human behaviour and hotel fseg: modelling safety and ... galea...• fseg are involved in an eu...
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5 Star Fire Safety – Crewe UK 1 Feb 2011 Web: http://fseg.gre.ac.uk Email: [email protected]
Human Behaviour and Hotel Evacuation
Prof Ed GaleaDirector Fire Safety Engineering Group
University of Greenwich [email protected]://fseg.gre.ac.uk
5 Star Fire Safety 20115 Star Fire Safety – Crewe UK 1 Feb 2011
Web: http://fseg.gre.ac.uk Email: [email protected]
FSEG: Modelling safety and security• FSEG was Founded in 1986 by Prof Galea
in response to the Manchester Airport disaster.
• Today it consists of 32 researchers including:– fire engineers, CFD specialists,
psychologists, mathematicians and software engineers.
• Research interests include the mathematical modellingand experimental analysisof:– evacuation dynamics in complex spaces,– pedestrian dynamics in complex spaces,– combustion and fire/smoke spread, – fire suppression,– homeland security
• Application areas include:– aerospace, built environment, marine
and rail.
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5 Star Fire Safety – Crewe UK 1 Feb 2011 Web: http://fseg.gre.ac.uk Email: [email protected]
Applications of FSEG software
Rail Stations
Large PAX Ships Naval Ships
Royal Ascot Historic Buildings
A380 – Super Jumbo Millennium Dome Stadium AustraliaAirbus flying wing
Canary Wharf
Beijing Olympic Stadium
WTC 9/11 analysis Pentagon ShieldStatue of LibertyForensic analysis
Rhode Island5 Star Fire Safety – Crewe UK 1 Feb 2011
Web: http://fseg.gre.ac.uk Email: [email protected]
How much time do I have?
Fire development time:a) Approximately 5 minutes
b) Less than 10 minutes
c) Less than 20 minutes
d) Less than 40 minutes
e) Less than 60 minutes
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5 Star Fire Safety – Crewe UK 1 Feb 2011 Web: http://fseg.gre.ac.uk Email: [email protected]
buildingEXODUS and SMARTFIRE simulation of Station Nightclub fire
•Link fire simulation directly with evacuation analysis•Directly expose agents to developing hazard environment •Predict fatalities and injury levels.
• Last survivor evacuates after approx 127 seconds.• Simulation predicts :
•84 fatalities compared with 100 in actual incident.•25 serious injuries, of which 6 are life threatening.
5 Star Fire Safety – Crewe UK 1 Feb 2011 Web: http://fseg.gre.ac.uk Email: [email protected]
WTC1 8239 people, actual RT, predicted evacuation time, 1 hr 27min +/- 2min
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5 Star Fire Safety – Crewe UK 1 Feb 2011 Web: http://fseg.gre.ac.uk Email: [email protected]
General Issues Associated with Hotel Evacuation
5 Star Fire Safety – Crewe UK 1 Feb 2011 Web: http://fseg.gre.ac.uk Email: [email protected]
Hotel Evacuation• Success of evacuation in hotels requires not only
appropriate facilities but well trained and regularly trained staff.
• Simply providing staff with a lecture or leaflet on how to undertake such an exercise is no substitute for regular “hands-on” training.
• Complexities associated with managing an efficient hotel evacuation should not be underestimated:– As hotel layouts differ, training obtained from one hotel
not necessarily fully applicable in another hotel.– Team work is a key factor in achieving an efficient
evacuation.– High turnover of staff means that regular training should
be undertaken
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5 Star Fire Safety – Crewe UK 1 Feb 2011 Web: http://fseg.gre.ac.uk Email: [email protected]
Hotel Evacuation Issues• In hotels, occupants tend to:
- be less familiar with the layout of the entire structure
- be less familiar with other occupants
- have poor visual access
- have long periods of time where they are likely to be asleep and may be intoxicated
• In emergency evacuation situations this can lead to: – Potentially long response times
– Significant wayfinding necessary.
– A high degree of investigation.
• Heterogeneous nature of such populations adds to the complexity of situation,
e.g. language barrier, different cultural/social/familial/economic groups may each have separate evacuation agendas.
