huang lihua, fudan university session 7 computer software part i introduction to the foundation of...
TRANSCRIPT
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HUANG Lihua, Fudan University
Session 7 Computer Software
PART I Introduction to the Foundation of Information
Technologies
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HUANG Lihua, Fudan University
• PROGRAM: Set of instructions to the computer
• STORED: Program must be in primary storage
• Software: Detailed instructions to control computer operation of a computer systems. Without software, the computer hardware could not perform any tasks.The functions of software are to
– (1) manage the computer resources of the organization,
– (2) provide tools for human beings to take advantage of the these resources
– (3) act as intermediary between organizations and stored information.
SOFTWARE“ 软件是计算机的灵魂”
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HUANG Lihua, Fudan University
Programs written for a specific application to perform functions specified by end users.
-Programming Language
-software package
APPLICATION SOFTWAREAPPLICATION SOFTWAREGeneralized programs that
manage the resources of the computer, including
-Operating System:
•Scheduled computer event•Allocates computer resources•Monitors events
--Language translators:•Interpreters•Compilers
-Utility Programs:•Routine operations•Manage data
SYSTEM SOFTWARESYSTEM SOFTWARE
SOFTWARESOFTWARE
HARDWARE
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HUANG Lihua, Fudan University
Operating system
• Allocates and assigns:– memory
» e. g., file system, virtual memory
– processor time» e. g., multitasking, multiprocessing
– input- output devices» e. g., printer, keyboard, etc.
• May also provide other capabilities useful to many users or programs– Graphical User Interface (GUI) capabilities– Fonts, network protocols, ...
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HUANG Lihua, Fudan University
Operating system as magician( 魔术师)
• The four illusions– Many separate computers, one for each process –
“Multitasking”– Large memory – “Virtual memory”– Disks and other secondary storage are organized
as collections of files – “File systems”– Windows and menus – “Graphical User
Interface (GUI)”
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HUANG Lihua, Fudan University
Operating Systems Capabilities: Multiprogramming,
Multitasking
OP
ER
AT
ING
SY
ST
EM
OP
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AT
ING
SY
ST
EM
UNUSED MEMORYUNUSED MEMORY
PROGRAM 1PROGRAM 1
TRADITIONAL SINGLE-TRADITIONAL SINGLE-PROGRAM SYSTEMPROGRAM SYSTEM
OP
ER
AT
ING
SY
ST
EM
OP
ER
AT
ING
SY
ST
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UNUSED MEMORYUNUSED MEMORY
PROGRAM 1PROGRAM 1
PROGRAM 2PROGRAM 2
PROGRAM 3PROGRAM 3
MULTIPROGRAMMING MULTIPROGRAMMING ENVIRONMENTENVIRONMENT
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HUANG Lihua, Fudan University
Operating Systems Capabilities: Virtual Storage
• Virtual Storage is the method of handling several programs in primary storage: – Program divided into
• Fixed length portions(pages) OR
• Variable length (segments)
– Current portions reside in primary storage, portions swapped out when done.
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HUANG Lihua, Fudan University
Operating Systems Capabilities: time sharing
MANY USERS SHARE LARGE CPU:
• Time in CPU divided into slices (e.g.: 2 microseconds)
• Each user has access to CPU during slice.
