MISY 3312: Introduction to Telecommunications

Instructor: Dr. Valentina Korzhova

Done by :

Amna Al Jafar 200700038

Faten Saeed Al-Mohsin 200700789

Razan AlSanea 200801164

Sara AlZamil 200800118

Due date

8 of may, 2012

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Outline1. Introduction 1.1. History of the Company. 1.2. Purpose of networking (in general).2. Problem statement 2.1. Problem statement regarding business. 2.2. Problem statement regarding networks. 3. Connection Method 3.1. Wired technologies

3.1.1 Coaxial Cables3.1.2 Optical Fiber

3.2. Wireless Technologies 3.2.1. Wireless LAN

3.2.2. Wireless WAN4. Types of networks based on physical scope

4.1 Wireless Local Area Network:4.2 Personal area network4.3 Home area network4.4 Wireless Wide Area Network4.5 Campus Area Network4.6 Metropolitan area network4.7 Enterprise private network:4.8 Virtual private network4.9 Internetwork 4.10 Global Area Network4.11 Internet4.12 Intranets and extranets:

5. Network Classification5.1.1 Network Architecture

5.1.2 Active Networking5.1.3 Client–server

5.2.1 Network topology5.2.2 Bus network5.2.3 Star network

6. Basic hardware components6.1 Repeaters6.2 Hubs6.3 Switches6.4 Routers

7. Network Security 7.1. Firewalls7.2. Bank Security System

7.2.1. Security Cameras 7.2.2. Vault Security7.2.3. Safe Deposit Boxes

7.3. Encryption 7.4. Authentication8. Conclusion9. Recommendation

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10. References1 .Introduction

1.1 .History of company

HSBC is considered on of the world’s largest banking and financial

services. The main corporate branch is in London, UK. But is has almost 7200 branches

in over 80 countries around the world, starting with Asia all the way through till the

Americas. HSBC has over 89 million customers .

We have chosen this corporation because it is one of the largest corporations that

have to deal with individuals .

Their logo is: The world’s local bank, to keep in touch with customer

information, and to show that their logo is true, they are using a widely spread network

in order to access any information any time anywhere.

1.2 .Purpose of Network (in general)

Communication is very important for people that serve a lot of things in our

life, such as in business field that link all the organizations in one network. HSBC use

advanced technology to make everything work will to individuals, organization and

business "HSBC serves around 95 million personal customers and over 3.5 million

commercial customers. To meet the needs of these customers, HSBC employs over

300,000 employees speaking over 100 languages.

On 31 December 2010, HSBC’s Total assets amounted to almost US$2,500

billion". Network known as Macmillan dictionary define it as “a set of computers that

are connected to each other so that each computer can send and receive information to

and from other computers”.

Nowadays, business needs communication system to contact all branches of

the organization together that to control and manage all the business work from small

screen. So, the main reason for network that to link, share and exchange files that makes

it faster and easier to do the work inside or outside the company.

2. Problem statement

2.1 . Problem statement regarding business

Internet banking in HSBC is increasing and growing rabidly which makes the

transactions become easier, convenient and faster. It is the latest improvement and

development that has taken a place in the field of banking transactions to make it HSBC 3

professionally done and to reduce the long waiting-lines. Although it has been added by

the banks organizations to facilitate the bank processes, it still faces some serious

problems during your banking transactions through the Internet that may that may dictate

and you to go yourself directly to the bank instead of doing it online. These problems

may be related to the customers or to the bank itself. For the customers, they have to

have at least a basic knowledge of the Internet and computers in order to carry out the

Internet banking correctly. While some customers are kind of beginners in dealing with

Internet so that they find it hard to handle their bank transaction through the Internet. In

addition to that, some of them don’t even trust on Internet banking where in some cases a

small mistake like pressing on a wrong button, may lead to big problems. As for the

HSBC, it faces some difficulties in their network like disruption of systems that is back

to some reasons occurs when the mother network become under pressure when the

number of users becomes large. This is one of the reasons that may lead to disruption of

the customers online bank transactions and hamper them to complete their operations

which force them to waste their time and go to the bank.

2.2 . Problem statement regarding networks

HSBC is the most the most organization that has achieved remarkable success

in recent years in banking transactions. It has more than 1421 branches in the UK in

addition to the international branches all over the world.

They manage their banking work professionally and they provide the best

professional and personal banking services.

Their main objective is to satisfy the customers’ needs and protect their security

accounts. They are facing some problems like business bank problems and bank

complaints that are related to mortgages and bank loans between the customers and the

band. In addition to that, banking work conflicts between employers and managers.

3 .Connection Method

3.1 .Wired technologies

Wired technology is available from many years as this is secure method of

transferring HSBC Bank files and data within the organization by using of

network cables with the help of network device called switch. The other

application of wired technologies is to communicate to other parties both

internal and external platform. Currently, this is the most reliable way to

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transmitting/receiving data or voice on the planet. The Internet itself transmits

a large amount of data through fiber optic cabling but also employs a large

amount of T1/T3 lines that run over standard copper wiring. For purposes of

this article, "wired" refers to copper wiring and does not include fiber optic

technologies. The table below portrays the pros and cons of wired technology .

For the most part, wired technology is very reliable. The telephone system operates

using wired technology and provides a 99.999% uptime. This is also known as the

“five 9s of reliability." Although wire is susceptible to interference by loud machinery

(A/C units, electric motors, etc) various solutions, such as shielded cable can be used

to solve these problems. Shielded or armored wiring is used to protect against weather

and other types of negative externalities. Compared to wireless solutions, wired is

very cheap. The equipment is generally cheaper, as well as the cost of maintenance.

