Prepared for: The Hudson River Sustainable Shorelines Project NYSDEC HRNERR Prepared by: Christian LaPann-Johannessen, Jon K. Miller, Ph.D.,Andrew Rella, Ph.D. & Emanuel Rodriquez June 2015 HUDSON RIVER WAKE STUDY Hudson River Wake Studyii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ThisreportwaspreparedbyChristianLaPann-Johannessen,JonK.Miller,AndrewRella,and EmanuelRodriguezofStevensInstituteofTechnologyfortheHudsonRiverSustainable Shorelines Project. The authors would like to acknowledge the assistance of several members of the Hudson River Sustainable Shorelines Project who have reviewed and provided comments on the wake study, especially Emilie Hauser and Betsy Blair of the Hudson River National Estuarine Research Reserve (HRNERR), Dave Strayerand Stuart Findlay of CaryIES, Dan Miller of the HudsonRiverEstuaryProgram,OnaFergusonandEricRobertsoftheConsensusBuilding Institute,andBenGanonoftheStudentConservationAssociationandHRNERR.Theauthors wouldalsoliketoacknowledgetheassistanceofthecadreofStevensInstituteofTechnology summer research students that assisted in the collection of the wake data.About the Hudson River Sustainable Shorelines Project TheHudsonRiverSustainableShorelinesProjectisamulti-yeareffort ledbytheNewYorkStateDepartmentofEnvironmentalConservation Hudson River National Estuarine Research Reserve, in cooperation with theGreenwayConservancyfortheHudsonRiverValley.PartnersintheProjectincludeCary Institute of Ecosystem Studies, NYSDEC Hudson River Estuary Program and Stevens Institute of Technology.TheProjectisfacilitatedbyTheConsensusBuildingInstitute.TheProjectfulfills aspectsofGoal2oftheActionAgendaoftheHudsonRiverEstuaryProgram.TheProjectis supportedbytheNationalEstuarineResearchReserveSystemScienceCollaborative,a partnership of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and the University of New Hampshire.TheScienceCollaborativeputsReserve-basedsciencetoworkforcoastal communities coping with the impacts of land use change, pollution, and habitat degradation in the context of a changing climate.Disclaimer The opinions expressed in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation,the Greenway Conservancy for the Hudson River Valley or our funders. Reference to any specific product, service, process, or method does not constitute an implied or expressed recommendation or endorsement of it.Suggested Citation LaPann-Johannessen,C.,Miller,J.K.,Rella,A.,andE.Rodriguez(2015).HudsonRiverWake Study. Stevens Institute of Technology, TR- 2947; in association with and published by the Hudson River Sustainable Shorelines Project, Staatsburg, NY 12580, http://hrnerr.org Authors contact: jmiller@stevens.edu, and arella@stevens.edu Hudson River Wake Studyii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY StevensInstituteofTechnology,inconjunctionwiththeHudsonRiverSustainableShorelines Project,carriedoutastudytodeterminethewakeheightsproducedfromrecreationaland commercial vessels as they travel along the Hudson River.The wake study is one component of aseriesofstudiesundertakenbyStevenstobetterunderstandthephysicalforcesimpacting shorelineswithintheHudsonRiverEstuary(https://www.hrnerr.org/hudson-river-sustainable-shorelines/spatial-information-designing-shoreline/).Understanding the physical forces in turn is critical to managing the shoreline and designing effective erosion control features where required.In some areas of the Hudson, vessel wakes can be several times the size of the typical wind waves andthereforerepresentacriticaldesignparameter.Theinformationcontainedinthisreport representsapreliminaryanalysisofthewakeenergyandwillbeusedtohelpinformshoreline stakeholdersanddecision-makersoftherequireddesignthresholdsforvaryingmethodsof ecologically enhanced shoreline stabilization. PreviousworkhasshownthatwakesfromcommuterferrytrafficinthelowerHudsonRiver produceacontinualsourceofwavesevenwhenwindwavesarenotpresent,andcanhavea significantimpactontheshoreline(Bruno,etal.,2002).Thestudyareaspannedthe125mile stretch from the Tappan Zee Bridge to the Federal Lock and Dam at Troy.Based on the extent of the study area, and the available labor and funding, a simple, physical measurement approach was selected to provide an initial characterization of the wake climate along the Hudson.Thirty-two measurement locations were selectedalong theaforementioned stretch of the Hudson River.A visualanalysistechniqueemployinggraduatedstaffsandavideo-basedmeasurementapproach was selected, for its simplicity, accuracy and cost-effectiveness.A research student was deployed ateachsite,andwasresponsibleforcollectingthewakedataandevaluatingandrecordingall relevant site conditions.Characteristics of each passing boat (dimensions, speed, distance from shore,vesseltype),alongwiththeoscillationsinducedbyitspassing,wererecorded.The recordings were later analyzed to determine the wake heights. The study took place over the course of four days in 2012 (June 26-28 and July 19) and three days in 2013 (June 28-29 and July 1), with as many as eleven research students deployed at different sites at one time.The number of total recorded wakes at each site ranged from a minimum of 3 at Coxsackie, NY to 59 at Highland Falls, NY.The average number of wakes recorded at each site was 25.The size of the observed wakes ranged from a minimum of 0 inches (imperceptible) to 42 inches at Kingston, NY.The average recorded wake was 4.4 inches. The datacollected during this experiment represents a snap-shot ofwakes within the Hudson River, and is not intended to summarize all expected conditions.Suggested next steps for further characterizingthewakeconditionsalongtheriverincludeusingthecollectedphysicaldatato verify empirical wake models, and to investigate avenues for expanding the available data.The recorded physical data (wake size and vessel specifics) can be used to determine the most accurate and appropriate wake model that should be applied to the Hudson River.In order to expand the dataset,anonlineboattrackingsystem,suchasAutomaticIdentificationSystem(AIS)canbe utilized as a secondary source to study the percentage of different types of vessels in the Hudson River.ByexpandingthephysicaldatasetwithsupplementalvesseldatafromAIS,amore comprehensive wave climatology can be produced. Hudson River Wake Studyiii CONTENTS Executive Summary ................................................................................................................................................... ii Contents ..................................................................................................................................................................... iii Introduction ................................................................................................................................................................. 1 Approach ..................................................................................................................................................................... 2 Data ............................................................................................................................................................................... 