human behavior in organization management

7/31/2019 Human Behavior in Organization Management

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Assignment #2


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Group Vs. Team

Team A group of people with a full set of complementary skills required to completea task, job, or project.

Group - A collection of individuals whohave regular contact and frequentinteraction, mutual influence, common feeling of camaraderie, and who work togetherto achieve a common set of goals.


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What isa

GROUP?


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Other definitions of Group

- Groups are a fundamental part of social life. As we will see they can bevery small - just two people - or verylarge. They can be highly rewarding totheir members and to society as awhole, but there are also

significant problems and dangers withthem.


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- All this makes them an essential focusfor research, exploration and action. Inthis piece I want to examine some of the key definitions of groups that haveappeared, review central ways of categorizing groups, explore important

dimensions of groups, and look brieflyat the group in time.


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Kurt Lewin (1948) It is not similarity ordissimilarity of individuals that constitutes agroup, but interdependence of fate.

Donelson R. Forsyth A group is definedas two or more individuals who are connected to one another by social relationships .


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George Homans A number of persons who communicate with one

another often over a span of time, andwho are few enough so that eachperson is able to communicate with allthe others, not at second-hand,

through other people, but face-to-face.


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Theodore M. Mills They areunits composed of two or more

persons who come into contact fora purpose and who consider thecontact meaningful.


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Dorwin Cartwright and Alvin Zander - A collection of individuals who haverelations to one another that makethem interdependent to somesignificant degree.


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Rupert Brown A group existswhen two or more people definethemselves as members of it andwhen its existence is recognized by atleast one other.


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List of attributes:

A set of people engage in frequentinteractionsThey identify with one another.They are defined by others as a group.They share beliefs, values, and normsabout areas of common interest.

They define themselves as a group.They come together to work on commontasks and for agreed purposes


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Types of groups

1. primary and secondary groups2. planned and emergent groups


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Types of groups1. Primary and secondary groups

Charles Horton Cooley (1909) establishedthe 'primary groups' and 'nucleated groups'(now better known as secondary groups):

Primary groups - are clusters of people likefamilies or close friendship circles where thereis close, face-to-face and intimate interaction.There is also often a high level of interdependence between members. Primarygroups are also the key means of socializationin society, the main place where attitudes,values and orientations are developed andsustained.


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Types of groups

2. Planned and emergent groups

Planned groups - Planned groups arespecifically formed for some purpose either by their members, or by someexternal individual, group ororganization.


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Types of groups

Emergent groups - Emergent groupscome into being relatively spontaneouslywhere people find themselves together inthe same place, or where the samecollection of people gradually come to knoweach other through conversation andinteraction over a period of time.

(Cartwright and Zander 1968).


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Some benefits and dangers ofgroups

significant sites of socialization and education enabling people to develop a sense of identityand belonging, and to deepen knowledge,

skills, and values and attitudes.places where relationships can form and grow,and where people can find help and support.settings where wisdom flourishes. As JamesSuriwiecki (2004) has argued, it is often thecase that 'the many are smarter than the few'.


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Some key dimensions of groups

Those engaged in the systematic exploration of group processes and dynamics have useddifferent ways of observing group behaviour andgaining insight into the experience of being part

of groups. The forces impacting upon groupprocesses and dynamics are as follows:

Group interdependenceGroup structureGroup goalsGroup cohesionGroup interaction


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Group interaction

Those involved with researching and working with groupshave often come at interaction the way in which peopleengage with and influence each other - from contrastingperspectives.

Task interaction - can be seen as including allgroup behaviour that is focussed principally on thegroup s work, projects, plans and goals (Forsyth

2006).

Relationship interaction - (or socio-emotionalinteraction) is centred around the social andinterpersonal aspects of group life.


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Group Interdependence

As Robert S Baron (2003) have argued itis a basic feature of groups that groupmembers outcomes often depend notonly on their own actions, but also onthe actions of others in the group. Onemember s feelings, experiences and

actions can come to be influenced inwhole or in part by others.


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Group Structure

1. Group size- An obvious but crucial consideration is thesize of the group. Large groups functiondifferently in a number of important respects tosmaller groups. Size impacts on groupcommunication, for example. In smaller groupsa higher proportion of people are likely to

participate there is potential more time foreach, and the smaller number of peopleinvolved means that speaking may not be asanxiety-making as in a large group.


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Group Structure

- Large groups are more likely toinclude people with a range of skills andthis can allow for more specialization of labour. In addition, larger groups canalso allow us to feel more anonymous.It will often lead to less task

involvement and lower morale on thepart of many group members as sizeincreases (Baron 2003).


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Group Structure

2. Group norms- Norms are basically rules of conduct that indicate what attitudesand behaviour might be expected ordemanded in particular socialsituations and contexts. They areshared expectations of behaviourthat set up what is desirable andappropriate in a particular setting orgroup.


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Group Structure

3. Roles- The bundle of expectations and attributes

linked to a social position can be seen as arole. In groups, people expect certain sortsof behaviour from those they see as theleader, for example. As Johnson andJohnson (2003) have put it, Roles definethe formal structure of the group anddifferentiate one position from another .


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Group goals

(Johnson and Johnson 2003) - Groupgoals are ideals they are the ends (theaims or the outcomes) sought by the group

and its members.

(Benson 2001) - They entail some sort of joint vision Without some commitment tothe pursuit of common goals the group willnot survive or be effective.


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Group cohesion

- The forces or bonds that bind individualscollectively is fundamental to an appreciationof groups.

Forsyth (2006) - Groups are not merelysets of aggregated, independent individuals;instead they are unified social entities.Groups cannot be reduced down to the levelof the individual without losing informationabout the group unit, as a whole .


