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Homeland Security and Emergency Management: The Industry Gap and the Link to Higher Education March 24 th , 2014 Richard Axtell 360-772-9552 - :[email protected]

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Page 1: HSEM Employment Gap

Homeland Security and Emergency Management: The Industry Gap and the Link to

Higher Education

March 24th, 2014

Richard Axtell

360-772-9552 - :[email protected]

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Table of Contents Introduction ................................................................................................................................................... 2

Closing the Gap............................................................................................................................................. 2

Differentiating the Disciplines ............................................................................................................... 3

Understanding the Employment Dilemmas ............................................................................................ 4

Economic Impact .................................................................................................................................... 5

Analyzing the Career Market ........................................................................................................................ 5

Homeland Security Careers .................................................................................................................... 6

Conclusion .................................................................................................................................................. 12

Appendix A: Federally Declared Disasters in Washington State ............................................................... 13

Appendix B: Cybersecurity Competency Model ........................................................................................ 15

Appendix C: Listed Career Examples ......................................................................................................... 16

Figures Figure 1: Homeland Security Discipline Competency Model. ..................................................................... 7

Figure 2: Emergency Management Discipline Competency Model. ............................................................ 8

Figure 3: Homeland Security Careers ........................................................................................................... 9

Figure 4: Emergency Management Careers .................................................................................................. 9

Figure 5: Homeland Security Career Lattice Example ............................................................................... 10

Figure 6: Emergency Management Career Lattice Example ...................................................................... 10

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Introduction

Since the redesign of the Federal Emergency Management Agency during the 1990’s

under James Lee Witt and the structuring of the Department of Homeland Security as a response

to the 9/11 attacks, there has been an emergence of a series of gaps in experienced professionals

to address the growth of disciplines from what these agencies bring into the public and private

sectors. Hurricane Katrina brought about the reality that simple planning does not strengthen an

organization’s resilience, and that disasters, incidents, and emergencies produce far reaching

consequences across all areas of public and private organizations. In addition, grants and other

“carrots” presented to state, local, and private industries are provided with a number of mandated

and/or standardized modes of managing the planning, preparedness, mitigation, response, and

recovery systems from which communities and businesses must subscribe, of which the Incident

Command System (ICS) model under the National Incident Management System (NIMS) was

born. In response to the growing gaps between the emerging industry and experience, new higher

education programs have been developed to supplement experienced professionals already

existing competencies, to gain a greater understanding and insight into Homeland Security and

Emergency Management. Since the growth of these higher education programs, the supply from

the market has increased significantly, producing a greater demand for emerging talent, but the

talent being sought by the markets contains a number of pre-requisites, including college degrees

and experience. To understand the market conditions and the education relationship, this paper

will take a look into the current market and differing systems to gain a better picture of the

employment and education outlook from the region to the national level.

Closing the Gap

The 9/11 Commission recognized the need to develop standardized incident command

and response systems in public and private organizations across the United States and that

funding would be tied to adapting to these standards.1 Additional standards were recommended

under the Commission’s guidelines for the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) to

adopt standardized requirements on Emergency/Disaster Management and Business Continuity

Programs (NFPA 1600) within the private sector.2 These standards set the national tone, but the

conversational tone at the lower levels of governance, and as a result of the federalist system of

government in which policies and interpretations of systems seem to be changed due to differing

paradigms from within private and public industry disciplines.

1 National Commission on Terrorist Attacks upon the United States. Kean, T. H., & Hamilton, L. (2004). The 9/11

Commission report: Final report of the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks upon the United States.

(Authorized edn.). Washington, D.C.: National Commission on Terrorist Attacks upon the United States. 2 Ibid, p. 398.

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Differentiating the Disciplines

The first key to understanding the industry needs and in identifying the gaps that exist

between education and employment is to understand the distinctions between Homeland Security

and Emergency Management. When a policy maker, official, or even a student tries to define the

workforce, he or she may try to find jobs based on the titles of Emergency Management, or make

the assumption that emergency responders absorb much of the duties, which leads to a limited

supply of careers while utilizing the brand “Emergency Management”. For the purposes of this

report, the operational definitions of “Emergency Management” and “Homeland Security” will

be used to define the specific industry platforms from which career fields and specific positions

can be identified, which in turn will identify where supply and demand could be evaluated.

Homeland Security is simply defined as “…those active and passive measures taken to

protect the population, area, and infrastructure of the United States, its possessions, and

territories by: deterring, defending against, and mitigating the effects of threats, disasters, and

attacks; supporting civil authorities in crisis and consequence management; and helping to ensure

the availability, integrity, survivability, and adequacy of critical national assets”3. This includes

incorporating Homeland Defense and Domestic Support at all levels, which would require

strengthening assets at the lowest levels in local law enforcement and other private and public

organizations. Some examples of the disciplines involving Homeland Security include, but are

not limited to: Intelligence Analysts, Security Program Specialists, Import/Customs Specialists,

Forensic Accountants, Immigration Agents, Operations Officers, and Information/Cybersecurity

Specialists.

Emergency Management is a broader concept where there is no specific point or position

to identify as a profession. What also convolutes the delineation of the discipline is that

Emergency Management is an integrated framework of sub-systems from which parts of the

discipline function within all areas of private industry and public agencies, increasing an inability

to capture a representative snapshot of the market. The National Fire Protection Association

(NFPA) defines Disaster/Emergency Management as “An ongoing process to prevent, mitigate,

prepare for, respond to, maintain continuity during, and to recover from, an incident that

threatens life, property, operations, or the environment”.4 Originally the National Response Plan

set the foundation for Emergency Management, but the issues from Hurricane Katrina

demonstrated that developing a rigid system was a contributor to larger problems. A framework

was instituted at all levels of government and private organizations, which serve as a

collaborative, while the United States does not have a completely integrated emergency

management system.5 In addition, as new threats and vulnerabilities emerge, new industry needs

3 Kelly III, P. (2002). Defining Homeland Security. Military Intelligence Professional Bulletin, 28(3), Pp. 10. 4 NFPA. (2012). NFPA 1600: Standard on Disaster/Emergency Management and Business Continuity Programs

(2013 Edn). National Fire Protection Association: An International Codes and Standards Organization.

