An HCI View

A Design-Theory View[1] Davis, M. Toto, I ve Got a Feeling We re Not in Kansas Anymore .

15, no.5 (2008).

[2] Buchanan, R. Branzi s Dilemma:

Design in contemporary culture. Design Issues 14, no. 1 (1998).

[3] Maldonado, T. and G. Bonsiepe. Science and Design, Journal of the Ulm School for Design 10/11. HfG Ulm, Ulm, 1964.

Man-Machine system

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EDITORHugh Dubberlyhugh@dubberly.com

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Hugh DubberlyDubberly Design Office | hugh@dubberly.com

Paul PangaroCybernetic Lifestyles | pan@pangaro.com

Usman HaqueHaque Design + Research Ltd. | usman@haque.co.uk

[4] Norman, D. A. The Design of Everyday Things. New York: Basic Books, 2002.

[5] Norman, D. A. Personal correspon-dence, 31 October 2008.

[6] Verplank, B. Interaction Design Sketchbook, February 2001. (unpublished manuscript.)

[7] Pangaro, P. New Order from Old: The Rise of Second-Order Cybernetics and Implications for Machine Intelligence. Keynote presentation given at the annual confer-ence of the American Society for Cybernetics, Vancouver, Canada, October 1988. < http://pangaro.com/NOFO>

[8] Cooper, A. The Inmates Are Running the Asylum. SAMS,1999.

[9] Haque, U. Personal correspondence, 25 August 2008.

A Systems-Theory View

Don Norman s gulf of execution and evaluation

Don Norman s seven stages of action

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Types of Systems

Bill Verplank s interaction model

Types of systems

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[10] Debatty, R. Interview with Douglas

Edric Stanley. Weblog. We Make Money Not Art. 5 June 2006. < http://www.we-make-money-not-art.com/archives/2006/06/can-you-tell-us.php>

Water cycle

Self-regulating system

Learning system

Linear system

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[11] Cornock, S. and E. Edmonds. The Creative Process where the Artist is Amplified or Superseded by the Computer. Leonardo 6 (1973): 11-16.

[12] Boulding, K. General Systems

Theory: The Skeleton of Science. Management Science 2, no. 3 (1956).

[13] Rittel, H. The Universe of Design. A series of lectures given at UC Berkeley, 1965.

[14] Pask, G. Conversation Theory: Applications in Education and Epistemology. Amsterdam: Elsevier,1976. (See also an explication of the model in the text at http://pangaro.com/L1L0/)

System Combinations

LEVELS OF SYSTEMS

1. the level of Frameworks Only the geography and anatomy of the subject is described and analyzed; a kind of system of static relations [Most architecture and graphic design systems are of this type.]

2. the level of Clockworks Machines that are determined

3. the level of Thermostats The level of control in mechanical and cybernetical [sic] systems

4. the level of the Cell As an open and self-maintaining system, having a through-put that transforms unpredicted inputs into outputs [what Maturana, Varela, and Uribe later called an autopoetic system]

5. the Genetic and Societal level Of plants and accumulated cells

6. the level of the Animal Specialized receptors, a nervous system, and an image

7. the Human level All of the previous six plus self-consciousness. The system knows that it knows, and knows that it dies

8. the level of the Social Organism The unit at this level is a role, rather than a state; messages with content and meaning exist, and value systems are developed

9. the level of Transcendental Systems The ultimates and absolutes and the inescapables with systematic structure

Kenneth Boulding, as summarized by Horst Rittel [13]

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[15] Pangaro, P. Participative Systems.

November 2000. < http://www.pangaro.com/PS/PS2005-v1b-4up.pdf>

ABOUT THE AUTHORS Hugh Dubberly manag-es a consultancy focused on making services and software easier to use through interaction design and information design. As vice president he was responsible for design and production of Netscape s Web services. For 10 years he was at

Apple, where he managed graphic design and corporate identity and co-created the Knowledge Navigator series of videos. Dubberly also founded an interactive media department at Art Center and has taught at San Jose State, IIT/ID, and Stanford.

Paul Pangaro is the CTO at CyberneticLifestyles.com in New York City, where he consults at the intersection of product strategy, marketing, and organizational dynamics. He is recognized as an authority on search and related conversational impedances in human-machine interaction, and on

entailment meshes, a highly rigorous framework for representing knowledge. He was CTO of several startups, including Idealab s Snap.com, and was senior director and distinguished market strat-egist at Sun Microsystems. Paul has taught at Stanford University.

Usman Haque has created responsive environ-ments, interactive installations, digital interface devices, and mass-participation performances. His skills include the design of both physical spaces and the software and systems that bring them to life. He has been an invited researcher at the

Interaction Design Institute in Ivrea, Italy, artist-in-residence at Japan s International Academy of Media Arts and Sciences. Usman has worked in the U.S., U.K., and Malaysia. As well as directing the work of Haque Design + Research, he was, until 2005, a teacher in the Interactive Architecture Workshop at the Bartlett School of Architecture.

DOI: 10.1145/1456202.1456220 © 2009 ACM 1072-5220/09/0100 $5.00

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