Generally, copper wiring has a very long life expectancy. The QoS is excellent

because wired connections eliminate the need for establishing an end-to-end

connection every time. Speed is also a huge advantage for HSBC Bank for using

wired connections. Using a group of wires (like a telephone or Ethernet cable) allows

each conductor to handle a certain amount of information. Think of it like an

automotive transmission. The more gears you have, the great control you have over

the speed of the automobile .

On the negative side, wired connections are not always realistic. Some rural

areas HSBC Bank are still not wired for broadband Internet connections. This forces

users to subscribe to satellite access. Ethernet cables can run a maximum of 100

meters before the signal needs to be boosted. This can cause problems if you don't

have an environment that allows this luxury. Remember that the longer the cable is,

the more signal loss occurs and the signal travels down the wire. This is why special

cables have been developed to help preserve the strength of the signal. However, the

use of such technology usually comes at a significantly higher price.

Network transmission media can communicate ether wireless through radio

waves and infrared signals or wired throughout coaxial cables, optical fiber and

twisted pairs. A wired technology have been known and used before many years ago,

and it’s become popular in the early 1900’s. (Rodriguez, 2002). It used for money

transaction specifically, bank transaction even so there are no cash moved. The

majority of people have used an ATM card to buy something and that is a wire

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transfer as well. And there is another type that is when you sign up for automatic bill

purchasing through your bank. This kind of bill paying is becoming more popular as

technology makes it easier and safer to use.

3.1. 1. Coaxial Cables

Coaxial cables are transmission lines for high-frequency signals. The dimensions

of the cable are controlled to give an accurate, steady conductor spacing, which is

needed for it to function efficiently as a radio frequency line. It is used for

computer networks. It carries a high- frequency or broadband signal and is ideal

for broadband telecommunications.  It is also widely installed for use in business

and corporation Ethernet and other types of LAN (www.epanorama.net., 2012).

3.1 .2 Optical Fibers

An optical fiber is most advanced tool for effective data flow for HSBC Bank for

data transfer through transparent fiber which is made of pure glass(silica) that helps

in transmitting any type of primary or secondary data through wired LAN(Local area

network) . The optical fiber network wire is widely used to transmit the huge volume

of data of various forms effectively as compare to metal wires which is only good for

transferring the electricity only. The application of fiber optic technology is applied

in various means to transfer secondary data like images, movies, and wrapped data

bundles and effectively used for detecting sensors gadgets and fiber lasers. .

Optical fibers are made up of transparent core covered by cladding materials with

lower index of refraction with a dim light is provided for deduction purpose that

support the paths of transverse model multi-model fibers (MMF) and single-mode

fibers(SMF). The designing and connecting the fiber networks is most crucial for

money transfer jobs assignment as this need a special effort to join all the fibers

correctly and then spliced together for smooth data flow.

3.2 .Wireless technologies

Wireless internet technology generates a network by transferring radio-

frequency signals among your computers to share information. It is not using wire

that all computers in bank broadcast their information to one another using radio

signals, but has significantly hindered the privacy of these individuals. Internet

banking is use accounts from anywhere using wireless Internet service. Timely

distribution of information to clients, in wireless networking, a peer-to-peer wireless

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network indicates that each computer can connect directly with all other computer on

the network. However, HSBC use client and server wireless networks. The wireless

networks that use client/severs have an access point. An access point is a wired

controller that receives and send outs data to the wireless adapters installed in each

computer. According to (Macari J. & Caminero D.) "Wireless Local Area Network

(WLAN) is 802.11b. WLAN operates at up to 11 megabits per second and has a range

of 100-1000 feet". A number of wireless network companies ("Hot Spot operators")

are actively building Wi-Fi networks in Banks. That HSBC must ensure that

information that is transferred wirelessly is secure from hackers.

How do bank make wireless technology useful?

Banks use wireless technology in internet banking. The client can

access accounts using wireless internet service. It provides for real-time

dissemination of information on clients. Banks also use the cellular or mobile smart

phones technology as a wireless technology to conduct business. Mobile banking

allows the consumer to transact business without going to the bank. Mobile banking

gives a more cost efficient way for these banks, helping them decrease costs and

charges to clients for transactions, and permitting these clients to have real-time

access to information related to their bank accounts. These factors should translate

into more clients to register with the banks and to have transactions more often

(www.online-distance-learning-education.com, 2012)

The Mobile Network Operator (MNO) provides the mobile phone and the

ability to use the Mobile phone for providing banking services to the consumer

(www.online-distance-learning-education.com, 2012)

The bank’s mobile banking options include :

•Leveraging the Mobile Network Operator (MNO) bearer channel and infrastructure

to extend its payments franchise to mobile facilities as a channel

•Leveraging the Mobile Network Operator (MNO) brand, distribution network, and

extended customer base to target new market segments

•Allowing a MNO to use the bank’s financial license and/or infrastructure to become

a bank.

4. Types of networks based on physical scope

A computer network is a set of computers and devices that are liked internally

by contact channels to let communication between users and to share or exchange of

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resources. HCBS is used computer network for many reasons, such as communication

and sharing hardware, files, data and information.

4.1 Wireless Local Area Network:

It is a computer network interconnecting computers using network media in a

limited area such as a home, office, or a bank. LAN’s characteristics include higher

data-transfer rates, smaller geographic area, and lack of a need for leased

transformation lines.

LAN's network topology illustrates the interconnecting devices and

network parts in a pattern. The most common data link layer and physical layer used

for LAN for a long time is switched ethernet. The Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) is used

as a standard for higher layers. One or more linked switches connected to a router,

cable or ADSL modem for Internet access are used to complete smaller LANs.