Available from http://www.nfpa.org/1600. 5 Lindell, M. K., Prater, C. & Perry, R. W. (2007). Introduction to Emergency Management. Danvers, MA: John

Wiley & Sons. Pp. 6.

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are being determined in response to these threats such as the newly created cyber-forensics

discipline. Therefore, specific titles cannot be afforded to positions and emergency responders

who are tasked with managing such disasters, serve only one small portion of the entire spectrum

of what disaster/emergency management encompasses. Although endless, some of the functions

that operate under the discipline of Emergency/Disaster Management include: Emergency

Managers, Business Continuity Specialists, Public Health Officers, Hazard Mitigation

Specialists, Environmental Technicians, Grant Eligibility Specialists, Insurance Claims

Adjusters, and GIS Specialists.

Understanding the Employment Dilemmas

Now that the differences between Emergency Management and Homeland Security, to be

known as HSEM from this point forward, have been distinguished, this report can provide an

understanding into the gaps from which the private and public sectors are struggling with. The

careers in the HSEM are diverse and broad, but also within their infancy so that public and

private organizations have not fully grasped HSEM as a critical component to the organization,

business, or institution. In addition, cultures within many public institutions have not yet fully

adopted the capacity to understand what HSEM is and how it impacts everyone across the board.

Rich Cooper, former Business Liaison with the Department of Homeland Security, reiterates this

issue when he stated “I’d say there’s not an industry or business out there today that’s not

impacted by homeland security”.6 Where the difficulty lies is that defining a singular job

function specific to HSEM as a discipline is irrational. To adapt, creating professional positions

with a base in HSEM as a discipline, appears to be more fruitful to organizations. Community

Colleges in Washington State struggle to embrace HSEM as a discipline, resulting from both the

internal culture of the staff and acceptance of the responsibility, placing the onus of Emergency

Management responsibilities on campus safety, and from the lack of standardized HSEM

programs which are being embraced by 4-Year institutions and other Community Colleges

across the country.7 In fact, the 4-Year Universities recognize the need to change the culture and

align the HSEM programs, in that two major programs emerged to link Universities together:

The Disaster Resistant University Program and the Department of Homeland Security

Recognized National Centers of Excellence.8 Students are then forced to depend on the 4-Year

institution for their HSEM program from which approximately 90% of the career field in HSEM

6 Jones, E. (2006). Careers in homeland security: Many jobs, one mission. Occupational Outlook Quarterly, 50(2),

2-15 7 Axtell, R. (2014). Emergency Management Competency within the Community College. 8 DHS (2015). Welcome to the Centers of Excellence: Providing Practical Homeland Security Solutions. Department

of Homeland Security: DHS S&T Centers of Excellence. Available at: http://www.dhs.gov/science-and-

technology/centers-excellence

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requires a minimum of an Undergraduate Degree,9 although those fields which do not do rely on

some college with at least 24 Credit Hours in the field of study.10

Economic Impact

The main key functions of those who are employed in a position involved in

Disaster/Emergency Management is to focus on mitigation, resource management, and to

institute organizational resiliency, from which the end result is to lessen the impact of a disaster

or critical incident in terms of economic and human value. The impact on the community can be

very costly as experienced in the Oso Mudslide Disaster from which FEMA contributed:

$2,091,456.75 in individual and household program support.11

Obligated public assistance funds totaling $14,296,038.36.12

Although Oso presents itself as a singular event from which FEMA funded the response and

recovery under a Presidentially Declared Disaster, the total funds contributed by the State must

be equal or greater than 25% of the contribution. These costs in addition to state funds as a result

of FEMA determining inapplicable based on program requirements, place a significant economic

burden on the State’s budget. To gain a better picture of the number of federally declared

disasters, the list of the State of Washington’s Disaster Declarations can be found in Appendix

A. The increased costs and transparency in potential disaster zones have forces private and

public organizations to adapt positions for professionals who have a background in Emergency

Management to mitigate the threat of these potential dangers.

Analyzing the Career Market

So why develop HSEM in higher education? This report has touched on the key issues

into why HSEM is sought throughout public and private industries, but to understand the

program need, the career market should be evaluated. It is assumed that first responders compose

of the lion’s share of the HSEM discipline, yet this is far from accurate. Emergency Responders

make up a small percentage of the HSEM discipline, yet for an Emergency Responder to move

vertically, he or she must have training and education in HSEM as required under NIMS. These

sentiments are echoed by Emergency Management professionals across the country. In an article

by Brian Heaton in 2013, Auburn’s Emergency Manager Sarah Miller provided further credence

into how students who graduate with a degree are finding the entry-level positions within the

9 Percentages are based on independent research from which careers in the HSEM fields were evaluated, relying

more heavily on public service careers versus private industry. 10 Federal Government Career requirements as defined by the Office of Personnel Management which can be found

on www.usajobs.gov 11 FEMA. (2015). Washington Flooding and Mudslides (DR-4168). Disaster Survivor Assistance: Disaster

Declarations. Available at: https://www.fema.gov/disaster/4168#tabs-2. 12 Ibid, *Note: Obligated funds mean that although funds are obligated by the FY2014 budget, funds may have not

been fully expended, possibly from a multi-year recovery phase.

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field of Emergency Management. Specifically she stated she would hire someone with an

emergency management degree over a law enforcement officer as they each have different

mindsets.13 Heaton also goes further to explain a case in point in which Scott Preston, the

University of Washington’s Emergency Management Division stated that there is a preference

for employers to hire someone with an Emergency Management Degree14 as employers are

capitalizing on the strengths of the program for what students take away.

