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Human Body System

Unit one

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Systems

What is a system? What is an example of a non-living

system? How does a malfunction in one part

affect the whole system? Give a few examples of how human

body systems work together. Name the eleven human body systems

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Human Body Systems

Integumentary system, Skeletal system, Muscular system, Nervous system, Endocrine system,Cardiovascular system,  Lymphatic system and immunity, Respiratory system, Digestive system, Urinary system, Reproductive system

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Examples of Amazing Facts

By donating one pint of blood 4 lives can be saved

The human heart beats roughly 35 million times a year

It is not possible to tickle yourself your brain warns the rest of

the body and by doing so your brain will ignore this sensation

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Activity 1.1.1 Amazing Facts

Get with your Manikin partner Students will randomly draw your

system Your group assignment is to focus on

and find “Amazing Facts” about those systems

Follow your Activity directions

PowerPoint Presentations

Activity 1.1.1. Amazing Facts

List the major organs in your systems on your body organizer

Discuss top five Amazing Facts for each system

Think about how your Primary System can act like a Secondary System

Create your Presentation to present to the class. Post to your Web Portfolio (Instruction for creating

Web Portfolio is on the Weebly)

Essential Question

In what ways do the parts of the human body system work together to carry out a specific function?

In what ways do different human body systems work together to complete specific functions?

Activity 1.1.2

Where ??

How do you give someone directions?

How do you explain location or directions on the human body?

Our Manikins

Equipment Manikins Post-it Flags Colored Pencils

Documents Activity 1.1.2 Adoption Certificates Body Organizer

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Working with Manikins

Assemble ManikinName your Manikin-place your manikin’s

name on the base with masking tapeComplete Adoption CertificatesPlace a family photo of the 3 of you on

your WebPortfoioAlways store manikins in there proper

placeAll Manikins look the same now but will

soon take on their own personalities.

Activity 1.1.2

Pair Up with your Manikin Partner Brainstorm Complete Activity 1.1.2

Key Terms

Key Terms

Essential Question

3. How can directional terms and regional terms help describe location in the body?

4. What features of structure and function are common to all humans? 

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Lesson 1.2 Identity

The basic processes of the human body unites us as humans, but it is the tiny differences in our ▪ appearance▪ tissues ▪ cells ▪ genetic make up

which make us truly unique

Lesson 1.2 Identity Supply List

ManikinsClay &Clay toolsColored PencilsMicroscope Tissue Slides Body System Organizer -Skeletal

ViewActivity 1.2.1 Microscope Resource Sheet Inspiration

Downloading Inspiration

For windows, go to this link, http://

download.inspiration.com/download/windows/inspiration9_win_cd.exe

For Macintosh go to this link, http://

download.inspiration.com/download/mac/inspiration9_mac_cd.dmg

14-digit subscription license: 2633D1237J9601

What are the levels of human organization?

Systems (What makes up systems)

Organs (What makes up Organs)

Tissues

Tissue

When you think of human identity, what comes to mind

At the beginning of the week we discussed systems and organ structures that are common to all humans.

Over the year we will be looking at processes that occur in all of our bodies.

But what makes us special?

Tissue Basics

Tissues –are groups of cells that are similar in structure that work together to perform a specific function. There are four main tissue types:

Epithelium Connective tissue Muscle Nervous tissue

Epithelium

Epithelium or epithelial tissue, forms the linings, coverings, and

glandular tissue of the body. ▪ One type of epithelium forms the outer layer

of the skin▪ Another type of epithelium lines the air sacs

of the lungs Cells in epithelium are packed tightly

together to form continuous sheets

Connective Tissue Connective tissue protects, supports, and

binds together other body tissues. Connective tissue is made up of different

types of cells in varying amounts of a nonliving substance around the cells, called the matrix.

Examples of connective tissue include: Bone Cartilage Adipose tissue (fat) Blood??? Really, how

Muscle Tissue Muscle tissue is specialized to

contract and cause movement. There are three main types of

muscle tissue: Skeletal muscle Cardiac muscle Smooth muscle

Give Examples of the location and function of each muscle type?

Nervous Tissue Nervous tissue is composed of specialized

cells called neurons that receive and send electrical signals in the body.

Nervous tissue responds to stimuli and transmits impulses and together with supporting cells, makes up the brain, spinal cord, and nerves.

Essential Questions

1. What are the main types of tissue in the human body?

2. How does the structure of a type of human tissue relate to its function in the body?

Activity 1.2.1

Pair up Complete Part 1 only Concept Map View prepared slides Link for more slide viewshttp://histology.osumc.edu/histol

ogy/HumanHisto/index.htm#

What role does tissue play in the identity of the human?”

