hsp. definition mental illness is a disturbance in thoughts and emotions that decreases a...
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MENTAL ILLNESSHSP
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Definition
Mental Illness is a disturbance in thoughts and emotions that decreases a person’s capacity to cope with the challenges of everyday life
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Frances Galton Quote
“If genius means a sense of inspiration, or rushes of ideas from apparently supernatural sources, or of an inordinate and burning desire to accomplish any particular end, it is perilously near to the voices heard by the insane, their delirious tendencies… it cannot in such cases be a healthy facility, nor can it be desirable to perpetuate it by an inheritance”From Hereditary Genius, 1869
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Changing Views of Mental Illness -Middle Ages
Belief: abnormal behaviour caused by evil spirits in the body
Treatment: exorcism used at religious ceremonies to cast out evil spirits ; praying, fasting, witch hunts
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18th Century
Belief: those who behaved abnormally should be removed from society
Treatment: confined to asylums and kept in chains
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19th Century
Belief: those who have serious mental disorders should be confined to institutions where they could receive treatment, less serious disorders treated on an “outpatient” basis
Treatment: solitary confinement, psychotherapy
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20th Century
Belief: many people with mental illness can be treated successfully and live normal lives
Treatment: drug treatment, psychotherapy, counseling, treat as “outpatients” wherever possible, integration in society and living as normal a life as possible is the goal
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Factors That May Contribute to the Development of Mental Illness
brain chemistry
heredity
traumatic life events
substance abuse (may bring it out but seldom causes it)
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Mental Health Statistics for Ontario
22% of Ontarians have experienced at least one mental health problem in their lifetime
women are more likely than men to experience a mental health problem, particularly depression or anxiety
27% of Ontarians have anxiety issues
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older people experience depression more often than younger people
mental disorders such as depression are more common amongst older people than younger people
31% of 15 – 24 year-olds have experienced a mental health issue (one-third of this class can expect to)
Mental illness affects people of all ages, educational and income levels, and cultures.
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What is the DSM–IV?• Diagnostic & Statistical Manual of
Mental Disorders, 4th Edition
• Used for the diagnosis and classification of psychological disorders
• First edition published in 1952
• Replaced the old classification system of
‘neurosis’- for minor mental disorders and ‘psychosis’- for serious disorders
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Defining Mental Disorder
No Mild Moderate Severe
Disorder Disorder Disorder Disorder
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Defining Mental Disorder
• Three symptoms of serious mental disorder:–Hallucinations: false sensory experiences–Delusions: disorders of logical thinking–Affective Disturbances: inappropriately
strong or absent emotional response
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Types of Mental Disorders
1) Personality Disorders
2) Anxiety Disorders
3) Mood Disorders
4) Eating Disorders
5) Substance Abuse Disorders
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Types and Numbers
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Personality Disorders
•Marked by extreme, inflexible personality traits that cause distress or impaired social functioning.
•Usually emerge during childhood/adolescence
•Types include; Paranoid, Schizoid, Antisocial, Borderline, Narcissistic, Histrionic, Avoidant, Dependent
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Antisocial Personality
• Show a pervasive pattern of disregard for and violation of other people’s rights.
• Up to 3.5% [of North Americans] manifest an antisocial personality disorder (APA, 1994)
• Symptoms: Repeatedly deceitful, irresponsible with money, impulsive, tendency to start fights, egocentric, no regard for safety of self or others.
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Antisocial Personality • Tend to be skillful at manipulating people.
• Are not distressed by the pain they cause, often perceived as lacking any moral conscience.
“They glibly rationalize their actions by characterizing their victims as weak and deserving of being conned or stolen from…” (Comer, 1997)
• severe cases aka ‘sociopathic’
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Really severe anti-socials- aka psychopaths
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Borderline Personality • Characterized by mood shifts,
unstable self-image, and impulsivity.
• 2% of the population suffer from Borderline personality disorder (APA, 1994).
• Symptoms: Intense, conflict filled relationships, overstep relationship boundaries, fear of desertion, suicidal thoughts, self-mutilation, emptiness, boredom, confusion about identity.
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Anxiety Disorders
1) Generalized Anxiety Disorder
2) Phobias
3) Panic Disorder
4) Obsessive Compulsive Disorder
5) Post Traumatic Stress Disorder
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Generalized Anxiety Disorder
• General “free floating” anxiety about everything
• 3.8% of the population exhibit symptoms (APA, 1994).
• Symptoms: Restlessness, Quick to Fatigue, Trouble Concentrating, Irritability, Muscle Tension, Sleep Problems.
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Phobia
• Persistent and unreasonable fear of a particular object
• 10-11% of the U.S. population exhibit symptoms (Magee et al., 1996).
• Common Phobias: Heights, Death, Snakes, Interacting with others, Crowds, injections, doctors, spiders, flying.
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Panic Disorders
• Periodic, discrete bouts of panic that occur abruptly and peak within 10 minutes
• 2.3 % of the population suffer from Panic Disorder (Weissman et al., 1997)
• Symptoms: Palpitations of the heart, shortness of breath, chest pains, choking sensation, faintness, dizziness
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Obsessive Compulsive Disorder
Obsession – Persistent thoughts, ideas, impulses, or images that invade consciousness
Compulsion – Repetitive and rigid behaviors or mental acts that a person feels compelled to perform to reduce distress
2% of the population suffer from OCD (APA, 1994).
