ht mash mah ah sh mh multi-model adaptive spatial hypermedia luis francisco-revilla department of...
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Multi-model Adaptive Spatial Hypermedia
Luis Francisco-RevillaDepartment of Computer Science
Texas A&M University
4How effectively does the system function?
3How was MASH instantiated?
5What were the lessons learned?
1What is Multi-model Adaptive Spatial Hypermedia?
2What were the challenges in creating MASH?
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Spatial Hypermedia
Hypermedia
Multi-model Adaptive Spatial Hypermedia
Multi-model Adaptive Hypermedia
Adaptive Hypermedia
Map-based Hypermedia
MASH
1Hypermedia often provides a
rigid presentation of the information
Problem
“Sometimes I want the link
and sometimes I don’t”
“I think these two objects
might be related”
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1Adaptive Hypermedia
Personalize presentations
Adapt presentation to multiple aspects
Hypermedia
Multi model Adaptive Hypermedia
Adaptive Hypermedia
Task Model
User Model
Situation Model
Risk Model
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1Multiple Independent Models
Complexity and scalability Easier knowledge engineering
Portability and reutilization Amortization of costs
Privacy and distribution Control over personal models
Not
Very
So-so
Not
So-so
Very
Not So-so Very
Not So-so Very
Not So-so Very
Not So-so Very
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1Spatial Hypermedia
There was a need to know the context
Due to their heavy use, maps became the primary interface
Hypermedia
Spatial Hypermedia
Map based Hypermedia
Aquanet
VKB
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Spatial Hypermedia
Objects are not restricted to represent documents (e.g. objects may represent chunks of information within a document)
Navigational Hypertext Spatial Hypertext
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Spatial Hypermedia
Navigational Hypertext Spatial Hypertext
Objects are not restricted to represent documents (e.g. objects may represent chunks of information within a document)
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Spatial Hypermedia
Navigational Hypertext Spatial Hypertext
Objects are not restricted to represent documents (e.g. objects may represent chunks of information within a document)
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1Spatial Hypermedia
Users can interact with the information and see the effects of altering its structure
Reflect “perceptually” vs. reflect “cognitively”
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1Spatial HypermediaHT
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Communication is via perceivable structures
Systems use spatial parsers in order to develop a shared understanding of these structures
UserBack-endProcesses
1Spatial Hypermedia
In Web-based Spatial Hypermedia and Presentation Oriented Spatial Hypermedia, Readers and Authors are not the same person anymore
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Spatial Hypermedia
Hypermedia
Multi-model Adaptive Spatial Hypermedia
Multi-model Adaptive Hypermedia
Adaptive Hypermedia
Map-based Hypermedia
1MASH
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Adaptation in Spatial Hypermedia Content
Relational
Spatial
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2APPROACH
Classification
Suggestions
Conflicts
Suggestions
Object
Model 1
Bold, Increase size
Models provide suggestions of how to adapt the information presentation
Classification
Suggestions
Conflicts 2APPROACH
Suggestions
Object
Object
Model 1
Bold, Increase size
Models provide suggestions of how to adapt the information presentation
Classification
Suggestions
Conflicts 2APPROACH
Methods and Techniques
Object
Model 1
Emphasize
Since Adaptive Hypermedia,high-level methods are translated to low-level techniques
Classification
Suggestions
Conflicts 2APPROACH
Methods and Techniques
Object
Object
Model 1
Emphasize
Emphasize = Bold, Increase size
In Spatial Hypermedia the
number of techniques
increases
Since Adaptive Hypermedia,high-level methods are translated to low-level techniques
Classification
Suggestions
Conflicts 2APPROACH
