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Study Guide

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ISBN-13: 978-0-03-093626-5

ISBN-10: 0-03-093626-8

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Contents

Original content Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.

Holt Science Spectrum iii Study Guide

Introduction to Science

Pretest ...................................................................................................................................... 1

Concept Review Worksheets

Section: The Nature of Science .......................................................................................... 2

Section: The Way Science Works ...................................................................................... 3

Section: Organizing Data .................................................................................................... 4

Matter

Pretest ...................................................................................................................................... 5


Section: Classifying Matter................................................................................................. 6

Section: Properties of Matter .............................................................................................. 7

Section: Changes of Matter................................................................................................. 8

States of Matter

Pretest ...................................................................................................................................... 9


Section: Matter and Energy............................................................................................... 10

Section: Changes of State.................................................................................................. 11

Section: Fluids ................................................................................................................... 12

Section: Behavior of Gases ............................................................................................... 13

Atoms

Pretest .................................................................................................................................... 14


Section: The Development of Atomic Theory................................................................. 15

Section: The Structure of Atoms ...................................................................................... 16

Section: Modern Atomic Theory ...................................................................................... 17

The Periodic Table

Pretest .................................................................................................................................... 18


Section: Organizing the Elements .................................................................................... 19

Section: Exploring the Periodic Table.............................................................................. 20

Section: Families of Elements .......................................................................................... 21

Contents

Original content Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor. .

Holt Science Spectrum iv Study Guide

The Structure of Matter

Pretest .................................................................................................................................... 22


Section: Compounds and Molecules ................................................................................ 23

Section: Ionic and Covalent Bonding............................................................................... 24

Section: Compound Names and Formulas....................................................................... 25

Section: Organic and Biochemical Compounds .............................................................. 26

Chemical Reactions

Pretest .................................................................................................................................... 27


Section: The Nature of Chemical Reactions.................................................................... 28

Section: Chemical Equations ............................................................................................ 29

Section: Reaction Types.................................................................................................... 30

Section: Reaction Rates and Equilibrium ........................................................................ 31

Solutions

Pretest .................................................................................................................................... 32


Section: Solutions and Other Mixtures ............................................................................ 33

Section: How Substances Dissolve .................................................................................. 34

Section: Solubility and Concentration.............................................................................. 35

Acids, Bases, and Salts

Pretest .................................................................................................................................... 36


Section: Acids, Bases, and pH.......................................................................................... 37

Section: Reactions of Acids with Bases ........................................................................... 38

Section: Acids, Bases, and Salts in the Home ................................................................. 39

Nuclear Changes

Pretest .................................................................................................................................... 40


Section: What is Radioactivity?........................................................................................ 41

Section: Nuclear Fission and Fusion ................................................................................ 42

Section: Nuclear Radiation Today.................................................................................... 43

Contents


Holt Science Spectrum v Study Guide

Motion

Pretest .................................................................................................................................... 44


Section: Measuring Motion............................................................................................... 45

Section: Acceleration ........................................................................................................ 46

Section: Motion and Force ................................................................................................ 47

Forces

Pretest .................................................................................................................................... 48


Section: Newton�s First and Second Laws. ..................................................................... 49

Section: Gravity. ................................................................................................................ 50

Section: Newton�s Third Law........................................................................................... 51

Work and Energy

Pretest .................................................................................................................................... 52


Section: Work, Power, and Machines .............................................................................. 53

Section: Simple Machines................................................................................................. 54

Section: What Is Energy?.................................................................................................. 55

Section: Conservation of Energy ...................................................................................... 56

Heat and Temperature

Pretest .................................................................................................................................... 57


Section: Temperature ........................................................................................................ 58

Section: Energy Transfer................................................................................................... 59

Section: Using Heat ........................................................................................................... 60

Waves

Pretest .................................................................................................................................... 61


Section: Types of Waves................................................................................................... 62

Section: Characteristics of Waves .................................................................................... 63

Section: Wave Interactions. .............................................................................................. 64

Contents


Holt Science Spectrum vi Study Guide

Sound and Light

Pretest .................................................................................................................................... 65


Section: Sound. .................................................................................................................. 66

Section: The Nature of Light ............................................................................................ 67

Section: Reflection and Color........................................................................................... 68

Section: Refraction, Lenses, and Prisms .......................................................................... 69

Electricity

Pretest .................................................................................................................................... 70


Section: Electric Charge and Force. ................................................................................. 71

Section: Current ................................................................................................................. 72

Section: Circuits................................................................................................................. 73

Magnetism

Pretest .................................................................................................................................... 74


Section: Magnets and Magnetic Fields ............................................................................ 75

Section: Magnetism from Electric Currents .................................................................... 76

Section: Electric Currents from Magnetism .................................................................... 77

The Solar System

Pretest .................................................................................................................................... 78


Section: Sun, Earth, and Moon. ........................................................................................ 79

Section: The Inner and Outer Planets............................................................................... 80

Section: Formation of the Solar System........................................................................... 81

The Universe

Pretest .................................................................................................................................... 82


Section: The Life and Death of Stars ............................................................................... 83

Section: The Milky Way and Other Galaxies .................................................................. 84

Section: Origin of the Universe ........................................................................................ 85

Contents


Holt Science Spectrum vii Study Guide

Planet Earth

Pretest .................................................................................................................................... 86


Section: Earth�s Interior and Plate Tectonics................................................................... 87

Section: Earthquakes and Volcanoes. .............................................................................. 88

Section: Minerals and Rocks ............................................................................................ 89

Section: Weathering and Erosion. .................................................................................... 90

The Atmosphere

Pretest .................................................................................................................................... 91


Section: Characteristics of the Atmosphere ..................................................................... 92

Section: Water and Wind .................................................................................................. 93

Section: Weather and Climate .......................................................................................... 94

Using Natural Resources

Pretest .................................................................................................................................... 95


Section: Organisms and Their Environment.................................................................... 96

Section: Energy and Resources......................................................................................... 97

Section: Pollution and Recycling ..................................................................................... 98

Name_______________________________Class __________________ Date __________________


Holt Science Spectrum 1 Introduction to Science

Assessment

Pretest

Introduction to Science

_____ 1. Science is best known for a. conducting experiments. c. using only a single reference.

b. reliance on tradition alone. d. using guesswork at all times.

_____ 2. Which one of the following calculations could be used to find the number of seconds in a week? a. 60 × 24 c. 60 × 60 × 7

b. 60 × 60 × 24 d. 60 × 60 × 24 × 7

_____ 3. The space occupied by an object is its a. volume. c. mass.

b. density. d. area.

4. Label each of the following as length, area, volume, mass, time, or temperature.

_____________________ a. 472 kg

_____________________ b. 35 L

_____________________ c. 172 ms

_____________________ d. 25 cm

_____________________ e. 32°C

_____________________ f. 3,500 m2

_____________________ g. 86 km

_____ 5. Which of the following can be used to measure volume? a. a balance c. a measuring cup

b. a speedometer d. a clock

6. Determine each of the following quantities for the box shown below.

_____________________ a. area of the shaded end in square meters

_____________________ b. volume in cubic meters

Name_______________________________Class __________________ Date __________________



Skills Worksheet

Concept Review

Section: The Nature of Science

1. Name four branches of biological science.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

2. Define the following terms:

a. science

_______________________________________________________________

b. technology

_______________________________________________________________

c. scientific model

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

3. Describe the difference between a scientific law and a scientific theory.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

4. Describe how mathematics and science are related.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

5. Explain why each of the following steps is important to scientific study.

a. planning experiments

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

b. testing results

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Name_______________________________Class __________________ Date __________________



Skills Worksheet

Concept Review

Section: The Way Science Works

1. Name three tools used by scientists, and describe how they are used.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

2. Explain why an experiment should test only one variable at a time.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

3. Convert the following measurements as indicated:

_____________________ a. 95 cm to meters

_____________________ b. 1.1 L to milliliters

_____________________ c. 17,000 m to kilometers

_____________________ d. 500 kg to grams

_____________________ e. 2.55 millimol to moles

4. Explain why it is important that a hypothesis be stated so that it can be modified.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

5. Describe why prefixes are useful with SI units.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

6. Explain why scientists use SI units instead of units such as inches and gallons.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Name_______________________________Class __________________ Date __________________



Skills Worksheet

Concept Review

Section: Organizing Data

1. Convert the following measurements from scientific notation to long form:

_____________________ a. 2.54 × 10�3 cm

_____________________ b. 9.5 × 104 km

_____________________ c. 3.3 × 10�1 L

_____________________ d. 7.445 × 102 g

2. Convert the following measurements to scientific notation:

_____________________ a. 325 kg

_____________________ b. 0.00046 m

_____________________ c. 7,104 km

_____________________ d. 0.0028 L

3. Find the number of significant digits in each of the following:

_____________________ a. 0.00326

_____________________ b. 39,010

_____________________ c. 77,900.1

_____________________ d. 1.5300

4. Identify the type of graph best suited to display the following:

a. the amount of iron ore in four different countries

_______________________________________________________________

b. the major gases found in Earth�s atmosphere

_______________________________________________________________

c. the price of crude oil since 1990

_______________________________________________________________

5. Explain how measurements can be precise but not accurate.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Name_______________________________Class __________________ Date __________________


Holt Science Spectrum 5 Matter

Assessment

Pretest

Matter

_____ 1. Which of the following is not an example of matter? a. sunglasses c. sunlight

b. a beach towel d. water

_____ 2. Which of the following describes the measurement of how much air is moved through an air-conditioning unit? a. density c. length

b. temperature d. volume

_____ 3. If you wanted to determine the mass and volume of a fluid in a glass, which of the following sets of devices would you need? a. meterstick and thermometer

b. graduated cylinder and balance

c. speedometer and tape measure

d. stopwatch and meterstick

_____ 4. Which of the following units could be used to measure the length of a mineral sample? a. centimeters c. kilograms

b. milliliters d. degrees Celsius

_____ 5. The study of matter and its changes is a. chemistry. c. physics.

b. biology. d. meteorology.

_____ 6. A bowl of water is set beside a sunny window. After a few hours, the bowl is empty. Which of the following is not a testable hypothesis that could explain what happened? a. The water magically disappeared into another dimension.

b. The water is now spread out in the air.

c. The water soaked into the bowl.

d. The bowl has a leak.

7. Convert each of the following measurements to scientific notation.

_____________________ a. 0.005 g

_____________________ b. 23,400 s

_____________________ c. 670 L

_____________________ d. 320°C

_____________________ e. 0.00089 m

Name_______________________________Class __________________ Date __________________



Skills Worksheet

Concept Review

Section: Classifying Matter

1. Classify the following as a homogeneous, O, or a heterogeneous, E, mixture.

_____ a. a pail of sand and water

_____ b. air

_____ c. human blood

_____ d. banana split

_____ e. chocolate syrup

_____ f. seawater

2. Compare and contrast atoms and molecules.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

3. Explain the difference between a pure substance and a homogeneous mixture.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

4. Classify each of the following as E, an element, or C, a compound.

_____ a. benzene, C6H6

_____ b. aluminum, Al

_____ c. aspirin, C9H8O4

_____ d. titanium, Ti

_____ e. acetylene, C2H2

_____ f. zinc, Zn

5. Explain why elements and compounds are pure substances while a homogeneous mixture is not.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

6. Determine which of the following are pure substances, S, and which are mixtures, M.

_____ a. salt water

_____ b. isopropyl alcohol, C3H8O

_____ c. mercury, Hg

_____ d. ammonia, NH3

_____ e. an egg yolk

_____ f. honey

7. Explain why carbon and copper are classified as elements.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Name_______________________________Class __________________ Date __________________



Skills Worksheet

Concept Review

Section: Properties of Matter 1. Classify each of the following as a physical or chemical property of sulfur.

