THE HUMAN BODY

• AN ORIENTATION

ANATOMY

• The study of the structure and shape of the body and body parts and their relationships to one another.

TYPES OF ANATOMY

• GROSS

• MICROSCOPIC

GROSS ANATOMY

• Whenever we look at our own body or study large body structures such as the heart or bones.

Microscopic Anatomy

• If a microscope or magnifying instrument is used to see very small structures in the body.

• The cells and tissues of the human body can only be seen through a microscope.

PHYSIOLOGY

• The study of how the body and its parts work or function.

• Like anatomy it has subdivisions

NEUROPHYSIOLOGY

• Explains the workings of the nervous system

CARDIAC PHYSIOLOGY

• Studies the function of the heart, which acts as a muscular pump to keep the blood flowing throughout the body.

Relationship between Anatomy and Physiology

• The parts of your body are combined and arranged to form a well-organized unit, and each of those parts has a job to do to make the body operate as a whole.

Levels of Structural Organization

• Chemical

• Cellular

• Tissue

• Organ

• Organ System

• Organism

CHEMICAL LEVEL

• Atoms combine to form molecules

CELLULAR LEVEL

• CELLS ARE MADE UP OF MOLECULES

TISSUE LEVEL

• TISSUES CONSIST OF SIMILAR TYPES OF CELLS

ORGAN LEVEL

• ORGANS ARE MADE UP OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF TISSUES

ORGAN SYSTEM LEVEL

• ORGAN SYTEMS CONSIST OF DIFFERENT ORGANS THAT WORK TOGETHER CLOSELY

ORGANISM LEVEL

• ORGANISMS ARE MADE UP OF MANY ORGAN SYSTEMS

Organ System Overview• Integumentary • Skeletal • Muscular • Nervous• Endocrine• Circulatory• Respiratory• Digestive• Urinary• Reproductive

INTEGUMENTARY

• The external covering of the body. It waterproofs the body and cushions and protects the deeper tissues from injury.

• It also excretes salts and water in sweat.• Regulates body temperature.• Temperature, pressure, and pain

receptors located in the skin alert us to what is happening at the body surface.

SKELETAL

• Consists of bones, cartilages, ligaments and joints.

• It supports the body and provides a framework that skeletal muscles can use to cause movement.

• Protects major organs.

• Stores excess minerals

MUSCULAR

• Skeletal muscles of the body have one function- to contract and shorten. When this happens, movement occurs.

• These muscles are distinct from muscles of the heart and of other hollow organs which move fluids(blood,urine) or other substances(food) along definite pathways within the body.

NERVOUS

• It is the bodies fast-acting control system.

• It consists of the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sensory receptors.

• The body must be able to detect stimuli on the inside and outside of the body.

• This is done via electrical signals called nerve impulses.

ENDOCRINE• Produces chemical molecules called

hormones and release them into the blood to travel to relatively distant target organs.

• The pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenals, thymus, pancreas, pineal, ovaries(female), and testes(male) all produce hormones that control body functions.

• Growth, reproduction, and food use by cells are all controlled using hormones.

CIRCULATORY

• It is the transport and delivery system of the body.

• The primary organs of the cardiovascular system are the heart and blood vessels.

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

• ENABLES YOU TO BREATHE.

• THE LUNGS ARE THE MAIN ORGANS OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM.

UPPER RESPIRATORY

• UPPER RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

• NOSE

• PHARYNX

• LARYNX

• TRACHEA

• BRONCHI

EXTERNAL RESPIRATION

• GAS EXCHANGE BETWEEN ENVIRONMENT AND RESPIRATORY ORGANS

INTERNAL RESPIRATION

• GAS EXCHANGE BETWEEN CELLS AND THE BLOOD

CELLULAR RESPIRATION

• THE PROCESS OF BREAKING DOWN FOOD, USING OXYGEN TO MAKE ENERGY FOR THE CELLS.

Respiration

• SUPPLY CELLS WITH OXYGEN

• REMOVE CARBON DIOXIDE

WHEN YOU INHALE

• OXYGEN GOES FROM THE

• ALVEOLI

• INTERSTITIAL FLUID (LUNGS)

• BLOOD

WHEN YOU EXHALE

• Co2 GOES FROM THE BLOOD

• INTERSTITIAL FLUID (LUNGS)

• ALVEOLI

• NOSE / MOUTH

Pressure Gradient

• Before you take a breath the air pressure inside your lungs is equal to the pressure in the atmosphere.

• When you inhale the pressure is less than in the atmosphere.

• When you exhale the pressure is greater than in the atmosphere.

