human capital, communications, & information systems · sub-program 4.3 - human capital,...

RIRDC Completed Projects in 1997-1998

and Research in Progress as at June 1998

HUMAN CAPITAL, COMMUNICATIONS, &

INFORMATION SYSTEMS

RIRDC Sub-Program 4.3

November 1998 RIRDC Publication No 98/99

Sub-program 4.3 - Human Capital, Communications and Information Systems

RIRDC Completed Projects in 1997-1998 and Research in Progress as at June 1998

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© 1998 Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation. All rights reserved. ISBN 0 642 57866 4 ISSN 1440-6845 "RIRDC Completed Projects in 1997-98 and Research in Progress as at June 1998 - 4.3 Human Captial, Communications and Information Systems” Publication No 98/99 The views expressed and the conclusions reached in this publication are those of the author and not necessarily those of persons consulted. RIRDC shall not be responsible in any way whatsoever to any person who relies in whole or in part on the contents of this report. This publication is copyright. However, RIRDC encourages wide dissemination of its research, providing the Corporation is clearly acknowledged. For any other enquiries concerning reproduction, contact the Publications Manager on phone 02 6272 3186.

RIRDC Human Capital, Communications and Information Systems Research Manager Mr Tony Byrne RIRDC Level 1, AMA House 42 Macquarie Street BARTON ACT 2600 PO Box 4776 KINGSTON ACT 2604

Phone: (02) 6272 4033 Fax: (02) 6272 5877 Email: [email protected] RIRDC Publications Manager Eva Hickman Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation Level 1, AMA House 42 Macquarie Street BARTON ACT 2600 PO Box 4776 KINGSTON ACT 2604 Phone: (02) 6272 3186 Fax: (02) 6272 5877 Email: [email protected] Website: http://www.rirdc.gov.au

Published in November 1998 Printed on environmentally friendly paper by the DPIE Copy Centre



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FOREWORD This year RIRDC has produced Research in Progress, June '98, which contains short summaries of continuing projects as well as those that were completed during 1997-98 for all of the Corporation’s 21 program areas. The complete report on all the programs is only available in electronic format on our website at http://www.rirdc.gov.au The following report is a hardcopy extract covering Sub-Program 4.3. It contains all entries from continuing and completed Human Capital, Communications and Information Systems research projects funded by RIRDC. This program aims to enhance human capital and facilitate innovation in rural industries and communities. This report is the newest addition to our extensive catalogue of over 250 research reports, videos and CD-Roms of projects supported by RIRDC. Please contact us for the latest publications catalogue or view it on our website. Peter Core Managing Director Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation



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CONTENTS

COMPLETED PROJECTS

PROJECT No

PROJECT TITLE RESEARCHER PHONE ORGANISATION PAGE No.

PTP-4A Current and future use of personal computers (PC’s) by farmers

Arthur Stubbs (03) 9844 1135 Primary Tasks Pty. Ltd. 1

UWA-32A Fostering the relationship between private and public extension

Dr. David Pannell (08) 9380 2538 University of Western Australia 1

SED-5A Implement and Evaluate an Integrated Extension Model for New Pasture Plant Cultivars that Enables Faster and More Widespread

Mr. Max Jongebloed (08) 8231 6675 Seedco 2

AHU-2A Managing farm safety program Dr. Lyn Fragar (02) 6752 8210 Australian Agricultural Health Unit

2

DAW-37A Use by managers in rangeland environments of near real time satellite measures of seasonal vegetation response

Ian Watson (08) 9690 2128 Agriculture Western Australia, Department of Land Administration

3

ANU-15A Community groups and government policy in resource management: Innovation and evaluation of extension practices

Anna Carr (02) 6249 2197 CRES, ANU Canberra 4

BDL-2A Options for improving accessibility of agricultural information on the Internet

Jim Groves (07) 5526 9698 Baradel Consulting 5

KDI-16A A study of farm machinery safety Andrew Green (08) 9478 3343 Kondinin Group 6 UWA-26A Adoption of grain legumes: The importance of

risk Dr. David Pannell (08) 9380 2538 University of Western Australia 6

VPI-1A Incorporating an understanding of the process of research development and extension processes into VET courses

Ms. Lynette Hughes (03) 5354 8262 Victorian Primary Industries Training Board (Inc)

7

PRM-1A Increase the availability and use of computer-aided learning resources for agricultural education and training

Mr. Anthony Hele (02) 4376 1173 Primesoft Solutions 8

DNT-21A Conservation farming/grazing practices in the Semi Arid Tropics (SAT) - extension publication

Mr. Fergal O’Gara (08) 8999 2233 NT Department of Primary Industry & Fisheries

9

ABC-1A Australian Rural Woman of the Year Award and Rural Leadership Seminar – Business Plan

Mr. Andrew Buchanan (02) 9416 7233 AB Communicates 9



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RESEARCH IN PROGRESS

PROJECT No

PROJECT TITLE RESEARCHER PHONE ORGANISATION PAGE No

USA-3A The influence of seat modifications of trunk muscle performance, muscle fatigue and spinal flexion creep in farmers driving tractors

Ms. Sheila Scutter (08) 8302 2585 University of South Australia 10

TCC-1A ATCROS on Internet (AOI) Mr. David Noel (08) 9385 3400 Tree Crops Centre 10 ANU-31A Scholarship "Host specificity of myxoma virus

in different leporid species at the cellular and molecular level"

Louise Silvers (02) 6242 1543 Australian National University 11

UT-18A Why do farmers and 'expert' perceptions of training needs differ?

