill and experience which may affect the payment of more or low salaries.

• Subjectivity is likely to be there while determining future level of salaries even about determination of discount rate.

• A value of human being to the organisation is not determined entirely by person inheritent qualities, traits and skills, but also by organisation role in which individual is placed

OGANS MODEL

• Ogan was of the view that there are seven major determinants which can helpful in valuation of human resources.

MERITS

• This model is suitable for service organisation.• It generates data that is amenable for use in

an on going manner like performance evaluation system.

DEMERITS

• Total value of individual is not considered.• Model is limited for use in professional service

organisation.• The model does not concern itself with the

value of complement of standard work index.

JAGGI AND LAU’S MODEL

• JAGGI and LAU have proposed the model which is based on groups rather than individuals.

• It is based on homogeneous groups• A markov chain representation is used.• Duration of employment is taken into

consideration.• Promotion paths are taken into consideration.• Multiple probabilities of further changes are

taken in to consideration.

Duration of service of a group is=20 years (250 days, @ 8 hours per day)working hours 40,000 hours/worker/a year

chargeable rate per hour)

For worker Rs. 10 per hourFor supervisor Rs. 15 per hourFor manager Rs.25 per hourFor general manager Rs. 30 per hour after 20 years, current position of the group is

predicted as follows: RANKS NUMBERS

Workers 70

Supervisors 20

Managers 8

General managers 2

Calculate the value per employee by assuming probability and path/routes and assuming that there will be 4 stages as

under:

STAGES YEAR

1 0-5 1ST Five years

2 6-10 2nd Five years

3 11-15 3rd Five years

4 16-20 4th Five years

After every 5 years., every worker becomes eligible for promotion.Promotion path / routes along with probability are as under:

W = Worker S=SupervisorM=ManagerG.M. = General Manager

MERITS

• Time saving and economical model• Model motivates the total group as a whole.• Less chances of feeling of jealously among

employees.• Easily acceptable by the trade unions.• Valuation of all employees is done.• In this model only multiple probability are

taken in to account for valuation purposes.

DEMERITS

• Difficult to understand by illiterate working class.

• All workers are given equal attention.• Predicting further is difficult task.• Subjectivity is likely to be there.• Lack of reliable data.

REASONS OF SLOW PROGRESS OF HRA IN INDIA

AT MACRO LEVEL• No legal binding and backing.• Lack of initiative in private sector.• India is trend follower and not trend setter• Lack of initiation from professional institutes.• No contribution from universities• Family denominations in private sector.

AT MICRO LEVELTO ENTREPRENEURS• Lack of computer technology.• Costs are more than the benefits.• Fear of bargaining by trade unions.TO INVESTORS• Lack of awareness among investors.• No standard model.• Difficulty in comparison.

TO WORKERS• Workers are liabilities not assets.• High labour turnover.• Illiteracy among the working class.

THANKYOU