HSEM professionals must embrace a number of competencies which are drawn only

from a college degree program. These programs are also strengthened through support from

organizations such as the International Association of Emergency Managers (IAEM) and the

Washington State Emergency Management Association (WSEMA). In addition to the differing

competency levels, HSEM careers have a level of flexibility for cross and lateral movements due

to the similar and integrated systems that make up the entire discipline. The argument for

programs such as criminal justice or fire management has been raised as to why degree programs

such as these cannot provide for the HSEM discipline. Criminal Justice embraces Constitutional

and Procedural Law, as well as policing models and other aspects of the law enforcement

program, from which existing countermeasures are defined under the criminal justice model.

HSEM programs include social and political systems, as well as threats and vulnerabilities; and

topics of study to include science such as CBRNE (Chemical, Biological, Radiological, Nuclear,

and Explosive) and terrorism, of which the countermeasures from this discipline is evaluated

under the criminal justice model, restorative model, and war doctrine.

Homeland Security Careers

Many of the career fields in Homeland Security addresses the direct and indirect mission

of what defines the discipline, ranging from intelligence, to response, to cross-communication, to

operational management and beyond. Many of the careers intertwine, allowing for vertical and

horizontal movement. As the majority of careers in Homeland Security require an undergraduate

degree, there is a greater emphasis on what competencies are needed for success in the field and

from which internal growth is made possible. The chart below briefly lays out the competencies

most valued within the field.

13 Heaton, B. (2013). Are Emergency Management Graduates Finding Jobs? Emergency Management: Training and

Education. Available at: http://www.emergencymgmt.com/training/Emergency-Management-Graduates-

Jobs.html 14 Heaton, B. (2013). Are Emergency Management Graduates Finding Jobs? Emergency Management: Training and

Education. Available at: http://www.emergencymgmt.com/training/Emergency-Management-Graduates-

Jobs.html

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Figure 1: Homeland Security Discipline Competency Model.

Source: Model was generated through the Competency Clearing House, by Richard Axtell. The Competency Clearing House is part of the

Career One Stop/American Job Center Network, which is managed by the U.S. Department of Labor, Employment and Training Administration.

Much of the competency models for Homeland Security and Emergency Management

mirror each other, but there are some slight differences between figure 1 and figure 2 whereas

the academic and industry specific areas change to meet the requirements of the discipline from

which the individual is approaching his or her career. The reason there are so many similar

competencies are that HSEM, albeit distinct, is symbiotic with an intertwining meaning, focusing

on the four (4) specific phases of HSEM management: Preparedness, Planning, Response, and

Recovery. We can further look at a single career Competency Model (see Appendix B) which

highlights how a career field such as cybersecurity, is one function of the spectrum of HSEM.

Fou

nd

ati

on

1

Personal

Effectiveness

Interpersonal

Skills Integrity Professionalism Initiative

Dependability

and Reliability

Adaptability

and

Flexibility

Lifelong

Learning

Desire for Public

Service

2

Academic

Competencies

Reading Writing Mathematics Communication

Business &

Economics

Basic

Computer

Skills

Science and

Technology

Homeland Specific

Content

Critical and Analytic Thinking

3

Workplace

Competencies

Teamwork Creative

Thinking

Health and

Safety

Business

Fundamentals

Sustainable

Practices

Planning and

Organizing

Scheduling and

Coordinating

Working with

Tools and

Technology

Problem Solving and Decision-Making

Ind

ust

ry

4 Industry-Wide

Technical

Competencies

Risk

Management

Health &

Safety

Discipline

Specific

Industry Laws &

Regulations

Industry

Principles &

Concepts

Industry

Operations &

Production

Incident Detection, Response, &

Remediation

5 Homeland

Security

Technical

Competencies

Public Health Physical Security Personnel Security

Information and Cybersystems

Security

Industrial, Operations, & Economic

Security

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Figure 2: Emergency Management Discipline Competency Model.

Source: Model was generated through the Competency Clearing House, by Richard Axtell. The Competency Clearing House is part of the

Career One Stop/American Job Center Network, which is managed by the U.S. Department of Labor, Employment and Training Administration.

Fou

nd

ati

on

1

Personal

Effectiveness

Interpersonal Skills Integrity Professionalism Initiative

Dependability and

Reliability

Adaptability

and

Flexibility

Lifelong Learning

2

Academic

Competencies

Reading Writing Mathematics Communication

Critical and

Analytic Thinking

Basic

Computer

Skills

Business/Finance Discipline

Specific

Science/Environmental Studies Health/Safety

3

Workplace

Competencies

Teamwork Planning and

Organizing

Creative

Thinking

Problem

Solving and

Decision-

Making

Working with

Tools and

Technology

Checking,

Examining,

and

Recording

Sustainable

Practices

Health and

Safety

Ind

ust

ry

4 Industry-

Wide

Technical

Competencies

Industry Laws &

Regulations

Industry

Fundamentals

Quality

Management

Technical

Writing

Health, Safety, and

Security

Resiliency Management

Principles

Public

Relations

5 Emergency

Management

Technical

Competencies

Disaster/Emergency

Management

Emergency

Responder

Emergency

Management

Administration

Occupations

Non-Specific

Required

Careers

Health Specific Careers

Environmental/Science Specific

Occupations

Examples of position specific career fields highlight the dependence upon a combination

of both experience and an Undergraduate Degree. These examples can be broken down further

into the industry technical competency areas as shown in the charts above, as one field can

produce a list of jobs that would not be defined as Homeland Security or Emergency

Management, but a specialty within a subsystem of the discipline as stated earlier in the report,

HSEM is a framework rather than a specific function. There are thousands of positions around

the United States and internationally, from which the HSEM Undergraduate Degree adds value

to. The hardest part is to find a central location to understand the value of these career fields as

many of them are emerging industries, from which organizations such as O*Net and the Bureau

of Labor and Statistics have not yet fully integrated the new data as some of the fields have not

yet been defined. The best possible snapshot of the industry is to look at specific careers that

serve as part of the HSEM field, albeit not all careers will be listed in the following figures.