_____________________ a. Its density is 2.97 g/cm3.

_____________________ b. It reacts with hydrogen to form a gas.

_____________________ c. It is a yellow solid.

_____________________ d. Its melting point is 112°C.

_____________________ e. It combines with oxygen.

2. Classify each of the following as a physical or chemical property of phosphorus.

_____________________ a. It is a white, waxy solid.

_____________________ b. It burns in air.

_____________________ c. Its melting point is 44.1°C.

_____________________ d. It has a density of 1.82 g/cm3.

_____________________ e. Its boiling point is 280.3°C. 3. Explain why aluminum is a suitable material to use in making cans based on

its physical and chemical properties.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

4. Calculate the mass of a sample of pure silver (density = 10.49 g/cm3) that has a volume of 12.99 cm3.

5. Compute the density of an 820 g sample of pure silicon occupying a 350 cm3 container.

Name_______________________________Class __________________ Date __________________



Skills Worksheet

Concept Review

Section: Changes of Matter

1. Categorize each of the following examples as a chemical, C, or physical, P change.

_____ a. bending a metal rod

_____ b. burning wood

_____ c. breaking glass

_____ d. painting wood

_____ e. cooking

_____ f. burning propane

2. Explain why dissolving is a physical change.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

3. Explain how a chemical change occurs when bread is baked.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

4. Compare physical changes and chemical changes.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

5. List four ways to detect that a chemical change has occurred.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Name_______________________________Class __________________ Date __________________


Holt Science Spectrum 9 States of Matter

Assessment

Pretest

States of Matter

_____ 1. Which of the following states of matter has a definite shape and volume? a. a solid c. a gas

b. a liquid d. a plasma

2. Describe the main points of the kinetic theory of matter.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

3. List the five changes of state.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_____ 4. Wood floats on water because it a. has more mass than water. c. is repelled by water.

b. has less mass than water. d. is less dense than water.

5. Define viscosity.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

6. Name and briefly describe the three gas laws.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Name_______________________________Class __________________ Date __________________



Skills Worksheet

Concept Review

Section: Matter and Energy

1. Identify each of the following as a gas, liquid, solid, or plasma.

_____________________ a. The particles are closely packed together.

_____________________ b. The particles are in a constant state of motion.

_____________________ c. The particles are locked in fixed positions.

_____________________ d. The particles are broken apart.

2. Apply the kinetic theory to describe the motion of particles in a homogeneous mixture of sugar and water as it is boiled.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

3. Compare and contrast the average kinetic energy of 0.5 L of coffee at 34°C, 0.5 L of coffee at 38°C, and 0.25 L of tea at 43°C.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

4. Compare the thermal energy of 0.5 L of coffee at 38°C and 0.25 L of coffee at 38°C.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

5. Compare and contrast the shape and volume of water as it changes state:

a. A 6 cm3 piece of ice is placed in a beaker.

_______________________________________________________________

b. The beaker is heated to more than 0°C and the ice melts in the beaker.

_______________________________________________________________

c. The liquid water is heated to above 100°C and eventually evaporates.

_______________________________________________________________

Name_______________________________Class __________________ Date __________________



Skills Worksheet

Concept Review

Section: Changes of State

1. Identify the process that causes each change of state described below. Write the appropriate answer on the space provided.

_____________________ a. An ice cube left in a freezer for a month becomes

smaller.

_____________________ b. Drops of water appear on the side of a glass of ice

water.

_____________________ c. A rainy morning turns sunny, and puddles disappear from the sidewalk.

2. Identify two changes of state that require energy to be used, and two changes of state that require the release of energy.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

3. Apply the law of conservation of mass to explain how mass is conserved when water evaporates.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

4. Apply the law of conservation of energy to explain how energy is conserved when water evaporates.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

5. Compare the temperature of water as ice begins to form with the temperature of ice as it begins to melt.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Name_______________________________Class __________________ Date __________________



Skills Worksheet

Concept Review

Section: Fluids

1. Explain how Archimedes� principle determines the buoyant force on an object in any fluid medium.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

2. Compare the buoyant force of water and the weight of a piece of wood that floats on the water.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

3. Calculate the pressure of an enclosed fluid on which a force of 150 N is exerted over an area of 10 cm2. Give the answer in pascals.

_______________________________________________________________

4. Explain Pascal�s principle.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

5. Calculate the force output by the larger piston of a hydraulic lift when a force of 700 N is exerted on the smaller piston. The areas of the two pistons are 20 cm2 and 950 cm2.

_______________________________________________________________

6. Define Bernoulli�s principle.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Name_______________________________Class __________________ Date __________________



Skills Worksheet

Concept Review

Section: Behavior of Gases

1. Identify which gas law is being demonstrated.

_____________________ a. increase in volume, decrease in pressure

_____________________ b. decrease in temperature, decrease in volume

_____________________ c. increase in pressure, increase in temperature

2. Compare and contrast the physical properties of solids, liquids, and gases.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_____ 3. Boyle�s law relates the pressure of a gas to its a. volume. c. density.

b. pressure. d. temperature.

_____ 4. Charles�s law relates the volume of a gas to its a. mass. c. temperature.

b. density. d. molecules.

_____ 5. Gay-Lussac�s law relates the temperature of a gas to its a. mass. c. density.

b. volume. d. pressure.

6. Explain what happens to a fixed sample of gas when its temperature changes.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Name_______________________________Class __________________ Date __________________


Holt Science Spectrum 14 Atoms

Assessment

Pretest

Atoms

_____ 1. The smallest part of an element that still has the properties of that element is a(n)

a. particle. c. atom.

b. matter. d. molecule.

2. Which of the following represent elements and which represent compounds?

_____________________ a. O2

_____________________ b. Ar

_____________________ c. KCl

_____________________ d. H2

_____________________ e. Al

_____________________ f. NH3

3. Label each of the following as either a pure substance or a mixture.

a. concrete c. oxygen

_______________________ _______________________

b. water d. air

_______________________ _______________________

4. Why do helium-filled balloons and hot-air balloons float in the air?

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

5. Calculate the density of a substance with a mass of 157 g and a volume of 412 cm3. Can this substance float on water?

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_____ 6. Which of the following statements about a helium atom in the sun and a helium atom on Earth is false?

a. They are likely to have the same chemical properties. b. They are likely to have similar physical properties.

c. One will be five times more massive.

d. Neither one will be very chemically reactive.

Name_______________________________Class __________________ Date __________________



Skills Worksheet

Concept Review

Section: The Development of Atomic Theory

1. Explain the origin of the word atom.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

2. Describe the three main ideas of Dalton�s atomic theory in your own words.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

3. Compare the atomic models developed by Thomson and Rutherford.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

4. Describe Thomson�s and Rutherford�s key discoveries about the atom.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Name_______________________________Class __________________ Date __________________



Skills Worksheet

Concept Review

Section: The Structure of Atoms 1. Explain why the mole is used as a counting unit for atoms.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

2. Draw and label the parts of a helium atom. Include the mass and charge of each subatomic particle.

3. Explain the difference between the atomic number and the mass number of an atom.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

4. Create a chart that shows the different isotopes of hydrogen. State the mass number of each isotope, and write the number of protons, neutrons, and electrons found in each isotope.

5. Determine the mass in grams of each of the following:

______a. 0.60 mol of neon, Ne

______b. 5.01 mol of xenon, Xe

______c. 1.9 mol of selenium, Se

______d. 3.3 mol of gold, Au

Name_______________________________Class __________________ Date __________________



Skills Worksheet

Concept Review

Section: Modern Atomic Theory

1. Explain the relationship between electrons, orbitals, and energy levels.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

2. Compare the positions of the electrons in Bohr�s model of the atom with their positions according to modern atomic theory.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

3. Explain why electrons move from one level to another.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________ 4. Identify the maximum number of electrons that each energy level can hold.

______a. Level 1

______b. Level 2

______c. Level 3

______d. Level 4

5. Compare the four types of orbitals.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Name_______________________________Class __________________ Date __________________


Holt Science Spectrum 18 The Periodic Table

Assessment

Pretest

The Periodic Table

_____ 1. Which is most likely to influence the properties of an element? a. its atomic mass

b. its atomic number c. the number of outer electrons

d. the number of isotopes it forms

_____ 2. If an atom gains or loses an electron, it tends to become a. smaller.

b. more stable.

c. heavier.

d. more reactive.

_____ 3. Which is not a main category of element? a. ion

b. metal

c. nonmetal d. semiconductor

4. State whether each element is a metal, a nonmetal, or a semiconductor.

_____ a. helium

_____ b. mercury

_____ c. nickel

_____ d. oxygen

_____ e. potassium

_____ f. silicon

5. How is the modern periodic table organized?

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

6. Explain why the nonmetals in Group 18 are relatively unreactive.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Name_______________________________Class __________________ Date __________________



Skills Worksheet

Concept Review

Section: Organizing the Elements

1. Write the chemical symbol for each of the following elements:

_____ a. manganese

_____ b. lead

_____ c. carbon

_____ d. uranium

_____ e. radon

_____ f. silver

2. Indicate whether each statement can be used to describe rows in the periodic table, columns in the periodic table, or both.

_____ a. Atomic mass increases.

_____ b. Atomic number increases.

_____ c. Chemical properties are similar.

_____ d. Conductivity changes.

3. Describe what Mendeleev found when he organized the elements by atomic mass.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

4. Explain why Mendeleev had to reverse the order of some of the elements in his periodic table, and describe the effect this had on the modern periodic table.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

5. Describe how rows and columns in the modern periodic table are organized.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Name_______________________________Class __________________ Date __________________



Skills Worksheet

Concept Review

Section: Exploring the Periodic Table

1. State two characteristics shared by elements of the same group in the periodic table.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

2. Understanding Systems Why do atoms of Group 1 elements lose electrons to form cations, whereas atoms of Group 17 elements gain electrons to form anions?

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

3. Predict which of the following ions would be likely to form:

_____ a. Na2+

_____ b. Cl+

_____ c. Ca2+

_____ d. Br�

_____ e. Ne�

_____ f. Ne+

4. Determine whether elements in the following groups are most likely to be metals, nonmetals, or semiconductors.

_____ a. Group 1

_____ b. Group 17

_____ c. Group 5

_____ d. Group 16

_____ e. Group 18

5. Compare semiconductors with both metals and nonmetals in terms of their ability to conduct electricity, and state where semiconductors are located on the periodic table.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Name_______________________________Class __________________ Date __________________



Skills Worksheet

Concept Review

Section: Families of Elements

1. Explain why elements in the same family have similar physical and chemical properties.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

2. Analyze the following pairs of elements, and determine whether each pair has similar or different reactivities.

_____________________ a. potassium, K, and rubidium, Rb

_____________________ b. calcium, Ca, and barium, Ba

_____________________ c. sodium, Na, and chlorine, Cl

_____________________ d. helium, He, and krypton, Kr

3. Classify each of the following elements as an alkali metal, alkaline-earth metal, transition metal, or semiconductor based on its position in the periodic table.