6 Results .......................................................................................................................................................................... 9 Vessel Type ............................................................................................................................................................. 9 Vessel Speed ......................................................................................................................................................... 10 Vessel Size ............................................................................................................................................................. 11 Wake Height ......................................................................................................................................................... 11 Wake Height along the River ............................................................................................................................. 11 Preliminary Next Steps ....................................................................................................................................... 12 Discussion and conclusions ..................................................................................................................................... 14 References .................................................................................................................................................................. 15 Appendix ................................................................................................................................................................... 16 Hudson River Wake StudyPage 1 INTRODUCTION An analysis of the wake climate within the Hudson River was undertaken by Stevens Institute of TechnologyasapartoftheongoingHudsonRiverSustainableShorelinesProject,ledbythe NYSDECHudsonRiverNationalEstuarineResearchReserve.Theresearchteamwasledby ProfessorJonK.MillerandincludedstudentsAndrewRella,ChristianLaPann-Johannessen, RebeccaKline,SeanDirscherl,SpicerBak,OmarLopez,LauraLemke,ErinHopson,Jenny Wehof,AdamCarabba,MikeKalimtzis,TylerRishell,SarahChamberlain,KirstenSalmins, TiffanyCaroselli,MichaelRobertLewis,EthanCrump,andMatthewHunt.Theresultswere analyzedbyEmanuelRodriguez,ChristianLaPann-Johannessen,andAndrewRella.The Sustainable Shorelines Project works togenerateand make available science-based information aboutthebestshorelinemanagementoptionsforpreservingimportantnaturalfunctionsinthe Hudson River Estuarys shore zone. The wake study was performed as a part of a series of analyses undertaken to characterize present and future estuary and shoreline conditions.Forces impacting the shoreline of the Hudson River includewind-drivenwaves,currentsfromtidalflow,wakesfromcommercialandrecreational vessels, as well as floating debris and ice.Depending on the magnitude of these forces and the physical characteristics of the near shore region, the shorelines along the Hudson are exposed to varying amounts of physical energy. This physical energycan ultimately result in the erosion of the shoreline and strongly dictates which shoreline stabilization alternatives may be appropriate. The primary objective of the wake study, conducted during the summers of 2012 and 2013, was todocumentvesseltrafficandtheresultingwakesalongtheHudsonRiver;withtheintentof ultimately using this information to more adequately understand the erosion potential of wakes. Wakes are waves that are generated when vessels travel through a body of water. When a vessel accelerates from a state of rest, it transfers a portion of its kinetic energy into the body of water; causing a wave to form. Wake dimensions are influenced by many physical factors including the velocity of the vessel, the width of the body of water, the bathymetry and water depth, the vessel hull design, the vessel draft, the tidal currents and wind waves, the method of vessel propulsion, thedistancefromthevessel,andthevesselorientation(Sorensen,1997).Sincetherearemany variables that influence the production of boat wakes, they are difficult to predict. Ships typically generate two distinct types of wakes which are known as transverse and diverging wakes (Figure 1). Transverse wakes are produced behind the moving vessel and travel in the same direction as the vessel. Divergent wakes are produced at the front of a vessel and travel on an angle from the side of the hull (PIANC, 2003). Wakes typically impact a shoreline as a series of waves referred to as a wave train. The erosion potential of a wake is enhanced by these wave trains, as is the risk of damage to shoreline structures and docked vessels. Wave trains attenuate with distance and become smaller as they travel from their point of origin; however, the period or amount of time between successive crests remains the same. The amount of wake attenuation depends on the current velocity and direction, wind speed, hull characteristics, vessel speed, and riverbed and shoreline characteristics (PIANC, 2003). Hudson River Wake Study2 Figure 1 - Wake production diagram Wakescanbestudiedusingphysicalmeasurementsorthroughanalyticalapproachesusing mathematicalmodels.Measurementtechniquesvaryandtypicallyincludeapressuregauge deployed on-site, a spring driven gauge for determining maximum wave conditions, or a graduated staff to measure wake height.Mathematical prediction relies on empirical models that require the numerousvariablesthatinfluencewakecharacteristicsbeknown.Thecomparisonbetween measurements and predictions can improve the knowledge of wake behavior. APPROACH Considering the vast study area and the necessary number of sites, the decision was made to utilize basicmeasurementtechniquestocoverasmuchoftheriveraspossible.Thechosenapproach capitalizedonavailablestudentlabor.Avisualanalysistechniqueemployinggraduatedwake staffs and video-cameras was selected for its cost-effectiveness and simplicity.Each passing boat, along with the oscillations induced by its passing, were recorded.Students also recorded relevant vessel characteristics based on a visual observation of the vessel.Vessel speed was estimated by recordingthetimeittookforthevesseltotransitaknowndistance.Distancefromshorewas determinedbyestimatingthepositionofthevesselrelativetoeachbank,thencalculatingthe distancebasedonaknownriverwidth.Thedatasheetusedforrecordingthedataisprovided below in Figure 2.The recordings were later analyzed back at the office to determine the wake heights and periods. At locations where a video camera was not available, the vessel information and wake heights were recorded by hand by the observer present in the field.During the second year of monitoring wake height was recorded in the field to aid in order to later expedite the process of data analysis. ObserverLocation DateCamera TimeVessel TypeVessel SpeedDistance from SLDirectionComments Figure 2 Blank wake data sheet Hudson River Wake Study3 The wake staffs were fabricated by Stevens, and consisted of 2 x 3 wood beams with 2 wide alternatingstripespaintedalongtheface.Threemountingmethodswereconstructedfor