Facial features

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h_HaJT7OVIQ&feature=player_detailpage

Activity 1.2.1 Part IIGiving your Maniken a Face

Complete through question 15

Discuss proper use of clay and tools and Manikin Rules

Let’s create a face- Using Teacher Building Instructions

Compare Manikins

Key Terms

Adipose tissue- Connective tissue in which fat is stored and which has the cells distended by droplets of fat

Connective Tissue- Animal tissue that functions mainly to bind and support other tissues, having a sparse population of cells scattered through an extracellular matrix

Epithelial Tissue- Sheets of tightly packed cells that line organs and body cavities

Tissue- An integrated group of cells with a common structure and function

Essential Question

3. How does the distribution and structure of different types of tissue in the body contribute to personal identity.

4. “What are the functions of the human skeletal system?”

Human Skeletal System

Remember bones are a type connective tissue

What do you know about the skeletal system

Name this bone

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Activity 1.2.2 Supply List

Computer with internet Anatomy in Clay Maniken Body System graphic Organizer

(Skeletal View) Colored pencils

Activity 1.2.2Skeleton Scavenger Hunt

Research the listed bones

Label you Manikins

Quiz yourself/partner

Project 1.2.3

What are the functions of the human skeletal system?”

Support the bodyWorks with muscles for movementProtects internal organsBUT alsoTell a story about age, gender, height,

ethnicity

“What are the main bones of the human skeletal system for Identity ”

Project 1.2.3

Read the Introduction

Review Learning from Bones http://www.nlm.nih.gov/visibleproofs/education/anthropological/index.html . Located on your activity.

Develop Career Journal- Forensic Anthropologist

Forensic Video http://

www.youtube.com/watch?v=7cogeHybySI&feature=player_detailpage Female anthropologist

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c8IHPq9VgWI&feature=player_detailpage shows bone age clues

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Project 1.2.3 Bone Detectives

We will determine proximal age, height, gender and race of our victims.

Race and Ethnicity broken into 3 race models

Mongoloid (Asian) is an anthropological term for a group that includes Chinese, Koreans, Japanese, Tibetan, Eskimo and some Native Americans.

Negroid (Black) is a classification including Sub-Saharan African and Afro-Caribbean peoples and their descendants.

Caucasoid (White) refers to people of Anglo or Caucasian descent from Europe, parts of North Africa, Western Asia and India and their descendants.

Project 1.2.3 Bone Detectives

Each group will use the laminated instruction sheets to take measurements of the bone at each station

Split into three teams- Each team will need a copy of Project 1.2.3 Student Data Sheet

You will determine the Age RaceSex Height

2 students at each station to gather measurements of:Skull Femur Pelvis HumerusTibia

Essential Question

6. What is forensic anthropology and how does the field relate to human body systems?

7. How can features of bone be used to determine information about a person’s gender, ethnicity, age, or stature?

Data

forensic anthropologist, Diane France http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KcnGybzFhjM watch 10min50sec then again at 34min

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Project 1.2.3 Bone Detectives

Work in your group come to consensus of traits and measurements

Determine as much as you can about the person. Discuss findings with your group

Once gender and ethnicity are decided, use the equations to estimate height.

If there is disagreement you may need to go back to specific bones and re-measure

Once consensus- you will develop a formal cast report

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Formal Case Report

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Introduction: Provide a brief case description.Items you may want to include

Your team. “ A group of 6 highly trained and experienced forensic anthropologist”

Bones your were presented with Where bones were found Tools used, guidelines followed Steps taken to identify individual

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Summary of Findings:

Provide evidence and support for your findings.

NOTE: do not list every measurement or observation as evidence. You may want

to make a table of your findings Think about your analysis as a whole and

describe how combined data led you to a conclusion.

Discuss any inconsistencies in the data and address the limitations of these methods in determining identity8/16/2013

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Data Table

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Further Analysis

Read the FBI file on facial reconstruction Discuss how the technique of facial

reconstruction could be used in this case. Research and report on at least two other

tests/types of analysis that can be completed using the bone samples.

What can be learned from these tests? How can this information be used to

identify the missing?

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Conclusion

Sum up the case findings Provide clear concise and logical

conclusion Add recommendations for the next

steps of the investigation in paragraphs form

Mention the type of data used

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DATA

What Type of Data did you use?

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DATA

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What is the differences between Qualitative and Quantitative Data

Quantitative research generates numerical data or information that can be converted into numbers.

Qualitative = Research that generates non-numerical data such as opinion's, like smoothness, appearances

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Project 1.2.3

Now that the bones have told us a bit about our missing person, what can we use to further our investigation to make a final identification?”