Redundant links with spanned tree protocol being used for preventing loops,

managing different traffic types via quality of service (QoS), and segregating traffic

with VLANs are the characteristics of larger LANs. Switches, firewalls, routers load

balancers, and sensors are contained also by Larger LANs (www.netscout.com,

2012).

LANs can also communicate with other LANs through leased lines,

leased services, or by using virtual private network or VPN technologies. A LAN can

be classified as a metropolitan area network (MAN) or a wide area network (WAN)

(www.netscout.com, 2012).

The Local Area Network (LAN) for a bank would be similar to any other LAN

but being strict on security by placing Firewalls and Security and avoiding open

wireless access points. The bank may need to be audited for security

(www.netscout.com, 2012).

4.2 Personal area network:

A personal area network - PAN - is a computer network organized around a

corporate head office of HSBC Bank like Eg: Hongkong, Dubai, and New Delhi.

Personal area networks typically involve a mobile computer, a cell phone and/or a

handheld computing device such as a PDA. You can use these networks to transfer

files including email and calendar appointments, digital photos and music.

Personal area networks can be constructed with cables or wirelessly. USB and

FireWire technologies often link together a wired PAN while wireless PANs typically

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use Bluetooth or sometimes infrared connections. Bluetooth PANs are also called

piconets.

Personal area networks generally cover a range of less than 10 meters (about 30 feet)

4.3 Home area network

HSBC Bank home network or home area network (HAN) is a residential local

area network (LAN)[citation needed] for communication between digital devices

typically deployed in the home, usually a small number of personal computers and

accessories, such as printers and mobile computing devices. An important function is

the sharing of Internet access, often a broadband service provisioned by fiber-to-the-

home or via Cable Internet access, Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) or mobile

broadband by Internet service providers (ISPs). If an ISP only provides one IP

address, a router including network address translation (NAT), proxy server software

and typically a network firewall, allows several computers to share the external IP

address. The router function may be assumed by a PC with several network interfaces,

but a dedicated router device is more common, often including a wireless access

point, providing Wi-Fi access.

4.4 Wide Area Network:

The Wide Area Network (WAN) covers a large geographical area, and

use communications circuits to connect the intermediate nodes. WAN design and

performance depend on their lease communications circuits from telephone

companies or other communications carriers. 2 Mbps, 34 Mbps, 45 Mbps, 155 Mbps,

625 Mbps or are different transmission rates for WAN (or sometimes considerably

more). Organizations supporting WANs using the Internet Protocol or IP are known

as Network Service Providers (NSPs). These form the core of the Internet

(erg.abdn.ac.uk., 2012).

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Typical "mesh" connectivity of a Wide Area Network

The efficiency of communication techniques also depend on the characteristics

of The characteristics of the transmission facilities lead to an emphasis on efficiency

of communications techniques in the design of WANs. Controlling the volume of

traffic and avoiding excessive delays is important. Since the topologies of WANs are

likely to be more complex than those of LANs, routing algorithms also receive more

emphasis. Many WANs also implement sophisticated monitoring procedures to

account for which users consume the network resources. This is, in some cases, used

to generate billing information to charge individual users (erg.abdn.ac.uk., 2012).

According to (basher, 2007)"The computers that are connected to the

WANs are generally connected through the public networks and they can also be

connected through the satellites". WAN networks are built using the leased lines and a

router is linked to the end of each one and a hub is connected to the other end. A

number of computers with this hub and other hubs and switches are linked. The

greatest symbol of WAN is internet that is the largest network in the world. WAN is

improving time-to-market that facilitated the bank to easily add branches anyplace.

4.5 Campus Area Network:

A Campus Area Network (CAN) interconnects some local area networks

(LANs) within a corporate campus. Campus area network of a bank links several

banks to the main headquarters. A campus area network is between a local area

network and a metropolitan area network (MAN) or wide area network (WAN) in

size.

4.6 Metropolitan area network:

A Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) is one of a number of types of

networks (see also LAN and WAN). A MAN is a relatively new class of network, it

serves a role similar to an ISP, but for corporate users with large LANs. There are

three important features which discriminate MANs from LANs or WANs:

The network size falls intermediate between LANs and WANs. A MAN typically

covers an area of between 5 and 50 km diameter. Many MANs cover an area the size

of a city, although in some cases MANs may be as small as a group of buildings or as

large as the North of Scotland.

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A MAN (like a WAN) is not generally owned by a single HSBC BANK. The

MAN, its communications links and equipment are generally owned by either a

consortium of users or by a single network provider who sells the service to the users.

This level of service provided to each user must therefore be negotiated with the

MAN operator, and some performance guarantees are normally specified.

A MAN often acts as a high speed network to allow sharing of regional

resources (similar to a large LAN). It is also frequently used to provide a shared

connection to other networks using a link to a WAN.

4.7 Enterprise private network:

HSBC enterprise private network is a computer network that helps Bank with a

number of disparate offices connects those banks branches to each in a secure way

over a network. An enterprise private network is mainly set up to share computer

resources.

These networks were mainly operated over telecommunications networks. During

1990s as Internet technology evolved, a new type of network called virtual private

networks originated. This type of network was built over public infrastructure, and the

data was encrypted to protect it from eavesdroppers .

Nowadays, networks built by HSBC Bank are called enterprise private networks

when privacy is maintained through security procedures and tunneling protocols like

Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol.

Some of the advantages of an enterprise private network are:

The messages are secure because they are encrypted.

They are cost effective and scalable.

They help to centralize IT resources.

They enable business continuity.