5 Star Fire Safety – Crewe UK 1 Feb 2011 Web: http://fseg.gre.ac.uk Email: [email protected]
Wayfinding• Example of poor exit route, Hotel Prague 2007:
• Route starts from outside my room on the second floor.• Highly complex route - unmemorable
• Unintuitive route – climb up stairs to get out!
• Many decision points.
• Poor signage
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5 Star Fire Safety – Crewe UK 1 Feb 2011 Web: http://fseg.gre.ac.uk Email: [email protected]
Signage and Wayfinding
5 Star Fire Safety – Crewe UK 1 Feb 2011 Web: http://fseg.gre.ac.uk Email: [email protected]
Sign Recognition
• Female, naïve subject, 2 sec decision time, makes correct decision. From questionnaire subject said they saw and followed the sign.
• Female, naïve subject, 9 sec decision region, makes incorrect decision. From questionnaire did not see sign
• For T intersection, 61% of naïve subjects failed to “see” the sign.• Of those who “registered presence of sign”, 100% followed instructions• Average decision time for those who see sign 2.6 s, those who do not see sign 5.6s
•Correct choice •Incorrect choice
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5 Star Fire Safety – Crewe UK 1 Feb 2011 Web: http://fseg.gre.ac.uk Email: [email protected]
Sign Recognition – Improved affordance
• Greater sign affordance will increase the chance that the sign will be seen.
5 Star Fire Safety – Crewe UK 1 Feb 2011 Web: http://fseg.gre.ac.uk Email: [email protected]
OTHER PROBLEMS IN HOTELS
• poor exit affordance • locked emergency exits • Unintuitive steps in exit path
• Using emergency stairs as store rooms
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5 Star Fire Safety – Crewe UK 1 Feb 2011 Web: http://fseg.gre.ac.uk Email: [email protected]
Does Culture Influence how we respond in emergencies?• FSEG are involved in an EU Framework 7 project called BeSeCu the
main aim of which is to investigate possible cross-cultural and ethnicdifferences of human behaviour in crisis situations
Czech Republic RT average = 130 sPoland RT average = 70 s
UK RT average = 92 s Turkey RT average = 56 s
5 Star Fire Safety – Crewe UK 1 Feb 2011 Web: http://fseg.gre.ac.uk Email: [email protected]
Confusing signs, communicating to non-native speakers, elevators
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5 Star Fire Safety – Crewe UK 1 Feb 2011 Web: http://fseg.gre.ac.uk Email: [email protected]
• 50 floor building, 7840 agents, 32 lifts, 4 stairs• Top down strategy, closest elevator
EXODUS Lift Model
5 Star Fire Safety – Crewe UK 1 Feb 2011 Web: http://fseg.gre.ac.uk Email: [email protected]
Elevator Use in Emergencies• Under what conditions will people wait for the lift?
• WTC survivor from the 77th floor of North Tower who evacuated on 9/11 said:
“Let me add too that, at the 44th floor there was what they call an inter-zone elevator bank, we were led off the stairwell at the 44th floor and shown to that elevator where there are
hundreds of people milling and I looked at that and I turned around to my team and I said ‘no, I am not waiting for an
elevator in a building on fire. Let’s go’ and I walked back to the stairwell and they did too and then we proceeded down”
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5 Star Fire Safety – Crewe UK 1 Feb 2011 Web: http://fseg.gre.ac.uk Email: [email protected]
• In total 468 people from 23 countries completed the questionnaire:
Participant Demographics
Country
BMI Occupation
AgeGender
Place of work/residence
5 Star Fire Safety – Crewe UK 1 Feb 2011 Web: http://fseg.gre.ac.uk Email: [email protected]
Evacuation – Results (1)• Approx 1 in 3 (154)participants would consider using a lift
during an evacuation, and of these:• 7.2% (11) would ALWAYS use a lift.• 78.6% (121)would be influenced by the height of the floor
they were on.• 65.4% (89)would be influenced by the height of the building
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5 Star Fire Safety – Crewe UK 1 Feb 2011 Web: http://fseg.gre.ac.uk Email: [email protected]
Evacuation of the non-ambulant• Simply moving Non-Ambulant guests to a place of
safety or refuge may not be sufficient in severe situations.