___________________ a. rubidium, Rb

___________________ b. silicon, Si

___________________ c. silver, Ag

___________________ d. barium, Ba

4. Classify each of the following elements as a halogen, noble gas, or other nonmetal based on its position in the periodic table.

_____________________ a. carbon, C

_____________________ b. chlorine, Cl

_____________________ c. radon, Rn

_____________________ d. phosphorus, P

5. Explain why chlorine, Cl, is very reactive, whereas argon, Ar, is unreactive.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Name_______________________________Class __________________ Date __________________


Holt Science Spectrum 22 The Structure of Matter

Assessment

Pretest

The Structure of Matter

1. Compare and contrast chemical and physical properties.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

2. What is the relationship between a pure substance and a mixture?

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

3. Why are alkali metals, such as sodium, not found in nature as elements?

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

4. Some compounds are formed by the strong attractions between cations and anions. What are cations and anions?

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_____ 5. Which property is associated with metals? a. dull c. shiny

b. poor conductor of electricity d. brittle

6. How many atoms of each element are there in one molecule of the following substances?

_____________________ a. N2

_____________________ b. H2O

_____________________ c. C2H6O

_____________________ d. C12H22O11

7. Identify whether each of the following is a metal or nonmetal.

_____________________ a. oxygen

_____________________ b. magnesium

_____________________ c. chlorine

_____________________ d. iron

Name_______________________________Class __________________ Date __________________



Skills Worksheet

Concept Review

Section: Compounds and Molecules

1. Explain what holds compounds together.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

2. Describe the difference between a ball-and-stick model and a space-filling model of a compound.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

3. Explain why adding flexible springs to the ball-and-stick model would make the model more accurate.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

4. Explain why a substance with a network structure has a high melting point.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

5. Contrast the structure of table salt and table sugar.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

6. Predict whether a compound with a boiling point of 68°C is likely to be a network solid or in the form of individual molecules.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Name_______________________________Class __________________ Date __________________



Skills Worksheet

Concept Review

Section: Ionic and Covalent Bonding

1. Explain why atoms will often join together to form bonds.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

2. Contrast ionic and covalent bonds.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

3. Explain why a triple bond between two nitrogen atoms is stronger than a double bond between two oxygen atoms.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

4. Explain how it is possible for a compound to have both ionic and covalent bonds.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

5. Predict whether a gold ring would be a good conductor of electricity. What kind of bonds does gold have? How do these bonds explain gold�s properties?

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Name_______________________________Class __________________ Date __________________



Skills Worksheet

Concept Review

Section: Compound Names and Formulas

1. Explain the difference between iron(II) nitrate and iron(III) nitrate. What is the significance of the Roman numerals?

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

2. Name the following ionic compounds, keeping in mind that a transition metal cation must include its charge.

_____________________ a. TiO2

_____________________ b. BaCl2

_____________________ c. CuCl3

_____________________ d. KI

_____________________ e. SrCl2

_____________________ f. CuBr2

3. Describe how covalent compounds are named.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

4. Write the chemical formulas for the following compounds:

_____________________ a. lithium oxide (ionic)

_____________________ b. carbon monoxide (covalent)

_____________________ c. carbon tetrachloride (covalent)

_____________________ d. nitrogen trifluoride (covalent)

_____________________ e. calcium chloride (ionic)

5. Contrast molecular formulas and empirical formulas.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Name_______________________________Class __________________ Date __________________



Skills Worksheet

Concept Review

Section: Organic and Biochemical Compounds

1. Identify the following compounds as alkanes, alkenes, or alcohols based on their names.

_____________________ a. 1-propanol

_____________________ b. cyclopentene

_____________________ c. cyclopentanol

_____________________ d. methylcyclopropane

_____________________ e. 2-butene

_____________________ f. 2-ethylhexane

2. Contrast alkanes and alkenes, and give an example of each.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

3. Explain the similarities between alcohol molecules and water molecules.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

4. Explain how glucose and starch are related.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

5. Explain why carbon can never form more than a total of four bonds.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

6. Explain how the bases that form DNA make pairs.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Name_______________________________Class __________________ Date __________________


Holt Science Spectrum 27 Chemical Reactions

Assessment

Pretest

Chemical Reactions

1. What type of bonding is found among the atoms in each of the following

substances?

_____________________ a. water, H2O

_____________________ b. solid silver, Ag

_____________________ c. lithium chloride, LiCl

_____________________ d. cyclopentane, C6H12

_____________________ e. glucose, C6H12O6

_____________________ f. calcium oxide, CaO

2. Name each of the following compounds.

_____________________ a. AgNO3

_____________________ b. CH3OH

_____________________ c. KCl

_____________________ d. C6H6

_____________________ e. CO

_____________________ f. NaOH

3. What is the law of conservation of mass?

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_____ 4. Which of the following is a chemical property of potassium? a. It is a silvery metal. c. It has a density of 0.86 g/cm3.

b. It reacts with water. d. It melts at about 64°C.

5. How are chemical and physical changes different?

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

6. What is the law of conservation of energy?

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Name_______________________________Class __________________ Date __________________



Skills Worksheet

Concept Review

Section: The Nature of Chemical Reactions

1. Identify the reactants and products in the following chemical reaction: Isooctane and oxygen burn to form carbon dioxide and water.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

2. Explain where the energy to cook food comes from when a gas stove burns natural gas, CH4, and oxygen, O2.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

3. Identify the type of energy that is stored in a molecule�s bonds.

_______________________________________________________________

4. Describe three signs that a chemical reaction has taken place, and give an example of each sign.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

5. Contrast endothermic and exothermic reactions.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

6. Explain why an endothermic reaction might cause a drop in temperature.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Name_______________________________Class __________________ Date __________________



Skills Worksheet

Concept Review

Section: Chemical Equations

1. Balance the following equations:

a. N2O5 + H2O → HNO3

_______________________________________________________________

b. Fe(OH)3 → Fe2O3 + H2O

_______________________________________________________________

c. Fe + O2 → Fe2O3

_______________________________________________________________

d. Al + O2 → Fe2O3

_______________________________________________________________

e. NaCl + H2SO4 → Na2SO4 + HCl

_______________________________________________________________

2. Determine the mole ratio for the following reaction: oxygen gas and carbon react to form carbon monoxide, CO.

_______________________________________________________________

3. Determine the number of moles of sodium hydroxide, NaOH, produced when 2 mol of sodium and 3 mol of water react to form sodium hydroxide and hydrogen gas, H2.

_______________________________________________________________

4. Calculate the mass of carbon monoxide, CO, that was needed to produce 78 g of methanol, CH3OH, by the following reaction: 2H2 + CO → CH3OH.

_______________________________________________________________

5. Demonstrate that the following chemical equation illustrates the conservation of mass in chemical reactions: 3NaOH + H3PO4 → Na3PO4 + 3H2O.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Name_______________________________Class __________________ Date __________________



Skills Worksheet

Concept Review

Section: Reaction Types 1. Name the compound that is a reactant in all combustion reactions.

_______________________________________________________________

2. Explain how you can determine if a chemical reaction represents a single-displacement reaction or a double-displacement reaction.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

3. Describe what happens during a reduction/oxidation reaction.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

4. Identify which element is reduced and which is oxidized in the following equations:

a. Cu + 2AgNO3 → Cu(NO3)2 + 2Ag

_______________________________________________________________

b. 2Al + 3CuSO4 → 3Cu + Al2(SO4)3

_______________________________________________________________

5. Classify each of the following reactions:

_____________________ a. 2C8H18 + 25O2 → 16CO2 + 18H2O

_____________________ b. Ca + S → CaS

_____________________ c. Ca3(PO4)2 + 3H2SO4 → 3CaSO4 + 2H3PO4

_____________________ d. SiO2 + 2C → Si + 2CO

_____________________ e. 2CaCO3 → 2Ca + 2C + 3O2

6. Summarize each of the five general types of chemical reactions.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Name_______________________________Class __________________ Date __________________



Skills Worksheet

Concept Review

Section: Reaction Rates and Equilibrium

1. State Le Châtelier�s principle.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

2. Describe two ways you could make table salt dissolve faster in water.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

3. Predict the shift of equilibrium for each of the following conditions in the following reaction involving gaseous reactants and products:

N2 + 3H2 2NH3 + heat.

a. NH3 is added to the reaction.

________________________________________________________________

b. NH3 is removed from the reaction.

________________________________________________________________

c. The pressure is increased.

________________________________________________________________

d. The temperature is decreased.

________________________________________________________________

4. Predict how each of the following changes will affect the following reaction involving gaseous reactants and products: 2NO2 N2O4 + heat.

a. The temperature is increased.

________________________________________________________________

b. The pressure is increased.

________________________________________________________________

c. N2O4 is removed from the equilibrium mixture.

________________________________________________________________

d. NO2 is added to the equilibrium mixture.

________________________________________________________________

Name_______________________________Class __________________ Date __________________


Holt Science Spectrum 32 Solutions

Assessment

Pretest

Solutions

1. Indicate whether each mixture below is homogeneous or heterogeneous.

_____________________ a. fruit cocktail

_____________________ b. pickle relish

_____________________ c. air

_____________________ d. steel

_____________________ e. gasoline

2. Indicate whether the following mixtures are suspensions, colloids, or alloys.

_____________________ a. bronze

_____________________ b. fog

_____________________ c. steel

_____________________ d. grapefruit juice

_____________________ e. mayonnaise

3. Name three chemical reactions that take place around you every day.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_____ 4. Table salt, NaCl, is dissolved in a jar of water. When the water evaporates, the salt is left behind in the jar. The dissolving process is most likely

a. a chemical change. b. a physical change.

c. both a chemical and physical change.

d. None of the above

5. Balance the following equations:

a. Fe(OH)3 → Fe2O3 + H2O

b. NaCI + H2SO4 → Na2SO4+HCI

c. H2SO4 + KOH → K2SO4 + H2O

d. AI + CuSO4 → AI4 (SO4)3 + Cu

Name_______________________________Class __________________ Date __________________



Skills Worksheet

Concept Review

Section: Solutions and Other Mixtures

1. Classify each of the following mixtures as homogeneous or heterogeneous:

_____________________ a. lemonade with pulp

_____________________ b. coffee with cream and sugar

_____________________ c. vinegar

_____________________ d. dessert gelatin with pears in it

2. Compare suspensions, colloids, and solutions in terms of particle size and methods to separate each type of mixture.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

3. Explain why the air we breathe and solids such as steel and bronze are solutions (or homogeneous mixtures) similar to salt water.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

4. Identify the solute and solvent when sugar and water are mixed to form nectar for a hummingbird feeder.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

5. After boiling a chicken in a stockpot, you let the chicken stock cool down and place it in the refrigerator overnight. The next day you notice that a solid layer of fat has formed on the top of a gelatinous mixture.

a. Explain why the chicken fat rose to the top.

_____________________________________________________________

b. Describe how you could separate the fat from the gelatinous mixture.