• Single CPU is fast, can do much during time slice
• User’s job swapped out at end of slice
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HUANG Lihua, Fudan University
Operating Systems Capabilities: Multiprocessing
• Links together two or more CPUs to work in parallel in a single computer systems to execute two or more instructions.– Program can be divided to be processed by
multiple CPUs.– Can process large programs more rapidly
*
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HUANG Lihua, Fudan University
Operating Systems Capabilities: File Systems
• Reality:– Disks are sets of tracks( 磁道)– Tracks are sets of sectors (扇区)– Sectors can store fixed- sized byte blocks
• Illusion:– Disks are sets of directories (目录)– Directories contain other directories or files– Files are variable- size byte sequences– Directories and files have names
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HUANG Lihua, Fudan University
Operating Systems Capabilities: Windows and Menus
• Reality: Screen is an array of pixels (象素数组)• Illusion 1: Menus
– Depending on where you click, different action happens– Technique: OS looks up location where mouse was clicked,
executes appropriate action• Illusion 2: Overlapping windows
– A window may cover part or all of another– When a window is uncovered, its contents are redisplayed– Technique: OS saves bitmap (位图) of covered windows
» Application does not need to know how to redraw the contents of its window
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HUANG Lihua, Fudan University
MICROCOMPUTER OPERATING SYSTEMS
32-bit operating system, GUI, multitasking, networking
32-bit operating system not limited to Intel chips. Multitasking, multiprocessing, networking
32-bit. Developed for IBM PS/2. Multitasking, networking
Paired-down for handheld computers, wireless communication devices
Windows 98 & 95
Windows NT, Me & 2000 & XP, 2003 Windows CE
OS/2
OPERATING SYSTEMOPERATING SYSTEM FEATURESFEATURES
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HUANG Lihua, Fudan University
OPERATING SYSTEMOPERATING SYSTEM
Mac OS For Macintosh computers. Multitasking. Powerful graphics, multimedia
Unix For powerful microcomputers, workstations, minicomputers. Multitasking, multi-user processing, networking. Portable to various computer platforms
DOS For IBM (PC-DOS) and PC (MS-DOS). Program memory: 640K
Linux Free, reliable alternative to Unix, Windows. Runs on many Platforms. Open-source
FEATURESFEATURES
MICROCOMPUTER OPERATING SYSTEMS
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HUANG Lihua, Fudan University
Selecting an Operating System
• Is our existing software compatible with the OS?• Does the OS have a large base of compatible
software?• How reliable is the OS? Does it crash frequently?• Is the OS available for a wide variety of
hardware?• How quickly does it run?• How easy it is to learn and use?• How easy is it to install and configure?• How much does it cost?
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HUANG Lihua, Fudan University
Programs written for a specific application to perform functions specified by end users.
-Programming Language
APPLICATION SOFTWAREAPPLICATION SOFTWAREGeneralized programs that
manage the resources of the computer, including
-Operating System:
•Scheduled computer event•Allocates computer resources•Monitors events
--Language translators:•Interpreters•Compilers
-Utility Programs:•Routine operations•Manage
SYSTEM SOFTWARESYSTEM SOFTWARE
SOFTWARESOFTWARE
HARDWARE
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HUANG Lihua, Fudan University
Computer System Operating Process
7+10=17 ?
How to operate in computer ?
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HUANG Lihua, Fudan University
EXAMPLE: 7+10=?
Program:LD A, 7ADD A,10HALT
Instruction Program:0011 1110 操作码 (LD A)
0000 0111 操作数 (7)
1100 0110 操作码 (ADD A)
0000 1010 操作数 (10)
0111 0110 操作码 (HALT)
Assembly language
Machine Language
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HUANG Lihua, Fudan University
INSTRUCTION & EXECUTION CYCLE
Address Program
0000 0000 0011 1110 LD A
0000 0001 0000 0111 7
0000 0010 1100 0110 ADD A
0000 0011 0000 1010 10
0000 0100 0111 0110 HALT
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HUANG Lihua, Fudan University
SOURCE CODE SOURCE CODE PROGRAMPROGRAM
COMPILERCOMPILER
OBJECT CODEOBJECT CODE
LINKAGE LINKAGE EDITOREDITOR
LOAD MODULELOAD MODULE
OTHER OBJECT OTHER OBJECT CODE MODULESCODE MODULES
UTILITY PROGRAMS
High-level language instructions
Translates high-level code into machine language
Ready for computer
TRANSLATION PROCESS
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HUANG Lihua, Fudan University
GENERATIONS OF PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES
• 1st. Since 1940s. MACHINE LANGUAGE: – binary code
• 2nd. Since early ’50s. ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE:
– mnemonics for numeric code
• 3rd. Since mid ‘50s. HIGH-LEVEL LANGUAGES
• 4th. Since late ‘70s.
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HUANG Lihua, Fudan University
Programs written for a specific application to perform functions specified by end users.
-Programming Language
- software package
APPLICATION SOFTWAREAPPLICATION SOFTWAREGeneralized programs that
manage the resources of the computer, including
-Operating System:
•Scheduled computer event•Allocates computer resources•Monitors events
--Language translators:•Interpreters•Compilers
-Utility Programs:•Routine operations•Manage data
SYSTEM SOFTWARESYSTEM SOFTWARE
SOFTWARESOFTWARE
HARDWARE
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HUANG Lihua, Fudan University
Utility Programs
• Routine operations– Eg., Sort, list, print,…….