TRACHEA

• TUBULAR PASSAGE FOR AIR

EXTERNAL NOSE

• Made of bone and pliable cartilage, and covered with skin and lined with mucous membranes

• Blood vessels WARMS AIR BEFORE ENTERING THE LUNGS

• FILTERING PARTICLES FROM THE AIR BEFORE IT ENTERS THE LUNGS

PHARYNX• NASOPHARYNX

• OROPHARYNX

• LARYGOPHARYNX: Connects with the larynx(voice box) and the esophagus

• EPIGLOTTIS: Valve at the top of the throat that closes when you swallow to keep food from entering the lower airway causing you to choke.

LUNGS

• Divided into 2 parts.

• The broad lower half is called the base. It is concave and fits onto the convex portion of the diaphragm.

• The narrow upper part is called the apex

LUNGS

• THE RIGHT SIDE HAS 3 LOBES AND THE LEFT SIDE HAS 2 BECAUSE IT SHARES SPACE WITH THE HEART.

LUNGS

• Primary breathing organ

• Two cone-shaped organs in the thoracic cavity.

• Protected by the pleural membrane

TRACHEA

• LEFT Primary Bronchus leads to the left lung.

• Right Primary Bronchus leads to the right lung.

• After entering the lung each primary bronchus divides into smaller and smaller BRONCHI, which are called Bronchioles.

Alveoli

• Small air-filled sacs

• The ending of the bronchioles.

• Millions of them together make up our lungs.

Pleural Membrane

• Surrounds and protects the lungs• Those membranes are connected.• They are separated by a microscopic

layer of water that allows them to slide against each other without pain or discomfort.

• Inflammation of this lining will cause major discomfort.

Maintaining Life: Necessary Life Functions

• Maintaining boundaries, move, respond to environmental changes, take in and digest nutrients, carry out metabolism, dispose of waste, reproduction, and growth.

LEVELS OF STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION

• Name the levels of structure that make up the human body and explain how they are related.

• Name the organ systems of the body and briefly state the major functions of each system.

• Classify by organ system all organs discussed.

• Identify the organs shown on a diagram.

THE WORK OF THE HEART

• THE MUSCLE THAT ACTS AS A PUMP FOR THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM.( HEART)

BLOOD PRESSURE

• THE FORCE OF THE BLOOD PUSHING AGAINST THE WALLS OF THE BLOOD VESSELS.

• SYSTOLIC: the pressure when your heart contracts

• Diastolic: the pressure when your heart relaxes

PARTS OF THE BLOOD• PLASMA: MADE OF 92% H20; TRANSPORT

BLOOD CELLS AND DISSOLVE FOOD

• RED BLOOD CELLS: CARRIES O2 TO THE OTHER CELLS OF THE BODY AND CARRIES AWAY SOME WASTE.

• WHITE BLOOD CELLS: DESTROYS DISEASE CAUSING GERMS.

• PLATELETS: HELPS YOUR BLOOD CLOT

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

• Energy is your key to life

• Your body uses food as energy

• Food is converted into energy

• Food helps the body grow tissue and produce new cells

• Your body breaks down food through the digestive system

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

• The process of breaking down food is called digestion

• The digestive system is an open system( 2 openings; in/out)

Gastrointestinal Tract

• Organs of the G.I. tract include:

• Mouth

• Pharynx

• Esophagus

• Stomach

• Small intestines

• Large intestines

Accessory Structures of the Digestive System

• Teeth

• Tongue

• Salivary Glands

• Liver

• Gall Bladder

• Pancreas

Digestion Terminology

• Ingestion: The voluntary action of placing food in your mouth.

• Digestion: the breakdown of food by chemical and mechanical processes.

• Peristalsis: The movement of food along the digestive tract

Digestion Terminology

• Absorption: the passage of digested food from the digestive tract into the cardiovascular and lymphatic systems.

• Defecation: the elimination of indigestible substances from the body

The Stomach

• Food is broken down into a substance called Chyme(processed food) that looks like heavy cream.

• Located on the left side of your body behind your liver and diaphragm

• Gastric juices and hydrochloric acid are secreted by your stomach

• Chyme travels to the small intestine via the pyloric sphincter

Stomach Emptying Rate

• High volume of chyme in the small intestine

• Acidic pH in the small intestine

• High volume of fat in the small intestine

Small Intestines

• Divided into 3 section

• 1. Duodenum: iron and calcium most actively absorbed

• 2. Jejunum: proteins and carbohydrates

• 3. Ileum: fats, bile salts, and vitamins

Small Intestine

• Secretes enzymes into food that helps break down solids so they can enter the blood.

• Blood carries food particles to all parts of the body.