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Group Cohesion

Common fate the extent to whichindividuals in the aggregate seem toexperience the same, or interrelated

outcomes.

Similarity the extent to which theindividuals display the same behaviours or

resemble one another.

Proximity the distance amongindividuals in the aggregate (or group).(described in Forsyth 2006)


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Group Development

- Groups change over time. There is a realsense in which they are living things.They emerge, they exist, and they die.This phenomenon has led to theformulation of a wide range of theoretical models concerningdevelopmental processes.


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Group Development

The most influential model of thedevelopmental process - certainly interms of its impact upon texts aimed at

practitioners - has been that of Bruce W.Tuckman (1965). While there are variousdifferences concerning the number of stages and their names - many have

adopted a version of Tuckman's model -forming, storming, norming andperforming.
http://www.infed.org/thinkers/tuckman.htmhttp://www.infed.org/thinkers/tuckman.htmhttp://www.infed.org/thinkers/tuckman.htmhttp://www.infed.org/thinkers/tuckman.htm


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Whatis a

TEAM?


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Etymology

From French groupe (cluster, group),from Italian gruppo , groppo (a knot, heap,group, bag (of money)), of Germanic origin, fromProto-Germanic *kruppaz (lump, round mass,body, crop), from Proto-Indo-European *greub- (to crumple, bend, crawl). Cognate withGerman Kropf (crop, craw, bunch), OldEnglish cropp , croppa (cluster, bunch, sprout,

flower, berry, ear of corn, crop), Dutch krop (craw), Old Norse kroppr (hump, bunch). Moreat crop, croup.


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Other definitions of a Team:

- A team is any group of people organized to worktogether interdependently and cooperatively to meetthe needs of their customers by accomplishing apurpose and goals.

- Teams are created for both long term and short term interaction.

- A product development team, an executive leadershipteam, and a departmental team are long lasting

planning and operational groups .

- Short term teams might include a team to develop anemployee on boarding process, a team to plan theannual company party, or a team to respond to aspecific customer problem or complaint.


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(Katzenbach and Smith, 1993) - "A team isa small number of people with complementaryskills who are committed to a commonpurpose, performance goals, and approach forwhich they are mutually accountable."

(MIT Information Services andTechnology) - "People working together in a

committed way to achieve a common goal ormission. The work is interdependent and teammembers share responsibility and holdthemselves accountable for attaining theresults.



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(Team Technology, 1995-2006) - "A

team is a group of people working togethertowards a common goal.

(Lewis-McClear & Taylor 1998) - "A

group in which members work togetherintensively to achieve a common groupgoal.



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To continue the sports team example, a rugby team isclearly an interdependent team :

no significant task can be accomplishedwithout the help and cooperation of any of themembers;

within that team members typically specializein different tasks (running the ball, goalkicking & scrum feeding), and

the success of every individual is inextricablybound to the success of the whole team.No rugby player, no matter how talented, hasever won a game by playing alone.


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On the other hand, a chess or bowling team is aclassic example of an independent team :

matches are played and won, or points arescored, by individuals or partners;

every person performs basically the sameactions;

how one player performs has no direct effecton the performance of the next player.


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Types Of Teams

2. Project teams- A team used only for a defined period of

time and for a separate, concretelydefinable purpose, often becomes known asa project team. Managers commonly labelgroups of people as a "team" based onhaving a common function. Members of

these teams might belong to differentgroups, but receive assignment to activitiesfor the same project, thereby allowingoutsiders to view them as a single unit.


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Types Of Teams

3. Sports teams - A sports team is a group of people

which play a sport together.- Members include all players (even

those who are waiting their turn toplay) as well as support memberssuch as a team manager or coach.


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Types Of Teams

4. Virtual teams - Developments in communications technologies have

seen the emergence of the virtual work team.

- A virtual team is a group of people who workinterdependently and with shared purpose acrossspace, time, and organization boundaries usingtechnology to communicate and collaborate.

- Virtual team members can be located across a countryor across the world, rarely meet face-to-face, andinclude members from different cultures


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Types Of Teams

5. Interdisciplinary and multidisciplinaryteams

- Multidisciplinary teams involve several

professionals who independently treat variousissues a patient may have, focusing on theissues in which they specialize.

- The problems that are being treated may ormay not relate to other issues beingaddressed by individual team members .


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Not all groups are teams

Some people also use the word "team" whenthey mean "employees." A "sales team" is acommon example of this loose or perhaps

euphemistic usage, though inter dependenciesexist in organizations, and a sales team can belet down by poor performance on other parts of the organization upon which sales depend, like

delivery, after-sales service, etc.. However"sales staff" is a more precise description of the typical arrangement.


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From groups to teams

Groups develop into teams in fourstages. The four stages are:

1. dependency and inclusion2. counter dependency and fighting3. trust and structure4. work


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1. Dependency and Inclusion

- In the first stage, group developmentis characterized by members'dependency on the designatedleader.


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2. Counter dependency andfighting

- In the second stage, the group seeksto free itself from its dependence onthe leader and groups have conflicts

about goals and procedures.


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3. Trust and Structure- In the third stage, the group manages

to work through the conflicts.

4. Work

- And in the last stage, groups focus onteam productivity.


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Common Types Of Teams

Three common types of teamsinclude:

1. functional or departmental2. cross-functional3. self-managing.


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Common Types Of Teams

2. Cross-functional teams- Groups of people who are pulled

together from across departments or job functions to deal with a specificproduct, issue, customer, problem, orto improve a particular process.


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References

http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/team.html#ixzz20MPy2dew http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/group.html#ixzz20MQ175pz
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Thats all folks, thank you!

Prepared By:

Mendez, Meagan Rose R.BSBA - IIB

human behavior in organization management

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