• Manage data– Eg., create file, merge file, …….
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HUANG Lihua, Fudan University
Application Software and Programming Languages
• Programming languages: – evolved from machine language to high-level
languages for business and scientific work
• Important programming languages for business today: COBOL, C, C++, and Visual Basic, so on
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HUANG Lihua, Fudan University
Programming LanguagesC Operating systems; application software
C++ Object-oriented; application software
COBOL Business administration; alphanumeric processing
Visual Basic Visual tool; Windows applications
FORTRAN Processing numeric data; scientific, engineering programs
BASIC Used for teaching
Pascal Used primarily for teaching programming
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HUANG Lihua, Fudan University
Fourth-Generation Languages
• Fourth-generation language: – Can help end users develop software with little
or no assistance from IS specialists, less procedural
– 6 CATEGORIES
• Natural languages: – Close to human language
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HUANG Lihua, Fudan University
FOURTH GENERATION LANGUAGES (4GL)
Query language/Report
generators
SQLRPG-III
eg.
Graphic language
SAS GraphSystat
Application generators
Power BuilderMicrosoft FrontPage
Very high-levelProgramming
language
GPSSAPL
Nomad2
Applicationsoftwarepackage
SAP R/3
PC tools
Lotus 1-2-3Internet Explore
Access
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HUANG Lihua, Fudan University
CONTEMPORARY TOOLS FOR SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT
• Object-oriented programming– Approach to software development that
combines data and procedures into a single object
• Objects are independent, reusable building blocks• Based on concepts of class and inheritance
• Visual programming– Construction of software programs by selecting
and arranging programming objects
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HUANG Lihua, Fudan University
Class and inheritance
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HUANG Lihua, Fudan University
CONTEMPORARY TOOLS FOR SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT
• Java– Object-oriented Programming language, – Delivers the software functionality needed for a particular task– Runs on any computer and operating system, Platform-independen
t
• Hypertext Markup Language (HTML): – Page description language, creates Web pages and other hypermed
ia documents
• XML (eXtensible Markup Language): – Describes the structure of a document, supports links to multiple d
ocuments, allowing data
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HUANG Lihua, Fudan University
Application Software Packages and Productivity Software
• PC software tools: – Word processing software: Create, format, print documents– Desktop publishing software: Produce professional-quality documents
with greater formatting, design capabilities– Spreadsheets: Display data in grid for recalculating numerical data– Data management software: Store, manipulate data in lists and
databases– Presentation graphics: Create professional-quality graphics and
multimedia presentations– Integrated Software Packages and Suites: Combine two or more
applications; easy data transfer
• Other productivity software: – E-mail software: Computer exchange of messages– Web browsers: Access and display Web, Internet resources– Groupware: Support activities of workgroups
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HUANG Lihua, Fudan University
Software Package for Enterprise Integration
• Enterprise (business) software– Eg., ERP, SCM, CRM, …….– Set of integrated modules for major business fu
nctions– Allows data to be used by multiple functions an
d business processes
• Legacy system: – System in place for long time
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HUANG Lihua, Fudan University
SELECTED EXAMPLES OF APPLICATION Software Packages
ENTERPRISE RESOURCE PLANNING; MATERIAL REQUIREMENT PLANNING; MNAUFACTURING RESOURCE PLANNING; E-
COMMERCE, CUSTOMER RELATIONSIP MANAGEMENT; BUSINESS INTELLIGENCE;ACCOUNTS PAYABLE/RECEIVABLE;
ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN; BANKING; SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT; COMPUTER-AIDED-DESIGN; DOCUMENT IMAGING;
TRAVEL AGENCY; E-MAIL; FINANCIAL CONTROL; FORECASTING; FORMS DESIGN; GRAPHICS; HOTEL MANAGEMENT; HUMAN
RESOURCES; INSTALLMENT LOANS; INVENTORY CONTROL; JOB COSTING/SCHEDULING; LIFE INSURANCE; HOTEL MANAGEMENT
SYSTEM; MATHEMATICAL / STATISTICAL MODELING; ORDER ENTRY; PAYROLL; PROCESS CONTROL; REAL ESTATE
MANAGEMENT; SALES & DISTRIBUTION; SAVINGS SYSTEMS; STOCK MANAGEMENT; TAX ACCOUNTING; UTILITY CONTROLS; WORD
PROCESSING*
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HUANG Lihua, Fudan University
Software for Enterprise Integration
• Middleware– Allows two disparate applications to communicate to
exchange data
• Enterprise application integration (EAI) software– Ties together multiple applications to support enterprise
integration
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HUANG Lihua, Fudan University
Enterprise application integration (EAI) software versus traditional integrati
on
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HUANG Lihua, Fudan University
Software for Enterprise Integration
• Web services: – Universal standards using Internet technology for
exchanging data between systems
• Web server: – Manages requests for Web pages on computer where
they are stored
• Application server: – Middleware software handling application operations
between user and back-end business systems
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HUANG Lihua, Fudan University
A multitiered architecture for e-commerce and e-business
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HUANG Lihua, Fudan University
软件的发展趋势• 硬件和软件的发展是不对称的。• 硬件是以等比的速度增长
– (每 1.5 年增长一倍) ,
• 而软件是等差级数增长– (每年增长 4-7% ) .
