Human Biology

I. Body TissuesA. Epithelial Tissue

1. Covers all surfaces (protects).

2. Line most internal organs (absorbs, excretes).

3. Major tissue of glands (secrete a product).

4. One side exposed to the outside or an open space.

5. Tightly packed (lack blood vessels).

6. Reproduce quicklyStomach

Cuboidal

Stratified squamous

Skin cell slide

Simple columnar

http://www.bing.com/images/search?q=epithelial+tissue+images&view=detail&id=9897D48810E99B4723762B44CADA4CD5966C48AF&first=0&qpvt=epithelial+tissue+images&FORM=IDFRIR

I. Body TissuesB. Connective Tissue

1. Cells more widely spaced than epithelial

2. Cells secrete an extracellular matrix

3. Matrix consists of fibers and ground substance (fluid to solid).

4. Functions are specific to the tissue they make.

adipose

Blood

Bone

Cartilage

I. Body TissuesC. Muscle Tissue

1. Moves body parts by contraction of fibers

2. Three Types of Cells

a) Skeletal Muscle (striated, voluntary)

b) Smooth (involuntary)

c) Cardiac (heart)

Striated/voluntary muscle (skeletal muscle)

Smooth/involuntary muscle (intestinal walls)

Cardiac muscle (with intercalated discs)

I. Body TissuesD. Nerve Tissue

1. Found in brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves.

2. Neuron

a) Nerve cell

b) Transmits impulses to other cells.

3. Neuroglial Cells

a) Support and bind neurons.

b) Carry on phagocytosis.

Nerve cell illustration

Nerve cell slide image

II. Body CavitiesA. Cranial Cavity- encases

brainB. Spinal Cavity- surrounds

spinal cordC. Thoracic Cavity- encloses

heart, esophagus, lungs, trachea, bronchii

D. Abdominal Cavity (abdominopelvic)- encloses digestive, reproductive, and excretory organs

E. Diaphragm- muscle that separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities

III. Organ SystemsA. Skeletal System

1. Bones, cartilage, tendons, ligaments

2. Functionsa) Supportb) Protective shieldsc) Attachments for

musclesd) Produces blood cellse) Stores inorganic

salts.

III. Organ SystemsB. Muscular System

1. Skeletal, cardiac, & smooth muscle

2. Moves body parts

3. Produces body heat

4. Moves blood

III. Organ Systems

C. Integumentary System1. Skin, hair, nails, sweat

glands, sebaceous glands (oil)

2. Protects underlying tissue

3. Regulates body temperature

4. Houses sensory receptors

5. Synthesizes various substances.

III. Organ SystemsD.Cardiovascular System

1. Heart, blood vessels, blood

2. Transports oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, hormones, wastes.

III. Organ SystemsE. Respiratory System

1. Nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs.

2. Carries air in and out of the body

3. Exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide between air and blood.

III. Organ SystemsF. Immune System

1. Lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, thymus, spleen, white blood cells.

2. Transports lymph from tissue to blood

3. Aids in defending against disease.

III. Organ SystemsG.Digestive System

1. Mouth, salivary glands, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, small intestine, large intestine.

2. Stores and digests food

3. Converts food into forms that can pass through membranes

4. Eliminates materials not absorbed

III. Organ SystemsH.Excretory System

1. Kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra, skin, lungs

2. Filters waste from the blood

3. Helps maintain water and electrolyte balance

III. Organ SystemsI. Nervous System

1. Brain, spinal cord, nerves, sense organs

2. Receives impulses from sensory parts

3. Interprets impulses4. Acts on impulses by

stimulating muscles or glands to respond.

III. Organ SystemsJ. Endocrine System

1. Pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pineal, thymus glands, pancreas, ovaries, testes.

2. Glands that secrete hormones which help regulate metabolism.

III. Organ SystemsK. Reproductive System

1. Male system

a) Testes, seminiferous tubules, epididymis, vas deferens.

b) Produce and maintain sperm

2. Female system

a) ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, mammary glands.

b) Produce and maintain ova and milk

IV. Regulation and HomeostasisA. Body systems work together to maintain homeostasis in the

organismB. Skeletal system can donate calcium ions for muscle

contractionC. Kidneys regulate electrolytes and water balance in blood

IV. Regulation and HomeostasisD. Cardiovascular and respiratory systems regulate body’s pH

E. Integumentary system and cardiovascular system regulate body temperature

F. Integumentary, endocrine, and immune system work to protect the body from infection

TENDONS

LIGAMENTS

CARTILAGE