human anatomy kathryn watson, md. history during the renaissance (“rebirth”) the study of human...
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HUMAN ANATOMY
Kathryn Watson, MD
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History During the Renaissance (“Rebirth”) the study of
human life and medicine began to flourish. Scientist, Doctors and Artist would experiment and
practice on the dead and incarcerated. Cadavers were positioned flat on their backs, thus
making it easier to draw and reference from that position.
Many artist such as Leonardo da Vinci began to study, draw and diagram the human body.
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Introductionto
Anatomy
(a)Illustrations in slides: © 2005 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings (unless otherwise indicated)
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Structural organization from simplest to most complex
Chemical Cellular Tissue – group of cells similar in structure and
function Organ – 2 or more tissue types performing
specific function Organ system – group of organs acting together
to perform specific function Human organism
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Branches of anatomyGross anatomyMicroscopic anatomy
Cytology Histology
Developmental anatomy Embryology
Comparative anatomy
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Gross Anatomy The anatomical position (see
right) Directional and regional terms
Body planes and sections Anatomical variability The human body plan
AnteriorPosteriorSuperiorInferiorMedialLateralProximalDistal
SuperficialDeepCephalicVertebralThoracicAppendicularBrachialLumbar
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Body planes and sections - cut into sections along a flat surface called a plane
(also called XS – cross section)
(also called coronal)
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HistologyMicroscopic examination of the fine
structure of organs, tissues and cellsTissues are prepared by fixation
(preserved) and then cut into thin sections
Artifacts (distortions; not real)
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Ciliated epithelium
(a) 300x
(b) 1700x
(c) 2600x
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Anatomical Planes Fixed lines of reference
along which the body is often divided or sectioned to facilitate viewing of its structures
Allow one to obtain a three-dimensional perspective by studying the body from different views
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Anatomical Planes Sagittal plane
The plane dividing the body into right and left portions
Midsagittal or median are names for the plane dividing the body into equal right and left halves
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Anatomical Planes Frontal plane
The plane dividing the body into front and back portions
Also called the Coronal plane
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Anatomical Planes Transverse plane
The horizontal plane dividing the body into upper and lower portions
Also called the Horizontal plane
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Positions and Directions
Superficial Refers to a structure being
closer to the surface of the body than another structure
Deep Refers to a structure being
closer to the core of the body than another structure
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Positions and Directions
Ventral Towards the front or belly
You Vent out or your nose and mouth.
Dorsal Towards the back
Like the Dorsal fin of a dolphin.
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Positions and DirectionsProne Lying face down
Like a Pro Baseball player sliding into Home.
Supine Lying face up
Lying on your spine and you can have soup poured into your mouth.
Unilateral Pertaining to one side of the body
Bilateral Pertaining to both sides of the body
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MovementsAdduction Moving a body part
towards the midline of the body
Abduction Moving a body part away
from the midline of the body
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FlexionExtensionHyperextensionAdductionAbductionProntaionSupinationRetractionProtractionElevationDepressionRotationCircumductionExternal RotationInternal RotationInversionEversionDorsiflexionPlantarflexionRadial DeviationUlnar DeviationOpposition
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Flexion / Extension / Hyperextension
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MovementsPronation Turning the arm or foot downward (palm or sole of the foot - down)
Prone
Supination Turning the arm or foot upward (palm or sole of the foot - up)
Supine
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Movements of the Foot
Inversion Turning the sole of the foot inward
Eversion Turning the sole of the foot outward
Dorsiflexion Ankle movement bringing the foot
towards the shin
Plantarflexion Ankle movement pointing the foot
downward
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MovementsRotation Turning on a single axis
Circumduction Tri-planar, circular motion at the hip
or shoulder
Internal rotation Rotation of the hip or shoulder
toward the midline
External rotation Rotation of the hip or shoulder away
from the midline
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MovementsLateral Flexion Side-bending left or right
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MovementsRetraction Moving a part backward
Protraction Moving a part forward
Elevation Raising a part
Depression Lowering a part
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Additional Range of Motion