HUM 2461Humanities of Latin America

Fall 2013

Day 27Tuesday, 26th of

November

• Attendance• Course housekeeping• Final paper due date (Nov.30)• Female Writers in the 19th Century • Modernismo: Latin American Artists

Course housekeeping •Saturday, 30th of Nov. Due date for Final Paper.

•Tuesday, 3rd of December Quiz #3.

•Tuesday, 10th of December Final Exam From 1:00 PM to 3:00 PM (2-hour exam)

Female Writers in the 19th Century

1. Gertrudis Goméz de Avellaneda Sab (1841) and Dos mujeres (1842)

2. Clorinda Matto de Turner Aves Sin Nido (1889). 3. Mercedes Cabello de Carbonera Blanca Sol

(1888).4. Juana Mauela Gorriti La oasis de la vida (1880).5. Flora Tristán Peregrinaciones de una paria

(1839).6. Teresa González de Fanning Ambición y

abnegación (1886).

Gertrudis goméz de avellanedaFeminist

• Sab, (1841)• According to the cannon: This novel can be compared to

Uncle Tom's Cabin (1852) in that both novels are literary protests against the practice of slavery.

• However, in Sab, the writer draws a parallel between the subjugation of the slave and the second-class status of women. She writes: Como los esclavos, ellas arrastran pacientemente su cadena y bajan la cabeza bajo el yugo de las leyes humanas.  (Like slaves, women patiently drag their chains and lower their heads under the yoke of human laws.) 

• Sab was banned in Cuba for its unconventional approach to society and its problems. Avellaneda's works were considered scandalous because of her recurrent themes of interracial love and society's divisions.

Gertrudis goméz de

avellaneda(Cuba 1814-

1873)

Gertrudis goméz de avellanedaFeminist

•Dos Mujeres, (Two Women) (1842)•Her second novel was the equally

controversial because it challenges the benefits of marriage.

•“Deals with great topics of the 19th century: arranged marriages, adultery, infidelity, female education, women’s roles in patriarchal societies.” (María de los Angeles Ayala)

Dos Mujeres, (Two Women) (1842)

• Examined women's roles in religion, history, government, and the intellectual sphere. Avellaneda's work reveals a consistent interest in the condition of women that is exemplified not only in Sab but present in the writings in Poesías and Obras.

• Avellaneda was denied membership in the Royal Spanish Academy because of her gender, but she enjoyed enough success to earn a living from her writing. She was a popular figure in Cuba and Spain, and both countries claim her as part of their national literary heritage.

Gertrudis goméz de avellanedaFeminist

• Sab and Dos mujeres were experimental works for its time and established the author's reputation as a master of language and a voice for women. In Dos mujeres, she invests the lives of two working class women with extraordinary insights into race, sex, gender, and other feminist issues.

• In 1909, the American writer Gertrude Stein will do the same in her first novel Three women. Stein became the voice of the American women writers and one the first feminist voices in the United States.

5. modernismoin

Latin American

20TH CENTURYTHE NEW HUMANITIES

ERA

5. Modernismo

(1875-1916)

Artistic Movements

1. Neoclassicism (late 18th century)

2. Romanticism(1825-1875)

3. Realismo (1850-1880)

4. Costumbrismo (1830-1910)

5. Modernismo (1875-1916)

Modernismo (1)• Cultural maturity.• Internationalism.• Pride in Latin American identity.• Exoticism more than during romanticism.• Blend of European ---isms such romanticism,

symbolism, parnassianism, et cetera.• Voluntad de estilo individualism. • Modernists try to show their stylin’

•José Martí (Cuba)•1875 Ismaelillo•Beginning of modernismo•Rubén Darío (Nicaragua)•1888 Azul•1916 (end of modernismo)

Modernismo (2)

José martí“Father of modernismo”

• 1877 Moved to Guatemala, and he wrote the play Patria y Libertad: a drama indio (Country and Liberty: an Indian Play).

• 1878 He returned to Cuba, where he signed the Pacto de Zanjón at the end of the failed Cuban Ten Years’s War of independence against Spain.

• 1880 He worked in New York City as the leader of the Cuban Revolutionary Party.

• 1881 He moved to Venezuela.