Cells DNA.

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Key Terms

Axial Skeleton- The skeleton of the trunk and head.

Appendicular Skeleton- Bones of the limbs and limb girdles that are attached to the axial skeleton

Femur- The proximal bone of the hind or lower limb that is the longest and largest bone in the human body, extends from the hip to the knee

Forensic Anthropology- The branch of physical anthropology in which anthropological data, criteria, and techniques are used to determine the sex, age, genetic population, or ancestry of skeletal or biological materials in questions of civil or criminal law

Humerus-The longest bone of the upper arm or forelimb extending from the shoulder to the elbow

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Key Terms

Pelvis-A basin-shaped structure in the skeleton of many vertebrates that is formed by the pelvic girdle together with the sacrum and often various coccygeal and caudal vertebrae and that in humans is composed of the two hip bones bounding it on each side and in front while the sacrum and coccyx complete it behind

Skull- The skeleton of the head forming a bony case that encloses and protects the brain and chief sense organs and supports the jaws

Tibia- The inner and usually larger of the two bones of the leg between the knee and ankle that articulates above with the femur and below with the talus -- called also shinbone

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Activity 1.2.4 Height Estimations from Bones

In the 1950’s Dr. Mildred Trotter developed mathematical formulas that correlated body height to the length of ones extremities.

To Complete Parts I - Pair into groups of 2

You will measure your height in cm and then the femur, humerus, and radius bones in cm to calculate your height.

Like in criminal investigations an estimated range of height is given. Like 5’9” to 6’2”

Use the + and – formulas to get your error value for minimal and maximal height range.

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Activity 1.2.4 Height Estimations from Bones

Part II You will use a formula specific to Gender and Ethnicity.

Part III Use an Excel file you will develop Your Own Formula. Follow Instructions provided under the Resource Tab

Then Answer “How well do these equations work?” What equation was most accurate?

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Essential Question

Revisited3. How does the distribution and structure

of different types of tissue in the body contribute to personal identity.

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Key Terms

Agarose A polysaccharide obtained from seaweed that is used

as the supporting medium in gel electrophoresis.

Biometrics The measurement and analysis of unique physical or

behavioral characteristics (as fingerprint or voice patterns) especially as a means of verifying personal identity.

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) A double-stranded, helical nucleic acid molecule

capable of replicating and determining the inherited structure of a cell’s proteins.

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Key Terms

Gel electrophoresis The separation of nucleic acids or proteins, on the basis

of their size and electrical charge, by measuring their rate of movement through an electrical field in a gel.

Restriction enzyme A degradative enzyme that recognizes specific

nucleotide sequences and cuts up DNA.

Restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) Differences in DNA sequence on homologous

chromosomes that can result in different patterns of restriction fragment lengths (DNA segments resulting from treatment with restriction enzymes).

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Story Set Up You have identified the bones you were

presented to sex, age, race, ethnicity. DNA inside the bone holds the KEY to true

identity 2 families have just come forward to inform the

department that the information you provided has opened the case of their loved one.

The families want to provide DNA from their loved one to be analyzed against the DNA of the bones found and identified in your report.

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Lesson 1.3 Story Set Up

Approximately 1cc of the DNA sample was taken from Skeletal remains and labeled

The pieces were stored in EtOH and frozen -20°C

Samples were transported to OCTC in refrigerated containers for genetic analysis

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Restriction Enzymes

you will use restriction enzymes to allow us to visualize differences in the DNA.

Like molecular scissors they cut the DNA in each sample,

gel electrophoresis is then used to analyze the pattern of bands that are left behind.

DNA work takes care and precision. Work carefully to identify these

individuals and finally give their families some peace.8/16/2013

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DNA

Name sources of DNA evidence Skin cells Hair Blood Semen Old tissue such as bone but amplified using Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

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Lesson 1.3 Identity-Molecules and Cells

What level of organization comes below tissues.

CELLS Now- Figuratively zoom in on the cell

and describe the genetic material found inside the cell. Chromosome Gene Protein DNA

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Chromosome

23 pairs considered the building blocks of the human body.

long pieces of DNA found in the center (nucleus) of cells.

function based on the precise structure of the organelle that carries out that function.

Genes

A hereditary unit consisting of a sequence of DNA that occupies a specific location on a chromosome and determines a particular characteristic in an organism.

the functional unit of heredity, passed from parent to offspring through mitosis.

pieces of DNA, that contain the information for making a specific protein and thus cells

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Hot tip : g

enetic info is

coded in DNA by a

sequence of Nucleotides

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Protein

constructed from 20 amino acids, like long necklaces with different shaped beads.

