hsa vocabulary w definitions

VocabularyVocabulary

Controlled ExperimentsControlled Experiments

hypothesis - possible solution to a problem or an answer to a scientific question

observation - the process of using the senses to gather information

data - information gathered during an observation or experiment

dependent variable - will change in response to the independent variable

independent variable - selected by the researcher prior to conducting the experiment

controlled experiment - an experiment with only one variable


Controlled ExperimentsControlled Experiments

bias - preconceived idea


ChemistryChemistry

polar molecule - a molecule with charged ends similar to a magnet (water)

pH scale - the scale for measuring acids and bases (acids / 0 – 14 / bases)

acid - pH below 7, sour to the taste, more H+ ions

base -

pH above 7, feels slippery, more OH- ions

density - ice floats because it’s less dense than water

inorganic -

organic -

nutrients needed by the body (minerals)

molecules that help regulate body processes (vitamins)


ChemistryChemistry

solvent - substance in which solutes are dissolved (water)

buffer - substance that helps prevent sharp changes in a cell’s pH


Biological MoleculesBiological Molecules

carbohydrate - sugar made up of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

glucose - monosaccharide (C6H12O6) made by plants during photosynthesis

cellulose -

polysaccharide / sugar that makes up cell walls in plants

starch - carbohydrate used for energy storage in plants (corn, potato, beets)

lipids - fats (from animals) and oils (from plants) used to store energy

nucleic acids - (DNA and RNA) carry genetic information

nucleotide - makes up DNA and RNA / composed of a sugar, a phosphate and a nitrogen base



DNA -

makes up chromosomes. Stores genetic information.

RNA - carries information from the nucleus during protein synthesis.

protein - found in meat, fish, fowl, some beans and dairy products / builds body tissue in animals.

amino acid -

small molecules that build protein and enzymes.

enzyme - biological catalyst that controls the rate of chemical reactions in organisms

substrate - the reactant of an enzyme catalyzed reaction



vitamins -

vitamin D (bone growth), vitamin K (blood clotting), vitamin C (wound healing)

mineral - inorganic substances necessary for cell processes (calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sodium and iron)

toxin - poison


Cell BiologyCell Biology

prokaryote -

a cell that lacks a nucleus (bacteria / ancient origin)

eukaryote - a cell that has a nucleus and other organelles

nucleus - control center of a cell (brain / contains chromosomes)

organelle - the organs of cells (vacuole, chloroplast, mitochondrion etc.)

ribosome - structures on the E.R. where proteins are made

mitochondrion - where energy is released from glucose (powerhouse)

chloroplast - green organelle (contains chlorophyll) found only in plants where sunlight is turned into food (glucose)


Cell BiologyCell Biology

cytoplasm - all of the contents inside a cell membrane (except the nucleus)

cell wall - nonliving, outer boundary of a plant cell (made of cellulose)

cilia(um) -

flagella(um) -

pseudopod -

short, hair-like projections that produce movement in many cells

long, whip-like tail found on some microorganisms

“false foot” or temporary projection of the cytoplasm used by some protists for feeding or movement


Cell TransportCell Transport

membrane - thin, living layer around all cells (controls what enters and exits)

selectively permeable - different materials at different times go in and out

concentration - amount of material dissolved in a solution

equilibrium - concentration is the same

diffusion - movement of molecules from high to low concentration

osmosis - the diffusion of water across a membrane

homeostasis - balance or steady state or a state of equilibrium


Levels of OrganizationLevels of Organization

cell - the smallest unit of life

tissue - group of similar cells working together (muscle, blood, nerve, epithelial, and connective

organ - a group of tissues working to perform a specific function

system - a group of related organs performing a vital (life) function

excretory - waste removal system (skin, lungs, colon, kidneys and bladder)

skeletal - support system (bones, cartilage and ligaments)

muscular - system that provides movement for the skeleton, air, blood, and food


Levels of OrganizationLevels of Organization

endocrine - system of glands that make chemicals (hormones) in one part of the body that work elsewhere in the body (regulation)

nervous - system of electro-chemical control (brain, spinal chord, nerves and sensory organs / eyes, ears, tongue, nose and skin)

vascular - plant tissue specialized for carrying water


Cell ReproductionCell Reproduction

mitosis - nuclear division (prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase)

binary fission - single cells split, forming two cells. (reproduction)

chromosome - genetic material, made up of genes, located in the nucleus

budding -

vegetative - asexual, plant reproduction using horizontal stems and underground roots

asexual reproduction in single-celled organisms like yeast


DNA and Protein SynthesisDNA and Protein Synthesis

DNA - genetic molecule which makes up chromosomes (double helix)