_____________________________________________________________

6. Give examples of two liquid solutions that do not contain water.

_______________________________________________________________

Name_______________________________Class __________________ Date __________________



Skills Worksheet

Concept Review

Section: How Substances Dissolve

1. Explain how you can speed up the dissolving process when preparing juice from frozen concentrate.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

2. Explain why water is sometimes referred to as the universal solvent.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

3. Draw a water molecule. Indicate the area where the electrons would be found. Label each atom and include all charges.

4. You make a salad dressing by mixing water, vinegar, olive oil, and seasonings. After a while, the oil separates and forms a layer above the other components.

a. Identify the polar and nonpolar liquids in the dressing.

_____________________________________________________________

b. Compare the strength of the attractions between a water molecule and a molecule of vinegar and between a water molecule and a molecule of olive oil.

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

5. Describe what happens when sodium chloride dissolves in water.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Name_______________________________Class __________________ Date __________________



Skills Worksheet

Concept Review

Section: Solubility and Concentration

1. Summarize how to produce three solutions of sugar in water: an unsaturated solution, a saturated solution, and a supersaturated solution.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

2. Describe what happens to a saturated solution of sugar in water when the temperature of the solution is suddenly lowered by 10ºC.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

3. Determine how many grams of acetic acid should be dissolved in 100 g of water to make a 4.0 percent (by mass) solution of vinegar.

_______________________________________________________________

4. Calculate the molarity of a solution that contains 93.5 g of potassium chloride, KCl, dissolved in 500.0 mL of solution.

_______________________________________________________________

5. Order the following ionic compounds according to their solubility in water, from most soluble to least soluble. Refer to Figure 2, �Solubilities of Some Ionic Compounds in Water,� in your textbook.

calcium chloride, sodium fluoride, silver nitrate, iron(II) sulfide, sodium iodide

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

6. When divers ascend too quickly, nitrogen dissolved in the blood comes out of solution, forming bubbles in the blood vessels. Treatment for this condition, known as the bends, involves placing the diver in a chamber where the pressure is higher than that of atmospheric pressure.

Explain how increasing the pressure can help treat the bends.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Name_______________________________Class __________________ Date __________________


Holt Science Spectrum 36 Acids, Bases, and Salts

Assessment

Pretest

Acids, Bases, and Salts

1. Indicate whether each substance below is a solution or a heterogeneous mixture.

_____________________ a. fog

_____________________ b. fresh-squeezed grapefruit juice

_____________________ c. fingernail-polish remover

_____________________ d. marshmallows

_____________________ e. vinegar

2. Silver nitrate dissolves readily in water, while only an extremely small amount of silver chloride dissolves in water. Explain why these two silver compounds have such different solubilities.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

3. Can a solution be dilute and saturated at the same time? Explain your answer.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_____ 4. Calculate the molarity of 11.5 g of solid NaOH dissolved in 1.5 L of solution.

a. 7.7 M c. 0.19 M

b. 2.3 M d. 0.13 M

5. Name two characteristics of acids.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

6. The advertisement for an antacid claims it will neutralize excess stomach acid. Restate this claim in your own words.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Name_______________________________Class __________________ Date __________________



Skills Worksheet

Concept Review

Section: Acids, Bases, and pH

1. Classify each of the following substances as acidic, basic, or neutral:

_____________________ a. a dilute solution of vinegar in water, which has more H3O

+ ions than OH� ions

_____________________ b. a solution with equal concentrations of H3O+ and

OH�

_____________________ c. a bitter liquid, pH � 8

_____________________ d. pure water, pH � 7

_____________________ e. a tart solution of mixed citrus juices, pH � 7

2. Compare two kinds of bases, and give an example of each type.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

3. Compare the acidity of three solutions having pH values of 2, 3, and 6.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

4. Write the balanced chemical equation that describes the dissociation of the strong base magnesium hydroxide, Mg(OH)2, in water.

_______________________________________________________________

5. Determine the hydronium ion concentration (M) of an acid solution with a pH of 6.

_______________________________________________________________

6. Calculate the pH of a 0.0001 M solution of the strong acid, HCl.

_______________________________________________________________

7. Explain why sulfuric acid conducts electricity better than citric acid.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Name_______________________________Class __________________ Date __________________



Skills Worksheet

Concept Review

Section: Reactions of Acids with Bases

1. Write the balanced ionic equation for the reaction between water solutions of nitric acid, HNO3, and sodium hydroxide, NaOH. Circle the spectator ions.

_______________________________________________________________

2. Predict whether the neutralization reaction of each of the following acids and bases will yield an acidic, basic, or neutral solution:

_____________________ a. hydrochloric acid, HCl, and calcium hydroxide,

Ca(OH)2

_____________________ b. citric acid, H3C6H5O7, and sodium hydroxide, NaOH.

_____________________ c. nitric acid, HNO3, and methylamine, CH3NH2

3. Identify the acid and base combined to produce the following salts:

_____________________ a. potassium nitrate, KNO3

_____________________ b. calcium chloride, CaCl2

_____________________ c. barium sulfate, BaSO4

4. Identify the pH of the equivalence points of the following titrations: acid/base titration would have an equivalence point with a pH greater than 7.

_____________________ a. a strong base and a weak acid

_____________________ b. a strong acid and a strong base

_____________________ c. a strong acid and a weak base

5. Name two common salts, and give a use for each.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Name_______________________________Class __________________ Date __________________



Skills Worksheet

Concept Review

Section: Acids, Bases, and Salts in the Home

1. Classify the following household products as either acids or bases:

_____ a. soap

_____ b. bleach

_____ c. vitamin C

_____ d. baking soda

_____ e. clothing dyes

_____ f. antacid

_____ g. vinegar

_____ h. ammonia

2. Describe the role of soap as an emulsifier when washing oil or grease from your hands.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

3. Explain why a substance containing only long hydrocarbon chains would not be a good emulsifier for mixtures of water and oil.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

4. Hydrogen peroxide, H2O2, is a common bleaching agent and disinfectant readily available at the local drugstore as a 3 percent solution.

a. Describe what a disinfectant does.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

b. Describe what a bleaching agent does.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

5. Summarize what happens in your stomach when you take an antacid for indigestion.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Name_______________________________Class __________________ Date __________________


Holt Science Spectrum 40 Nuclear Changes

Assessment

Pretest

Nuclear Changes

_____ 1. Compared to the size of the atom, how big is the nucleus, the central part of an atom? a. The nucleus is almost as big as the atom.

b. The nucleus is roughly half the size of the atom.

c. The nucleus is roughly 100 times smaller than the atom.

d. The nucleus is roughly 100,000 times smaller than the atom.

_____ 2. The mass of an atom a. is evenly distributed throughout the atom. b. is mostly found in the nucleus.

c. is mostly due to electrons.

d. can be determined by counting only protons.

_____ 3. The chemical properties of an atom depend on a. its atomic number.

b. its atomic mass.

c. the number of neutrons in its nucleus.


_____ 4. A proton has a ____________ charge, which is opposite and equal to a(n) ____________ charge. a. positive, neutron�s c. negative, neutron�s

b. negative, electron�s d. positive, electron�s

_____ 5. The nucleus contains a. electrons and neutrons. c. protons and electrons.

b. protons and neutrons. d. None of the above

_____ 6. Protons are positively charged particles that are tightly packed in the nucleus of an atom. Because like charges repel each other due to the electric forces between them, there must be a(n) ____________ between the protons that prevents the nucleus from flying apart.

a. weaker attractive force c. stronger attractive force b. equal repulsive force d. stronger repulsive force

7. Differentiate between the mass number of an atom and its atomic mass.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Name_______________________________Class __________________ Date __________________



Skills Worksheet

Concept Review

Section: What Is Radioactivity?

1. Write in the blank the term that matches each description. beta particles alpha particles

neutron emission gamma rays

_____________________ a. helium-4 nuclei

_____________________ b. high-energy electromagnetic radiation emitted by a

nucleus

_____________________ c. electrons emitted by neutrons decaying into an

unstable nucleus

_____________________ d. release of high-energy neutrons

2. Determine the amount of time it takes for three-fourths of a radioactive sample of an isotope of bromine to decay. The half-life of the isotope is 16.5 hours.

_______________________________________________________________

3. Complete the following radioactive decay equations by identifying the isotope X. Indicate whether alpha or beta decay occurs.

a. 82

214Pb →

Z

AX + −1

0e _____________________________________________

b. 83

214Bi →

Z

AX + −1

0e _____________________________________________

c. 84

214Po →

Z

AX +

2

4He _____________________________________________

4. Explain how it is possible that negatively charged beta particles are emitted from a positively charged nucleus during nuclear decay.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

5. Determine the half-life of a radioactive substance that has changed through radioactive decay. After 40 days, the original substance left is one-sixteenth of the original amount.

_______________________________________________________________

_____ 6. Identify which of the following is true for gamma ray emission. a. The atomic number increases but the atomic mass stays the same.

b. Both the atomic number and the atomic mass remain the same.

c. The atomic number decreases and the atomic mass increases.

d. The atomic number stays the same and the atomic mass decreases.

Name_______________________________Class __________________ Date __________________



Skills Worksheet

Concept Review

Section: Nuclear Fission and Fusion 1.Write in the blank the term that matches each definition.

critical mass fusion reaction

strong nuclear force

_____________________ a. attractive force that acts between protons and neutrons at very short distances

_____________________ b. joining of two lighter nuclei to form a heavier

nuclei

_____________________ c. the minimum amount of a fissionable isotope that can sustain a nuclear chain reaction

2. Describe how a fission reaction is started.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

3. Describe a characteristic of a fissionable substance that is essential for a chain-reaction to sustain itself.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

4. Explain why the energy associated with even a small mass is immense. (Hint: Consider the way c appears in the mass-energy equation.)

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

5. Describe how the strong nuclear force affects the composition of a nucleus.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Name_______________________________Class __________________ Date __________________



Skills Worksheet

Concept Review

Section: Nuclear Radiation Today

_____ 1. People receive some natural or background radiation exposure each day from a. the sun.

b. household appliances such as television sets and microwave ovens.

c. medical and dental X rays.

d. All of the above

2. Determine whether the following statements are true or false.

_____________________ a. The longer a person is exposed to radiation and the closer the person is to the radiation, the greater the

risk.

_____________________ b. Radiation cannot be detected by our sense of sight, smell, taste, hearing, or touch.

_____________________ c. Nuclear fission is dangerous because it produces

gaseous pollutants.

3. Explain why ventilation is very important if there is a risk of exposure to radon gas in your home or school.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

4. Name the nuclear radiation(s) that can be easily stopped by skin or clothes.

_______________________________________________________________

5. Explain ionization. Which forms of nuclear radiation are capable of ionizing matter?

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

6. Explain one way nuclear radiation is used in the field of medicine.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Name_______________________________Class __________________ Date __________________


Holt Science Spectrum 44 Motion

Assessment

Pretest

Motion

_____ 1. The length of a straight line path between two points is called the a. speed. c. distance.

b. area. d. volume.