deployment off a bulkhead, a pile, or a beach. The bulkhead mount (Figure 3) was constructed by attaching the staff to a weighted hinge and hanging it over the front face of the bulkhead.The pile mount (Figure 4) consisted of a strapping mechanism for attaching the staff to a pile. The beach mount (Figure 5) staff was set in a bucket of concrete for stabilization and placed offshore.Due to the nearly five foot tidal variation along the entire project length, the position of the staff was adjusted as required by the observer throughout the day as water level changed. Figure 3 Bulkhead apparatus Figure 4 Pile apparatus Figure 5 Beach apparatusThe wake study took place over the course of 4 days in 2012 (June 26-28/ July 19) and 3 days in 2013(June28-29/July1).Duringthistime,asmanyas11researchstudentsweredeployedat different sites at one time.Daily observational periods ranged from 6 am to 4 pm, with an average of 6 hours per day.Due to logistical complications not every site was visited in both years. During the firstyear of monitoring, several siteswerereplacedfor thefollowingreasons: there was no Hudson River Wake Study4 accessthesiteduetophysicalrestraints,obstacleswerepresentinthewater(naturaland constructed),ortherewasalackofdeploymentoptions.Forexample,wakescouldnotbe observedatlowtidefromthelocationatNorriePointEnvironmentalCenterbecausethe surrounding water receded too far offshore. Thethirty-twositesidentifiedinFigure6werechosenfromtheHudsonRiverEstuaryPublic Fishing and Boating Access Guide at approximately equal intervals within the study area between the Tappan-Zee Bridge and the Albany dam.Sites were selected both on the east and west banks of the river and site accessibility was strongly considered. Figure 6. Site locations map (northern section) Figure 7. Site location map (southern section) In order to analyze the data more effectively, the river was divided into 10 zones based on similar characteristicssuchaswidth,depth,andcrosssection.Table1liststheboundariesandthe approximate average width and depth for each zone.Figure 8 below presents color coded maps for the zone designations. Hudson River Wake Study5 Table 1 Project area zone designation Figure 8 - Zone designation map Zone # Northern BoundaryRiver Mile Southern BoundaryRiver Mile Avg. Width (mi) Avg. Depth (ft) 10Troy150Glenmont1370.1517 9Glenmont137Stuyvesant1300.223 8Stuyvesant130Stottville1200.329 7Stottville120Silver Point1100.523 6Silver Point110Staatsburg870.7529 5Staatsburg87Castle Point680.646 4Castle Point68Cold Spring571.229 3Cold Spring57Stony Point400.557 2Stony Point40Dobbs Ferry222.323 1Dobbs Ferry22The Battery00.935 Hudson River Wake Study6 DATA At each site,four primarydata parameters werecollected: wake height, boat type, vessel speed and size. Additional data recorded included the time the boat passed the site, the direction of travel, approximatedistanceoftheboatfromtheshoreline,theperiodofthewakegenerated,andthe weather conditions at the site, including wind waves.Table 2 below includes a summary of all the wake data recorded at all 32 sites for both years and lists their zone. Table 2: Wake study data summary Site NameDate Visited Total # of Boats Max Wake Height (in.) Avg. Wake Height (in.) Zone # Troy Dam, Troy, NY 6/27/201299410 4 Forbes Avenue, Rensselaer, NY 6/27/2012 2010510 7/1/2013 Albany Industrial Site, Albany, NY6/27/20122112410 Henry Hudson Park, Bethlehem, NY 6/27/20121552.69 Schodack Island State Park, NY7/1/201381259 Coxsackie Boat Launch, Coxsackie, NY 6/27/2012 131258 7/1/2013 Greene Bedell Road, Coxsackie, NY7/1/201331288 Misraci Road, Coxsackie, NY 6/27/2012 252768 7/1/2013 S Water Street, Athens, NY 6/28/2012 183*2*7 7/1/2013* Ferry Street, Hudson, NY 6/27/2012 22957 7/1/2013 Dutchman's Landing, Catskill, NY 6/28/2012 341857 7/1/2013 Anchorage Road, Germantown, NY7/1/20134656 Cheviot Road, Germantown, NY 6/28/2012 262156 7/1/2013 Malden Boat Launch, Malden, NY 6/28/2012191546 Albany Street, Glasco, Saugerties, NY6/29/2013201296 Ulster Landing Park, Saugerties, NY 6/28/2012 192156 6/29/2013 Charles Rider Park, Kingston, NY6/29/2013144296 Kingston Point Park, Kingston, NY 6/28/2012 382756 6/29/2013 Rhinecliff-Kingston Amtrak, Rhinebeck, NY 6/28/2012 573356 6/29/2013 Hudson River Wake Study7 Site NameDate Visited Total # of Boats Max Wake Height (in.) Avg. Wake Height (in.) Zone # Norrie Point Environmental Center, Staatsburg, NY 6/29/2013152055 Quiet Cove Riverfront Park, Poughkeepise, NY 6/26/201282145 Marist Boathouse, Poughkeepsie, NY 6/26/2015 3112*2*5 6/29/2013* Victor C. Waryas Park, Poughkeepsie, NY 6/26/2012 561855 6/29/2013 Chelsea Yacht Club, Wappinger, NY 6/26/2012 532074 6/29/2013 Riverfront Park, Beacon, NY 6/26/201271374 2 Washington Street, Newburgh, NY 6/26/2012 2826*8*4 6/28/2013* Plum Point Park, New Windsor, NY 6/26/2012 351014 6/28/2013 Main Street, Cold Spring, NY 6/26/2012* 2215*4*3 6/28/2013 Garrisons Landing, Philipstown, NY6/28/2013151773 Mine Dock Road, Highland Falls, NY 7/19/2012 59933 6/28/2013 Riverfront Green Park, Peekskill, NY6/28/201315953 Hardie St, Verplanck, NY6/28/20132421103 Haverstraw Marina, West Haverstraw, NY 6/28/2013141592 Bowline Point Park, West Haverstraw, NY 7/19/2012 371562 6/28/2013 Elliott Way, Croton-on-Hudson, NY 7/19/2012 471212 6/28/2013 Croton Point Park, Croton-on-Hudson, NY 6/28/20136532 Westerly Road, Ossining, NY6/28/201392162 Nyack Seaport, Nyack, NY 7/19/2012* 37OE*OE*2 6/28/2013* Losee Park, Tarrytown, NY 7/19/2012 571232 6/28/2013 OE*/*(ObservationalError)Duetothecircumstancesunderwhichthemeasurementswere recorded, they could not be analyzed and were not included in the data summation. Hudson River Wake Study8 The total number of wakes recorded at each site ranged from a minimum of 3 at Greene Bedell Road, Coxsackie, NY to 59 at Mine Dock Road, Highland Falls, NY.There was an average of 25 total recordings at each site.The maximum number of boats recorded on a single day was 45 at the Chelsea Yacht Club, Wappinger, NY, due primarily to the sites proximity to the marina.The size of the recorded wakes at each site ranged from a minimum of 0 inches to as high as 42 inches at Charles Rider Park, Kingston, NY.The average observed wake was 4.2 inches. ThecompletedatasetforeachsiteispresentedintheAppendix.Eachsummary(Figure9) describes the type of instrument used, the date and time of each visit, the weather conditions, as well as a site map. Four charts representing the distribution of the vessel sizes, types, and speed, along with the wake generated are also included. For each variable, the site specific percentages are compared to the percentages based on the total data set for all locations over both years. As previously mentioned, due to logistics, some sites were only visited during 2013. For these sites, thesitespecificpercentagesarecomparedtotheoverallpercentagesforalllocationsin2013. Wake heights were grouped into four inch intervals starting at 0.5 inches. All wakes over 25 inches were placed into the same group, although few wakes exceeded this height. Boats that produced wakeslessthan0.5incheswerealsoputintoaseparategroup.Boattypeswereclassifiedas