RNA - similar to DNA, helps to build proteins and enzymes (single strand)

nucleotide - makes up DNA & RNA (sugar, phosphate and nitrogen base)

nitrogen bases - adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine and uracil

double helix - shape of DNA (like a twisted ladder)

sugar -

phosphate -

five carbon sugar, ribose in RNA and deoxyribose in DNA

PO4 group found in DNA and RNA



transcription -

mRNA is made from DNA

translation - proteins are made with the help of tRNA

codon - a group of three nitrogen bases found on mRNA

anticodon - a group of three nitrogen bases found on tRNA

mRNA -

tRNA -

rRNA -

carries information for making proteins (messenger)

carries amino acids to build proteins (transfer)

makes up the structure of a ribosome (ribosomal)



mutation - a change in DNA (either in a gene or on a whole chromosome)


GeneticsGenetics

meiosis - sex cell formation (making sperm and eggs)

homologous -

paired chromosomes

chromosome - packaged form of DNA (in the nucleus)

crossing-over - exchanging parts of a chromosome

gamete - sex cell (sperm, egg, pollen and ova)

fertilization - the joining of sex cells

zygote - a fertilized egg cell


GeneticsGenetics

Punnette Square - diagram used to solve genetics problems

genotype - genetic make up of an individual (BB or Cc or dd)

phenotype - appearance of a trait (tall pea plant, widow’s peak)

heterozygous - two different alleles (Bb or Cc or Dd)

homozygous - two identical alleles (BB or cc)

dominant -

recessive -

an allele that will always exhibit its form of a trait

an allele that only exhibits its form of the trait if a dominant allele is not present


GeneticsGenetics

sex-linked - a trait effected by ones sex (baldness, color blindness)

pedigree - the genetic history of an organism


Genetic EngineeringGenetic Engineering

gel electrophoresis - procedure used to separate and analyze DNA

recombinant DNA -

DNA produced by combining DNA from different sources

gene splicing -

combining DNA from different sources

clone - genetically identical individual produced from a single cell


EvolutionEvolution

evolution - change over time of a species

variation - natural differences between individuals of a species

natural selection - survival of the fittest

artificial selection - people select the variations that they find useful

fitness - ability of an organism to survive and reproduce

adaptation - inherited characteristic that increases the chance of survival

homologous structures - structures that have different mature forms in different organisms but develop from the same embryonic tissues (arms, wings and flippers)


ClassificationClassification

prokaryote - a cell without a nucleus (bacteria)

eukaryote - a cell with a nucleus (most cells)

unicellular - made up of only one cell

multicellular - made up of more than one cell

angiosperm - plants that reproduce with flowers


EcologyEcology

biotic - living

abiotic - nonliving

predator - hunts and eats other organisms for food

prey - food organisms eaten by predators

parasite - lives in or on another organism and uses it as a food source

host - where parasites live

mutualism - symbiosis where both organisms benefit


EcologyEcology

commensalism - symbiosis (one benefits, other neither helped nor harmed)

niche - full range of conditions in which an organism lives (physical, biological)

producer - makes the food (plant, algae or bacteria) / (autotroph)

consumer - gets energy from another organism

competition - when organisms attempt to use resources in the same place at the same time

herbivore -

carnivore -

eats plants

eats flesh


EcologyEcology

omnivore - eats plants and animals

food chain - series of steps in obtaining energy in an ecosystem

food web - interconnected food chains

trophic level - the steps in a food chain or food web (energy level)

scavenger - eat organisms that have died (detritivore)

diversity - sum total of the variety within an ecosystem

pyramid - a diagram that shows the number of individuals, biomass or energy in an ecosystem


EcologyEcology

carbon cycle - movement of carbon through an ecosystem

photosynthesis - making food using the energy in light

chemosynthesis - making food using the energy in inorganic molecules

cellular respiration -

getting energy for cells from glucose molecules

water cycle - movement of water through an ecosystem

nitrogen cycle - movement of nitrogen through an ecosystem


EcologyEcology

invasive species - non-native species introduced into an ecosystem

deforestation - removal of a large numbers of trees

ATP - energy molecules used by all cells (adenosine triphosphate)

aerobic -

anaerobic -

with oxygen (form of respiration)

without oxygen (form of respiration)

combustion - burning

succession - a series of predictable changes in an ecosystem


EcologyEcology

pollution - harmful materials that enter the biosphere through the land, air or water

urbanization - replacing nature with man-made structures

hsa vocabulary w definitions

Technology

vocabulary dna

plant cell

cell brain

cell membrane

cell walls

cell processes calcium

nucleus cell wall nonliving

cells ph