Methods and Techniques
Object
Model 1
Emphasize
Emphasize = Change border color, Increase border width
In Spatial Hypermedia the
number of techniques
increases
Since Adaptive Hypermedia,high-level methods are translated to low-level techniques
Classification
Suggestions
Conflicts 2APPROACH
Object
Methods and Techniques
Object
Model 1
Emphasize
Emphasize = Change background color, Increase font size
In Spatial Hypermedia the
number of techniques
increases
Since Adaptive Hypermedia,high-level methods are translated to low-level techniques
Classification
Suggestions
Conflicts 2APPROACH
Object
Methods and Techniques
Object
Model 1
Emphasize by 1.5; 0.80 confidence
In Spatial Hypermedia the
number of techniques
increases
Since Adaptive Hypermedia,high-level methods are translated to low-level techniques
Suggestions specify the adaptation method, its strength and the
model’s confidence in the suggestion
Classification
Suggestions
Conflicts 2APPROACH
Emphasize = Change background color, Increase font size
Object
Conflict Management
Model 2
Prevent from viewing
Object
Model 1
Emphasize
Conflicts occur when multiple adaptations cannot be simultaneously represented
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Classification
Suggestions
Conflicts 2APPROACH
Conflict Management
Model 2
Prevent from viewing
Object
Model 1
Emphasize
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Managing conflicts is more than resolving conflicts
Manage conflicts: Prevention Detection Resolution
Classification
Suggestions
Conflicts
Conflicts occur when multiple adaptations cannot be simultaneously represented
2APPROACH
Conflict Prevention
Augment medium expressiveness
Dynamically map high-level methods low-level techniques
Embrace ambiguity
Model 1Emphasize
Model 2
Emphasize Increase font size
De-emphasize Fade out De-emphasize
Classification
Suggestions
Conflicts 2APPROACH
Conflict Detection
Conflict propagation
Scope of conflicts Spatial parser
Suggestion 1 Suggestion 2
It does not look like a list anymore!
Conflicts can propagate in
many directions
Classification
Suggestions
Conflicts
Since the communication is via perceptible structures, when the structures break the communication breaks
2APPROACH
Suggestion 1 Suggestion 2
Conflict Resolution
Merge suggestions
Strategies: Weighted average Suggestion strength Suggestion confidence Model confidence Heuristic best
Object
Model 1:
emphasize
Model 2:
de-emphasize
Object
average suggestions
average suggestions
Classification
Suggestions
Conflicts 2APPROACH
Determine mapping from adaptation methods to techniques
Balancing author and reader control Specify mapping and resolution strategies
Conflict Resolution
emphasize
Object
Object
emphasize
emphasizeObject Object emphasize
Classification
Suggestions
Conflicts 2APPROACH
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3SYSTEMWARP
Multi-model Adaptive Spatial Hypermedia
Executes in a Web-browser
Novel features Transclusion links Personal readings Annotations Behaviors
WARP
Behaviors
Process
3SYSTEMDemo 1 WARP
Behaviors
Process
Relationships: Explicit, Implicit, Transclusion Behaviors
Online News Collections
Commercial Web-page Transclusion, Import and Export
3SYSTEMBehaviors
User actions and system adaptations can affect existing spatial structures
Spatial parser identifies structures
Behaviors can preserve spatial relationships
WARP
Behaviors
Process
3SYSTEMAdaptation Process (1)
Objects prior to adaptation
Platform
Parser
Analyzer
Transformer
WARP
Behaviors
Process
3SYSTEMAdaptation Process (2)
Inference of implicit structures
Platform
Parser
Analyzer
Transformer
M1
M2
Mn
Models
WARP
Behaviors
Process
3SYSTEMAdaptation Process (3)
Context inference and conflict prevention
Platform
Parser
Analyzer
Transformer
M1
M2
Mn
Models
WARP
Behaviors
Process
3SYSTEMAdaptation Process (4)
Suggestion of adaptations
Platform
Parser
Analyzer
Transformer
M1
M2
Mn
Models
WARP
Behaviors
Process
3SYSTEMAdaptation Process (5)
Transformation and adaptations
Platform
Parser
Analyzer
Transformer
M1
M2
Mn
Models
WARP
Behaviors
Process
3SYSTEMAdaptation Process (6)
Extended conflict detection
Platform
Parser
Analyzer
Transformer
M1
M2
Mn
Models
Conflict?