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Figure 3: Homeland Security Careers

Source: Developed and created by Richard Axtell to reflect some of the career fields from which Homeland Security is managed. Degree requirements were obtained through employer advertised announcements with defined KSAs and basic requirements. These jobs can be found in

both government and private agencies.

Figure 4: Emergency Management Careers

Source: Developed and created by Richard Axtell to reflect some of the career fields from which Homeland Security is managed. Degree

requirements were obtained through employer advertised announcements with defined KSAs and basic requirements. These jobs can be found in both government and private agencies

Personnel Security: Personnel

Security in public and private

organizations focuses on

management of personnel accessing

physical space, jobs that need

security clearances, and individuals

gaining access to information

systems.

Physical Security: Physical

Security under the Homeland

Security takes into account the

design and implementation of

processes that protect specific

areas of jurisdiction such as ports,

buildings, infrastructure, and

territory

Information and

Cybersystems Security:

While this field is still

somewhat in its infancy, it is

expanding in width and depth

across multiple industries.

Public Health: This sector

specialization includes a number of

approaches to protecting the public

health, including food, medical, and

environment

Industrial, Operations, & Economic

Security: Although these disciplines

impact many industries, there are key

functions supporting the Homeland

Security system. These areas include

countering terrorist organization

financing, international security,

logistics protection, and industrial

espionage

Security Specialists*   Physical Security Specialists*Information Security

Specialists*Medical Staff* Target Acquisitions Officers*

HR Analysts*  Engineers* Privacy Specialists* Epidemiologists* State Officers*

Technicians   Security Technicians* Cyber-Forensics* Public Health Specialists* Copyright Specialists*

Investigators* Facility Security Analysts*Intrusion Detection

Specialists*Surveillance Personnel* Accountants/Financial Specialists*

Law Enforcement** GuardsSoftware/Hardware/Network

Systems Engineers*Analysts*

SCI Specialists (Sensitive

Compartmentalized Information)*

Adjudicators* Weapons Experts** Compliance Specialists* Agricultural Specialists*International Monetary Fund

Specialists*

Behavioral Specialists* Transportation Specialists*Cyber-Crimes/Terrorism

Investigators*Import/Export Specialists* Covert Ops/Counter-Intelligence*

Immigration* Sales & Product Manufacturers   Project Managers* Scientists*

HazMat/CBRNE Specialists*

*Denotes careers where employers are requiring/preferring undergraduate degrees or higher

**Denotes careers where employers are requiring/preferring vocational training, experience, and some college for vertical mobility.

Disaster/Emergency Management:

This sector drives the community,

regional, and organizational

principles of Emergency

Preparedness and planning

Emergency Responder: Most

responders have their distinct

disciplines from which they go

through individual training, but

Emergency Management

competencies are now inclusive

Emergency Management

Administration Occupations:

The functions of Emergency

Management must be

supplemented by additional

career options

Public Health: This sector

specialization includes a number of

approaches to protecting the public

health, including food, medical, and

environment

Non-Specific EM Careers: These

career fields are necessary for the

operation of Emergency

Management operations and that the

HSEM degree will strengthen lateral

and verticle mobility

Emergency Manager* Police Officer** Logistics Specialists* Medical Staff* Construction Manager*

Volunteer Program Manager*Emergency Medical

Professional**Policy Specialists* Epidemiologists* Operations Manager*

Situation Specialist* Firefighter** Grant Administrators* Public Health Specialists*Communications/Public Information

Officer*

Emergency Operation Center

Manager*Security Guard   Master Practitioner* Surveillance Personnel* Hazard Mitigation Specialist*

Planning Specialist* School Safety Officials* Training Specialist* Analysts* Engineer*

Consultant* Toxicologists*Flood Insurance

Representative*Agricultural Specialists* Scientist/Environmentalist*

Project Managers* Scientists* Transportation Specialist*

HazMat/CBRNE Specialists* Hazardous Material Specialist*

GIS Specialist*

**Denotes careers where employers are requiring/preferring vocational training, experience, and some college for vertical mobility.

*Denotes careers where employers are requiring/preferring undergraduate degrees or higher

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Although the preceding tables provide a list of a few of the existing occupations relative

to the HSEM discipline, there are many more that are emerging as well as those that could

emerge within the next few years. For instance, cyberforensics and penetration testers are

examples of two recently emerging industries that fall under the HSEM discipline, from which

were a result of geopolitical threats increasing globally, and the change in technology. These

careers also have intertwining competencies as described earlier, from which the career lattice

can illustrate occupations where the KSAs make an individual eligible for lateral and vertical

movement.

Figure 5: Homeland Security Career Lattice Example Source: Mode was generated through the Competency Clearing House, by Richard Axtell. The Competency Clearing House is part of the Career

One Stop/American Job Center Network, which is managed by the U.S. Department of Labor, Employment and Training Administration

Figure 6: Emergency Management Career Lattice Example Source: Model was generated through the Competency Clearing House, by Richard Axtell. The Competency Clearing House is part of the

Career One Stop/American Job Center Network, which is managed by the U.S. Department of Labor, Employment and Training Administration

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While there are many career opening currently, it is hard to provide an accurate assessment

due to the lack of resources of aggregate data; however, to illustrate the current market

conditions, this report will provide a few functions from the HSEM discipline, along with noted

information to support the growth of these areas. In addition, some examples can be found in

Appendix C.