recreational,barge/tug,fishing,ferry,patrol,andmiscellaneous.Recreationalincludedyachts, other pleasure crafts, and sailboats. Barge/tug includes all freight carrying vessels and vessels that assisttheirmaneuvering.Fishingboatsaredefinedassmall(lessthan20ft.long)boatswith outboard motors. Ferries are boats used to transfer a large number of passengers. Patrol boats are any police or safety boats. Miscellaneous boats include all other types of boats, including personal watercrafts, kayaks, etc. Speed was put into 10 mph groups starting at zero mph up to 60 mph. All speedgreaterthan60mphwereplacedintothesamegroup.Vesselsize(length)wasputinto groups of 10 ft. between 0 and 100 ft. 100 to 400 ft. were placed in the same group, as were lengths greater than 400 ft.Hudson River Wake Study9 Figure 9 - Site data summary RESULTS Vessel Type ThedistributionofobservedvesseltrafficbytypeandbyzoneissummarizedinFigure10.Recreational(yachts,sailboats,pleasurecrafts)andfishingvesselswerethemostcommon during the observation periods.Recreational vessels comprised 40% or more of the traffic in every zone except Zone 9.A dramatic increase in fishing boats between Zones 8 and 10 was found, with fishing vessels accounting for over 60% of the traffic in Zone 9.Normally, due to their comparatively smaller size and leisurely pace, these vessels produce smaller sized wakes; however, higher percentages of fishingand recreational vessels may lead to multiple vessels travelingaftereachother,causingincreasedturbulenceandlargerwakes.Bargeandferry traffic composed the bulk of the remaining traffic.The frequency of barges is dictated by local waterfrontconstructionprojectsandshippingschedules.Barges,duetotheirdesign,havea large wake potential and accounted for over 10% of the traffic in 8 of the 10 zones.Ferry traffic is limited to sites that are in a close proximity to ferry terminals and routes. Hudson River Wake Study10 Vessel Speed VesselspeedsaresummarizedinFigure11.Themajorityoftheobservedvesselswere traveling between 0 and 30 mph, with a nearly equal number of vessels traveling between 0 and 10 mph and 11 and 20 mph in most zones.Zone 3 has the widest distribution of different speeds and the highest percentage of vessels traveling over 40 mph.It was also the only zone where a vessel speed in excess of 60 mph was estimated.In Zones 9 and 10, the maximum observed speed was only 30 mph.This is potentially related to the significantly reduced river width and increased industrial activity in the northern sections of the Hudson River. 0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%Zone 2 Zone 3 Zone 4 Zone 5 Zone 6 Zone 7 Zone 8 Zone 9 Zone 10PercentageLocationVessel Type Percentage by Zone (2012, 2013)RecreationalBargeFishing VesselFerryPatrol BoatMiscNo Data0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%Zone 2 Zone 3 Zone 4 Zone 5 Zone 6 Zone 7 Zone 8 Zone 9 Zone 10PercentageLocationVessel Speed Percentage by Zone (2012, 2013)0-1011-2021-3031-4041-5051-6061+No DataFigure 11 - Wake Study 2012/2013 vessel speed data Figure 10 - Wake Study 2012/2013 vessel type data Hudson River Wake Study11 Vessel Size Vessel size data are summarized in Figure 12.The ship lengths most frequently recorded were between 11 and 20 ft. in every zone except Zones 9 and 10, where longer boats were observed more frequently.Thirty percent or more of the traffic in each zone, except Zone 6 and Zone 9, were between 11 and 20 ft.The vessels recorded in Zone 9 were considerably larger than those in other zones, with nearly 40% of the observed ships between 91 and 100 ft.The proximity of the observation locations to the industrial port in the northern part of the river is one potential reason for the increase in observed vessel size. Wake HeightThe wake data are summarized in Figure 13.Small wakes were most common with most of the observations falling in either the 0.5 to 4.5 inch or 4.5 to 8 inch range.The frequency of larger wake heights increased slightly to the north as discussed in greater detail in the following section.No wakes greater than 12.5 inches were observed beyond Zone 7.Zones 2, 4 and 6 were the only regions in which wakes greater than 25 inches were observed. Wake Height along the River Figure 14 shows a comparison of the frequency of occurrence for the two lowest wake regimes, 0 to 0.5 inches and 4.5 to 8.5 inches.Although limited, the data shows a noticeable trend for both regimes along the river from south to north.The percentage of wakes less than 0.5 inches decreases dramatically traveling south to north, while the percentage of wake between 4.5 and 8.5 inches increases.Reduced channel width, bathymetry, depth, and variation of vessel type, are most likely the greatest contributors to this observation. 0%10%20%30%40%50%60%Zone 2 Zone 3 Zone 4 Zone 5 Zone 6 Zone 7 Zone 8 Zone 9 Zone 10PercentageLocationVessel Size Percentage by Zone (2012, 2013)0:1011:2021:3031:4041:5051:6061:7071:8081:9091:100101:400Figure 12 - Wake Study 2012/2013 vessel size data Hudson River Wake Study12 Figure 13 - Wake Study 2012/2013 wake height data Figure 14 - Correlation between wake height and zone Preliminary Next Steps The datacollected during this experiment represents a snap-shot of the Hudson Rivers wake climatology and does not represent a detailed analysis of ship traffic.Some potential next steps for further characterizing the wake conditions along the riverwould include using the collected physicaldatatoverifyempiricalwakemodels,andtoinvestigateavenuesforexpandingthe available data.There have been many methods developed for calculating the size of wakes based on vessel geometry, speed, and channel geometry.Physical data (wake size and vessel specifics) recordedduringthisoradditionalstudiescouldbeusedtodeterminethemostaccurateand appropriate model for vessels within the Hudson.A similar study was performed for vessel traffic in the Mississippi River (Sorensen, 1997).Automated vessel tracking systems such as Automatic 0%10%20%30%40%50%60%Zone 2 Zone 3 Zone 4 Zone 5 Zone 6 Zone 7 Zone 8 Zone 9 Zone 10PercentageLocationWake Height Percentage by Zone (2012, 2013)0.0:0.50.5:4.54.5:8.58.5:12.512.5:16.516.5:20.520.5:2525+No DataSouth North0%5%10%15%20%25%30%35%40%45%50%Zone 2 Zone 3 Zone 4 Zone 5 Zone 6 Zone 7 Zone 8 Zone 9 Zone 10PercentageLocationWake Height 4.5:8.5 WakeHeightPercentage0.0:0.5 WakeHeightPercentageNorthSouthHudson River Wake Study13 IdentificationSystem(AIS)couldthenbeusedtoinconjunctionwithvalidatedformulasto produce a more comprehensive wake climatology. A simple proof-of-concept study was conducted to see how the information contained in the AIS databasecouldenhancetheobservationbasedstudyconductedhere.TheAISdataistime referencedandcontainsalistofallthelargeregisteredvesselspresentintheHudsonRiver,as well as their physical characteristics, including velocity, course, length, breadth, draft, name, ship type, destination, and vessel status.It is important to note that smaller vessels, such as recreational boats are typically not registered with the AIS system, therefore the AISdatabase represents an incomplete record, biased towards larger