hugh clayden, head of tree health
DESCRIPTION
Forestry Commission Scotland. Discussing the current status of tree health and biosecurity issues in Scotland and the UKTRANSCRIPT
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The tree health landscape in
(mainly) Scotland
Hugh ClaydenForestry Commission Scotland
15 October 2014
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What are we up against?
What can we do about it?
Keeping things in perspective
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Phytophthoras
Insects
Fungi
ComplexesBacteria
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USA, CA
AU, NZ
Asia
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100 years
50 years**
25 years
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Average Rainfall
+27%
+1.0 -+1.6
∘C
∘C
1961 -2011
Averagetemperature
?
?
?
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Dothistroma needle blight
86 (out of 129) Pinus species known to be susceptible
Distribution on national forest estate
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Phytophthora ramorum
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Phytophthora ramorum
Lagphase
Exponential Decline
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Phytophthora ramorum
1st finding (on larch) in
November 2010
EU2 lineage (2011)
75%+ larch still healthy
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Chalara dieback of ash
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Mid -1990s
Chalara
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2012
Chalara
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Chalara
Sheltered area
Buff
er a
rea
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Phytophthora austrocedrae
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Phytophthora lateralis
Recently confirmed on Western red cedar (Thuja plicata)
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714 pests in the UK Plant Health Risk Register
(October 2014)
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44%
13%
6%
1%
8%
1%2%1%2%
1%
11%
0%
2%
1%
1%
1%1%
4%
Sitka spruce
Scots pine
Corsican pine
Norway spruce
Larches
Douglas fir
Lodgepole pine
Other conifers
Oak
Beech
Sycamore
Ash
Birch
Sweet Chestnut
Hazel
Hawthorn
Alder
Willow
Other broadleaves
Scotland
Stocked area by principal tree species at March 2012
broa
dlea
ves
other conifers
Sitka spruce
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44%
13%
6%
1%
8%
1%2%1%2%
1%
11%
0%
2%
1%
1%
1%1%
4%
Sitka spruce
Scots pine
Corsican pine
Norway spruce
Larches
Douglas fir
Lodgepole pine
Other conifers
Oak
Beech
Sycamore
Ash
Birch
Sweet Chestnut
Hazel
Hawthorn
Alder
Willow
Other broadleaves
Scotland
Stocked area by principal tree species at March 2012
Dothistroma
Ramorum
D. micansP. lateralisP. austrocedraePine tree lappetPine beautyFusarium
AOD, OPM, Chalara, SCB, ALB, CLB, P. cinnamomi,P. pseudosyringaePseudomonas spp, DED
??ElatobiumD. micansIps typographusSpruce budwormPhytophthorasHybrids?
Lower risk (?)
High impact
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What are we up against?
What can we do about it?
Keeping things in perspective
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Species choiceSilvicultural
systemsLength of rotation
Spectrum of approaches
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Resilience-building measures
Select the most suitable species and genotypes
Reduce other pressures on forests
Maintain or add diversity in structure and species
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Living with Environmental Change(LWEC): Tree health and Plant Biosecurity Initiative
• (£9.2M) 2014 -2017• BBSRC, ESRC, NERC, Defra, FC, Scottish Government
asymmetric ion mobility spectrometry
vegetative compatibility of fungi
botanicals and biocontrol with entomopathogenic fungi (“lure and kill”)
genomics
protein fusion technology
Pest Host
Environment
Socialscience
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• Review of the EU Plant Health Regime
• Expert Taskforce on Tree Health and Plant Biosecurity
• Sir Mark Walport Review (Animal & plant health in the UK – assessment of future national capacity)
• UK Chief Plant Health Officer
• UK Plant Health Risk Register
• Scottish Tree Health Advisory Group
• Potential ‘Centre for Expertise in Plant Health’ (Scotland)
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What are we up against?
What can we do about it?
Keeping things in perspective
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Annual crop yields (globally) reduced by 20-40% due to pests and diseases (source IPCC)
Irish potato famine 1845Good design +Good silviculture +Good science
+
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53%
13%
0%
4%
7%
2%
6%
2%2%
2%2%
1%4%
0%
1%
0%
1%
Sitka spruce
Scots pine
Corsican pine
Norway spruce
Larches
Douglas fir
Lodgepole pine
Other conifers
Oak
Beech
Sycamore
Ash
Birch
Sweet Chestnut
Hazel
Hawthorn
Alder
Willow
Other broadleaves
Scotland
Standing volume by principal tree species at March 2012
broadleaves
Sitka spruce
other con
ifers
Sitka spruce
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53%
13%
0%
4%
7%
2%
6%
2%2%
2%2%
1%4%
0%
1%
0%
1%
Sitka spruce
Scots pine
Corsican pine
Norway spruce
Larches
Douglas fir
Lodgepole pine
Other conifers
Oak
Beech
Sycamore
Ash
Birch
Sweet Chestnut
Hazel
Hawthorn
Alder
Willow
Other broadleaves
Scotland
Standing volume by principal tree species at March 2012
AOD, OPM, Chalara, SCB, ALB, CLB, P. cinnamomi,P. pseudosyringaePseudomonas spp, DED
Dothistroma
Ramorum
D. micansP. lateralisP. austrocedraePine tree lappetPine beautyFusarium
??
ElatobiumD. micansIps typographusSpruce budwormPhytophthorasHybrids?
Lower risk (?)
High impact
(62% of conifer volume)
Who owns the risk?