4.8 Virtual private network

If you use the internet you can connect to virtual private network by two

ways a web browser or with a software VPN client. Banks obviously use virtual

private network "VPNs typically require remote users of the network to be

authenticated, and often secure data with firewall and encryption technologies to

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prevent disclosure of private information to unauthorized parties" according to

(Wikipedia). That is provides a communication between officers and those who

travels abroad to a central organizational network. VPN need not have limited

security features, such as authentication or content encryption. Virtual Private

Network that is setup could be used to isolate traffic of different user contacts over an

underlying network with powerful security features. VPN are divides into two types;

remote access VPN and site to site VPN. First, Site to site VPN lets you to have a

secured communication between locations through open internet. If HSBC bank use

site to site VPN your bank can save a great deal of money, as you can use cheaper

means always on connections such as domestic broadband rather than expensive

leased lines among sites. Remote access VPN is used by banks that have staff work in

location outside the office. You can communicate into the office network over dial up

phone/isdn lines or over broadband from anyplace.

4.9 Internetwork

An Internetwork is two or more connected of computer networks or network

segments via a common routing technology. It is called internetwork that is short two

connected of computer networks. According to (SHEIKH, A) "Two or more networks

or network segments connected using devices that operate at layer 3 (the 'network'

layer) of the OSI Basic Reference Model, such as a router. Any interconnection

among or between public, private, commercial, industrial, or governmental networks

may also be defined as an internetwork". Recently use, interconnected networks use

the Internet Protocol. There are three types of internetworks, depending on who

administers and who participates in them: Intranet, Extranet and Internet. An intranet

defend is a set of networks, practice internet protocol. An extranet is an internetwork

that is restricted to one organization or entity but which also has specific connections

to the networks of one or more that HCBS bank not used it.

4.10 Global Area Network:

A Global Area Network or GAN is made of different interconnected

WANs in a limited geographical area.

4.11 Internet:

The vast use of Internet protocol suite is the set of communications protocols

used by HSBC bank for the Internet based online banking transactions and similar

networks, and generally the most popular protocol stack for wide area networks. It is

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commonly known as TCP/IP, because of its most important protocols: Transmission

Control Protocol (TCP) and Internet Protocol (IP), which were the first networking

protocols defined in this standard

TCP/IP provides end-to-end connectivity specifying how bank data should be

formatted, addressed, transmitted, routed and received at the destination. It has four

abstraction layers, each with its own protocols. From lowest to highest, the layers are:

- The link layer (commonly Ethernet) contains communication technologies for

a local network.

- The internet layer (IP) connects local networks, thus establishing

internetworking.

- The transport layer (TCP) handles host-to-host communication.

- The application layer (for example HTTP) contains all protocols for specific

data communications services on a process-to-process level (for example how a web

browser communicates with a web server).

- The TCP/IP model and related protocols are maintained by the Internet

Engineering Task Force (IETF).

4.12 Intranets and extranets:

An "intranet" is the generic term for a collection of private HSBC Bank computer

networks within an organization. An "extranet" is a computer network that allows

controlled access from the outside for specific online business or educational

purposes. Intranets and extranets are communication tools designed to enable easy

information sharing within workgroups,

How intranet helps HSBC Bank operations ?

In essence, an intranet is a business' own private HSBC Bank website. It is a

confidential business network that uses the same underlying structure and network

protocols as the internet and is protected from unauthorized users by a firewall.

Intranets enhance existing communication between employees and provide a

common knowledge base and storage area for everyone in customers business. They

also provide users with easy access to HSBC BANK data, systems and email from

their desktops.

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Because intranets are secure and easily accessible via the internet, this enables

staff to do work from any location simply by using a web browser. This can help

small businesses to be flexible and control office overheads by allowing employees to

work from almost any location, including their home and customer sites.

Other types of intranet are available that merge the regular features of intranets

with those often found in software such as HSBC Bank. These are known as online

offices or web offices. Creating a web office will allow you to organize and manage

information and share documents and calendars using a familiar web browser

function, which is accessible from anywhere in the world.

Types of content found on intranets:

administrative - calendars, emergency procedures, meeting room bookings,

procedure manuals and membership of internal committees and groups

corporate - business plans, client/customer lists, document templates, branding

guidelines, mission statements, press coverage and staff newsletters

financial - annual reports and HSBC BANK performance

IT - virus alerts, tips on dealing with problems with hardware, software and

networks, policies on corporate use of email and internet access and a list of

online training courses and support

marketing - competitive intelligence with links to competitor websites,

corporate brochures, latest marketing initiatives, press releases, presentations

human resources - appraisal procedures and schedules, employee policies,

expenses forms and annual leave requests, staff discount schemes, new

vacancies

individual projects - current project details, team contact information, project

management information, project documents, time and expense reporting

external information resources - route planning and mapping sites, industry

HSBC BANKs, research sites and search engines

What is an extranet?

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HSBC extranet is similar to an intranet but it is made accessible to selected

external partners such as business partners, suppliers, key customers, etc, for

exchanging data and applications and sharing information.

As with an intranet, an extranet can also provide remote access to corporate

systems for staff that spends lots of time out of the office, for instance those in sales

or customer support, or home workers.

Extranet users should be a well-defined group and access must be protected by

rigorous identification routines and security features.

Why HSBC use an extranet?

HSBC banking and financial Businesses operations of all sizes are under

increasing pressure to use online ordering, electronic order tracking and financial

management system.

At the same time small Banks are keen to meet the demands of larger banks like

HSBC in terms of working flexibly, adopting new technologies and enabling the

exchange of business information and transactions.

Extranets offer a cheap and efficient way for businesses to connect with their

trading partners. It also means that your business partners and suppliers can access the

information they need 24 hours a day.

The ability of the extranet to automate the trading tasks between you and your

trading partners can lead to enhanced business relationships and help to integrate your

business firmly within their supply chain.