commercial vessels.For demonstration purposes, eight timeperiodswerestudied:threeatnight,twointhemorning,twointheafternoon,andoneat noon. All the zones were observed simultaneously so that the study was consistent along the length oftheriver.Comparedtotheobservationaldata,thereisahigherpercentageoftugboatsand barges in the data, and relatively few recreational, fishing, and sailing vessels.The graphs below summarize the information obtained through AIS.In future work, this data could be paired with an appropriate model for calculating the expected wake from each vessel. Figure 15 presents the distribution of vessels by typewithin each zone.Tug boats are the only vessel to appear in all 10 zones. Figure 16 presents the dimensions of the observed vessels.The largestvesselswereobservedinZones6through10,whichislikelyduetotheprevalenceof industrial ships heading to and from port in Albany.Figure 17 presents the average vessel velocity in knots.The speed of the vessels tracked by AIS tends to be relatively constant, although vessels in the lower part of the Hudson (Zones 1 and 2) tend to have slightly higher average velocities.0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%Zone 1 Zone 2 Zone 3 Zone 4 Zone 5 Zone 6 Zone 7 Zone 9 Zone 10PercentageLocationPercentage of BoatsRecreationalTugSailingFishingLaw EnforceTankerCargoPassengerMiscFigure 15 Automatic Identification System (AIS) data vessel type summary (Note, AIS categorization differs from the classification system used for the observed data)Hudson River Wake Study14 Figure 16 - AIS data vessel size summary Figure 17 - AIS data vessel speed summary DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS Thewakeanalysiswasperformedasapartofaseriesofanalysesundertakentocharacterize present and future estuary and shoreline conditions. Depending on the magnitude of the forces and 020406080100120140160180200Zone 1 Zone 2 Zone 3 Zone 4 Zone 5 Zone 6 Zone 7 Zone 9 Zone 10MetersLocationAverage Length, Breadth, and Draft of VesselsAvg Length(m)Avg Breadth(m)AverageDraft (m)02468101214Zone 1 Zone 2 Zone 3 Zone 4 Zone 5 Zone 6 Zone 7 Zone 9 Zone 10Average Speed (kn)LocationAvg speed (kn)Hudson River Wake Study15 thephysicalcharacteristicsofthenearshoreregion,theshorelinesalongtheHudsonRiverare exposed to varying amounts of physical energy. This physical energy contributes to erosion along the shoreline and strongly dictates which shoreline stabilization alternatives may be appropriate. The primary objective of the wake study, conducted during the summers of 2012 and 2013, was todocumentvesseltrafficandtheresultingwakesalongtheHudsonRiver,withtheintentof ultimately using this information to more adequately understand the erosion potential associated with wakes in the Hudson.The findings from this report will be included in an evaluation of the physicalforcesexperiencedalongthedifferentsegmentsoftheHudsonRiver,includingthe expected forces from wind driven waves, currents, ice, and wakes. The information will be used to help inform shoreline decision-makers about the required design thresholds for varying methods of ecologically enhanced shoreline stabilization. The number of wakes recorded at each site ranged from a minimum of 3 at Greene Bedell Road, Coxsackie,NYto59atMineDockRoad,HighlandFalls,NY.Theaveragenumberof observations at each site was 25, while the maximum number of boats recorded on a single day was45attheChelseaYachtClub,inWappinger,NY.Thislargenumberofobservationswas related to the proximity of the observation site to the marina.The size of the recorded wakes at eachsiterangedfromaminimumof0inchesobservedatseveralsitestoashighas42inches observed at Charles Rider Park, Kingston, NY.The average recorded wake was 4.4 inches. Next steps for further characterizing the wake conditions along the river would include using the collected physical data to verify empirical wake models and to investigate avenues for expanding the available data.There have been numerous methods developed for empirically predicting the size of wake waves, given that the necessary parameters are known.The recorded physical data (wake size and vessel specifics) can be used to determine the most accurate and appropriate model for the Hudson River.Automated vessel tracking systems such as AIS contain ship records that couldbeusedwiththeseempiricalrelationshipstoprovideabetterestimateofthewake climatology for the Hudson. REFERENCES Bruno, M., Fullerton, B. and Datla, R. 2002. Ferry Wake Wash in NY/NJ Harbor. Hoboken, NJ : Stevens Institute of Technology, Davidson Laboratory, TR SIT-DL-02-9-2812, 2002. PIANC. 2003. Guidelines for Managing Wake Wash from High Speed Vessels. Brussels, Belgium : International Navigation Association, 2003. Report of Working Group 41 of the Maritime Navigation Commission. Sorensen, Robert M. 1997. Prediction of Vessel-Generated Waves with Reference to Vessels Common to the Upper Mississippi River System. s.l. : U.S. Army Engineer District, Rock Island; U.S. Army Engineer District, St. Louis; U.S. Army Engineer District, St. Paul, 1997. ENV Report 4. Hudson River Wake Study16 APPENDIX Hudson River Wake Study16 APPENDIX Site NameTroy Dam, Troy, NY Instrument TypeNA Date (Visit 1)Wednesday, J une 27, 2012 Time 10:15 am 2:45 pm Weather Mostly Cloudy, 70s 0.020.040.060.0Percentage Wake Height (in.) Wake Height Total Values 2012Site Values 20120.050.0100.0150.0Percentage Vessel Type Vessel Type Total Values 2012Site Values 20120.050.0100.0150.0Percentage Vessel Speed (mph) Vessel Speed Total Values 2012Site Values 20120.020.040.060.080.0100.00-1011-2021-3031-4041-5051-6061-7071-8081-9091-100100-400400+No DataPercentage Vessel Size (ft) Vessel Size Total 2012Number 2012 Site Name4 Forbes Ave, Rensselaer, NY Instrument TypeBucket Date (Visit 1)Wednesday,J une 27, 2012 Time 10:00 am 3:00 pm Weather Partly Cloudy, Mid 70s Date (Visit 2)Monday, J uly 1, 2013 Time 9:30 am 1:30 pm Weather Light Rain, Low 70s 010203040Percentage Wake Height (in.) Wake Height Total Study ValuesTotal Site Values020406080Percentage Vessel Type Vessel Type Total Study ValuesTotal Site Values010203040Percentage Vessel Speed (mph) Vessel Speed Total Study ValuesTotal Site Values0102030400-1011-2021-3031-4041-5051-6061-7071-8081-9091-100100-400400+No DataPercentage Vessel Size (ft) Vessel Size Total Study ValuesTotal Site ValuesSite NameAlbany Industrial Site, Albany, NY Instrument TypeNA Date (Visit 1)Wednesday, J une 27, 2012 Time 9:30 am 3:45 pm Weather Mostly Cloudy, 70s 01020304050Percentage Wake Height (in.) Wake Height Total Values 2012Site Values 2012020406080Percentage Vessel Type Vessel Type Total Values 2012Site Values 201201020304050Percentage Vessel Speed (mph) Vessel Speed Total Values 2012Site Values 20120102030400-1011-2021-3031-4041-5051-6061-7071-8081-9091-100100-400400+No DataPercentage Vessel Size (ft) Vessel Size Total Values 2012Site Values 2012 Site NameHenry Hudson Park, Bethlehem, NY Instrument TypeNA Date (Visit 1)Wednesday, J une 27, 2012 Time 8:30 am 2:15 pm Weather Mostly Cloudy, 70s 020406080100Percentage Wake Height (in.) Wake Height Total Values 2012Site Values 2012020406080100Percentage