Security Specialists - Security-related jobs in high demand driving the hiring rush are the

impending retirement or resignation of nearly one-third of the 1.6 million current federal

workers, along with stepped-up efforts to secure the U.S. against terrorism and illegal

immigration. The Departments of Defense and Homeland Security alone are expected to

offer more than 83,000 new jobs. More than 15,000 new Customs and Border Patrol

agents and 22,000 Transportation Security Agency airport screeners are expected to be

hired over the coming three years.15

Intelligence Analysts - According to O*Net: Projected job openings (2012-2022) 27,700.

According to the FBI, their intelligence program has tripled in size in recent years.

Community Health Specialist – Emergency Preparedness - According to O*Net Projected

growth (2012-2022) Much faster than average (22% or higher)

Emergency/Disaster Volunteer Coordinator - This is an emerging industry recognized by

BLS as of 1996, but they have no accurate statistics to report. Simply Hired reports there

are over 160,610 emergency management coordinator jobs across the US currently.16

Emergency Planning Specialist – According to U.S. News World Report, Emergency

Management Specialists are one of the top 50 careers with the best growth over the next

decade.17

These are just some of the examples of careers in the HSEM, but as started earlier in the

report, the discipline is still in its infancy.

15 U.S. Gov. Info. (2015). Government Job Hiring Set to Soar. U.S. Government Info: About Government Jobs.

Available at http://usgovinfo.about.com/od/governmentjobs/a/hiringbinge.htm 16 Simply Hired. (2015, March 25). Emergency Management Coordinator Jobs. Web search conducted through

http://www.simplyhired.com/k-emergency-management-coordinator-jobs.html 17 Webster, H. C. (2010). Best Careers: Emergency Management Specialist. US News and World Report: Money

Edition. Available at http://money.usnews.com/money/careers/articles/2010/12/06/best-jobs-2011-emergency-

management-specialist

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Conclusion

There is no specific HSEM job if one were to look up Emergency Management, part of

which is the poorly defined function from many public and private agencies and a lack of

understanding from professionals and HR representatives into what HSEM really means. The

embracing of an undergraduate program and a change of the internal culture within higher

education elements, will add credence to the discipline, but will also increase participation within

the four phases of HSEM and will reduce economic and human loss when considering

individual, organizational, and institutional resiliency.

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Appendix A: Federally Declared Disasters in Washington State

Source: FEMA. (2015). Disaster Declarations for Washington. Disaster Declarations by State/Tribal Government.

*Does not include disasters which were not declared within the State or did not meet the definition as prescribed by

law.

3371 7/23/2014 Washington Wildfires

3370 3/24/2014 Washington Flooding and Mudslides

3227 9/7/2005 Washington Hurricane Katrina Evacuation

3086 8/19/1982 Washington Threat of Flooding at Spirit Lake

3070 3/12/1979 Washington Flooding

3037 3/31/1977 Washington Drought

Emergency Declarations

Number DateState/Tribal

Government Incident Description

Number DateState/Tribal

Government Incident Description

4188 8/11/2014 Washington Wildfires

4168 4/2/2014 Washington Flooding and Mudslides

4083 9/25/2012 Washington Severe Storm, Straight-line Winds,

and Flooding

4056 3/5/2012 Washington Severe Winter Storm, Flooding,

Landslides, and Mudslides

1963 3/25/2011 Washington Severe Winter Storm, Flooding,

Landslides, and Mudslides

1825 3/2/2009 Washington Severe Winter Storm and Record and

Near Record Snow

1817 1/30/2009 Washington Severe Winter Storm, Landslides,

Mudslides, and Flooding

1734 12/8/2007 Washington Severe Storms, Flooding, Landslides,

and Mudslides

1682 2/14/2007 Washington Severe Winter Storm, Landslides, and

Mudslides

1671 12/12/2006 Washington Severe Storms, Flooding, Landslides,

and Mudslides

1641 5/17/2006 Washington Severe Storms, Flooding, Tidal Surge,

Landslides, and Mudslides

1499 11/7/2003 Washington Severe Storms and Flooding

1361 3/1/2001 Washington Earthquake

1255 10/16/1998 Washington Landslide In The City Of Kelso

Major Disaster Declarations 1252 10/5/1998 Washington Flooding

1182 7/21/1997 Washington Snowmelt/Flooding

1172 4/2/1997 Washington Severe

Storms/Flooding/Landslides/Mudslide

s

1159 1/17/1997 Washington Severe Winter Storms/Flooding

1152 1/7/1997 Washington Ice and Snow Storms

1100 2/9/1996 Washington Severe Storms/Flooding

1079 1/3/1996 Washington Storms/High Winds/Floods

1037 8/2/1994 Washington El Nino Effects (The Salmon Industry)

981 3/4/1993 Washington Severe Storm, High Winds

922 11/13/1991 Washington Fires

896 3/8/1991 Washington High Tides, Severe Storm

883 11/26/1990 Washington Flooding, Severe Storm

852 1/18/1990 Washington Flooding, Severe Storm

822 4/14/1989 Washington Heavy Rains, Flooding, Mudslides

784 12/15/1986 Washington SEVERE STORMS, FLOODING

769 7/26/1986 Washington SEVERE STORMS, FLOODING

762 3/19/1986 Washington Heavy Rains, Flooding, Landslides

757 2/15/1986 Washington SEVERE STORMS, FLOODING

676 1/27/1983 Washington SEVERE STORMS, HIGH TIDES,

FLOODING

623 5/21/1980 Washington VOLCANIC ERUPTION, MT. ST.