5 .Network Classification

5.1.1 Network Architecture

Network architecture is the design of a communication system that includes the

backbones, routers, switches, wireless access points, access methods and protocols

used. It is similar to extensible operating systems (SPIN, Synthesize and many

others). A bank's network architecture allows Application Customized Code to be

dynamically deployed in the network. The most famous banking architecture

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network is BIAN that defines the standards for bank architecture that focuses on

semantic inoperability (www.bptrends.com, 2012).

5.1.2 Active Networking

Active networking is a pattern of communication that allows packets

flowing through a telecommunications network to dynamically modify the operation

of the network. It is composed of execution environments called a node operating

system which has capacity to support more than one execution environments. One of

its parts, the active hardware is capable of routing or switching as well as executing

code within active packets. It is different from the traditional network architecture

which seeks robustness and stability by attempting to remove complexity and the

ability to change its fundamental operation from underlying network components.

Active network components can be implemented by network processors and overlay

networks. It allows the possibility of highly tailored and rapid "real-time" changes to

the underlying network operation such as sending code along with packets of

information allowing the data to change its form (code) to match the channel

characteristics (www.bptrends.com. (2012).

5.1.3 Client–server

Clients

Is a small machine that will link with specific server that is mean, there is

software or hardware that downloaded to the user's machine. That makes users and

software to be managed centrally by central server location Instead of downloads

them on all individual system. Clients are beneficial to all people because the

information will be access by the clients in the same time that is good solution for

publics. While many thin clients run on small hardware, it is unfeasible to incorporate

rich graphical user interfaces. To use the client, an input device (keyboard) and

viewing device (display) is usually the basic requirements. Some may not even

require a mouse .

Servers:

Computer or device that manages network is called server. The function of

server that is to manage and dedicated the performances based on different server

tasks. There are two types of servers, real- time server that is present data, immediate

messaging, video and telephone recourses. The other type is non real-time

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communication for example, integrated messaging voicemail, email, SMS and fax. As

well it had a voice server, and special client's server for shares market. HSBC has a

server that is a mail transfer agent or MTA. Mail server is an application that gets

incoming e-mail from local user's within the same area and remote senders and

forwards outgoing e-mail for delivery. Java Server Pages it is a Java technology that

helps software developers serve dynamically created web pages based on HTML,

XML. HSB also used fax server is downloaded in LAN server that lets computer

users who are linked to the LAN to send and deliver fax messages. Other server called

file server that linked computer to the network that provide a place to shared access

data such as; computer files (document, voice record, pictures and databases). That

can access by the people who work in HSBC bank. Print server is linked to

computers and the person sends order to print server that connected to one or more

than one printer.

5.2.1 Network topology

HSBC banking operation is executed by the simplest form, a peer-to-peer (P2P)

network is created when two or more PCs are connected and share resources without

going through a separate server computer. A P2P network can be an ad hoc

connection—a couple of computers connected via a Universal Serial Bus to transfer

files. A P2P network also can be a permanent infrastructure that links half-dozen

computers in a small office over copper wires. Or a P2P network can be a network on

a much grander scale in which special protocols and applications set up direct

relationships among users over the Internet.

The initial use of P2P networks in business followed the deployment in the early

1980s of free-standing PCs. In contrast to the minima in frames of the day, such as the

VS system from Wang Laboratories Inc., which served up word processing and other

applications to dumb terminals from a central computer and stored files on a central

hard drive, the then-new PCs had self-contained hard drives and built-in CPUs. The

smart boxes also had onboard applications, which meant they could be deployed to

desktops and be useful without an umbilical cord linking them to a mainframe.

Many Bank employees felt liberated by having dedicated PCs on their desktops. But

soon they needed a way to share files and printers. The obvious solution was to save

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files to a floppy disk and carry the disk to the intended recipient or send it by

interoffice mail.

A network consists of multiple computers connected using some type of interface,

each having one or more interface devices such as a Network Interface Card (NIC)

and/or a serial device for PPP networking. Each computer is supported by network

software that provides the server or client functionality. The hardware used to

transmit data across the network is called the media. It may include copper cable,

fiber optic, or wireless transmission. The standard cabling used for the purposes of

this document is 10Base-T category 5 Ethernet cable. This is twisted copper cabling

which appears at the surface to look similar to TV coaxial cable. It is terminated on

each end by a connector that looks much like a phone connector. Its maximum

segment length is 100 meters

5.2.2 Bus network :

A bus network is an arrangement in a local area network (LAN) by HSBC Bank in

some countries in which each node (workstation or other device) is connected to a

main cable or link called the bus. A bus network is simple and reliable. If one node

fails to operate, all the rest can still communicate with each other. For a major

disruption to take place, the bus itself must be broken somewhere. Bus networks are

easy to expand. Additional nodes can be added anywhere along the bus.

There are several limitations to the bus network topology. The length of the bus is

limited by cable loss. A bus network may not work well if the nodes are located at

scattered points that do not lie near a common line. In situations like this, a ring

network, mesh network, or star network may prove more flexible and more cost

effective.

5.2.3 Star network:

A star network is a local area network (LAN) in which all nodes (HSBC Bank

workstations or other devices) are directly connected to a common central Server

computer. Every HSBC bank workstation is indirectly connected to every other

through the central computer. In some star networks, the central computer can also

operate as a workstation.

The star network with five workstations (or six, if the central computer acts as a

workstation). Each workstation is sphere, the central computer is shown as a larger

HSBC 18

sphere, and connections are shown as straight lines. The connections can be wired or

wireless links.