Vessel Type Vessel Type Total Values 2012Site Values 2012050100150Percentage Vessel Speed (mph) Vessel Speed Total Values 2012Site Values 20120.020.040.060.080.0100.0120.00-1010-2020-3030-4040-5050-6060-7070-8080-9090-100100-400400+No DataPercentage Vessel Size (ft) Vessel Size Total Values 2012Site Values 2012 Site NameSchodack Island State Park, Schodack Landing, NY Instrument TypeNA Date(Visit 1)Monday, J uly 1, 2013 Time8:30 am 1:00 pm WeatherLight Rain, Low 70s 010203040Percentage Wake Height (in.) Wake Height Total Values 2013Site Values 2013020406080Percentage Vessel Type Vessel TypeTotal Values 2013Site Values 20130204060Percentage Vessel Speed (mph) Vessel SpeedTotal Values 2013Site Values 20130102030400-1011-2021-3031-4041-5051-6061-7071-8081-9091-100100-400400+No DataPercentage Vessel Size (ft) Vessel SizeTotal Values 2013Site Values 2013Site NameCoxsackie Boat Launch, Coxsackie NY Instrument TypeNA Date (Visit 1)Wednesday, J une 27, 2012 Time 9:00 am 1:00 pm Weather Scattered Clouds, Low 70s Date (Visit 2)Monday, J uly 1, 2013 Time 9:30 am 12:30 pm Weather Light Rain, Low 70s 010203040Percentage Wake Height (in.) Wake Height Total Study ValuesTotal Site Values020406080100Percentage Vessel Type Vessel Type Total Study ValuesTotal Site Values020406080Percentage Vessel Speed (mph) Vessel Speed Total Study ValuesTotal Site Values0204060801000-1011-2021-3031-4041-5051-6061-7071-8081-9091-100100-400400+No DataPercentage Vessel Size (ft) Vessel Size Total Study ValuesTotal Site ValuesSite NameGreene Bedell Rd. Coxsackie, NY Instrument TypeNA Date (Visit 1)Monday, J uly 01, 2013 Time 9:15 am 12:30 pm Weather Light Rain, Low 70s 020406080Percentage Wake Height (in.) Wake Height Total Values 2013Site Values 2013050100150Percentage Vessel Type Vessel Type Total Values 2013Site Values 2013050100150Percentage Vessel Speed (mph) Vessel Speed Total Values 2013Site Values 20130501001500-1011-2021-3031-4041-5051-6061-7071-8081-9091-100100-400400+No DataPercentage Vessel Size (ft) Vessel Size Total Values 2013Site Values 2013 Site NameMisraci Road, Athens, NY Instrument TypeBucket Date(Visit 1)Wednesday, J une 27, 2012 Time7:45 am 3:50 pm WeatherOvercast, Low 70s Date (Visit 2)Monday, J uly1, 2013 Time9:00 am 1:00 pm WeatherOvercast, Low 70s 0204060Percentage Wake Height (in.) Wake Height Total Study ValuesTotal Site Values020406080Percentage Vessel Type Vessel Type Total Study ValuesTotal Site Values01020304050Percentage Vessel Speed (mph) Vessel Speed Total Study ValuesTotal Site Values0102030400-1011-2021-3031-4041-5051-6061-7071-8081-9091-100100-400400+No DataPercentage Vessel Size (ft) Vessel SizeTotal Study ValuesTotal Site Values Site NameSouth Water St, Athens, NY Instrument TypeNA Date (Visit 1)Thursday, J une 28, 2012 Time 7:30 am 4:00 pm Weather Scattered Clouds, Low 80s Date (Visit 2)Monday, J uly 1, 2013 Time 9:30 am 12:30 pm Weather Light Rain, Low 70s 020406080Percentage Wake Height (in.) Wake Height Total Study ValuesTotal Site Values020406080100Percentage Vessel Type Vessel Type Total Study ValuesTotal Site Values0204060Percentage Vessel Speed (mph) Vessel Speed Total Study ValuesTotal Site Values0204060800-1011-2021-3031-4041-5051-6061-7071-8081-9091-100100-400400+No DataPercentage Vessel Size (ft) Vessel Size Total Study ValuesTotal Site ValuesSite NameFerry Street, Hudson, NY Instrument TypeNA Date (Visit 1)Wednesday, J une, 27, 2012 Time 6:30 am 3:30 pm Weather Scattered Clouds, Mid 70s Date (Visit 2)Monday, J uly 1, 2013 Time 9:00 am 12:30 pm Weather Light Rain, Low 70s 0204060Percentage Wake Height (in.) Wake Height Total Study ValuesTotal Site Values020406080Percentage Vessel Type Vessel Type Total Study ValuesTotal Site Values01020304050Percentage Vessel Speed (mph) Vessel Speed Total Study ValuesTotal Site Values02040600-1011-2021-3031-4041-5051-6061-7071-8081-9091-100100-400400+No DataPercentage Vessel Size (ft) Vessel Size Total Study ValuesTotal Site ValuesSite NameDutchmans Landing, Catskill NY Instrument TypeNA Date (Visit 1)Thursday, J une 28, 2012 Time 9:30 am 2:00 pm Weather Scattered Clouds, Low 80s Date (Visit 2)Monday, J uly 1, 2013 Time 9:00 am 1:30 pm Weather Light Rain, Low 70s 020406080Percentage Wake Height (in.) Wake Height Total Study ValuesTotal Site Values020406080Percentage Vessel Type Vessel Type Total Study ValuesTotal Site Values01020304050Percentage Vessel Speed (mph) Vessel Speed Total Study ValuesTotal Site Values010203040500-1011-2021-3031-4041-5051-6061-7071-8081-9091-100100-400400+No DataPercentage Vessel Size (ft) Vessel Size Total Study ValuesTotal Site ValuesSite NameAnchorage Road, Germantown, NY Instrument TypeNA Date(Visit 1)Monday, J uly 1, 2013 Time10:00 am 1:30 pm WeatherLight Rain, Low 70s 020406080Percentage Wake Height (in.) Wake Height Total Values 2013Site Values 20130204060Percentage Vessel Type Vessel Type Total Values 2013Site Values 20130204060Percentage Vessel Speed (mph) Vessel Speed Total Values 2013Site Values 201302040600-1011-2021-3031-4041-5051-6061-7071-8081-9091-100100-400400+No DataPercentage Vessel Size (ft) Vessel Size Total Values 2013Site Values 2013 Site NameCheviot Rd, Germantown, NY Instrument TypeNA Date (Visit 1)Thursday, J une 28, 2012 Time 9:00 am 2:30 pm Weather Clear, Low 80s Date (Visit 2)Monday, J uly 1, 2013 Time 10:00 am 1:00 pm Weather Light Rain, Low 70s 020406080Percentage Wake Height (in.) Wake Height Total Study ValuesTotal Site Values020406080Percentage Vessel Type Vessel Type Total Study ValuesTotal Site Values01020304050Percentage Vessel Speed (mph) Vessel Speed Total Study ValuesTotal Site Values010203040500-1011-2021-3031-4041-5051-6061-7071-8081-9091-100100-400400+No DataPercentage Vessel Size (ft) Vessel Size Total Study ValuesTotal Site Values Site NameMalden Boat Launch, Malden, NY Instrument TypeNA Date (Visit 1)Thursday, J une 28, 2012 Time 10:45 am 2:45 pm Weather Partly Cloudy, High 70s 010203040Percentage Wake Height (in.) Wake Height Total Values 2012Site Values 2012020406080100Percentage Vessel Type Vessel Type Total Values 2012Site Values 2012010203040Percentage Vessel Speed (mph) Vessel Speed Total Values 2012Site Values 20120204060800-1011-2021-3031-4041-5051-6061-7071-8081-9091-100100-400400+No DataPercentage Vessel Size (ft) Vessel Size Total Values 2012Site Values 2012 Site NameAlbany St, Glasco,NY Instrument TypeNA Date(Visit 1)Saturday, J une 29, 2013 Time9:30 am 1:00 pm WeatherMostly Cloudy, High 70s 020406080100Percentage Wake Height (in.) Wake Height Total Values 2013Site Values 20130204060Percentage Vessel Type Vessel Type Total Values 2013Site Values 2013010203040Percentage Vessel Speed (mph) Vessel Speed Total Values 2013Site Values 2013010203040500-1011-2021-3031-4041-5051-6061-7071-8081-9091-100100-400400+No DataPercentage Vessel Size (ft) Vessel Size Total Values 2013Site Values 2013Site NameUlster Landing Park, Saugerties, NY Instrument TypeNA Date(Visit 1)Thursday, J une 28, 2012 Time9:30 am 12:30 pm WeatherClear, Low 80s Date(Visit 2)Saturday, J une 29, 2013 Time8:00 am 12:30 pm WeatherPartly Cloudy, High 70s 010203040Percentage Wake Height (in.) Wake HeightTotal Study ValuesTotal Site Values020406080Percentage