WARP
Behaviors
Process
3SYSTEMAdaptation Process (7)
Alternative creation
Platform
Parser
Analyzer
Transformer
M1
M2
Mn
Models
AlternativesAlternatives
WARP
Behaviors
Process
3SYSTEMAdaptation Process (8)
Evaluation of alternatives
Platform
Parser
Analyzer
Transformer
M1
M2
Mn
Models
OK?OK?
WARP
Behaviors
Process
3SYSTEMAdaptation Process (9)
Final adaptation
Platform
Parser
Analyzer
Transformer
WARP
Behaviors
Process
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Objectives
Comparative study Non-adaptive spatial hypermedia Multi-model adaptive spatial hypermedia
Investigate the effects of adaptation in the process of reading spatial hypermedia
Usability of the system
4EVALUATION
Experiment
Qualitative
Quantitative
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Population
16 participants
18-40 years old
From Texas A&M University and Bryan/College Station community
Varying degrees of expertise (8 beginner, 8 advanced)
Experiment
Qualitative
Quantitative 4EVALUATION
Task
Web designers for a non-profit organization
Must author a Web page using a text editor in 90 minutes
Requirements and evaluation metrics for the Web page
Spatial hypertext about HTML as information support
Experiment
Qualitative
Quantitative 4EVALUATION
Evaluation Procedure
2:30 hours
Interview10 minutes
Completing the questionnaire about use of the system10 minutes
Authoring Web page90 minutes
Completing the HTML and XHTML questionnaire20 minutes
Completing the computer and Web expertise questionnaire5 minutes
Training in software tools (WARP and authoring environment)15 minutes
ActivityTime
Experiment
Qualitative
Quantitative 4EVALUATION
Initial Interface (not adapted)
Experiment
Qualitative
Quantitative 4EVALUATION
Demo 2 Experiment
Qualitative
Quantitative
Adaptation of the experiment’s interface
4EVALUATION
User Model Initialization Experiment
Qualitative
Quantitative 4EVALUATION
Initial interface (adapted for beginner)
Experiment
Qualitative
Quantitative 4EVALUATION
Initial Interface (adapted for advanced)
Experiment
Qualitative
Quantitative 4EVALUATION
Document Design
Content Kennedy and Musciano “HTML & XHTML: The Definitive Guide”
O’Reilley’s , 2002
Layout Encapsulate topics and subtopics Visually reflect the structure of the information Limited dynamic behaviors Adaptive behaviors
Multiple visual cues – size, font size, glow, alpha blur, zooming
Experiment
Qualitative
Quantitative 4EVALUATION
Qualitative Results
Gathered from observations, questionnaires,
interviews and comments
Emergent reading strategies
Changes in reading behavior
Experiment
Qualitative Results
Quantitative
Spatial layouts
Moving and rearranging
Collections and bookmarks
Informed link traversals
Adaptation and reading
4EVALUATION
Spatial Layouts
Easy navigation of large information spaces Effective concept encapsulation Reflect information structure
“I really like that I can see all of the chapters”
Experiment
Qualitative Results
Quantitative 4EVALUATION
Moving and Rearranging …to indicate what
is being read or what has been read
..to indicate “what is more important”
…in order to “see both and compare”
…“for reference”
Experiment
Qualitative Results
Quantitative 4EVALUATION
Informed Link Traversal
Informed link traversal Browsing before committing to maximizing collections
“You are not clicking on a bunch of links that may or may not have what you are looking for”
Experiment
Qualitative Results
Quantitative 4EVALUATION
Collections and Bookmarks
Maximizing sub-collections to bookmark sections
Minimizing collections as “I’m done with that!”