2. Identify each measurement shown below as that of distance, speed, or acceleration.

_____________________ a. 32 ft/min2

_____________________ b. 15 m

_____________________ c. 68 km/h

_____________________ d. 1.35 in.

_____________________ e. 2.5 N/kg

_____________________ f. 12 cm/s

_____________________ g. 68 m/s2

_____________________ h. 1.32 ! × 10�7 m

_____ 3. Which of the following is a speed? a. the time at which a bicycle c. the path of an elevator

slows down d. the rate at which a person slides

b. the length of a racetrack down a rope

_____ 4. Because speed is a measure of distance traveled per unit time, units for speed are in

a. m/s. c. ft/min. b. cm/h. d. all of the above.

_____ 5. A rock�s mass is a a. chemical property. c. constant property.

b. physical property. d. All of the above

6. Calculate the average speed of a car that travels 160 miles in 3.0 hours.

7. Give an example of an unwanted type of friction and an example of a helpful type of friction.

_______________________________________________________________

Name_______________________________Class __________________ Date __________________



Skills Worksheet

Concept Review

Section: Measuring Motion

1. Select the quantity that has changed�velocity or speed�for a car that travels north at 88 km/h and then turns east while continuing to move at 88 km/h. Explain your answer.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

2. Infer how distance and speed in the motions of analog clock parts are used to measure time.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

3. Explain how you can use a speedometer and a clock to tell how far you have traveled in a car if the car�s odometer is not working. (Hint: Assume you are traveling at a constant velocity.)

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

4. Calculate the distance a plane flies on a 7.95-hour flight from Chicago to London. Assume a constant speed of 800.0 km/h.

5. Determine a skier�s velocity in kilometers per hour if it takes her 1.7 minutes to ski down a 1.67 km slope.

6. Describe how you could use two photographs taken at different times to prove that the moon is in motion.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Name_______________________________Class __________________ Date __________________



Skills Worksheet

Concept Review

Section: Acceleration

1. Calculate the average acceleration of a car that changes speed from 0 m/s to 15 m/s in 5 s.

2. Explain why you are always accelerating when you ride a merry-go-round, even though the speed of the merry-go-round does not change.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

3. Graph the data from the table below onto a speed vs. time graph. Label both axes. Plot all the data points and draw a straight line connecting them.

Car Speed

Time (s) Speed (m/s)

0 0

1 7.5

2 15.0

3 22.5

4 30.0

a. Determine the car�s acceleration.

_______________________________________________________________

4. Calculate how long it takes for a stone falling from a bridge with an average acceleration downward of 9.8 m/s2 to hit the water. The stone starts from rest and hits the water with a velocity of 12.3 m/s.

5. Identify the straight-line accelerations below as either speeding up or slowing down.

_____________________ a. 0.75 m/s2

_____________________ b. 24.8 m/s2

_____________________ c. �3.9 m/s2

Name_______________________________Class __________________ Date __________________



Skills Worksheet

Concept Review

Section: Motion and Force

1. Identify the following examples of friction as unwanted or necessary.

_____________________ a. friction between a cast-iron pan and the food in the pan

_____________________ b. friction between bones in a joint

_____________________ c. friction between tires and the road

_____________________ d. friction inside a car engine

2. Suggest why placing wheels under a heavy box reduces the necessary force required to push it along at a constant speed.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

3. Identify the four fundamental forces in nature.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

4. Explain what happens whenever a net force acts on an object.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

5. Analyze the following situations, and indicate whether the forces are balanced or unbalanced.

_____________________ a. a skydiver accelerating downward

_____________________ b. a cannonball fired parallel to the ground

_____________________ c. a motorboat coasting at a constant speed

_____________________ d. a bike leaning against a tree

Name_______________________________Class __________________ Date __________________


Holt Science Spectrum 48 Forces

Assessment

Pretest

Forces

_____ 1. Which of the following describes both speed and direction? a. 65 m/s for an hour c. 35 mi/h north

b. south for two days d. None of the above

2. Which is harder to stop, a baseball traveling at 60 mi/h or a car rolling downhill at 5 mi/h?

_______________________________________________________________

_____ 3. Which of the following factors affects how easily a moving object can be stopped? a. the object�s mass c. the object�s volume

b. the object�s direction d. None of the above

4. A rock and an apple that is lighter than the rock are dropped from the same height at the same time. Will both the rock and the apple reach the ground at the same time? If not, which one will reach first?

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_____ 5. Which would take the least force to reach the same rate of acceleration? a. a motorcycle c. a wheelbarrow full of stones b. a go-cart d. a skateboard

6. Find the time it takes for a water balloon, dropped from a second story window and accelerating at 9.8 m/s2 downward, to hit a passerby on the sidewalk below. The balloon starts from rest and hits with a velocity of 15.9 m/s.

_______________________________________________________________

7. If an object has a mass of 10 kg, will its weight also be 10 kg? Briefly explain your answer.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_____ 8. Which of the following must be measured in order to compute an object�s speed? a. distance and time c. time and mass

b. mass and volume d. force and energy

Name_______________________________Class __________________ Date __________________



Skills Worksheet

Concept Review

Section: Newton's First and Second Laws

1. Interpret the following situations to determine whether an object�s velocity is being altered by an applied force (answer Yes or No).

_____________________ a. A batter hits a baseball upward into right field.

_____________________ b. A satellite orbits Earth at a constant speed of

7,000 m/s.

_____________________ c. A submarine moves due east at a constant speed of 45 m/s.

_____________________ d. A falling book lands on the floor with a pre-

collision speed of 9 m/s.

2. Calculate the acceleration of an 82 kg couch that is pushed across the floor with an unbalanced force of 21 N.

_______________________________________________________________

3. Apply Newton�s first and second laws to explain why an object moving in a circular path at a constant speed is undergoing acceleration and has a force exerted on it.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

4. Determine the force needed to accelerate a 1,357 kg car forward at 8.0 m/s2.

_______________________________________________________________

5. Explain why a backward-facing car seat is safer for an infant than a forward-facing car seat during a collision or abrupt stop.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

6. Use the concept of inertia to illustrate why volleyball is not played with a ball that has a mass similar to a bowling ball.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Name_______________________________Class __________________ Date __________________



Skills Worksheet

Concept Review

Section: Gravity

1. Explain why free-fall acceleration can be regarded as a constant for objects falling within a few hundred miles of Earth�s surface.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

2. Identify which pair of objects would have greater gravitational force between them in the examples below. Use the law of universal gravitation to explain your answer.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

3. Predict the path of the cannonball below. To do this, draw a line in the direction of the cannonball�s flight. Also draw and label the horizontal and vertical components of the cannonball�s projectile motion.

4. Calculate the mass in kg of an object that weighs 1,225 N on Earth.

_______________________________________________________________

Name_______________________________Class __________________ Date __________________



Skills Worksheet

Concept Review

Section: Newton�s Third Law

1. Identify which of Newton�s three laws of motion specifically applies in each of the following situations:

_____________________ a. You feel a force against the sole of your foot as you

take a step forward.

_____________________ b. A meteor moving in a straight path changes

direction when it flies by Earth.

_____________________ c. A full grocery cart that is pushed starts moving and increases speed, but the same push increases its

speed even more when the cart is empty.

_____________________ d. A skateboard moves faster in the same direction it

is pushed.

2. Apply Newton�s third law of motion to explain how two billiard balls, moving toward each other at the same speed, collide and move away from each other at the same speed as before.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

3. Apply the concept of momentum to compare the mass and velocity of a slow-moving train and of a high-speed bullet.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

4. Indicate which of the following has the greatest momentum: a 500 kg car moving at 64 km/h, a 250 kg cart moving at 128 km/h, or a 1,000 kg truck moving at 32 km/h. Explain your answer.

_______________________________________________________________

5. Identify what can be inferred about the velocity of a car that is moving with a constant momentum.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Name_______________________________Class __________________ Date __________________


Holt Science Spectrum 52 Work and Energy

Assessment

Pretest

Work and Energy

1. What is the difference between speed and velocity?

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_____ 2. Which of the following objects is not accelerating? a. the space shuttle as it is orbiting Earth

b. a car turning a corner c. the space shuttle when it is being launched

d. a bike moving in a straight line at a constant speed

3. If you triple the net force acting on a moving object, how will its acceleration be affected?

_______________________________________________________________

_____ 4. The gravitational force between two objects, in part, depends on which of the following? a. each object�s mass c. each object's speed

b. each object�s volume d. None of the above

5. What happens to an object�s motion in each of the following cases?

a. an unbalanced force acts on an object

_______________________________________________________________

b. two unequal forces act on an object in opposite directions

_______________________________________________________________

c. two equal forces act on an object in opposite directions

_______________________________________________________________

6. What information is needed to calculate an object�s weight?

_______________________________________________________________

7. Which has more momentum when traveling at 15 m/s, a baseball or a golf ball? Which has more energy?

_______________________________________________________________

8. Which has more momentum, a baseball traveling at 4 m/s or a baseball traveling at 16 m/s? Which has more energy?

_______________________________________________________________

Name_______________________________Class __________________ Date __________________



Skills Worksheet

Concept Review

Section: Work, Power, and Machines

1. Define each of the following terms, and write the equation for each. a. work

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________ b. power

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________ c. mechanical advantage

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________ 2. Explain the relationship between work and power.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________ 3. Explain how machines make work easier if they still require that the same

amount of work be done.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

4. Calculate the amount of work done when a grocery store stocker uses 120 N of force to lift a sack of flour 1.5 m onto a shelf.

_______________________________________________________________ 5. Calculate the average power in kilowatts required to pull a car up a ramp if

the amount of work is 250 kJ over a period of 45 s.

_______________________________________________________________ 6. Calculate the mechanical advantage of a group of pulleys used to raise an

engine from a car. The engine is raised 1.2 m with the pulleys when 4.8 m of rope is pulled through the pulleys.

_______________________________________________________________

Name_______________________________Class __________________ Date __________________



Skills Worksheet

Concept Review

Section: Simple Machines

1. Name an example of each of the following types of simple machines:

_____________________ a. lever

_____________________ b. wedge

_____________________ c. pulley

_____________________ d. wheel and axle

_____________________ e. inclined plane

_____________________ f. screw

2. Draw the three types of levers, and label the input force, output force, and fulcrum on each.

First class lever Second class lever Third class lever

3. Compare a wedge and a screw with an inclined plane.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

4. Describe how an inclined plane increases the force without changing the amount of work done.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

5. Explain how a wheelbarrow is a compound machine.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Name_______________________________Class __________________ Date __________________



Skills Worksheet

Concept Review

Section: What Is Energy?


a. kinetic energy

_______________________________________________________________

b. potential energy

_______________________________________________________________

c. mechanical energy

_______________________________________________________________

2. Calculate the gravitational potential energy of a 95 kg rock at the top of a 45 m cliff. The acceleration due to gravity is 9.8 m/s2.

_______________________________________________________________

3. Calculate the kinetic energy of a bicyclist traveling at 11 m/s. The total mass of the cyclist and the bike is 74 kg.

_______________________________________________________________

4. Identify the type of energy stored in a stretched bungee cord.

_______________________________________________________________

5. Explain how sunlight is converted into potential energy by plants.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

6. Explain how the kinetic energy of an object changes when the speed of the object doubles.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

7. Contrast chemical energy with mechanical energy.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Name_______________________________Class __________________ Date __________________



Skills Worksheet

Concept Review

Section: Conservation of Energy

1. Define the term efficiency.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

2. List two ways mechanical energy can be transformed into nonmechanical energy.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

3. Calculate the efficiency of the following machines:

a. A lever is used to lift a 45 N rock. The applied force is 75 N.