The star network topology used by HSBC banks that works well when

workstations are at scattered points. It is easy to add or remove workstations.

If the workstations are reasonably close to the vertices of a convex polygon and the

system requirements are modest, the ring network topology may serve the intended

purpose at lower cost than the star network topology. If the workstations lie nearly

along a straight line, the bus network topology may be best.

In a star network, a cable failure will isolate the workstation that it links to the

central computer, but only that workstation will be isolated. All the other workstations

will continue to function normally, except that they will not be able to communicate

with the isolated workstation. If any workstation goes down, none of the other

workstations will be affected. But if the central computer goes down, the entire

network will suffer degraded performance or complete failure. If redundancy is

required, the mesh network topology may be preferable.

6 .Basic hardware components

HSBC bank provide good networks to interconnect network there are basic

hardware components such as, Network Interface Cards (NICs), Bridges, Hubs,

Switches, and Routers. In this part will include some of hardware components that

HSBC bank uses them.

6.1 Repeaters:

HSBC Bank generally uses network repeaters to regenerate incoming electrical,

wireless or optical signals. With physical media like Ethernet or Wi-Fi, data

transmissions can only span a limited distance before the quality of the signal

degrades. Repeaters attempt to preserve signal integrity and extend the distance over

which data can safely travel.

Actual network devices that serve as repeaters usually have some other name. Active

hubs, for example, are repeaters. Active hubs are sometimes also called "multiport

repeaters," but more commonly they are just "hubs." Other types of "passive hubs" are

not repeaters. In Wi-Fi, access points function as repeaters only when operating in so-

called "repeater mode."

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Higher-level devices in the OSI model like switches and routers generally do not

incorporate the functions of a repeater. All repeaters are technically OSI physical

layer devices.

6.2 Hubs

Hubs it is looks like rectangular box, it takes its power from wall outlet

therefore it made from plastic. The basic function of hubs is links several Ethernet

devices and establishes a network segment which works together. According to

(SHEIKH, A) "a network hub contains multiple ports. When a packet arrives at one

port, it is copied unmodified to all ports of the hub for transmission. The destination

address in the frame is not changed to a broadcast address". There are three different

types of hubs; active hubs, passive hubs, and intelligent hubs. Active hub called a

repeater it executing the amplification, Passive hub work as a channel used for the

data. Finally, intelligent hubs witch put in additional qualities to active hubs that is

significant for the business. According to (Mitchell, n.d) "a hub joins multiple

computers together to form a single network segment. On this network segment, all

computers can communicate directly with each other", So banks use hubs to link all

computers together. Hubs contain eight, 12, 16, and even 24 ports .

6.3 Switches

HSBC Bank uses number of network switches or switching hubs that connects

network segments or network devices. The term commonly refers to a multi-port

network bridge that processes and routes data at the data link layer (layer 2) of the

OSI model. Switches that additionally process data at the network layer (layer 3) and

above are often referred to as layer-3 switches or multilayer switches.

A switch is a telecommunication device which receives a message from any

device connected to it and then transmits the message only to that device for which

the message was meant. This makes the switch a more intelligent device than a hub

(which receives a message and then transmits it to all the other devices on its

network.) The network switch plays an integral part in most modern Ethernet local

area networks (LANs). Mid-to-large sized LANs contain a number of linked managed

switches. Small office/home office (SOHO) applications typically use a single switch,

or an all-purpose converged device such as a residential gateway to access small

office/home broadband services such as DSL or cable internet. In most of these cases,

HSBC 20

the end-user device contains a router and components that interface to the particular

physical broadband technology. User devices may also include a telephone interface

for VoIP.

An HSBC Bank Ethernet switch operates at the data link layer of the OSI model

to create a separate collision domain for each switch port. With 4 computers (e.g., A,

B, C, and D) on 4 switch ports, A and B can transfer bank data back and forth, while

C and D also do so simultaneously, and the two conversations will not interfere with

one another. In the case of a hub, they would all share the bandwidth and run in half

duplex, resulting in collisions, which would then necessitate retransmissions. Using a

switch is called micro segmentation. This allows computers to have dedicated

bandwidth on point-to-point connections to the network and to therefore run in full

duplex without collisions.

A network switch or switching hub is a computer networking device that

connects network segments or network devices. The term commonly refers to a multi-

port network bridge that processes and routes data at the data link layer (layer 2) of

the OSI model. Switches that additionally process data at the network layer (layer 3)

and above are often referred to as layer-3 switches or multilayer switches.

A HSBC Bank switches is a telecommunication device which receives a message

from any device connected to it and then transmits the message only to that device for

which the message was meant. This makes the switch a more intelligent device than a

hub (which receives a message and then transmits it to all the other devices on its

network.) The network switch plays an integral part in most modern Ethernet local

area networks (LANs). Mid-to-large sized LANs contain a number of linked managed

switches. Small office/home office (SOHO) applications typically use a single switch,

or an all-purpose converged device such as a residential gateway to access small

office/home broadband services such as DSL or cable internet. In most of these cases,

the end-user device contains a router and components that interface to the particular

physical broadband technology. User devices may also include a telephone interface

for VoIP.

Role of HSBC Banks switches in networks:

HSBC 21

HSBC Bank switches may operate at one or more layers of the OSI model, including

data link and network. A device that operates simultaneously at more than one of

these layers is known as a multilayer switch.

A modular network switch with three network modules (a total of 24 Ethernet and 14

Fast Ethernet ports) and one power supply.

While switches may learn about topologies at many layers, and forward at one or

more layers, they do tend to have common features. Other than for high-performance

applications, modern commercial switches use primarily Ethernet interfaces.