HELENS

612 12/31/1979 Washington STORMS, HIGH TIDES,

MUDSLIDES, FLOODING

545 12/10/1977 Washington SEVERE STORMS,MUDSLIDES,

FLOODING

492 12/13/1975 Washington SEVERE STORMS, FLOODING

414 1/25/1974 Washington SEVERE STORMS, SNOWMELT,

FLOODING

334 6/10/1972 Washington SEVERE STORMS, FLOODING

328 3/24/1972 Washington Heavy Rains, Flooding

322 2/1/1972 Washington SEVERE STORMS, FLOODING

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Appendix A: Federally Declared Disasters in Washington State (Cont.)

5072 8/6/2014 Washington Hansel Fire

5071 8/3/2014 Washington Snag Canyon Fire

5064 7/19/2014 Washington Saddle Mountain Fire

5063 7/19/2014 Washington Watermelon Hill Fire

5062 7/17/2014 Washington Carlton Complex Fire

5061 7/17/2014 Washington Chiwaukum Fire

5059 7/10/2014 Washington Mills Canyon Fire

5058 7/10/2014 Washington Lake Spokane Fire

5048 8/21/2013 Washington Eagle Fire

5042 8/10/2013 Washington Mile Post 10 Fire

5038 7/30/2013 Washington Colockum Tarps Fire

5020 9/20/2012 Washington Table Mountain Fire

5018 9/13/2012 Washington Peavine Fire

5017 9/12/2012 Washington Poison Fire

5015 9/10/2012 Washington Byrd Canyon Fire

5013 9/9/2012 Washington Barker Canyon Fire

5012 9/9/2012 Washington 1st Canyon Fire

5011 9/6/2012 Washington Highway 141 Fire Complex

5005 8/14/2012 Washington Taylor Bridge Fire

2966 9/8/2011 Washington Monastery Fire Complex

2854 8/27/2010 Washington Slide Creek Fire

2848 7/19/2010 Washington Cowiche Mills Fire

2826 8/22/2009 Washington Oden Road Fire

2827 8/22/2009 Washington Dry Creek Fire Complex

2823 7/29/2009 Washington Union Valley Fire

2783 7/11/2008 Washington Spokane Valley Fire

2784 7/11/2008 Washington Badger Mountain Fire Complex

2731 9/21/2007 Washington Broughton Fire

2714 7/16/2007 Washington Tunk Grade Fire

2711 7/8/2007 Washington Easy Street Fire

2674 9/11/2006 Washington Flick Creek Fire

2668 8/22/2006 Washington Columbia Fire Complex

2663 8/8/2006 Washington Valley Mill Fire

2575 8/7/2005 Washington School Fire

2572 8/1/2005 Washington Dirty Face Fire

2546 8/12/2004 Washington Mud Lake Fire

2543 8/11/2004 Washington Fischer Fire

2538 7/30/2004 Washington Elk Heights Fire

2537 7/30/2004 Washington Deep Harbor Fire

2527 7/6/2004 Washington Beebe Fire

Number DateState/Tribal

Government Incident Description

Fire Management Assistance Declarations 2498 9/6/2003 Washington Needle Fire

2481 7/16/2003 Washington Okanogan City Fire

2477 7/12/2003 Washington Middle Fork Fire

2451 7/25/2002 Washington Pickens Fire

2449 7/20/2002 Washington Deer Point Fire

2378 8/17/2001 Washington Mt. Leona FireComplex

2379 8/17/2001 Washington Rex Creek Fire Complex

2377 8/16/2001 Washington Spruce Dome Fire Complex

2376 8/16/2001 Washington Tonasket Fire Complex

2373 8/14/2001 Washington Brewster Fire Complex

2372 8/14/2001 Washington Virginia Lakes Fire Complex

2374 8/14/2001 Washington Icicle Fire Complex

2368 7/28/2001 Washington Union Valley Fire

2323 8/25/2000 Washington Mule Dry Fire

2313 7/22/2000 Washington Rocky Hull Fire

2311 2/29/2000 Washington Two Fork Fire

2248 9/25/1998 Washington Columbia County

2237 9/3/1998 Washington Cowlitz County

2225 7/28/1998 Washington Cleveland County Fire

2194 8/27/1997 Washington Olympia Command Fire

2193 8/14/1997 Washington Tum-Tum Fire

2192 7/21/1997 Washington Benton City Fire

2186 8/11/1996 Washington Bowie Road Fire

2105 7/29/1994 Washington White Salmon Fire

2104 7/28/1994 Washington Hatchery Creek/Round Mountain Fire

2103 7/26/1994 Washington Tyee Wildfire

2101 7/11/1994 Washington Riverside Fire

2085 8/6/1992 Washington Skookum Fire

2079 10/18/1991 Washington Eastern Washington Fires

2070 9/6/1988 Washington Dinkleman Fire

2058 8/30/1985 Washington Tonasket/Baker Fire

2033 7/23/1979 Washington Salmon Creek Fire

2002 7/18/1970 Washington Grassland & Forest Fire

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Appendix B: Cybersecurity Competency Model

Source: Competency Clearing House. (2015). Cybersecurity Competency Model. National Initiative for

Cybersecurity Education. Available at http://www.careeronestop.org/CompetencyModel/competency-

models/cybersecurity.aspx

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Appendix C: Listed Career Examples

Security Specialist Job Information Job Content

Job Title Security Specialist

Level Non-Supervisory

Description The primary purpose of the position is to serve as a Special Security Representative (SSR) in support of the Special Security Officer (SSO). Performs the day-to-day operational duties within

the SCIF in support of all SCI-associated security programs and measures. Provides detailed

research and analysis on physical, information, computer, and personnel security. This position requires a comprehensive working knowledge of intelligence support operations, procedures, and

practices. As a Security Specialist you will be responsible for, but not limited to the following:

Assist in conducting multi-discipline Security support to the Depot. Assist in interpreting and executing security policy for the Depot. Assist in consolidating and reviewing security data to

prepare reports. Assist with processing security assignments to support senior security specialists.

Execute planning and synchronization of the Depot's Security and Intelligence support requirements.