Vessel Type Vessel TypeTotal Study ValuesTotal Site Values020406080Percentage Vessel Speed (mph) Vessel Speed Total Study ValuesTotal Site Values0102030400-1011-2021-3031-4041-5051-6061-7071-8081-9091-100100-400400+No DataPercentage Vessel Size (ft) Vessel Size Total Study ValuesTotal Site ValuesSite NameCharles Rider Park, Kingston NY Instrument TypeNA Date(Visit 1)Saturday, J une 29, 2013 Time8:00 am 1:00 pm WeatherPartly Cloudy, High 70s 01020304050Percentage Wake Height (in.) Wake Height Total Values 2013Site Values 20130204060Percentage Vessel Type Vessel Type Total Values 2013Site Values 2013020406080100Percentage Vessel Speed (mph) Vessel Speed Total Values 2013Site Values 201302040600-1011-2021-3031-4041-5051-6061-7071-8081-9091-100100-400400+No DataPercentage Vessel Size (ft) Vessel Size Total Values 2013Site Values 2013Site NameKingston Point Park, Kingston NY Instrument TypeNA Date (Visit 1)Thursday, J une 28, 2012 Time 8:30 am 1:30 pm Weather Clear, Low 80s Date (Visit 2)Saturday, J une 29, 2013 Time 8:30 am 1:00 pm Weather Partly Cloudy, High 70s 0204060Percentage Wake Height (in.) Wake Height Total Study ValuesTotal Site Values020406080Percentage Vessel Type Vessel Type Total Study ValuesTotal Site Values0204060Percentage Vessel Speed (mph) Vessel Speed Total Study ValuesTotal Site Values02040600-1011-2021-3031-4041-5051-6061-7071-8081-9091-100100-400400+No DataPercentage Vessel Size (ft) Vessel Size Total Study ValuesTotal Site ValuesSite NameRhinecliff-Kingston Amtrak, Rhinebeck, NY Instrument TypeRod Date (Visit 1)Thrusday, J une 28, 2012 Time 8:00 am 2:30 pm Weather Clear, Low 80s Date (Visit 2)Saturday, J une 29, 2013 Time 9:00 am 1:30 pm Weather Scattered clouds, Low 70s 01020304050Percentage Wake Height (in.) Wake Height Total Study ValuesTotal Site Values020406080Percentage Vessel Type Vessel Type Total Study ValuesTotal Site Values01020304050Percentage Vessel Speed (mph) Vessel SpeedTotal Study ValuesTotal Site Values0102030400-1011-2021-3031-4041-5051-6061-7071-8081-9091-100100-400400+No DataPercentage Vessel Size (ft) Vessel Size Total Study ValuesTotal Site ValuesSite NameNorrie Point Environmental Center, Staatsburg, NY Instrument TypeNA Date(Visit 1)Saturday, J une 29, 2013 Time9:00 am 1:30 pm WeatherMostly Cloudy, High 70s 01020304050Percentage Wake Height (in.) Wake Height Total Values 2013Site Values 2013020406080Pernectage Vessel Type Vessel Type Total Values 2013Site Values 20130204060Percentage Vessel Speed (mph) Vessel Speed Total Values 2013Site Values 2013010203040500-1011-2021-3031-4041-5051-6061-7071-8081-9091-100100-400400+No DataPercentage Vessel Size (ft) Vessel Size Total Values 2013Site Values 2013Site NameQuiet Cove Riverfront Park, Poughkeepsie, NY Instrument TypeRod Date (Visit 1)Tuesday, J une 26, 2012 Time 9:45 am 1:45 pm Weather Overcast, Mid 60s 0.020.040.060.080.0Percentage Wake Height (in.) Wake Height Total Values 2012Site Values 20120.020.040.060.080.0Percentage Vessel Type Vessel Type Total Values 2012Site Values 20120.050.0100.0150.0Percentage Vessel Speed (mph) Vessel Speed Total Values 2012Site Values 20120.010.020.030.00-1010-2020-3030-4040-5050-6060-7070-8080-9090-100100-400400+No DataPercentage Vessel Size (ft) Vessel Size Total Values 2012Site Values 2012Site NameMarist Boathouse, Poughkeepsie, NY Instrument TypeNA Date(Visit 1)Tuesday, J une 26, 2012 Time9:15 am 1:30 pm WeatherPartly Cloudy, Low 60s Date(Visit 2)Saturday, J une 29, 2013 Time8:00 am 1:30 pm WeatherPartly Cloudy, High 70s 020406080Percentage Wake Height (in.) Wake Height Total Study ValuesTotal Site Values020406080Percentage Vessel Type Vessel Type Total Study ValuesTotal Site Values0204060Percentage Vessel Speed (mph) Vessel Speed Total Study ValuesTotal Site Values02040600-1011-2021-3031-4041-5051-6061-7071-8081-9091-100100-400400+No DataPercentage Vessel Size (ft) Vessel Size Total Study ValuesTotal Site ValuesSite NameVictor C. Waryas Park, Poughkeepsie, NY Instrument TypeNA Date (Visit 1)Tuesday, J une 26, 2012 Time 9:00 am 3:00 pm Weather Overcast, High 60s Date (Visit 2)Saturday, J une 29, 2013 Time 7:30 am 1:30 pm Weather Partly Cloudy, High 70s

0204060Percentage Wake Height (in.) Wake HeightTotal Study ValuesTotal Site Values020406080Percentage Vessel Type Vessel Type Total Study ValuesTotal Site Values020406080100Percentage Vessel Speed (mph) Vessel Speed Total Study ValuesTotal Site Values0102030400-1011-2021-3031-4041-5051-6061-7071-8081-9091-100100-400400+No DataPercentage Vessel Size (ft) Vessel Size Total Study ValuesTotal Site ValuesSite NameChelsea Yacht Club, Wappinger, NY Instrument TypeNA Date (Visit 1)Tuesday, J une 26, 2012 Time 8:00 am 3:00 pm Weather Overcast, High 60s Date (Visit 2)Saturday, J une 29, 2013 Time 6:30 am 2:00 pm Weather Partly Cloudy, Low 80s 010203040Percentage Wake Height (in.) Wake Height Total Site ValuesTotal Study Values020406080Percentage Vessel Type Vessel Type Total Site ValuesTotal Study Values01020304050Percentage Vessel Speed(mph) Vessel Speed Total Site ValuesTotal Study Values0102030400-1011-2021-3031-4041-5051-6061-7071-8081-9091-100100-400400+No DataPercentage Vessel Size (ft) Vessel Size Total Site ValuesTotal Study ValuesSite NameRiverfront Park, Beacon, NY Instrument TypeNA Date (Visit 1)Tuesday, J une 26, 2012 Time 8:15 am 2:45 pm Weather Overcast, Mid 60s 01020304050Percentage Wake Height (in.) Wake Height Total Values 2012Site Values 2012020406080Percentage Vessel Type Vessel Type Total Values 2012Site Values 20120204060Percentage Vessel Speed (mph) Vessel Speed Total Values 2012Site Values 201201020300-1011-2021-3031-4041-5051-6061-7071-8081-9091-100100-400400+No DataPercentage Vessel Size (ft) Vessel Size Total Values 2012Site Values 2012Site Name2 Washington St, Newburgh, NY Instrument TypeNA Date (Visit 1)Tuesday, J une 26, 2012 Time 7:00 am 2:00 pm Weather Mostly Cloudy, Mid 60s Date (Visit 2)Friday, J une 28, 2013 Time 10:00 am 2:30 pm Weather Mostly Cloudy, High 70s 0204060Percentage Wake Height (in.) Wake Height Total Study ValuesTotal Site Values020406080Percentage Vessel Type Vessel Type Total Study ValuesTotal Site Values01020304050Percentage Vessel Speed (mph) Vessel Speed Total Study ValuesTotal Site Values02040600-1011-2021-3031-4041-5051-6061-7071-8081-9091-100100-400400+No DataPercentage Vessel Size (ft) Vessel Size Total Study ValuesTotal Site ValuesSite NamePlum Point Park, New Windsor, NY Instrument TypeBucket Date (Visit 1)Tuesday, J une 26, 2012 Time 7:00 am 3:00 pm Weather Mostly Cloudy, Mid 60s Date (Visit 2)Friday, J une 28, 2013 Time 9:30 am 3:00 pm Weather Mostly Cloudy, Low 80s 0204060801000-0.50.5-4.54.5-8.58.5-12.512.5-16.516.5-20.520.5-2525 +No DataPercentage Wake Height (in.) Wake Height Total Site ValuesTotal Study Values020406080Percentage Vessel Type Vessel Type Total Site ValuesTotal Study Values0204060Percentage Vessel Speed (mph) Vessel Speed Total Site ValuesTotal Study Values010203040500-1011-2021-3031-4041-5051-6061-7071-8081-9091-100100-400400+No DataPercentage Vessel Size (ft) Vessel Size Total Site ValuesTotal Study ValuesSite NameMain St. (Waterfront), Cold Spring, NY Instrument TypeNA Date (Visit 