At any layer, a modern switch may implement power over Ethernet (PoE), which

avoids the need for attached devices, such as a VoIP phone or wireless access point,

to have a separate power supply. Since switches can have redundant power circuits

connected to uninterruptible power supplies, the connected device can continue

operating even when regular office power fails.

6.4 Routers

In some countries HSBC Bank had adopted the routers to connect where

branches in the city with packet-switched networks such as the Internet, a router is a

device or, in some cases, software in a computer, that determines the next network

point to which a packet should be forwarded toward its destination.

The HSBC Bank router is connected to at least two networks and decides which

way to send each information packet based on its current understanding of the state of

the networks it is connected to. A router is located at any gateway (where one network

meets another), including each point-of-presence on the Internet. A router is often

included as part of a network switch.

A HSBC Bank router create or maintain a table of the available routes and their

conditions and use this information along with distance and cost algorithms to

determine the best route for a given packet. Typically, a packet may travel through a

number of network points with routers before arriving at its destination. Routing is a

function associated with the Network layer (layer 3) in the standard model of network

programming, the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model. A layer-3 switch is a

switch that can perform routing functions.

HSBC 22

An edge router is a router that interfaces with an asynchronous transfer mode

(ATM) network. A brooder is a network bridge combined with a router.

For HSBC Bank computer users who have high-speed Internet connections

such as cable, satellite, or DSL, a router can act as a hardware firewall. This is true

even if the home or business has only one computer. Many engineers believe that the

use of a router provides better protection against hacking than a software firewall,

because no computer Internet Protocol address are directly exposed to the Internet.

This makes port scans (a technique for exploring weaknesses) essentially impossible.

In addition, a router does not consume computer resources as a software firewall does.

Commercially manufactured routers are easy to install, reasonably priced, and

available for hard-wired or wireless networks.

7 .Network Security

7.1 .Firewalls

Internet is a gradually more unsafe place, mainly as network attacks have

develop from a hacker’s as a job to a sophisticated and benefits from business.

Security is the most important thing for banks to protect their clients information by

providing a strong online security system, HSBC use some protocols to protect

security. Firewalls use easy rules to selectively block network and Internet traffic. For

example, your firewalls can block employees from access www.YouTube.com or

www.Facebook.com. Internet users can easily circumvent firewall blocking

techniques. FTP servers can use a different websites can proceed as gateways to

blocked sites without your firewall knowing. A fire wall is a set of connected

programs that place at network access server, which protect from other users and

other groups of network to get through recourses of private network. HSBC uses a

multiple fire walls to make sure that personal information for clients saved and

protected. A fire wall is limited to a specific people that they have authorized to

access. It designed as a strong protector from unauthorized people such as hackers. A

fire wall has two types of network layer and application layer. HSBC bank use this

technology to protect it information from unauthorized people.

7.2 .Bank Security Systems

HSBC 23

Bank security systems are composed of several levels and components whose aim is

to protect clients' money, and the bank and their assets. The following are some

security systems being place by banks (finmark, 2012):

7.2.1 .Security Cameras

High technology cameras with high resolutions are installed all over the banks

to allow law enforcers to view every angle of the bank and see specific details that

may ordinarily be able to be seen.

7.2.2 .Vault Security

The present banks need two keys to open the bank vault to make it difficult for

bank vaults to be robbed. This protects the bank's assets and clients' deposits from

thieves or robbers.

7.2.3 .Safe deposit Boxes

It is a good option for the clients to pay for a bank safe deposit box to hold

valuable goods since every measure of safety is taken to ensure that your belongings

are protected.

7.3 .Encryption

Encryption is the conversion of data into a form, called a cipher text that cannot be

easily understood by unauthorized people. Decryption is the process of converting

encrypted data back into its original form, so it can be understood.

The use of encryption/decryption is as old as the art of communication. In wartime, a

cipher, often incorrectly called a code, can be employed to keep the enemy from

obtaining the contents of transmissions. (Technically, a code is a means of

representing a signal without the intent of keeping it secret; examples are Morse code

and ASCII.) Simple ciphers include the substitution of letters for numbers, the

rotation of letters in the alphabet, and the "scrambling" of voice signals by inverting

the sideband frequencies. More complex ciphers work according to sophisticated

computer algorithms that rearrange the data bits in digital signals.

HSBC bank uses this technology for making online big payment through bank to bank

operations where money transfer order easily recover the contents of an encrypted

signal, the correct decryption key is required. The key is an algorithm that undoes the

work of the encryption algorithm. Alternatively, a computer can be used in an attempt

to break the cipher. The more complex the encryption algorithm, the more difficult it

becomes to eavesdrop on the communications without access to the key.

HSBC 24

Encryption/decryption is especially important in HSBC Bank wireless

communications. This is because wireless circuits are easier to tap than their hard-

wired counterparts. Nevertheless, encryption/decryption is a good idea when carrying

out any kind of sensitive transaction, such as a credit-card purchase online, or the

discussion of a HSBC BANK secret between different departments in the

organization. The stronger the cipher -- that is, the harder it is for unauthorized people

to break it -- the better, in general. However, as the strength of encryption/decryption

increases, so does the cost.

In recent years, a controversy has arisen over so-called strong encryption. This refers

to ciphers that are essentially unbreakable without the decryption keys. While most

companies and their customers view it as a means of keeping secrets and minimizing

fraud, some governments view strong encryption as a potential vehicle by which

terrorists might evade authorities. These governments, including that of the United

States, want to set up a key-escrow arrangement. This means everyone who uses a

cipher would be required to provide the government with a copy of the key.