_______________________________________________________________

b. A pulley system raises a 39 N log with an applied force of 45 N.

_______________________________________________________________

c. You do 425 J of work to push a 75 N box up a ramp until the box is 2.5 m above the ground.

_______________________________________________________________

4. Describe why a high-efficiency machine is more desirable than a low-efficiency machine.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

5. Explain why the height of a bouncing ball decreases after each bounce.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

6. Explain how a skier, gliding down a hill, illustrates the conservation of energy.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Name_______________________________Class __________________ Date __________________


Holt Science Spectrum 57 Heat and Temperature

Assessment

Pretest

Heat and Temperature

1. What are the units of energy?

_______________________________________________________________

_____ 2. The kinetic energy of an object increases when its _________________ increases. a. speed

b. volume

c. height

d. charge

_____ 3. According to the kinetic theory of matter, as air gets hot, the air _______________________ and _______________________ a. expands, sinks.

b. contracts, rises.

c. expands, rises.

d. contracts, sinks.

4. List two materials that become hot easily.

a._______________________ b. _______________________

5. List two materials that do not become hot as easily as the materials listed in 4.

a._______________________ b. _______________________

_____ 6. If a block of metal at 10°C is placed next to a block of metal at 40°C on a table that is in a room at room temperature, which of the following is likely to happen? a. The cooler block will become cooler.

b. The hotter block will become hotter.

c. Each block will stay at its original temperature.

d. The hot block will cool, and the cool block will become hotter.

_____ 7. Which of the following does not require an input of energy? a. raising the temperature

b. evaporation

c. condensation d. melting

8. If the same amount of energy is added to 5 g of water and to 50 g of water, which sample will have the higher temperature?

_______________________________________________________________

Name_______________________________Class __________________ Date __________________



Skills Worksheet

Concept Review

Section: Temperature 1. Define temperature in terms of kinetic energy.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

2. Explain how a liquid thermometer measures temperature.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

3. Explain why an object can never reach a temperature of absolute zero.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

4. Convert the following temperatures as indicated.

_____________________ a. What is 16°C on the Fahrenheit scale?

_____________________ b. What is 95°F on the Celsius scale?

_____________________ c. What is 30°C on the Kelvin scale?

_____________________ d. What is 100 K on the Celsius scale?

5. Predict what will happen if a block of hot iron is placed in a glass of cool water.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

6. Evaluate the following newspaper headline. Is it realistic? Explain your answer. Scientists Create a Thermometer to Measure Temperatures Below 0 Kelvin

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

7. Explain why a metal door should not be built to fit tightly to the frame of a door, especially in a region where the weather gets hot.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Name_______________________________Class __________________ Date __________________



Skills Worksheet

Concept Review

Section: Energy Transfer 1. Explain why a ceramic bowl will keep oatmeal hot longer than a stainless

steel bowl.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

2. Explain which method of heat transfer can take place if two objects at different temperatures are placed without touching each other in a vacuum.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

3. Calculate how much energy must be transferred as heat in each of the following situations. Use the following equation:

energy = (specific heat) ! mass ! (temperature change)

a. A 100 kg tank of water is warmed from 10°C to 25°C; specific heat = 4,180 J/kg � K

_______________________________________________________________

b. 100 kg of steam is raised from 120°C to 135°C; specific heat = 1,870 J/kg � K

_______________________________________________________________

4. Explain why steam (gas) has a lower specific heat than water (liquid).

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

5. Describe the method of heat transfer involved when you mix hot water with cold water to make lukewarm water.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

6. Determine which is the best type of skillet. Some people prefer a heavy cast iron skillet while others prefer a thin stainless steel one. (Hint: Think about how each skillet conducts heat.) Explain your answer.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Name_______________________________Class __________________ Date __________________



Skills Worksheet

Concept Review

Section: Using Heat

1. Describe the first law of thermodynamics.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

2. Describe the second law of thermodynamics.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

3. Identify what causes usable energy to be lost when you heat your house.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

4. Explain how a diesel engine is different from other internal combustion engines.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

5. Identify the type of engine that burns fuel within the engine.

_______________________________________________________________

Name_______________________________Class __________________ Date __________________


Holt Science Spectrum 61 Waves

Assessment

Pretest

Waves

_____ 1. A unit that would be appropriate for measuring a wave�s length is a. kg. c. N.

b. m. d. m/s.

2. Some waves travel as motions of particles. As one set of particles moves, it causes the nearest set to move, which in turn affects another set of particles, causing it to move. Given what you know about the kinetic theory of matter, will waves travel faster through gases or liquids? Explain your answer.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

3. Suppose you are standing on a pier watching waves move in toward shore. If two successive buoys are 15 m apart, and a wave takes 6.0 s to travel between the buoys, what is the wave�s speed?

_______________________________________________________________

_____ 4. The particles that are moving in a wave usually oscillate, or move back and forth. This oscillation is an example of

a. changing acceleration. c. zero velocity.

b. constant velocity. d. constant acceleration.

5. What is the difference between potential energy and kinetic energy?

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

6. Describe the transformations of energy that take place as a pendulum swings. How does this demonstrate conservation of energy?

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Name_______________________________Class __________________ Date __________________



Skills Worksheet

Concept Review

Section: Types of Waves

1. Give three examples of mechanical waves, and identify the medium through which they travel.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

2. a. Name the one type of wave that does not require a medium.

_______________________________________________________________

b. State what oscillates in this type of wave.

_______________________________________________________________

3. Describe the motion of the particles in the medium for each type of wave. How does this motion compare to the direction the wave travels?

a. transverse wave

_______________________________________________________________

b. longitudinal wave

_______________________________________________________________

4. Explain what happens to the motion of a particle as a wave passes through a medium. How is the motion of the particle like the motion of a mass on a spring?

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

5. Use the figure below to answer the following questions. The figure shows a pattern of wave fronts that are formed when a pebble is dropped into a pool of water.

a. Compare the height of the wave fronts in circles A, B, and C.

_______________________________________________________________

b. Indicate the wave front in which the energy of the wave is most spread out.

_______________________________________________________________

c. Compare the amount of total energy in each of the wave fronts.

_______________________________________________________________

Name_______________________________Class __________________ Date __________________



Skills Worksheet

Concept Review

Section: Characteristics of Waves

1. State the wave property or characteristic described in each of the following:

_____________________ a. measures the amount of particle vibration

_____________________ b. measures the distance from any point on a wave to

an identical point on the next wave

_____________________ c. measures how long it takes for a complete wave oscillation to occur

_____________________ d. measures the rate of particle vibration

2. Identify two ways to determine wave speed.

__________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________

3. Complete the following table. Indicate the changes that occur in the properties of a sound wave (frequency, pitch, wavelength, and wave speed) as a person experiences the Doppler effect.

Increases Decreases Stays the same

As a source of

sound moves

toward a

person

As a source of

sound moves

away from a

person

4. Calculate the following for waves produced when you tap your finger in a pool of water twice each second.

a. What is the frequency of the waves you are generating? What is the period of the waves?

_______________________________________________________________

b. If the waves travel away from your finger with a speed of 1 m/s, what is their wavelength?

_______________________________________________________________

Name_______________________________Class __________________ Date __________________



Skills Worksheet

Concept Review

Section: Wave Interactions

1. Describe the behavior of the waves in the following situations, and give an example of each type of behavior.

a. Waves strike a surface or boundary.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

b. Waves pass an edge or an opening.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

c. Waves pass from one medium to another.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

d. Waves pass through another wave.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

2. Draw two waves that will interfere constructively and two waves that will interfere destructively, and draw the resulting wave produced in each case. Label each case constructive or destructive interference.

3. Determine the wavelength of the standing waves in the figure below. The string is 1.5 m long.

Name_______________________________Class __________________ Date __________________


Holt Science Spectrum 65 Sound and Light

Assessment

Pretest

Sound and Light

_____ 1. Sound waves are examples of a. longitudinal waves.

b. transverse waves. c. mechanical waves.

d. circular waves.

_____ 2. In a vacuum, the speed of light is a. 9.8 m/s2. b. 3 × 108 m/s. c. 1.97 × 108 m/s. d. 2.05 × 108 m/s.

_____ 3. Interference between two waves can produce a wave that has a a. larger amplitude. b. smaller amplitude.

c. larger amplitude or smaller amplitude.


_____ 4. Which of the following involves waves changing direction? a. refraction c. reflection

b. diffraction d. All of the above

5. Draw a longitudinal wave and a transverse wave in the space below. On each wave, indicate the wavelength. On the transverse wave, indicate the amplitude.

6. How can you determine the frequency of a wave?

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Name_______________________________Class __________________ Date __________________



Skills Worksheet

Concept Review

Section: Sound

1. Explain why the speed of sound changes if the temperature of the medium changes.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

2. Explain what factors affect the loudness of a sound.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

3. Describe how to change the pitch of a note played on a stringed instrument.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

4. Describe the difference between infrasound and ultrasound, and provide one example of how each is used.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

5. Describe how sound waves travel from the air through the ear.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

6. Determine the following distances based on the sonar data given. A ship sends a sound pulse downward and receives the reflected sound 2.50 s later. (Hint: Use the formula d = vt. Assume the speed of sound in sea water is 1,540 m/s.)

a. the total distance traveled by the sound pulse

________________________________________________________________

b. the depth of the water

________________________________________________________________

Name_______________________________Class __________________ Date __________________



Skills Worksheet

Concept Review

Section: The Nature of Light

1. Explain what is meant by the �dual nature� of light.

_______________________________________________________________

2. Indicate whether the following behaviors of light can best be described in terms of the particle model or the wave model.

_____________________ a. Light can produce interference patterns.

_____________________ b. Light can travel in a vacuum.

_____________________ c. Dim blue light can knock electrons off a metal plate, whereas bright red light cannot.

3. Determine which band of the electromagnetic spectrum has each of the following:

_____________________ a. the longest wavelength

_____________________ b. the highest frequency

_____________________ c. the greatest energy

_____________________ d. the least energy

4. Explain why intensity decreases as distance from the light source increases.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

5. List the regions of the electromagnetic spectrum in order of increasing energy.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

6. Describe one use of X rays and one use of gamma rays in medicine.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Name_______________________________Class __________________ Date __________________



Skills Worksheet

Concept Review

Section: Reflection and Color

1. Contrast the reflection of light from rough surfaces with that from smooth surfaces. Why do rough surfaces cause diffuse reflection?

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

2. Use the law of reflection to draw a sketch showing the incoming and reflected light rays when light shines on a mirror at an angle of 30° to the normal. Label the angle of incidence and the angle of reflection.

3. Describe how the eye would perceive an image created by a concave mirror and by a convex mirror.

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

4. Draw a diagram that shows how a flat mirror forms a virtual image.

5. Indicate what color a yellow cloth would appear to be if it were illuminated with

_____________________ a. sunlight.

_____________________ b. yellow light.

_____________________ c. blue light.

Name_______________________________Class __________________ Date __________________



Skills Worksheet

Concept Review

Section: Refraction, Lenses, and Prisms

1. Indicate the direction that light is bent in each of the following situations.

a. Light passes from air to water.