Perform supervisory duties? No

Education Some college courses

Workforce Preparation On-the-job training

Over 6 months, up to and including 1 year

Work Experience Over 2 years, up to and including 4 years

Can experience and education balance

each other?

Yes

Some federal jobs allow you to substitute your education for the required experience in order to qualify. For this job, you may qualify if your education meets the definitions below: Substitution

of Education for Experience: The successful completion of ALL requirements for a closely

related (CR) Bachelor's Degree; OR a non-closely related Bachelor's Degree (which includes 15 semester hours or 22 quarter hours of course work closely related (CR) to the position); OR a

Bachelor's Degree with Superior Academic Achievement; OR a Bachelor's Degree with graduation from Military Intelligence Office course or Military Intelligence Officer Advance

Course.

Licensure None

Certification National Security Clearances are required upon entry

Salary/Wages $39,570.00 to $51,437.00 / Per Year

Employment Outlook Security-related jobs in high demand Driving the hiring rush are the impending retirement or

resignation of nearly one-third of the 1.6 million current federal workers, along with stepped-up efforts to secure the U.S. against terrorism and illegal immigration. The Departments of Defense

and Homeland Security alone are expected to offer more than 83,000 new jobs. More than 15,000

new Customs and Border Patrol agents and 22,000 Transportation Security Agency airport screeners are expected to be hired over the coming three years.

References http://usgovinfo.about.com/od/governmentjobs/a/hiringbinge.htm

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Customs & Import Specialist

Job Information Job Content

Job Title Customs & Import Specialist

Level Non-Supervisory

Description Import Specialist Responsibilities Unprecedented growth in world trade, new trade agreements,

and increased trade complexity make the trade compliance process activities of U.S. Customs and

Border Protection more important than ever. We interact with both importers and exporters and

are responsible for decisions regarding a staggering variety of merchandise, manufactured goods,

and commodities. You will be responsible for classifying and appraising a portion of the billions

of dollars’ worth of commercially imported merchandise that enters the U.S. every year. You will

determine which products may legally enter the country by enforcing laws protecting public

health and safety, intellectual property rights, fair trade practices and the like. You may also play

a key role in criminal enforcement team investigations of smuggling, commercial fraud, and

counterfeiting. Seven weeks of specialized training will enable you to develop an expert

knowledge of import and export trends, commodities, and industries, as well as complex

international trade agreements. This position will call on your intellect, discipline, organizational

abilities, and analytical skills.

Perform supervisory duties? No

Education Bachelor's degree

Workforce Preparation On-the-job training

Over 3 months, up to and including 6 months

Work Experience Over 1 year, up to and including 2 years

Can experience and education balance

each other?

Yes

Most positions require a bachelor's degree and five years of experience. They also require

computer and management skills. A proficiency in another language is also desirable. Certificates,

associate's degrees, and bachelor's degrees are all available. Certificate programs prepare students

for entry-level jobs as import-export specialists. An associate's degree program can further the

career of those already in the profession or help those who are thinking about entering the

profession. Courses are typically in exports, money and banking, import customs regulations, and

business law. A bachelor's degree program typically consists of 120 credits spread over four years

and offers an in-depth study in finance, business, management, international trade, and related

topics. Students may have the option to choose a concentration in the specialty of their choice.

Licensure None

Certification None required prior to entry. Certification is available after entry with training, depending on

career track

Salary/Wages Median wages (2013) $36.89 hourly, $76,730 annual

Employment Outlook Projected job openings (2012-2022) 27,700 (O*Net) Metropolitan areas with the highest

concentration of jobs and location quotients in this occupation: Olympia: 9.77 per thousand jobs.

References Bureau of Labor and Statistics: http://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes131041.htm O*Net:

http://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/33-3021.05

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Intelligence Analyst

Job Information Job Content

Job Title Intelligence Analyst

Level Career

Description Validate known intelligence with data from other sources. Gather, analyze, correlate, or evaluate

information from a variety of resources, such as law enforcement databases. Prepare

comprehensive written reports, presentations, maps, or charts based on research, collection, and

analysis of intelligence data. Study activities relating to narcotics, money laundering, gangs, auto

theft rings, terrorism, or other national security threats. Collaborate with representatives from

other government and intelligence organizations to share information or coordinate intelligence

activities. Evaluate records of communications, such as telephone calls, to plot activity and

determine the size and location of criminal groups and members. Gather intelligence information

by field observation, confidential information sources, or public records. Link or chart suspects to

criminal organizations or events to determine activities and interrelationships. Study the assets of

criminal suspects to determine the flow of money from or to targeted groups. Design, use, or

maintain databases and software applications, such as geographic information systems (GIS)

mapping and artificial intelligence tools.

Perform supervisory duties? No

Education Bachelor's degree

Workforce Preparation On-the-job training

Over 2 years, up to and including 4 years

Work Experience Over 6 months, up to and including 1 year

Can experience and education balance

each other?

Yes

The Department of the Army provides a funded internship in this field, for civilian members

pursuing a degree. Combination of Education and Experience: If you have some but not all of the

experience or education described above, you may still qualify by combining the amount of

creditable experience and education that you do have. Combinations of successfully completed

education and experience may be used to meet total qualification requirements and may be

computed by first determining your total qualifying experience as a percentage of the experience

required for the grade level; then determining your education as a percentage of the education

required for the grade level; and then adding the two percentages. The total percentages must

equal at least 100 percent to qualify an applicant for that grade level.

Licensure None

Certification Certifications available after employment, such as criminal intelligence analysts.