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PTSD
• Distinct patterns of behavior that arise in reaction to a psychologically traumatic event.
• 7.8% of population will experience at least one episode in their lifetime
• Symptoms: Re-experiencing traumatic event, avoidance, reduced responsiveness, increased arousal (anxiety/guilt)
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Mood Disorders
1) Unipolar depression
2) Bipolar Depression
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Unipolar Depression
• Severe, long lasting, and debilitating sadness.
• 5-10% of the population experiences clinical depression in a given year (Kessler et al, 1994)
• Symptoms: Feelings of sadness, loss of sense of humor, lack of drive, suicidal thoughts, anxiety, staying in bed, easily distracted
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Bipolar Depression
• Depressive episodes followed by manic episodes.
• Mania – dramatic and inappropriate elevations of mood.
• 1.5% of the population suffers from bipolar depression (Kessler et al, 1994)
• Symptoms: hyperactivity, insomnia, arbitrary decision making, delusions.
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Other Disorders
Memory disorders (Alzheimer’s, Amnesia, Korsakoff’s ) Perceptual disorders (Agnosia, Prosopagnosia, Neglect, Balint’s)Language disorders (Broca’s Aphasia, Wernicke’s Aphasia)Physical Disorders (Anorexia, Bulimia, Obesity)Misc. (Phantom Limb, Imposter Effect, Autism, Schizophrenia)
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Therapy Regimens
1) Somatic (biological) Therapy
2) Psychoanalytic Therapy
3) Couples/Marital Therapy
4) Group Therapy
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1. Somatic Therapy
A. Drugs [psychopharmacology]
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B. Psychosurgery
Somatic Therapy
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C. Electroconvulsive Therapy
Induce small seizures to correct for chemical imbalances
Somatic Therapy
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Freud and his famous couch
Aka ‘the talking cure.’
II. Individual Psychotherapy
A. Psychoanalytic Therapy
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Freud saw many things as having sexual overtones
Psychoanalytic Therapy
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Carl Jung
Collective Unconcious and Archetypes
The shadow archetype
Psychoanalytic Therapy
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The patient best knows his or her own mind, the psychologist’s job is to facilitate self-therapy
Eliza the Online Therapist
B. Humanistic Therapy
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The 3 necessary elements of Humanistic Therapy
1) Unconditional Positive Regard
2) Genuineness
3) Non-Directive Guidance
Humanistic Therapy
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Constant Repetition of negative thoughts leads to abnormality
C. Cognitive Therapy
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Nobody likes me Even people who like me occasionally get mad at me
I’m a moron I’m smart, even if I do make mistakes now and then
I’m worthless I’m a good person
My jokes are bad It’s not my fault that the class has no sense of humor.
Cognitive Therapy
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Why would somebody be afraid of white furry objects?
D. Behavioral Therapy
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Systematic Desensitization
Behavioral Therapy
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Flooding
Behavioral Therapy
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Aversion Therapy
Ipecac Alcohol
+
+
=
= Sobriety
Behavioral Therapy
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Other Behavioral Therapies
Social Learning Therapy
Operant Conditioning Therapy
Behavioral Therapy
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Interpersonal Dynamics lead to Abnormality
• Switch Rolls
• Switch Power structure (as in The Simpsons)
• Group Discussion
Family Therapy
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Defining Mental Disorder
1) Defining Mental Disorders
2) Discussing Particular Abnormalities
3) Therapy Regimens
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Defining Mental Disorder
• Distress.. being upset• Irrationality- inability
to reason• Unpredictability-
unforeseen changes• Unconventionality-
inability to follow
norms.
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Famous People with Mental Illness
Remember, there are many more people who are not famous who experience these issues
And if you remember only one thing about today’s lesson, remember that it is never “game over” if you are diagnosed with a mental health issue – although most aren’t “curable,” the vast majority are highly treatable with medication and / or psychotherapy, which will enable the
individual to live a normal life with this treatment
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Actors / Entertainers / Directors Drew Carrey Jim Carrey John Cleese Richard Dreyfus Ashley Judd Margot Kidder Winona Ryder Damon Wayans Robin Williams Anthony Hopkins George Stephanopolous
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Artists
Van Gough Jackson Pollack Michaelangelo Georgia O’Keefe Paul Gaugin
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Athletes
Dwight Gooden Daryl Strawberry Greg Louganis Elizabeth Manley Monica Seles Tim Howard
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Business Leaders
Ted Turner J.P. Morgan Howard Hughes
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Authors / Journalists
Hans Christian Anderson Agatha Christie Ernest Hemingway Larry King Leo Tolstoy Emily Dickenson Michael Chrichton Charles Dickens
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Musicians
Beethoven Kurt Cobain Leonard Cohen Sheryl Crow Natalie Cole Ray Charles Eric Clapton Chopin
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World Leaders
Alexander the Great Napolean Winston Churchill Ralph Nader Thomas Jefferson George Patton Princess Diana Barbara Bush