José martí

• 1893 He met the Nicaraguan modernista poet Rubén Darío in New Mexico thereby joining the First modernista Generation with the Second modernista generation.

• Praised Simón Bolívar as the hero of South American independence and the major model for Cuban independence.

• 1894 first attempt to start a war of independence in Cuba.

• 1895 Martí joined the independence rebellion.

José martí: PUBLICATIONS AND SPEECHES:

• 1882 Ismaelillo, modernista poetry.

• 1889 "Mother America”

Washington, D.C.

• 1891 Versos sencillos, modernista poetry.

• 1891 Article “Nuestra América / Our America” in La Revista Ilustrada (New York).

• 1891 Gave two patriotic speeches in Ibor City, Tampa

• 1892 Founded Patria.

Overview of Jose Marti's "Our America” (1)

1. Marti calls for people to step forward with their ideas.

2. Expresses desire for people in America to be united, to make America strong.

3. Uses "Our America" to refer to Latin America. Situates his essay within a historical context with mention of the Aztecs, the Inca, Simon Bolivar--Latin American liberator--and figures from Mexico's War of Independence.

4. Recognizes role of Catholic Church (rosary as our guide) in identity.

5. Reflects on the Peasant--associates him with Nature, an individual who will resist tyranny and outside ideas.

6. Makes note of the Giant of the North.

Overview of Jose Marti's "Our America” (2)

José martícharacteristics of his work

• In terms of style, his work is rich, elaborate, elegant, crisp, unpredictable, and complex.

• In terms of content, he demonstrated a love for family, a love for all humanity (he was a passionately anti-slavery) and love Cuba.

Rubén darío“end of modernismo”

• He is the central and most dominant modernista figure.

• He was a prolific, creative, innovative, and protean poet from Nicaragua.

• He is so significant a humanist that, traditionally speaking, his death in 1916 sets a kind of end mark for the entire movement. The year 1916 is a handy way to mark a transition to a rapid succession of changes in style and content in the humanities of Latin America that continues throughout the twentieth century and into the twenty-first century.

Rubén darío(1867-1916)

• He was illegitimate and that his heritage includes white, black, and indigenous forebears.

• In1888, his first major publication, Azul, which contains both prose and poetry.

• From this time onward he worked as a diplomat and journalist.

Rubén darío(1867-1916)

AZUL (1888) • Carries no moral purpose, describe no feats of

heroism, and do not use any clichéd Spanish themes.

• The stories adopt a new worldly-wise tone, often suggesting Paris.

• Evokes an erotic, sensual mood; creates vivid, ethereal images, and describes the artist and the unappreciated role of art in a bourgeois society.

• Describes nymphs, fairies, and other characters that become symbolic or mythic.

Modernism (1875-1916)•Modernism appeared at a time when traditional forms of art, architecture, literature, religious faith, and many other social organizations were being made obsolete by the new economic, political, and social ideals of an emerging industrial world.

•Humans have conquered the planet through technology. No longer was it God performing miracles, but man, who changed his world through the very tools he had created.

•Through Modernism, the arts shifted focus from the divine to the mundane, reviving the stagnating schools of art and thought.

the Grupo dos Cinco(the Group of Five)

Poets:Mário de Andrade.Oswald de Andrade. Menotti del Picchia.

Artists:Tarsila do Amaral.Anita Malfatti.

Modernismo in Brazil

O Grupo dos Cinco(The Group of Five)

Semana de Arte Moderna ( Modern Art Week)

It was as important as the International Exhibition of

Modern Art (the Armory Show)1913 (New York City)

Semana de Arte Moderna(1922)

Modernist ArtistAnita Mafalti

• 1889 – 1964• Painter and Drawer.• She studied at Independent School of

Art in New York.• She criticises society by painting urban

suffering people.

A estudante russa(The Russian Student)

1915

O Farol(The Light ) 1915

Itanhaém1948-49

Tarsila do Amaral: selfportrait

Tarsila do Amaral

• 1886 – 1973• Well-know for her free and own style• Most famous paint: Abaporu ( 1928), which

was sold for US$ 1,3 milion @Christie's in New York City. This is the highest price ever paid for a Brazilian Painting.

