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TRANSCRIPT
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Clean Coal Technology in Japan
March 2013
Sohei SHIMADA
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Outlines
Clean Coal Technology System
Coal firing power generation technology
Pulverized coal combustion/IGCC/IGFC
Flue gas treatment technology
Ash utilization Future outlook for CCT
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Formation and Type of Coal
Van Krevlens coal band
Type of coal
Peat
Lignite
Brown coal
Sub-bituminous coal
Bituminous coal
Anthracite
Wood
-CO2
-H2O
-CH4
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Disadvan-
tages
Large CO2
emission per unit
heat generation
compared to
other fossil fuels
Large SOx and
Nox emission
in combustion
Difficulties in
handling due to
solid fuel
Generation
of ash after
combustion
Disadvan-
tages
Increase of global
warming
Acid rain Poor handling
ability
Generation
of ash
Counterme
asures
Decrease of CO2
emission
Decrease of
SOx and NOx
emission
Improvement of
handling anility
Ash
treatment
Technical
Measures
Increase of
thermal efficiency
Development
De-SOx and
De-NOx
technologies
Development of
liquefaction,
gasification and
slurry
technologies
Utilization of
ash
Background of Clean Coal Technology
(CCT)
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Clean Coal Technology System (1)
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Clean Coal Technology System (2)
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The pulverized coal-fired power generation system is widely usedas an established, highly reliable technology. In 2000, 600/610CUSC (Ultra Super Critical Steam Condition) systems wereinstalled. Further challenges will be to use more types of coal,increase generation efficiency, improve environmental measuresand enhance load operability.
High Efficiency Pulverized Coal-firedPower Generation Technology (Ultra
Super Critical Steam Condition)
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Changes in steam condition over time
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Power generation efficiency and
CO2 reduction rate
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IGCC (Integrated Coal
Gasification Combined Cycle)
Charactersitics:
1: Improved power generation esfficiency
2: Low environment burden3: Flexibility to use different
grades of coal
4: Increase ash use5: Reduction of water
consumption
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The integrated coal gasification fuel cell combined cycle (IGFC) gasifies coal for usein triple combined power generation, which combines three different types of
generation systems: fuel cells, gas turbines and steam turbines. This high-efficiencypower generation technology is expected to provide power generation efficiency of55% or higher, if successfully developed, and to reduce CO2 emissions byapproximately 30% from the level of existing pulverized coal-fired power generationsystems. IGFC is expected to become a coal-fired power generation technology ofthe future, although there are still many challenges to be overcome forcommercialization, including the development of inexpensive high-efficiency fuelcells.
Integrated Coal Gasification Fuel CellCombined Cycle (IGFC)
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Utilization of ash
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Progress of Generation Technology
PC: Pulverized Coal Combustion PFBC: Pressurized Fluidized-bed Combustion
IGCC: Integrated Coal Gasification Combined Cycle
IGFC: Integrated Coal Gasification Fuel Cell Combined Cycle
Developed
Under dev.
CO2 Emission RatioNet Thermal Efficiency
AverageJapan(1997)
PC
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Flue Gas Treatment Technologies
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Electrostatic precipitator
Flue gas containing ash and dust passes between two electrodes that arecharged by a high voltage current. The negatively charged ash and dust are
attracted toward and deposited on the cathode. The ash and dust deposited onthe cathode are tapped periodically, and are collected in the lower section of theelectrostatic precipitator and then subsequently removed. The principle is thesame as the phenomenon where paper and dust adhere to a celluloid boardelectrostatically charged by friction.
Flue gas desulfurizer
Limestone is powderized to prepare a water-based mixture (limestone slurry).The mixture is injected into the flue gas to induce a reaction between thelimestone and the sulfur oxides in the flue gas to form calcium sulfite, which isfurther reacted with oxygen to form gypsum. The gypsum is then separated as aproduct.
Flue gas denitrizer
Ammonia is injected into the flue gas containing nitrogen oxides. The gasmixture is introduced to a metallic catalyst (a substance which induces chemicalreactions). The nitrogen oxides in the flue gas undergo catalyst-inducedchemical reactions, causing them to decompose into nitrogen and water.
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History of Emission Level in Coal-firingPower Generation Plant in Japan
Technology target :3 tens
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The first trend is that many different technologies orsystems related to coal gasification are now underdevelopment. As an example, R&D on high-efficiencypower generation systems, including the integrated coal
gasification combined cycle (IGCC) and the integratedcoal gasification fuel cell combined cycle (IGFC), hassteadily progressed toward commercialization.
Another example is conversion into liquid fuel or chemical
raw materials that are clean and contain no impurities,such as methanol, DME and GTL. These technologieswill lead to coproduction systems, including co-generation,with a view to a zero-emission world.
Future Outlook for CCT
(Gasification and Liquefaction)
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The second trend is towards efforts to build a hydrogenenergy society, which is the direction the energy sector isexpected to move.
According to the International Institute for Applied SystemsAnalysis 2000 (IIASA 2000), in terms of the "H/C(hydrogen/carbon)" ratio, global primary energyconsumption was on a near-constant increase between themid-1800s to around 1980. In and after 1980, the H/C ratioremained almost unchanged at around two due to anincrease in oil consumption. As a whole, however, the pre-1980 trend is expected to resume, leading to a situation
where, around 2030, the H/C ratio will equal four.
In a society where the primary energy source is shiftingfrom natural gas to hydrogen, energy consumption derivedfrom carbon combustion will finally be discouraged.
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Various CCT development coredby Coal Gasification
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Ratio of hydrogen to carbon (H/C) inprimary energy
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IGCC: Integrated Coal Gasification Combined Cycle
IGFC: Integrated Coal Gasification Fuel Cell Combined Cycle
A-PFBC: Advanced Pressurized Fluidized-bed Combustion
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Society will be forced to deal with CO2 emissions resulting from thedirect combustion of coal by heavily relying on CO2 separation,recovery, sequestration and fixation.
Thus, there are basically two important clean coal technologychallenges.
One is to develop a series of upstream technologies to separate,recover, sequester and store CO2 generated through the direct
combustion of coal and to collect crude oil and gases.
The other is to build high-efficiency coal utilization technologies,including coal gasification, reforming and conversion technologies, sothat the carbon component in coal can be used as fuel or as afeedstock for the chemical industry, thereby reducing CO2 emissionsgenerated through direct combustion.
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