To become active, proteins must twist and fold into their final conformation

Those in donut shaped form a complete ring around the DNA to regulate the activity of genetic material.

This DNA polymerase III cinches around DNA and moves along the strands as it copies the genetic material.

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DNA

DNA is like an architect's blueprint.

Think of it as an Owner's Manual for your body.

May want to remember: DNA is made of 2 components, Phosphate molecules and deoxyribose sugars.

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DNAunique code of over 3 billion base

pairs only 1/10 of 1% differs from person

to person provide a genetic blueprint of an

individual.Function is coding for proteinsholds the instructions for

development & reproduction “its survival”

transfers genetic messages to all other cells in the body

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Practice Loading a Gel…

Practice filling each well Wear Gloves throughout Don’t contaminate with

your DNA Don’t poke holes in gel Don’t create air bubbles Keep the plunger

depressed until after you have raised the micropipettor away from the gel

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Practice Loading GelsMost common loading problems

taking up too much sample with the micropipettor,

taking up air in addition to the sample,

not completely expelling the sample,

sucking the sample out of the well once placed,

poking the pipette tip through the bottom of the gel well.

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Practice Loading a Gel… Set fake gel into casting trey Secure casting trey into chamber well- line

up the notch Pour water into chamber until it fills BOTH

ends and covers gel completely Micropipette

Secure tip until “click” Set measurement and pick-up 20-35 uL of

practice loading dye Don’t push plunger all the way down on Pipette Stop at 1st stop

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Part 1 DNA Digestion w Restriction Enzymes - Day 1 of Lab

1. Obtain 4 micro-centrifuge tubes 2. Label tubes 1-4 with some way to ID

them later.Very Important: Note the content of

each tube in your lab journal. You will need to know what is in each tube. Don’t get them mixed up!!!

3 Dispense DNA and Enzymes into 4 tubes as instructed in activity.

4. Incubate in 37 T water bath X 45 to 60 min.

5. Begin Student Resource Sheet.

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Essential Question

1. What is the structure and function of DNA

2. How does DNA differ from person to person

3. What role does DNA play in our Identity

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How to Use a Micropipettor

Place a new tip on the micropipettor, being careful to not touch the tip to any surface.

Depress the plunger to the first stop and hold it in this position.

Dip the tip of the micropipettor into the top of the solution to be transferred.

Gradually release the plunger and draw the fluid into the tip, making sure to keep the tip in the solution.

Slide the pipet tip out along the inside wall of the reagent tube to dislodge any excess droplets adhering to the outside of the tip.

Check to make sure there are no air bubbles in the sample in the tip. If there are air bubbles, expel the sample using the directions below and restart procedure.

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How to Use a Micropipettor

Insert the tip of the micropipettor into the area in which you want to expel the liquid.

Slowly depress the plunger to the first stop to expel the sample and continue to depress the plunger to the second stop to ensure all of the liquid is expelled.

Hold the plunger in the depressed position. Slide the micropipettor out with the plunger

depressed. Do not release the plunger from the depressed position to avoid sucking any liquid back into the tip.

Once the tip is out of the liquid, release the plunger. Eject the tip into the proper disposal area by pressing

down on the tip-ejector button

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) What is it?

A Biochemical technique used to amplify the number of copies of a specific region of DNA generating thousands to millions of copies of a particular DNA sequence in order to be adequately tested.

Named after the enzyme, polymerase, which copies DNA in cells.

It’s a chain reaction because multiple events occur in succession, over and over again in the

same sequential order.

Each time the series of events is completed, one cycle has been completed.

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Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

Some of the uses of PCR: Cloning Diagnosis of hereditary diseases Paternity testing Diagnosis of infectious diseases Forensic sciences

A

B

Polymorphism = Difference in

length of fragments

Restriction Enzymes are derived from bacteria with the ability to cut DNA from invading organisms such as a viruses, before the virus takes control of the cell

Restriction

Enzymes

Gel Electrophoresis

1. DNA is obtained from the skeletal remain

2. Gene is amplified by PCR

3. DNA is cut in specific places by the use of restriction enzymes.

4. The restriction enzyme recognizes specific nucleotide sequences and cuts DNA

Restriction enzymes are derived from Bacteria

Gel Electrophoresis What is it?

The process where DNA can is separated according to size and electrical charge by applying an electric current to them.

The current forces the molecules through pores in a thin layer of gel.

