human anatomy & physiology chapter 2-basic chemistry
TRANSCRIPT
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HUMAN ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY
CHAPTER 2-BASIC CHEMISTRY
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Concepts of Matter & Energy
• Matter=”stuff” of the universe existing as ____________________states on earth/solid has definite volume and shape;liquid only definite volume and gas-has neither
• Physical change-does not alter basic nature whereas chemical alters _________________________.
• ENERGYonly measured by effects on matter-_______________
• ______energy of motion and potential is __________.
Solid liquid and gas
composition Ability to do work
kinetic
Stored energy
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Energy forms:• ______________-stored in chemical bonds-
involved in cellular respration– _____________-comes from movement of
charged particles-used in nerve impulses– __________-Directly involved in moving
matter-eg.movement of limbs– _______-travels in waves;electromagnetic
spectrum-x-rays,infrared,visible light,radio,UV,gamma
Chemical energy electrical Mechanical energy
radiant
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• Energy is usually converted from one form to another-some of initial energy is lost to environment
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II.Composition of Matter
• 112 _____________-alike in atoms and unique atomic #/represented on periodic table,organized by atomic # and short hand representation is _________________-Look at Chart p.30
• Atoms made of positive protons and neutral ____________in nucleus,surrounded by _______electrons,in energy levels
elementssymbol
neutrons
(-)
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• Atomic # = # protons
• Atomic mass #= # p+n
• Atomic mass –average of all isotope masses for an element
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• ______________________________are atoms that differ in number of neutrons,are identified my mass number,and one medical use is as tracers in medical diagnosis.---see.pp. 8 and 9
• __________________________________occur whenever atoms combine with or dissociate from other atoms
• _____________________-2 or more combined chemically;more specifically a compound
radioisotopes Chemical reactions
molecule
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• 2 bond we see in living things are __________________,w/a transfer of electrons and ___________________________w/a sharing of electrons
• Outer -_____________________electrons determine bonding capacity and thus properties
• _______-charged atom
ionic covalent
valence ion
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• Polar molecules have unequal sharing of electrons ,as seen in water
• Water bonds to other water atoms by H- bonds-a weak bond
• These combined H-bonds create a high surface tension
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• 3 reaction types
• synthesis ----2H2 + O2 2H2O
• __________------H2O 2H2 +O2
• Exchange---2HCl + Zn ZnCl2 +H2 OR HCl + NaOH HOH +NaCl
decomposition
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III.Biochemistry:Chemical Composition of Living Matter
• __________________ contain carbon ,but not all are involved in living things(inorganic lack C-CO,CO2 and cyanide 3 exemptions
Organic compounds
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INORGANICS--_WATER
• high heat capacity(ie before a temperature absorbs and releases a lot of heat change thus preventing us from sudden body temperature changes.
• ___________________________-“universal solvents”• Solute dissolves in a _________________ to make a
solution-Thus water able to transport many materials• 3. chemical reactivity• __________________________reaction---water added to the
bond.• 4.____________________________-protective as in CSF or
amniotic fluid
Polarity/solvent properties
solvent hydrolysis
cushioning
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INORGANIC COMPOUNDS- SALTS
• Salt contains cation besides H+ and an anion besides OH-…examples:NaCl,KCl,CaI2
• Easily separate into ions_____________________________________
• Because ions are charged particles,all salts are ______________________________-able to conduct a current
dissociation electrolytes
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• ______________-pH<7 and proton donor
• ______________-pH> 7 and proton acceptor
• pH measures H+ concentration
• Acid +Base=Salt + water –all neutral
acid
base
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• _____________prevents sharp pH change
buffers
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FOUR CLASSES of MACROMOLECULES in living things:
• 1)Carbohydrates-FIRST SOURCE FOR ENERGY!!!!!inc. sugars,starches/have C,H and O in a 1:2:1 ratio
• Example: C6H12O6= GLUCOSE• Sugars inc. monosaccharides(Glucose and
fructose,,disaccharides(Sucrose,lactose,maltose) and polysaccharides(starch and glycogen)….Examples of starches______________________________
Pasta,rice,bread,carrots
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Lipids-made of C,H and O---look at lipid table p.47
• ---made up of often fatty acids and glycerol• ___________________________________-are solid
fats with all C-C bonds filled-no double or triple bonds….___________________________________-are liquids and they have at least 1 C-C double bond
Saturated fats
unsaturated
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• Neutral fats_triglycerides-in fat deposits-in subcutaneous tissue and around organs-protect,insulate and major energy source
• Trans fats----oils solidifies by adding H atoms----considered bad for the cardiovascular system
• Omega -3 fatty acids(in cold water fish)-help your heart and immune system
• Phospholipids found in cell membrane
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• ______________________fat soluble-inc. cholesterol and hormones-cholesterol basis of all body steroids
• ________________________a breakdown product of cholesterol;released by liver into digestive tract-aid in fat digestion and absorption
• ____________________-cortisol;aldersterone• Includes vitamins A(for vision)E(wound
healing,fertility,antioxidant),K(for clotting,Prostaglandins-from fatty acid-membranes(used in bor,blood pressuremovement in digestive tract and in inflammation),lipoproteins(transport fatty acids and cholesterol in bloodstream-HDL and LDL)
steroids Bile salts
corticosteroids
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PROTEINS-
• made up of monomer of amino acids;>50% organic matter,contain C,H,O,and N,~ 20 amino acids,polypeptide is another word for protein and peptide bonds join amino acids
– Fibrous(0r structural) Proteins are in most body structures;provide strength-eg.collagen in bones,cartilage and tendons…..also KERATIN—protein of hair and nails
– Globular proteins-mobile and mostly spherical and DO things---FUNCTIONAL PROTEINS----examples:enzymes-regulate reactions---H-bonds and van der waals force help them-like hemoglogin,keep their shape
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– Draw an enzyme –substrate complex and label active site
– Enzymes usually end in –ase(sugars in –ose)
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NUCLEIC ACIDS-made of C,H,O,N and P
*DNA provides heredity and RNA takes DNA’s info to make proteins/the monomer is a nucleotide consisting of sugar,nitrogenous base and a phosphate group.Label the nucleotide for
DNA,then RNA:
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ATP is the energy storage molecule-This is what carbs are broken down into so we can get usable energy---
ATP and ADP continually recycle