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Chapter 11 Study Guide

Divisions of the brain

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Gyri - folds on the surface of each hemispheres

Sulci - intervening grooves

Functions of the parts of the brain

o Frontal lobe - controls voluntary muscle functions, moods, aggression, smell reception,

and motivation

o Parietal lobe - control center for evaluation sensory info of touch, pain, balance, taste, and

temperature

o Temporal lobe - evaluates hearing input and smell as well as being involved with

memory processes; abstract thoughts and judgment decisions

o Occipital lobe - receiving and interpreting visual input

o Cerebellum - 2nd largest portion of the brain; primarily white matter with thin layer of

gray; reflex center in coordinating complex skeletal muscular movements, maintaining

proper body posture, and keeping the body balanced

Parts & functions of the brain stem

o Brain stem - connects the brain to the spinal cord

Medulla oblongata - contains all the ascending and descending tracts that connect

between the spinal cord and various parts of the brain; white and gray matter

Pons varolii - bridge that connects the spinal cord with the brain and parts of the

brain with each other

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Midbrain - (mesencephalon) convey impulses from the cerebral cortex to the

pons and spinal cord; controls movement of the eyeballs and head

Parts & functions of the diencephalon

o Diencephalon - superior to midbrain and between the 2 cerebral hemispheres

Thalamus - principle relay station for sensory impulses that reach the cerebral

cortex coming from the spinal cord, brainstem, and parts of the cerebrum;interpretation center for pain and temperature

Hypothalamus - controls many bodily functions related to homeostasis; controls

and integrates the autonomic nervous system; receives sensory impulses from

internal organs; sends signals and controls pituitary gland; controls feelings of

rage and aggression, body temperature, and thirst

Optic tracts

Optic chiasma - where optic nerves cross each other

Pituitary gland

Pineal gland - pinecone shaped endocrine gland that secretes melatonin, which

affects our moods and behavior

Cranial nerves (names & numbers)

Right vs. left brain functions

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Parts & functions of the parts of the eye

o Three layers

Sclera - outermost layer; white of the eye; composed of tough connective tissue

Choroid - 2nd layer; contains numerous blood vessels and pigment cells; black in

color and absorbs light so that it doesnt reflect in the eye and impair vision

Retina - innermost layer; gray in color and contains the light sensitive cells (rods

and cones)

o Ciliary body - consists of smooth muscles that hold the lens in place

o Lens - biconvex, transparent, and flexible

o Iris - colored part of the eye consisting of smooth muscle that surrounds the pupil

o Aqueous humor - fluid that fills the anterior compartment in front of the lens

o Vitreous humor - fills the posterior compartment

o Optic nerve - axons of the ganglia cells

o Fovea centralis - center of the yellowish spot it the retina that has a depression; produces

the sharpest visioin

o Optic disk - where the nerve fibers leave the eye

Cones vs. rods

o Cones - produce color and they require lots of light; 3 different cones sensitive to red,

blue, or green

o Rods - quite sensitive to light and function in dim light but do not produce color vision

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