Experiment
Qualitative Results
Quantitative 4EVALUATION
Adaptation and Reading
Adaptation changed the way people read
Implementation guidelines: Using multiple visual cues Allow readers to maintain
control of the process
“What red glow?”
Experiment
Qualitative Results
Quantitative 4EVALUATION
Quantitative Results
Assessments of the quality of the Web pages in regards to: Content Presentation Overall
Scores computed according to pre-established metrics (provided to the users)
Experiment
Qualitative Results
Quantitative Results
4EVALUATION
ANOVA
Significantly better for the Adaptive case
Advanced users generated significantly better Web pages
Possible interaction
Overall p = 0.040
Content p = 0.038
Presentation p = 0.142
Non-adaptive vs. Adaptive
Overall p < 0.001
Content p < 0.001
Presentation p < 0.001
Novice vs. Advanced
Overall p = 0.103
Content p = 0.109
Presentation p = 0.147
Expertise-Adaptation Interaction
Experiment
Qualitative Results
Quantitative Results
4EVALUATION
Expertise and Overall Scores
Expertise vs. overall scores in the non-adaptive case
Expertise = HTML knowledge * (1 + Previous knowledge)
Experiment
Qualitative Results
Quantitative Results
4EVALUATION
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AdaptiveNon-adaptive
Expertise and Overall Scores
Experiment
Qualitative Results
Quantitative Results
Expertise vs. overall scores in the adaptive case
4EVALUATION
Expertise = HTML knowledge * (1 + Previous knowledge)
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500
1000
1500
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3500
4000
0 2 4 6 8 10Expertise
Sco
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AdaptiveNon-adaptive
Expertise and Overall Scores
Some clustering No significant
correlation between expertise and score
Experiment
Qualitative Results
Quantitative Results
4EVALUATION
Expertise = HTML knowledge * (1 + Previous knowledge)
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0 2 4 6 8 10Expertise
Sco
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AdaptiveNon-adaptive
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3500
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0 2 4 6 8 10Expertise
Sco
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AdaptiveNon-adaptive
Expertise and Overall Scores
Experiment
Qualitative Results
Quantitative Results
4EVALUATION
Some clustering No significant
correlation between expertise and score
Expertise = HTML knowledge * (1 + Previous knowledge)
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500
1000
1500
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3500
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0 2 4 6 8 10Expertise
Sco
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AdaptiveNon-adaptive
Experiment
Qualitative Results
Quantitative Results
Expertise and Overall Scores
4EVALUATION
Some clustering No significant
correlation between expertise and score
Expertise = HTML knowledge * (1 + Previous knowledge)
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500
1000
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3500
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0 2 4 6 8 10Expertise
Sco
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AdaptiveNon-adaptive
Experiment
Qualitative Results
Quantitative Results
Expertise and Overall Scores
4EVALUATION
Some clustering No significant
correlation between expertise and score
Expertise = HTML knowledge * (1 + Previous knowledge)
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Lessons learned
Future work 5CONCLUSIONSConclusions
Spatial Hypermedia supports the navigation of very large information spaces
Adaptive Spatial Hypermedia enhances the users’ ability to find the right information
Adaptation in Spatial Hypermedia is more elaborate than in Navigational Hypermedia
Adaptation affects the process of reading in Spatial Hypermedia
The use multiple independent models in the adaptation process is feasible and facilitates aspects such as authoring, reuse and distribution
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Lessons learned
Future work
Future Work
CSCW implications
Mixed media and dynamic presentations
Interface for back-end systems: Software engineering Interface for digital libraries and
search engines
5CONCLUSIONS
Use machine learning in order to learn how to adjust automatically the adaptation parameters
Lessons learned
Future work
Broader Interests 5CONCLUSIONS
Adaptive visualization for content data analysis
Accessibility issues
Cross-cultural communication issues3
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Questions?
www.csdl.tamu.edu/~l0f0954/research/WARP_research.html