• Multi-floor hotels (and care-facilities), pose particular challenges to staff and rescue personnel.
• In severe situations it may be necessary to evacuate non-ambulant guests to an external place of safety.
• How long will this take? How much time is available?
• Rescue of a non-ambulant patient from hospital fire in Spain
5 Star Fire Safety – Crewe UK 1 Feb 2011 Web: http://fseg.gre.ac.uk Email: [email protected]
• Assist devices are essential to aid in evacuation of the non-ambulant, particularly down stairs.
• Several types of devices are available:
– Stretcher, Carry-Chair, Drag Sheet and Evac+Chair
• How long does it take to evacuate non-ambulant person using these devices?
• How many people are required to use the device?
• Is training necessary? – WTC 911, 12 well intentioned but untrained men carried colleague using Evac+Chair device when only one trained person necessary
• What impact do these devices have on the flow of other people down the stairs?
• Stairs at Royal Marsden during evacuation Jan 2008
Full Building Evacuation
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5 Star Fire Safety – Crewe UK 1 Feb 2011 Web: http://fseg.gre.ac.uk Email: [email protected]
Assist devices for non-ambulant• Assist devices are essential to aid in evacuation of the non-ambulant.
• Several types of devices are available:
– Stretcher, Carry-Chair, Drag Mattress and Evac+Chair
• How long does it take to evacuate non-ambulant person using these devices?
• How many people are required to use the device?
• What impact do these devices have on the flow of other people down the stairs?
• NOTE: This research project was undertaken as part of the FSEG run MSc by Research by MSc Student Ton Adams.
5 Star Fire Safety – Crewe UK 1 Feb 2011 Web: http://fseg.gre.ac.uk Email: [email protected]
Assist devices for non-ambulant
0126Number of stops
1243Number of operators
0.860.820.630.39Stair speed (m/s)
1.511.080.991.44Horizontal speed (m/s)
31.251.466.932.6Preparation time (s)
Evac+ChairDrag Mattress
StretcherCarry Chair
•Results are for a single trial using an experienced male team carrying the same non-ambulant patient in all cases
•Prep time is measured from “hands on” to “ready to go”.
• Corridor has 3 doors to navigate and a single right angle corner.
• Descent is through 11 floors on a 1.4m wide stair.
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5 Star Fire Safety – Crewe UK 1 Feb 2011 Web: http://fseg.gre.ac.uk Email: [email protected]
Assist devices for non-ambulant – Impact on other stair users
5 Star Fire Safety – Crewe UK 1 Feb 2011 Web: http://fseg.gre.ac.uk Email: [email protected]
buildingEXODUS prototype bed movement capability
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5 Star Fire Safety – Crewe UK 1 Feb 2011 Web: http://fseg.gre.ac.uk Email: [email protected]
• Hotels offer many evacuation challenges to both able and disabled guests.
• Assist devices can be used to aid in the vertical evacuation of occupants with movement disabilities however,
– Essential to have well trained staff who know how to use the device and who have regular refresher training.
• Lifts can be used for evacuation of both able and disabled occupants however,
– Determining optimal evacuation strategy is complex and human behaviour associated with lift evacuation is currently an unknown quantity
• Computer simulation can be used in the Hotel environment to: – Evaluate existing evacuation procedures,– Propose improved procedures,– Investigate number of staff required to efficiently evacuate non-ambulant occupants,– Identify pinch points leading to congestion,– Assess impact of fire on evacuation.
• Essential to have appropriate data to characterise the performance of special groups such as assisted non-ambulant individuals.
CONCLUDING COMMENTS
• The right to exit safely is MORE important than the right to easy access
5 Star Fire Safety – Crewe UK 1 Feb 2011 Web: http://fseg.gre.ac.uk Email: [email protected]
• FSEG offer two 5 day short courses for fire professionals:– One concerned with fire dynamics and fire modelling called:
• Principles and Practices of Fire Modelling
– One concerned with human behaviour and evacuation modelling called:
• Principles and Practice of Evacuation Modelling
• Each course carries approx 40 hrs CPD approved by the IFE
• Full details can be found at: – http://fseg.gre.ac.uk/course1.html
Two Five Day Short Courses