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HUANG Lihua, Fudan University
软件危机• “ 软件危机”在六十年代已经存在
– 一些过来人把软件人员形容为“陷入泥潭中的一群野兽”– 七十年代后期愈演愈烈 : 根据美国政府统计局 1979 年公布的统计数字表
明,几个联邦软件计划共投资 6.8 百万美元, 47 % ( $ 3.2M) 交付但从来未使用, 29 % ( $ 2.0M) 投资了但未交付, 19 % ( $ 1.3M) 被费弃或返工, 3 % (0.2M) 经过某种改变后被使用,仅 2 % (0.1M) 交付后被使用。
• 90 年代,软件危机尚未过去 – 如 Widows 2000 的发行,根据微软一份备忘录显示:微软共发现
63000 个“潜在问题”,可能影响 Windows 2000 的运行• 逾 21000“ 延迟性”设计缺陷,其中相当多部分被微软公司认定为
“真正的问题”,• 逾 27000 条“ Bug” ,在微软看来,这代表“尚未完成的工作”或
“久被遗忘的问题”。– 实力最强大的软件公司尚如此,何况其他软件产品呢?
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HUANG Lihua, Fudan University
Software Trends
• 使用更方便• 与人的交流方法更广泛• 软件的集成性增加• 自然语言,多目标,图形接口,专家辅
助• Open Source Development
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HUANG Lihua, Fudan University
Open Source Development
• There is an increasing trend toward using this as a method of software development.
• In this method source code is distributed and developers can improve and add to code as they see fit, good ideas are then included into the product.
• This method allows software products to grow and improve in a natural organic way.
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HUANG Lihua, Fudan University
Moving your company from products to services
• Supporting the software
• Improving the software
• Integrating the software
• Problems with open source– anybody, nobody responsible
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HUANG Lihua, Fudan University
Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) of Technology Assets
• Includes both direct and indirect costs• Hardware and software acquisitions account
for only 20% of TCO• TCO for a PC may run to three times
original purchase price• Hidden costs can make distributed
architecture more expensive than centralized mainframes
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HUANG Lihua, Fudan University
Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) Cost Components
• Hardware acquisition• Software acquisition• Installation• Training• Support• Maintenance• Infrastructure• Downtime• Space and energy
Managing Hardware and Software Assets
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HUANG Lihua, Fudan University
Rent or Build Decisions: Using Technology Service Providers
• Storage service provider: SSP, SAN– Provides online access to storage devices and storage
area network technology
• Application service provider: ASP– Delivers applications over networks on subscription
basis
• Management service provider: – Manages applications, systems, security, storage, Web
sites, system performanceManaging Hardware and Software Assets
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HUANG Lihua, Fudan UniversityFigure 6-15
Model of an Application Service Provider (ASP)
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HUANG Lihua, Fudan University
Assignment for Session 7
• Individual Review for session 7– Reading Materials: Textbook: chapter 4
• Individual Prepare for session 8– Reading Materials: Textbook: chapter 5– P206-207. Review Quiz
• Write down in your book, not submit
• Group Assignment: bring to class– Please design the software architecture for Mr. Wang’s
Pottery Company, including system software, application software.
– Prepare for the CASE QUESTIONS on P.121.– Prepare for the CASE QUESTIONS on P.139.