DNA is negatively charged so it runs toward the positive pole

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Why DNA electrophoresis

To visualize the DNA fragments and sort them according to size

DNA samples are loaded into a gel and exposed to electrical currents Fragments run through

the gel at different rates smaller = faster

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Activity 1.3.1 Resources

Activity 1.3.1.

Student Response Sheet

Student read Introduction

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Tools of electrophoresis

Gloves throughout Lab

Power source Chamber & casting trey Agarose gel with wells TAE Buffer Distilled H20 Micropipette and tips Dye Light box DNA Samples

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Part 2 Electrophoresis of Restriction Fragments- Day 2 of lab

1. Obtain your 4 tubes 2. Heat samples plus the DNA marker

and DNA extracted from bone for 2 min at 65 degrees C

3. While cooling practice loading gels 4. Draw diagram in lab journal Clearly

indicating which sample is in each well.

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Journal Labeling Guide

Lane 1 Standard DNA Marker

Lane 2 DNA from Bone cut w Enzyme 1

Lane 3 DNA from bone cut w Enzyme 2

Lane 4 Missing person 1 wEnzyme 1

Lane 5Missing person 1 w Enzyme 2

Lane 6Missing person 2/Enzyme 1

Lane 7Missing person 2/Enzyme 2

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Ready to Go

1. Place gel in tray, and tray in chamber.

2. Be sure the wells are at the negative end of the gel and the tray is secure in the notch

3. Fill with TAE Buffer, cover gel completely

4. Fill the wells with the corresponding sample

5. Copy table in notes!!!!

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Special Notes

Be sure the voltage is set at 150 and the timer is set for 15 minutes

Check polarity! Be sure the DNA sample is at top of the negative pole (black) and will run down toward the positive

Alarm will sound after 15 minutes…check back every 2-5 min if incomplete

Turn off the power supply when the dye is near the bottom edge of the gel

Be careful to not allow the dye to run off the edge of the gel

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Polarity

If the polarity is backwards, the DNA will migrate out of the well and off the short end of the gel. If the mistake is caught in time, the polarity can be reversed and the DNA will migrate back into the well and then through the longer portion of the gel.

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Staining

The DNA fragments are then stained with a dye and can be observed as lines or bands in the gel when view on a light box.

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Gel Staining

Often the DNA fragment bands can be observed directly after electrophoresis without further treatment. If the bands are faint or appear to be missing, the gel can be soaked in the diluted Carolina Blue dye for 30 minutes and then washed with distilled water

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Results of DNA electrophoresis

 

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Don’t Go Past Here

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Results of DNA electrophoresis You will actually find that the gel

results show that both of the missing persons match the DNA fingerprint of the DNA from bone digested with Enzyme 1

NOTE that Lane D and F are the same ad B. (see the example gel picture below).

If you only cut with 1 enzyme you may come up with incorrect data.

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Results

You will have to look to the results for Enzyme 2 to make their final conclusions regarding identity.

Gel results show that when using a second restriction enzyme on the same DNA, only one Restriction Fragment Length matches that from the bone sample.

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Essential Question

4. How can tools of molecular biology be used to compare the DNA of 2 individuals?

5. What are restriction enzymes?

6. What are restriction fragment length polymorphisms?

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Gel Electrophoresis

Gel Electrophoresis Virtual Lab http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/lab/

gel

DNA Interactive: Gel Electrophoresis http:www.dnai.org/text/mediashowcase/

index2.html?id=1014

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Steps in Gel electrophoresis

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Essential Question

7. What is gel electrophoresis and how can the results of this technique be interpreted?

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Gel Electrophoresis

Analyze the DNA Discuss results and conclusions Conclusion Questions

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Activity 1.3.2 Careers in Identity Introduces Activity 1.3.2 Careers in Identity.

Career Journal for Forensic Anthropologist

Distribute the Biomedical Sciences Documentation Protocol and review documentation of their sources.

Distribute Rubric and go over grading

Students complete Activity 1.3.2 individually.

Documenting Your Sources

Gives your work credibility Allows reader to look up sources to

obtain more information Citation gives credit to original

author. Source is documented in 2 places in

APA style. 1st, In the text and 2nd at the end of

document in the reference list.99

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Project 1.3.3 Who Are You In this project you will be a team of 3 to

design a security plan using biometrics for your new Client. Using: Power Point Presentation Oral Presentation Answering any questions Convince you client to buy

Brain storm: What body systems are involved in Biometric Techniques.

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Essential Questions

8. How can the field of biometrics be used to verify and protect identity?

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Biometrics and DNA

Discuss Ethical Issues in biometrics and the use of biology in identity.

Discuss how DNA can be used in biometrics.

Debate how close we are to Identifying people in an instant using DNA sample.