‘Quero ser pintora da minha terra’( I want to be a painter of my homeland)

Abaporu, 1928

A Negra(The black woman) 1923

O Pescador (The Fisherman, 1925) and Morro de Favela (Slum Slope, 1924)

Menotti del picchia• 1892 — 1988• Poet, journalist, and

painter.• Associated with the

Generation of 1922, the first generation of Brazilian modernists.

• Juca Mulato (1917)• Salomé (1940)

• With this book, Del Picchia gets fame as a modernist artist.

• The book deals with topics related to race and social class.

• Slave who falls in love with the daughter of his master.

Juca mulato

Suffer, Juca Mulato, is your fortune, suffer …Hiding lovesickness in our sleeping soul is like sleeping without dreaming, living without a life… Having a heart attached to a dream of love is similar to having a knife in the chest. This life is a fatal dagger with two edges: not to love is to suffer, to love is to suffer even more!

Sofre, Juca Mulato, é tua sina, sofre… Fechar ao mal de amor nossa alma adormecida é dormir sem sonhar, é viver sem ter vida… Ter, a um sonho de amor, o coração sujeito é o mesmo que cravar uma faca no peito. Esta vida é um punhal com dois gumes fatais: não amar é sofrer; amar é sofrer mais"!

Mário de Andrade

• 1893 – 1945• poet, novelist, critical of art, music

scholar, university professor.• Well-know as the most brilliant and

important Brazilian scholar of the 20th century.

Obras de Mário de Andrade

Paulicéia Desvairada ( Crazy São Paulo) Macunaíma• Macunaíma is a landmark

precursor of Latin American magical realism, which has informed the work of contemporary writers from Garcia Marquez to Salman Rushdie.

• Macunaima, first published in Portuguese in 1928, and one of the masterworks of Brazilian literature, is a comic folkloric.

Oswald de andrade

(1890 – 1954)O manifesto antropófago

(The Cannibal Manifesto)

1928Cannibalism becomes a way for Brazil to assert

itself against European post-colonial cultural domination.

"Tupi or not Tupi: that is the question."

The Grupo dos Cinco

Who are the founders of Brazilian modernism?

• Poets:• Mário de Andrade.• Oswald de Andrade.• Menotti del Picchia.• Painters:• Tarsila do Amaral.• Anita Malfatti.

Jorge Amado• Aug. 10, 1912 - Aug. 6, 2001,

Salvador, Bahia.• Brazilian novelist who wrote

stories of life in the eastern Brazilian state of Bahia won international acclaim.• Grew up on a cacao plantation.

• He published his first novel at age 19.

• Three of his early works deal with the cacao plantations, emphasizing the exploitation and the misery of the migrant blacks, mulattoes, and poor whites who harvest the crop and generally expressing communist solutions to social problems.

Jorge Amado,Famous Novels

Dona Flôr and her Two Husbands

Gabriela, Clove and Cinnamon

Cecília Meireles•1901- 1964•Poet, jornalist,

professor,•Began writing poems

at the age of 9,•She always reflects

about life, lonelyness, emptiness, but in a gentle, kind way.

Retrato

"Eu não tinha este rosto de hoje, assim calmo, assim triste, assim magro, nem estes olhos tão vazios, nem o lábio amargo.Eu não tinha estas mãos sem força, tão paradas e frias e mortas; eu não tinha este coração que nem se mostra. Eu não dei por esta mudança, tão simples, tão certa, tão fácil: Em que espelho ficou perdida a minha face?"

Portrait• I did not have this face I have today,

So calm, so sad, so thin,Nor these empty eyes,Nor these bitter lips.

I did not have these weak hands,So inert, so cold and dead;I did not have this heartThat doesn't show itself.

I was not aware of this change,So simple, so certain, so easy:-In which mirror has my face been lost?

Clarice Lispector

•1920-1977•Psychological side of the human

being•Introspection •Epiphany•Daily life

“I have grown weary of literature: silence alone comforts me. If I continue to write, it’s because I have nothing more to accomplish in this world except to wait for death. Searching for the word in darkness. Any little success invades me and puts me in full view of everyone. I long to wallow in the mud. I can scarcely control my need for self-abasement, my craving for licentiousness and debauchery. Sin tempts me, forbidden pleasures lure me. I want to be both pig and hen, then kill them and drink their blood.”

Clarice Lispector

A Hora da Estrela (1977)

Happythanksgiving!