Salary/Wages Department of the Army Range: $39,570.00 to $51,437.00 / Per Year Defense Intelligence

Service: $63,722.00 to $99,296.00 / Per Year

Employment Outlook According to O*Net: Projected job openings (2012-2022) 27,700. According to the FBI, their

intelligence program has tripled in size

References O*Net: http://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/33-3021.06; USAJobs:

https://www.usajobs.gov/GetJob/ViewDetails/396197400. FBI.Gov

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Public Information Officer

Job Information Job Content

Job Title Public Information Officer

Level Career

Description FEMA's guidelines are: The Type 1 Public Information Officer (PIO): 1. Is responsible for

interfacing with the public, media, other agencies, and stakeholders to provide incident-related

information, and updates based on changes in the status of the incident or planned event 2. Using

information from other members of the Command and General Staff develops accurate,

accessible, and complete information on the incidents’ cause, size, current situation, the resources

committed, and other matters of general interest for both internal and external audiences 3. May

also perform a key public information-monitoring role, such as implementing measures for rumor

control 4. Is responsible for developing and distributing community information releases through

local and national medial such as TV, radio, newspaper, and the use of Social Media networks A

Type 1 planned event or incident is complex in nature and will require the PIO to interface with

Public Information Officers from other agencies and jurisdictions, as well as with a Unified

Command Structure, to ensure the release of accurate information to the public and media

Perform supervisory duties? Yes

Education Bachelor's degree

Workforce Preparation Vocational education

Over 6 months, up to and including 1 year

Work Experience Over 2 years, up to and including 4 years

Can experience and education balance

each other?

No

The Public Relations Society of America (PRSA) noted a public information officer must have at

least a bachelor's degree (www.prsa.org).

Licensure None

Certification None

Salary/Wages Mean Salary (2013) $63,020 (BLS). The BLS reported the mean pay for a public relations

specialist working for the federal government was $88,040 in 2013, while those working for local

governments made an average of $57,580 a year. Salaries vary depending upon the size of the

organization, its location, and the experience the job requires.

Employment Outlook The BLS noted the job outlook for public relations managers and specialists was about average

for all professions, with job growth expected to increase by 12% between 2012 and 2022.

However, competition for entry-level positions was predicted to be fierce, and the BLS stated

workers with excellent social media skills may fare best.

References Bureau of Labor Statistics

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Grants Management Specialist

Job Information Job Content

Job Title Grants Management Specialist

Level Non-Supervisory

Description * Provides analytical, forecasting and interpretive functions associated with the management,

tracking, and control of resources or funds. * Performs review of applications, State

Administrative Plans, State Management Costs, etc., for such matters as FEMA’s interest in the

subject-matter, clarity and completeness of the application, adequacy of the proposed approach,

justification for supplies, equipment and staff required. * Provides advice and guidance on the full

range of grant/agreement determinations and advises management staff on all matters concerning

grants and cooperative agreements with Federal, State, and local (non-federal) agencies,

memoranda of understanding, and relevant laws and regulations. * Provides assistance in the

development of FEMA Grants policies and procedures and independently answers questions and

resolves problems, requiring judgment and knowledge of grants management policies and

processes at FEMA.

Perform supervisory duties? No

Education Bachelor's degree

Workforce Preparation On-the-job training

Over 1 year, up to and including 2 years

Work Experience Over 1 year, up to and including 2 years

Can experience and education balance

each other?

Yes

In the Federal Government, one can substitute grant/contract experience up to 1 year, but needs a

minimum of 24 credit hours of college from an accredited institution

Licensure None

Certification None

Salary/Wages SALARY RANGE: $73,408.00 to $92,429.00 /year (FEMA)

Employment Outlook Projected growth (2012-2022) Average (8% to 14%) Average (8% to 14%) Projected job

openings (2012-2022) 41,600 Based on eligibility specialist position, not specific to grant

specialists (O*Net)

References FEMA, USA Jobs, BLS, O*Net

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Community Health Specialist - Emergency Preparedness

Job Information Job Content

Job Title Community Health Specialist - Emergency Preparedness

Level Career

Description Conduct outreach activities to engage community partners in emergency preparedness, response,

and recovery activities. Conduct community presentations about the role of public health

emergency preparedness. Coordinate logistics of meetings and assist in planning for Community

Recovery Groups in Hennepin County. Coordinate logistics of meetings for community

stakeholder groups with the purpose of sharing HSPHD emergency preparedness plans and

procedures. Collaborate with internal and external partners on community engagement activities

with various cultural groups Work with internal partners to develop and implement emergency

procedures. Provide customer service assistance and manage partner issues through phone, email,

and in-person meetings. Participate in Homeland Security Exercise and Evaluation Program

(HSEEP) compliant exercises and drills. Participate in emergency responses as assigned (can be

called upon 24/7); serve in specific assigned roles or as an emergency preparedness advisor to

incident command staff.

Perform supervisory duties? No

Education Bachelor's degree

Workforce Preparation Vocational education

Over 2 years, up to and including 4 years

Work Experience Over 2 years, up to and including 4 years

Can experience and education balance

each other?

No

A bachelor's degree or higher in public health, emergency management, human services, or an

approved related field and two or more years of experience in public health, health care, human

services, emergency management, and/or community engagement. Emergency response and/or

recovery experience. Experience in community outreach and identifying and engaging diverse

individuals, groups, and organizations. Experience providing customer services. Knowledge of

public health and human services emergency preparedness, response, and recovery roles and

responsibilities including knowledge of Emergency Management Phases, the National Incident

Management System (NIMS), and Homeland Security Exercise and Evaluation Program

(HSEEP). Effective public speaking skills and experience making group presentations.

Licensure None

Certification None, but some States require public health certifications for government positions

Salary/Wages MEDIAN: $45,728 (Payscale.com as of Dec 2014); O*Net reports Median wages (2013) $16.64

hourly, $34,610 annual.

Employment Outlook Projected growth (2012-2022) Much faster than average (22% or higher) According to O*Net

References Position listed by Hannepin County, MN. Employment Outlook and other info provided by BLS,

O*Net, and Payscale