Human Anatomy & Physiology

Skeletal System

Muscular System

Nervous System

Special Senses

Skeletal System

• Anatomy of Bone– Diaphysis

– Epiphysis• Red marrow

– Compact bone• Lamellar bone

– Spongy bone• Trabecular bone

– Medullary cavity• Yellow marrow

– Periosteum

– Endosteum

– Articular cartilage

– Epiphyseal plate

• Functions of the skeletal system• Framework of body

• Protection of body

• Movement (when combined with muscular system)

• Production of blood cells» Hemopoiesis

• Calcium storage

• Axial skeleton– 80 bones– Skull– Spine– Thoracic cage

• Appendicular skeleton– 126 bones– Shoulder girdle + arm– Hip girdle + leg

206 bones

• Cranium– Frontal– Parietal– Occipital– Temporal– Sphenoid– Ethmoid

• Face– Zygomatic– Maxillary – Mandible– Palatine– Lacrimal– Hyoid Bone

• Ribs (rib = costal) [12 pairs]

• True (7)• False (3)• Floating (2)

• Sternum– Manubrium– Body– Xiphoid

• Shoulder– Clavicle– Scapula

• Arm– Humerus– Radius– Ulna ( & olecranon process)

• Wrists & Hands– Carpals

– Metacarpals

– Phalanges

• Spine– Vertebrae

• Cervical (7)• Thoracic (12)• Lumbar (5)• Sacrum

– Coccyx – Intervertebral

Discs

• Pelvic Girdle (hip) (coxa)– Ilium– Ischium– Pubis– Sacrum– Acetabulum

• Legs– Femur– Patella– Tibia– Fibula

• Ankle & foot– Tarsals

• Talus• Calcaneus

– Metatarsals– Phalanges

Fontanels of the Skull at Birth

• Dense connective tissue membrane-filled spaces(soft spots)

• Unossified at birth but close early in a child's life• Close by 2 yrs

• Fetal skull passes through the birth canal.

• Rapid growth of thebrain during infancy

Joints (Articulations)Joints (Articulations)

• Functional classification based upon movement: – immovable = synarthrosis– slightly movable = amphiarthrosis– freely movable = diarthrosis

• Most are diarthrosis– Also called synovial joints

• Joints

• Synovial Membrane

• Synovial Fluid

• Bursa

• Articulations

• Ligaments(compare to

tendons)

Skeletal Pathology• Fractures

– Simple– Compound

• Abnormal spine curvatures

• Ruptured(herniated) intervertebral disc

Scoliosis Kyphosis Lordosis

Muscular SystemProperties of Muscle Tissue

• Excitability – respond to chemicals released from nerve cells– These called neurotransmitters

• Acetylcholine (ACh) = main one of skeletal muscle

– This area called neuromuscular junction

• Contractility– ability to shorten and generate force

• Extensibility– ability to be stretched without damaging the tissue

• Elasticity– ability to return to original shape after being stretched

Physiology of Muscular System

• Body Movement - prime mover(agonist), synergist, antagonist

• Storing & moving substances within body» Muscle associated with organs (involuntary)

• Posture – Tonic Contraction - only a few fibers contract at one time;

- get NO movement» Tonic contractions maintain tone» Compare to Clonic contraction» Generalized seizure = “tonic-clonic” contraction

– Proprioception relies on tonic contractions

• Heat production - for body homeostasis

• Guard entrances & exits

• Masseter• Sternocleidomastoid• Pectoralis major• Biceps• brachioradialis• Serratus anterior• External oblique• Rectus abdominis• Adductor longus• Sartorius• Rectus femoris • Vastus lateralis• Tibialis anterior

Major Muscles of the Body

• Trapezius• Deltoid• Triceps• Latissimus dorsi• Gluteus maximus• Hamstrings• Gastrocnemius

• Types of muscle movement– Abduction/

adduction– Flexion/ extension– Rotation/

circumduction– Supination/

pronation– Dorsiflexion/

Plantar flexion

Nervous System

3 divisions of nervous system

• Central Nervous System ( CNS)

- brain & spinal cord• Peripheral Nervous System ( PNS) - cranial nerves(12 pairs)

- spinal nerves (31 pairs)

• Autonomic Nervous System ( ANS) -sympathetic (adrenergic)

-parasympathetic (cholinergic)

• Neurons – Transmit nerve impulses

– 3 parts

• Cell body

• Dendrites

• Axons

– Axons = long & slender

• Myelin

• “Nerves”– Only bundled axons– “Tracts” in CNS

• Nerves = bundled axons– Afferent = to = sensory

– Efferent = away = motor

– Associative = connecting

• Synapse• Neurotransmitters

• Brain– Brain stem

• Medulla oblongata

• Pons

• Midbrain

– Cerebellum – Diencephalon

• Hypothalamus

• Thalamus

– Cerebrum • Frontal lobe

• Temporal lobe

• Parietal lobe

• Occipital lobe

• Meninges– Dura mater

– Arachnoid

– Pia mater

• Cerebral spinal fluid– Surrounds outside CNS

• Arachnoid villi

– Inside in ventricles

• Choroid plexus

Special Senses

• Eye

• Ear

• Smell

• Taste

Eye• Lacrimal gland• Conjunctiva • Sclera = white of eye• 3 coats

– Fibrous = sclera/cornea

– Vascular = choroid/ iris

– Neural = retina

• Lens – Anterior chamber

• Aqueous humor

– Posterior chamber

• Vitreous humor

Ear• Outer ear

– Pinna (auricle)

• Middle ear– Tympanic membrane

– Bones

– Eustachian tube

• Inner ear– Vestibule– Cochlea

• Organ of Corti

Smell

• Olfaction = smell

Taste• 4 major tastes

– Sweet

– Salt

– Sour (acids)

– Bitter (bases)

• Taste buds– In papillae