Decryption keys would be stored in a supposedly secure place, used only by

authorities, and used only if backed up by a court order. Opponents of this scheme

argue that criminals could hack into the key-escrow database and illegally obtain,

steal, or alter the keys. Supporters claim that while this is a possibility, implementing

the key escrow scheme would be better than doing nothing to prevent criminals from

freely using encryption/decryption.

7.4 .Authentication

HSBC Bank used the authentication process to determine whether someone or

something is, in fact, who or what it is declared to be. In private and public computer

networks (including the Internet), authentication is commonly done through the use of

logon passwords. Knowledge of the password is assumed to guarantee that the user is

authentic. Each user registers initially (or is registered by someone else), using an

assigned or self-declared password. On each subsequent use, the user must know and

use the previously declared password. The weakness in this system for transactions

that are significant (such as the exchange of money) is that passwords can often be

stolen, accidentally revealed, or forgotten.

HSBC 25

For this reason, HSBC Bank internet business and many other transactions

require a more stringent authentication process. The use of digital certificates issued

and verified by a Certificate Authority (CA) as part of a public key infrastructure is

considered likely to become the standard way to perform authentication on the

Internet.

8 .Conclusion

All banks and organizations need network to facilitate the communication

between employees and customers from computer networking. Computers are

becomes more advances and it is developed quickly that to match the improvement in

organization performance and how it is related to each other. Networking is used in

banks and corporations to upload and exchange data inside and outside the bank also,

it is link all the computers together. HSBC bank which is one of the largest banking

institutions and financial services in the world, as it increases the number of branches

and offices than 10,000 offices worldwide to serve more than 125 million customers

in 83 countries. That by using systems is important to connect the spread branches

and departments to communicate effectively and corporate efficiently. This report

explains the networking system of HSBC bank. Network is important because without

networks somebody can to have a call every bank and give your details and then

every time you take out money they have to check all the banks another time to keep

them update on your account. With networks, every bank can see your account, what

going on in your account and it saves having to get somebody call other banks every

time you make a taking out your money also, it saves money for bank. They use

Optical Fibers and wireless communication methods to maintain the connection and

the data transmission between their distributed branches. Banks use optics fiber and

copper as a wired technologies, computers, scanners, smart phones, Personal Digital

Assistants and many other devices are used as wireless technologies. Moreover, this

report clarified the types of networks that HSBC bank uses based on the physical

scopes which are wide area network (WAN) and local area network (LAN). They use

client/server architecture to handle the network applications and bus topology for

greater reliability and enlarged network. This report also talked about the basic

hardware components that HSBC bank uses in their networking systems which are the

hubs, switches and routers. To secured data and safe exchange are important for all

HSBC 26

banks, HSBC banks are using firewall, encryption and authentication for their

network security. Computer networking systems have become a significant factor that

assured safe, uncomplicated, costless and high-speed communication between offices

and branches.

9. Recommendation

Banks need telecommunications to make its costs efficient. There are

different technologies that can help banks in developing their telecommunications

systems. Some of these networks like local area network, wide area network, campus

area network, global area network, network architecture, active networks, security

technologies, wireless technologies, and coaxial cables help in increasing the bank’s

security, which will make the bank more convenient to the clients. Each one of the

past networks has its specific functions and advantages to help in generating more

profit to the bank as well as more customers.

10. References

1. About HSBC, who is HSBC? 1992-2012 from:

http://www.hsbc.com/1/2//about

2. An Overview of the different mobile banking technology options, and their impact on the mobile banking market. Retrieved on April 30 from website:

http://216.239.213.7/mmt/downloads/ finmark_mbt_aug_07.pdf

3. Basher, (2007), what is WAN Networking. Retrieved December 4, 2011 from

http://www.networktutorials.info/wan_technology.html

4. Group Archives, HSBC a brief history. Retrieved in 2009, from: www.hsbc.com/history

5. HSBC Bank: Powered by People. (n.d.). HSBC Bank: Powered by People. Retrieved April 25, 2012 from: www.hsbc.co.uk

6. Mitchell, B. (n.d). Introduction to Hubs. Retrieved April 25, 2012 from:http://compnetworking.about.com/od/hardwarenetworkgear/l/aa012801a.htm

HSBC 27

7. Macari J.& Caminero D. (n,d). Wireless Internet/Technology. Retrieved April 25, 2012 from: http://www.uri.edu/personal/jmac7019/FinalWebpage.htm

8. Rodriguez, E. (2002, December 3). Wired vs. Wireless. skullbox. Retrieved April 4, 2012 from: www.skullbox.net/wiredvswireless.php

9. SHEIKH, A. BASIC HARDWARE COMPONENT. Retrieved April 10, 2012 from: http://abdulmohsinsheikh.9f.com/blank_1.html

10. Virtual private network. (n,d). In Wikipedia. Retrieved in April 25, 2012 from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_private_network

11. Macmillan. Network definition Retrieved from 2009–2012, from:

http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/network 12. Netscout.com. (2012). Banking. Retrieved on April 30 from website: http://www.netscout.com/library/ Solution%20Briefs/NetScout_sb_Banking.pdf

13. erg.abdn.ac.uk. (2012). Wide Area Networks (WANs). Retrieved on April 30 from website:

http://www.erg.abdn.ac.uk/~gorry/eg3561/intro-pages/wan.html

14. www.epanorama.net (2012) Coaxial cables from: http://www.epanorama.net/documents/wiring/ coaxcable.html

15. www.online-distance-learning-education.com (2012)Wireless technology. Retrieved on April 30 from website:

http://www.online-distance-learning-education.com/wireless-technology.html

16. www.bptrends.com.

(2012) Banking Industry Architecture Network (BIAN) Standardization for Semantic Interoperability. Retrieved on April 30 from website:

http://www.bptrends.com

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