_______________________________________________________________

b. Light passes from water to air.

_______________________________________________________________

2. Explain what causes a mirage.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

3. List the colors in the visible spectrum in order from longest to shortest wavelength.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

4. Name the type of lens that creates either virtual or real images, and state the direction that light rays are bent by this type of lens.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

5. Describe the function of each of the following parts of the eye.

a. cornea

_______________________________________________________________

b. pupil

_______________________________________________________________

c. lens

_______________________________________________________________

6. Explain why a prism can separate white light.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Name_______________________________Class __________________ Date __________________


Holt Science Spectrum 70 Electricity

Assessment

Pretest

Electricity

1. Describe the parts of an atom. What are the outermost particles of an atom?

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

2. Describe the difference between a material that is a good conductor of electricity and a material that has a high resistance.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_____ 3. Any change in an object�s motion is called a. momentum. c. force.

b. acceleration. d. velocity.

_____ 4. Changes in an object�s motion are caused by a. a balanced force. c. an unbalanced force.

b. an acceleration. d. opposing forces.

_____ 5. The gravitational force between two objects depends on the a. volume of the objects. c. mass of the objects. b. speed of the objects. d. charge of the objects.

6. Describe why you might receive a small shock when you walk across a rug in sneakers on a dry day and then grab a doorknob.

_______________________________________________________________

7. Describe the energy transformations that take place when a ball rolls down a hill. How does this demonstrate the conservation of energy?

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

8. Name three household items that use a battery as a source of electric current.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Name_______________________________Class __________________ Date __________________



Skills Worksheet

Concept Review

Section: Electric Charge and Force

1. Describe the interaction between two unlike charges.

_______________________________________________________________

2. Determine the amount by which the electric force between two charges is increased when the distance between the charges is halved.

_______________________________________________________________

3. Categorize the following as conductors or insulators:

_____________________ a. salt water

_____________________ b. a silver belt buckle

_____________________ c. a piece of wood

_____________________ d. a penny

_____________________ e. a candy bar

4. Determine whether each charge in the diagram below is positive or negative. Indicate which charge is greater.

5. Suppose the electric field in a region points upward.

a. Determine the direction of the electric force on a proton placed in the field.

_______________________________________________________________

b. Determine the direction of the electric force on an electron placed in the field.

_______________________________________________________________

c. Compare the accelerations of the proton and electron placed in this electric field.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Name_______________________________Class __________________ Date __________________



Skills Worksheet

Concept Review

Section: Current 1. State the condition that is necessary for a charge to move in a wire.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

2. Explain how connecting an electric device to a battery produces a current in the device.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

3. Relate the definition of electric current to the units of current.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

4. Describe the cause of resistance and how the resistance of a wire can be determined.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

5. Calculate the voltage required to produce a current of 2.0 A in a wire with a resistance of 16 .

_______________________________________________________________

6. Calculate the amount of current in your fingers if they touch the terminals of a 12 V battery when the resistance of your skin is 650 .

_______________________________________________________________

7. Compare superconductors and semiconductors with conductors and insulators.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Name_______________________________Class __________________ Date __________________



Skills Worksheet

Concept Review

Section: Circuits

1. Identify the types of elements in the schematic diagram shown below. Give the number of each type of element in the diagram.

2. Predict which fuse would give the greatest protection against high current in a circuit�a 20 A fuse or a 30 A fuse. Explain your answer.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

3. Contrast series circuits and parallel circuits.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

4. Calculate the power of a portable radio that operates on 24 V (two 12 V batteries in series) and draws 2.2 A of current.

_______________________________________________________________

5. Calculate the current drawn by a 4.0 W flashlight bulb that uses a 12 V battery.

_______________________________________________________________

6. Calculate the resistance of a 45 W light bulb that has a current of 0.38 A.

_______________________________________________________________

7. Explain why household appliances are almost always connected in parallel.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Name_______________________________Class __________________ Date __________________


Holt Science Spectrum 74 Magnetism

Assessment

Pretest

Magnetism

1. What happens when two positive ions are brought near each other?

_______________________________________________________________

2. Describe what happens to a negatively charged object in an electric field due to a fixed positively charged object.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

3. What happens when you bring the N ends of two magnets near each other?

_______________________________________________________________

4. What causes a compass needle to point in a certain direction?

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_____ 5. Which of the following items does not use electricity to operate? a. compass c. car

b. stereo speakers d. hair dryer

_____ 6. Which of the following items may be attracted to a magnet? a. penny c. book

b. nail d. apple

7. Describe the energy transformations that take place when a battery is connected to a light bulb in a series circuit.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Name_______________________________Class __________________ Date __________________



Skills Worksheet

Concept Review

Section: Magnets and Magnetic Fields

1. Draw and label the orientation of two bar magnets that would attract each other and two bar magnets that would repel each other.

2. Determine how many north poles and south poles there are when you break a permanent magnet in half and then break each half in half.

_______________________________________________________________

3. Draw the magnetic field for the permanent magnet shown below, and draw the

direction a compass needle would point at each point indicated.

4. Compare the strength of the magnetic field near one pole of a bar magnet with the strength of the magnetic field farther away from the magnet.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

5. Determine which direction you are facing if the needle of a compass you are holding points directly to your left. Explain your answer.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

6. Describe the movement of a compass needle that is free to rotate in any direction as you fly straight from the magnetic north pole to the magnetic south pole.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Name_______________________________Class __________________ Date __________________



Skills Worksheet

Concept Review

Section: Magnetism from Electric Currents

1. Determine the direction of current in the wire below that produced the magnetic field shown. Indicate the direction of current and the direction that

electrons move through the wire.

2. Explain why some materials are magnetic and some are nonmagnetic.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

3. Determine whether the magnetic field produced by a solenoid increases or decreases in each of the following cases:

_____________________ a. The number of coils is increased.

_____________________ b. The current is decreased.

4. Describe what would happen if a wire carrying a strong, constant electric current were placed near a compass.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

5. Explain why it is important that the current in the coil of a motor changes direction every time the coil makes a half revolution.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Name_______________________________Class __________________ Date __________________



Skills Worksheet

Concept Review

Section: Electric Currents from Magnetism

1. Describe the basic condition necessary to produce a current in a circuit without a voltage source, and list the three methods of meeting this condition.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

2. Determine whether the current produced in a coil by electromagnetic induction would increase or decrease in each of the following cases:

_____________________ a. The number of loops in the coil is increased.

_____________________ b. The strength of the magnet is decreased.

_____________________ c. The loop is rotated so it is parallel to the field.

3. Explain why the direction of the current produced by an AC generator alternates.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

4. Describe electromagnetic waves and how they can travel through empty space.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

5. Indicate whether the following transformers are step-up or step-down transformers:

_____________________ a. 50 turns in the primary coil; 40 turns in the

secondary coil

_____________________ b. 40 turns in the primary coil; 50 turns in the

secondary coil

_____________________ c. reduces 120 V alternating current to 12 V alternating current

Name_______________________________Class __________________ Date __________________


Holt Science Spectrum 78 The Solar System

Assessment

Pretest

The Solar System

_____ 1. A body that revolves around a planet is called a(n) a. meteor. c. satellite.

b. orbit. d. asteroid.

_____ 2. Which of the following is an outer planet? a. Mars c. Saturn

b. Europa d. Pluto

_____ 3. Which of the following planets is closest to the sun? a. Mars c. Jupiter

b. Venus d. Earth

_____ 4. A space rock that crashes into Earth is called a a. meteor. c. meteoroid.

b. meteorite. d. None of the above

_____ 5. Earth�s shadow can cause a(n) ____________ of the moon. a. eclipse c. phase

b. tide d. orbit

6. The moon appears to have different shapes called ______________________.

7. How many planets are there in our solar system?

_______________________________________________________________

8. What are the distinguishing characteristics of gas giants?

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

9. List the planets from largest to smallest.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Name_______________________________Class __________________ Date __________________



Skills Worksheet

Concept Review

Section: Sun, Earth, and Moon

1. Explain why the positions of objects in the sky change over time.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

2. Identify the force at work that keeps planets orbiting stars, and satellites orbiting planets.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

3. Draw the positions of Earth, the moon, and the sun during a lunar eclipse.

4.Explain how the moon causes tides on Earth.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

5. Describe the parts of the solar system.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Name_______________________________Class __________________ Date __________________



Skills Worksheet

Concept Review

Section: The Inner and Outer Planets

1. Identify the solar system body that fits each description.

_____________________ a. largest planet in the solar system

_____________________ b. dwarf planet located in the asteroid belt

_____________________ c. planet known for its �runaway� greenhouse effect

_____________________ d. planet tilted over on its side

_____________________ e. site of the largest mountain in the solar system

_____________________ f. first planet to be discovered using observed

changes in the expected orbit of another planet

_____________________ g. planet closest to the sun

_____________________ h. planet with the most extensive ring system

_____________________ i. the most habitable planet

2. Explain why the inner planets are known as terrestrial planets.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

3. List three characteristics of gas giants.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

4. Describe what lies beyond the gas giants in the solar system.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Name_______________________________Class __________________ Date __________________



Skills Worksheet

Concept Review

Section: Formation of the Solar System

1. Describe how current models of the solar system differ from either Aristotle�s or Copernicus�s model.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

2. Explain what the nebular hypothesis is.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

3. Identify how long ago the original cloud of dust and gas started collapsing, according to the nebular hypothesis of the solar system.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

4. Describe three types of bodies found in the solar system besides asteroids, dwarf planets, and planets.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

5. Describe the current theory of how Earth�s moon was formed.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Name_______________________________Class __________________ Date __________________


Holt Science Spectrum 82 The Universe

Assessment

Pretest

The Universe

1. Describe the life cycle of a star like the sun.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

2. Stars are held together in galaxies by gravity. Name the two factors that determine the strength of the gravitational force.

_______________________________________________________________

3. The sun and other stars get their energy from nuclear fusion reactions. What is the difference between nuclear fusion and nuclear fission?

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

4. Why do you hear a higher pitched sound when an ambulance is moving toward you and a lower pitched sound when an ambulance is moving away from you than you would if you and the ambulance were both at rest?

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

5. The brightness of a light depends on a. how bright the light is.

b. how far away you are from the light source.

c. the amplitude of the electromagnetic waves.

d. All of the above

6. Barnard�s star is 5.7 × 1016 m from Earth.

a. How many years would it take light to travel from Barnard�s star to Earth? The speed of light is 3.0 × 108 m/s.

_______________________________________________________________

b. How many years would it take Voyager 1 to travel from Earth to Barnard�s star if Voyager 1 were to maintain its average speed of 1.7 × 104 m/s (relative to the sun) for the entire trip?