1)Tuesday, J une 26 2012 Time 9:00 am 2:00 pm Weather Overcast, High 60s Date (Visit 2)Friday, J une 28 2013 Time 9:30 am 1:00 pm Weather Mostly Cloudy, High 70s 01020304050Percentage Wake Height (in.) Wake Height Total Study ValuesTotal Site Values020406080100Percentage Vessel Type Vessel Type Total Study ValuesTotal Site Values010203040Percentage Vessel Speed (mph) Vessel Speed Total Study ValuesTotal Site Values0102030400-1011-2021-3031-4041-5051-6061-7071-8081-9091-100100-400400+No DataPercentage Vessel Size (ft) Vessel Size Total Study ValuesTotal Site ValuesSite NameGarrisons Landing, Garrison, NY Instrument TypeRod Date(Visit 1)Friday, J une 28, 2013 Time9:30 am 2:00 pm WeatherMostly Cloudy, High 70s 01020304050Percentage Wake Height (in.) Wake Height Total Values 2013Site Values 2013020406080Percentage Vessel Type Vessel Type Total Values 2013Site Values 2013020406080Percentage Vessel Speed (mph) Vessel Speed Total Values 2013Site Values 2013010203040500-1011-2021-3031-4041-5051-6061-7071-8081-9091-100100-400400+No DataPercentage Vessel Size (ft) Vessel Size Total Values 2013Site Values 2013Site NameMine Dock Rd, Highland Falls, NY Instrument TypeNA Date (Visit 1)Thursday, J uly 19, 2012 Time 9:00 am 1:30 pm Weather Overcast, High 60s Date (Visit 2)Friday, J une 28, 2013 Time 8:00 am 3:30 pm Weather Mostly Cloudy, Low 80s 020406080Percentage Wake Height (in.) Wake Height Total Study ValuesTotal Site Values020406080100Percentage Vessel Type Vessel Type Total Study ValuesTotal Site Values01020304050Percentage Vessel Size (mph) Vessel Speed Total Study ValuesTotal Site Values010203040500-1011-2021-3031-4041-5051-6061-7071-8081-9091-100100-400400+No DataPercentage Vessel Size (ft) Vessel Size Total Study ValuesTotal Site Values Site NameRiverfront Green Park, Peekskill, NY Instrument TypeRod Date(Visit 1)Friday, J une 28, 2013 Time10:30 am 1:00 pm WeatherMostly Cloudy, High 60s 0204060Percentage Wake Height (in.) Wake Height Total Values 2013Site Values 20130204060Percentage Vessel Type Vessel Type Total Values 2013Site Values 20130204060Percentage Vessel Speed (mph) Vessel Speed Total Values 2013Site Values 20130501001500-1011-2021-3031-4041-5051-6061-7071-8081-9091-100100-400400+No DataPercentage Vessel Size (ft) Vessel Size Total Values 2013Site Values 2013Site NameHardie St, Verplanck, NY Instrument TypeNA Date(Visit 1)Friday, J une 28, 2013 Time9:30 am 2:00 pm WeatherMostly Cloudy, Mid 70s 010203040Percentage Wake Height (in.) Wake Height Total Values 2013Site Values 2013020406080Percentage Vessel Type Vessel type Total Values 2013Site Values 2013010203040Percentage Vessel Speed (mph) Vessel Speed Total Values 2013Site Values 2013010203040500-1011-2021-3031-4041-5051-6061-7071-8081-9091-100100-400400+No DataPercentage Vessel Size (ft) Vessel Size Total Values 2013Site Values 2013Site NameHaverstraw Marina, West Haverstraw, NY Instrument TypeNA Date(Visit 1)Friday, J une 28, 2013 Time10:00 am 1:00 pm WeatherMostly Cloudy, High 70s 01020304050Percentage Wake Height (in.) Wake Height Total Values 2013Site Values 2013020406080Percentage Vessel Type Vessel Type Total Values 2013Site Values 2013020406080Percentage Vessel Speed (mph) Vessel Speed Total Values 2013Site Values 2013010203040500-1011-2021-3031-4041-5051-6061-7071-8081-9091-100100-400400+No DataPercentage Vessel Size (ft) Vessel Size Total Values 2013Site Values 2013Site NameBowline Point Park, West Haverstraw, NY Instrument TypeNA Date(Visit 1)Friday, J une 28, 2013 Time8:00 am 12:30 pm WeatherMostly Cloudy, Mid 70s Date (Visit 2)Friday, J une 28, 2013 Time8:15 am 12:30 pm WeatherMostly Cloudy, Mid 70s 010203040Percentage Wake Height (in.) Wake Height Total Study ValuesTotal Site Values020406080Percentage Vessel Type Vessel Type Total Study ValuesTotal Site Values01020304050Percentage Vessel Speed (mph) Vessel Speed Total Study ValuesTotal Site Values010203040500-1011-2021-3031-4041-5051-6061-7071-8081-9091-100100-400400+No DataPercentage Vessel Size (ft) Vessel Size Total Study ValuesTotal Site Values Site NameElliot Way, Croton-on-Hudson, NY Instrument TypeNA Date (Visit 1)Thursday J uly 19, 2012 Time 9:00 am 2:00 pm Weather Overcast, Low 70s Date (Visit 2)Friday, J une 28, 2013 Time 10:30 am 2:00 pm Weather Mostly Cloudy, High 70s 0204060801000-0.50.5-4.54.5-8.58.5-12.512.5-16.516.5-20.520.5-2525 +No DataPercentage Wake Height (in.) Wake Height Total Study ValuesTotal Site Values020406080100Percentage Vessel Type Vessel Type Total Study ValuesTotal Site Values0204060Percentage Vessel Speed (mph) Vessel Speed Total Study ValuesTotal Site Values0102030400-1011-2021-3031-4041-5051-6061-7071-8081-9091-100100-400400+No DataPercentage Vessel Size (ft) Vessel Size Total Study ValuesTotal Site Values Site NameCroton Point Park, Croton-on-Hudson, NY Instrument TypeNA Date(Visit 1)Friday, J une 28, 2013 Time9:30 am 2:00 pm WeatherMostly Cloudy, High 70s 020406080Percentage Wake Height (in.) Wake Height Total Values 2013Site Values 2013020406080100Percentage Vessel Type Vessel Type Total Values 2013Site Values 2013020406080100Percentage Vessel Speed (mph) Vessel Speed Total Values 2013Site Values 20130204060800-1011-2021-3031-4041-5051-6061-7071-8081-9091-100100-400400+No DataPercentage Vessel Size (ft) Vessel SizeTotal Values 2013Site Values 2013Site NameWesterly Rd, Ossining, NY Instrument TypeNA Date(Visit 1)Friday, J une 28, 2013 Time8:00 am 12:00 pm WeatherMostly Cloudy, High 70s 01020304050Percentage Wake Height (in.) Wake Height Total Values 2013Site Values 20130204060Percentage Vessel Type Vessel Type Total Values 2013Site Values 20130204060Percentage Vessel Speed (mph) Vessel Speed Total Values 2013Site Values 20130102030400-1011-2021-3031-4041-5051-6061-7071-8081-9091-100100-400400+No DataPercentage Vessel Size (ft) Vessel Size Total Values 2013Site Values 2013Site NameNyack Seaport, Nyack NY Instrument TypeNA Date(Visit 1)Thursday, J uly 19, 2012 Time7:30 am 2:00 pm WeatherMostly Cloudy, Low 70s Date(Visit 2)Friday, J une 28, 2013 Time7:00 am 2:15 pm WeatherMostly Cloudy, High 70s 0501001500-0.50.5-4.54.5-8.58.5-12.512.5-16.516.5-20.520.5-2525 +No DataPercentage Wake Height (in.) Wake Height Total Study ValuesTotal Site Values020406080Percentage Vessel Type Vessel Type Total Study ValuesTotal Site Values010203040Percentage Vessel Speed (mph) Vessel Speed Total Study ValuesTotal Site Values010203040500-1011-2021-3031-4041-5051-6061-7071-8081-9091-100100-400400+No DataPercentage Vessel Size (ft) Vessel Size Total Study ValuesTotal Site Values Site NameLosee Park, Tarrytown, NY Instrument TypeNA Date (Visit 1)Thursday, J uly 19, 2012 Time 7:30 am 2:30 pm Weather Mostly Cloudy, Low 70s Date (Visit 2)Friday, J une 28, 2013 Time 7:30 am 3:30 pm Weather Mostly Cloudy, High 70s 01020304050Percentage Wake Height (in.) Wake Height Total Study ValuesTotal Site Values020406080Percentage Vessel Type Vessel Type Total Study ValuesTotal Site Values0204060Percentae Vessel Speed (mph) Vessel Speed Total Study ValuesTotal Site Values010203040500-1011-2021-3031-4041-5051-6061-7071-8081-9091-100100-400400+No DataPercentage Vessel Size (ft) Vessel Size Total Study ValuesTotal Site Values