_______________________________________________________________

Name_______________________________Class __________________ Date __________________



Skills Worksheet

Concept Review

Section: The Life and Death of Stars

1. Name the two most common elements in stars.

_______________________________________________________________

2. State two reasons why one star may appear brighter than another star.

_______________________________________________________________

3. Explain how the color of a star is related to its temperature.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

4. Explain how a star produces energy.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

5. Describe the life of the sun from its birth to its death.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

6. Explain why the sun does not collapse under the force of its own gravity.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

7. Describe how elements are formed in stars.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Name_______________________________Class __________________ Date __________________



Skills Worksheet

Concept Review

Section: The Milky Way and Other Galaxies

1. Describe the components of a galaxy.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

2. Draw a sketch of the Milky Way galaxy.

3. Define interstellar matter.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

4. Explain how elliptical, irregular, and spiral galaxies differ from one another.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

5. Describe two key aspects of quasars.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Name_______________________________Class __________________ Date __________________



Skills Worksheet

Concept Review

Section: Origin of the Universe

1. Despite all the gas, dust and stars in the universe, the universe is still mostly

_________________________.

2. Explain the difference between red shift and blue shift.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

3. Explain how scientists know that the universe is expanding.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

4. Define the big bang theory.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

5. Describe the three possible outcomes for the universe.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

6. Explain how dark matter affects models of the future of the universe.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Name_______________________________Class __________________ Date __________________


Holt Science Spectrum 86 Planet Earth

Assessment

Pretest

Planet Earth

_____ 1. Earth�s core is under high pressure. As a result, it is likely to be a. very cold. c. dense.

b. spread out. d. None of the above

_____ 2. Which of the following release energy? a. earthquakes c. geysers

b. volcanoes d. All of the above

3. How are longitudinal waves and transverse waves different?

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_____ 4. During an earthquake, the ground moves back and forth suddenly. This change in direction is a sign of

a. zero acceleration. c. a force. b. constant velocity. d. None of the above

5. Rocks are often identified by their streak color�the color they leave behind when scratched on a piece of ceramic tile. Is this a physical or chemical property? Explain your answer.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_____ 6. Most rocks that are found on Earth�s surface are a. elements. c. liquid solutions.

b. heterogeneous mixtures. d. pure substances.

_____ 7. When molten rock cools and hardens, it undergoes a a. physical change. c. permanent change.

b. chemical change. d. None of the above

_____ 8. When a glacier breaks a rock into smaller pieces, it is an example of a a. physical change. c. permanent change. b. chemical change. d. None of the above

_____ 9. An example of a chemical change is a. wind moving sand. c. running water wearing rock down.

b. acid rain reacting with rock. d. glaciers scraping out a valley.

Name_______________________________Class __________________ Date __________________



Skills Worksheet

Concept Review

Section: Earth�s Interior and Plate Tectonics

1. Label the major layers of Earth.

a. ______________________

b. ______________________

c. ______________________

d. ______________________

e. ______________________

f. ______________________

2. Draw and label the three types of tectonic plate boundaries. Indicate the direction of movement for each plate.

3. Identify the geologic features that form at each of the following:

a. a convergent boundary between an oceanic plate and a continental plate

_______________________________________________________________

b. a convergent boundary between two oceanic plates

_______________________________________________________________

4. Summarize what scientists discovered when they analyzed the magnetic bands on the ocean floor.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Name_______________________________Class __________________ Date __________________



Skills Worksheet

Concept Review

Section: Earthquakes and Volcanoes

1. Define each of the following:

a. P waves

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

b. S waves

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

c. surface waves

_______________________________________________________________

2. Describe in your own words how a seismograph detects and records earthquakes.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

3. Explain why most earthquakes occur at tectonic plate boundaries.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

4. Contrast shield volcanoes and cinder cones.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

5. Explain why volcanoes form at both convergent plate boundaries and divergent plate boundaries.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Name_______________________________Class __________________ Date __________________



Skills Worksheet

Concept Review

Section: Minerals and Rocks 1. List four characteristics of minerals.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

2. Identify the type of rock described in each of the following:

______________________ a. will have small crystals if cooled rapidly

______________________ b. may contain fossils

______________________ c. forms as a result of heat and pressure

3. Describe how each of the following types of rock is formed, and give an example of each.

a. sedimentary

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

b. metamorphic

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

4. Describe how igneous rock can become sedimentary rock.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

5. Explain why you would find the oldest fossils at the bottom of a cliff and the youngest fossils at the top of a cliff.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

6. Explain how the radioactive decay of isotopes is used to determine the age of rocks.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Name_______________________________Class __________________ Date __________________



Skills Worksheet

Concept Review

Section: Weathering and Erosion

1. Name an example of the cause for each of the following:

______________________ a. physical weathering

______________________ b. chemical weathering

2. Identify whether physical weathering or erosion occurs in each of the following situations:

______________________ a. A deep gully forms in a hillside after a rainstorm.

______________________ b. A U-shaped valley is carved out as a glacier moves through the mountains.

______________________ c. A rock is slowly broken apart by the force of ice

thawing and refreezing.

______________________ d. Sandstone is worn away by the sediment particles carried in the wind.

3. Distinguish between physical weathering and chemical weathering.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

4. Explain how underground limestone caves form.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

5. Describe how rainwater can be an agent of chemical weathering.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

6. Explain how humans can cause erosion.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Name_______________________________Class __________________ Date __________________


Holt Science Spectrum 91 The Atmosphere

Assessment

Pretest

The Atmosphere

1. Identify whether the following examples of energy transfer as heat involve conduction, convection, or radiation.

_____________________ a. A parked car with its windows closed sits in the

sun, and the temperature inside the car increases.

_____________________ b. You open the windows of the car described in (a),

and the temperature inside the car decreases.

_____________________ c. You leave a metal spoon in a bowl of hot soup, and the handle of the spoon gets hot.

_____________________ d. A sea breeze blows inland on a summer afternoon

and lowers the temperature on the shore.

2. Where would you expect the temperature to be cooler, at the base of a mountain or on top of the same mountain? (Hint: The air is denser at the base of a mountain and acts as an insulator.) Explain your answer.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_____ 3. Many living things use sugar molecules, such as C6H12O6, and oxygen, O2, for energy. Which of the following is a balanced chemical equation for this combustion reaction? a. O2 + C6H12O6 → CO2 + H2O c. O2 + 3C6H12O6 → 18CO2 + 6H2O

b. 3O2 + 3C6H12O6 → 6CO2 + 6H2O d. 6O2 + C6H12O6 → 6CO2 + 6H2O

4. Why is lightning seen before thunder is heard?

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

5. A friend claims that because oxygen gas and ozone both contain oxygen atoms, they should have the same chemical and physical properties. Explain what is wrong with this reasoning.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Name_______________________________Class __________________ Date __________________



Skills Worksheet

Concept Review

Section: Characteristics of the Atmosphere

1. Name the two main gases in the atmosphere, and state their relative percentages.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

2. Draw a diagram of the layers of the atmosphere. Label the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, ionosphere, and thermosphere.

3. Predict how increased carbon dioxide in the atmosphere would benefit plants.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

4. Explain how CFCs affect the atmosphere and life on Earth.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

5. Describe how a temperature inversion could affect the smog levels in the city of Los Angeles.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

6. Contrast the temperatures in the troposphere and the stratosphere.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Name_______________________________Class __________________ Date __________________



Skills Worksheet

Concept Review

Section: Water and Wind


a. evaporation ___________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

b. humidity______________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

c. precipitation___________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

2. Draw examples of the following cloud types:

Cirrus Stratus Cumulus

3. Explain the relationship between air pressure and wind.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

4. Summarize the general wind patterns in the Northern Hemisphere and in the Southern Hemisphere.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

5. Contrast humidity and relative humidity.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Name_______________________________Class __________________ Date __________________



Skills Worksheet

Concept Review

Section: Weather and Climate

1. State the safety procedures you should follow if a tornado is in your area.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

2. Draw a diagram showing the sun and Earth�s tilt on its axis when it is summer in the Southern Hemisphere.

3. Explain the difference between weather and climate.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

4. Describe the process that causes lightning to occur during a thunderstorm.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

5. Contrast cold fronts and warm fronts.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Name_______________________________Class __________________ Date __________________


Holt Science Spectrum 95 Using Natural Resources

Assessment

Pretest

Using Natural Resources

1. A plastic milk jug has the chemical property of being nonreactive. Identify one advantage and one disadvantage of this property.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

2. Given what you know about energy conversions and efficiency, explain why you can never use all of the energy in a gallon of gasoline.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_____ 3. A solar panel uses solar cells to produce electricity when it is struck by sunlight. The electrons within atoms inside the panel are removed most easily by a. low-frequency radiation. c. high-intensity radiation.

b. long-wavelength radiation. d. high-frequency radiation.

4. Explain why increasing the distance between where electricity is generated and where it is used results in less efficiency. (Hint: Think about the resistance of the power lines.)

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

5. In a combustion reaction of a fuel with oxygen, the chemical energy within the fuel is released. Most fuels are hydrocarbons. What products would you expect from a combustion reaction?

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

6. Name two nonliving substances that most living things need to live.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Name_______________________________Class __________________ Date __________________



Skills Worksheet

Concept Review

Section: Organisms and Their Environment 1. List two living elements and two nonliving elements in the ecosystem of an

ocean reef.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

2. Explain how the word �interrelatedness� is a key to understanding the stability of an ecosystem.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

3. Evaluate the following changes in ecosystems, and indicate whether they are short-term or long-term changes.

_____________________ a. During autumn, many trees and shrubs lose their leaves.

_____________________ b. A volcanic eruption takes place, leaving an island

completely lifeless.

_____________________ c. A tropical rain forest is logged.

_____________________ d. To control insects, a gardener sprays his rose

bushes with a soapy solution.

4. Complete the following statement: _______________________ changes in

ecosystems are usually easily reversed, but _______________________

changes can take many years to be reversed.

5. List two human activities that cause changes in ecosystems.

_______________________________________________________________

6. Discuss the importance of an �informed public� in that all citizens have a better understanding of how ecosystems work before they vote on the construction of dams, highways, malls, housing developments, etc.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

7. Explain how the adverse effects of dams constructed before the 1970s are avoided by scientists and engineers today.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Name_______________________________Class __________________ Date __________________



Skills Worksheet

Concept Review

Section: Energy and Resources 1. Name the energy transfer process plants use to convert the sun�s energy into

stored chemical energy.

_______________________________________________________________

2. State where all fossil fuels come from, and give an example of a fossil fuel in each of the three phases (solid, liquid, gas).

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

3. State the two processes by which we obtain energy from the nucleus of an atom.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

4. Identify which of the two processes listed above is used in present-day nuclear power plants.

_______________________________________________________________

5. State a disadvantage of the use of nuclear power.

_______________________________________________________________

6. Indicate which of the following devices uses a renewable source of energy, and give an advantage and disadvantage of each.

a. a fossil-fuel power plant

_____________________________________________________________

b. a windmill

_____________________________________________________________

c. a solar panel

_____________________________________________________________

d. a hydroelectric dam

_____________________________________________________________

7. Determine what fraction of the energy produced by burning gas in the 25-percent-efficient engine of a car is converted into mechanical motion.

_______________________________________________________________

Name_______________________________Class __________________ Date __________________



Skills Worksheet

Concept Review

Section: Pollution and Recycling

1. Discuss how reusing rinse water from dishes and laundry can reduce the use of energy and cut down on pollution.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

2. Describe how the human activity of driving a car contributes to global warming.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

3. Describe the potential effects of global warming on Earth�s climate.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

4. Describe the harmful effects of acid rain on streams and lakes and on soil.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

5. List three major contributors to water pollution.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

6. Explain why contaminants in soil are hard to remove.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

7. Describe three ways to reduce pollution, and give an example of each.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

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