Ms. Sue Kilpatrick (03) 6226 2760 University of Tasmania 11

KDI-19A Standardised classification system and thesaurus for Australian agricultural extension information

Mrs. Ruth McIntyre (08) 9478 3343 Kondinin Group 11

RMI-5A Accounting concepts and costs relating to the environment: broadacre dryland farming in the Loddon catchment

Dr. Patricia Evans (03) 9660 5703 Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology

12

AGT-3A The impact of tax-driven financial investment on new industry development

Dr. Peter Chudleigh (07) 3870 9564 Agtrans Research 12

UCS-13A Agriculture courses: student entry and exit attributes and industry needs

Dr. Brian Hemmings (02) 6933 2498 Charles Sturt University 12

SYC-4A Creative research environments Mr. Tony Gleeson (07) 3844 2370 Synapse Agricultural and Resource Consulting

13

UA-39A RIRDC Postgraduate Scholarship- K. Lawrence

Kate Lawrence 08 8303 3671 Department of Social Inquiry, University of Adelaide,

13

US-37A Postgraduate Scholarship Award - Ms. Nerida Donovan

Ms. Nerida Donovan University of Sydney 14

USA-4A Patterns of information technology use and their impact on farm management

Dr. Lia Bryant (08) 8302 4363 University of South Australia 14

BNT-1A Developing a sustainable satellite fire monitoring program for rural northern Australia

Dr. Jeremy Russell-Smith

(08) 8984 4000 Bushfires Council of the NT 15

DPI-24A Missed opportunities - harnessing the skills of rural women for economic, environmental and social development

Ms. Helen Board (02) 6272 3984 Department of Primary Industries and Energy

16

UA-43A Scholarship - Anne Morgan Anne Morgan (08) 8303 666 University of Adelaide 15 CST-1A Piloting Internet delivery of APSIM support to

farmers, advisers and scientists Dr. Robert McCown (07) 4688 1390 CSIRO Tropical Agriculture 16

FW-2A C. A guide to the Internet for farmers D. Coordinator of Australian Rural OnLine services

Ms. Rosie Simpson (02) 6273 6384 Farmwide 16

FW-1A A. Assessment of the demand for online services in rural Australia B. Assessment of the capacity of the existing infrastructure to meet the demand for online services in rural and regional Australia


FW-3A The Australian Farmer's Guide to the Internet updates and web site




COMPLETED PROJECTS

Project Title Current and future use of personal computers by farmers RIRDC Project No: PTP-4A Researcher: Arthur Stubbs * Organisation: Primary Tasks Pty Ltd

Unit 58, Level 2, 247 Drummond Street

CARLTON, VIC 3053 Contacts: Phone: 03 9844 1135 Fax: 03 9844 4554 E-mail: [email protected] * Co-Researchers were Nadine Markham and Warren Straw, Victorian Department of Natural Resources and Environment Objectives • To examine factors affecting the present use of PC's

in farm decision making. • To identify the views, attitudes and perceptions of

producers in relation to their needs for computer software packages and the current interest by, and experiences of, PC users in using presently available software.

• To determine training needs of rural PC users in order to provide focused, interactive training at local levels.

• To utilise the results of the study to assist training course providers, specialist computer extension staff and computer software agencies to enhance the adoption of PC's to assist in farm management decision making.

Background: Despite large amounts of money being spent on software development, promotion and extension programs by both private enterprise and government agencies, it appears as yet there is only limited personal computer (PC) penetration into farm operations. It was considered important to assess the views, attitudes and perceptions of rural producers about ownership, operation and effectiveness of PC's, the impact of currently available software programs in support of decision making, and the future needs of producers for training courses in PC use and for access to, and use of, electronic communication systems (eg: E-mail, Bulletin Boards, Internet). Research Focus Group Interviews were conducted with farmer groups selected to give a mixture of producers using, interested in, not using, and disinterested, in PC's for farm management purposes. Focus Group distribution was chosen to cover major rural industries by region on a national basis. Discussions were also held during the

project with representatives of organisations and companies involved in computer training, computer and program supplies and service, and specialist computer extension. Outcomes Factors affecting the current and future use of PC's in farm management range from farmers' attitudes and perceptions to technical limitations of equipment and support services available. The more important factors included: age and habits; time available; interest in records; equipment suitability; cost benefit; information sources; electronic communication potential/problems; software evaluation; and training inadequacies. Most of these factors affect the likelihood of use by non-users, as well as the ability of users to make full use of their computers for farm management. Implications Matters identified as needing attention to increase the adoption of computers for farm management include: provision of computer equipment more suited to the farm environment; development of an independent advisory service for computers and programs; software development based on farmer needs; conduct of special training courses for farmers; encouragement of PC User groups; and improvements in technical and information standards of electronic communications. Project Title Fostering the relationship between private and public extension RIRDC Project No: UWA-32A Researcher: Dr. David Pannell Organisation: University of WA NEDLANDS WA 6097 Contacts: Phone: (08) 9380 2538

Fax: (08) 9380 1098 Objectives • To review the current and proposed links and

information flows - both formal and informal - that exist between agricultural extension personnel working in the private and public sectors in Australia.

• To conduct a national workshop in collaboration with all state departments of agriculture and key private sector personnel to discuss the content of this review and determine desired future directions.

• To use the information generated from the review and the workshop to recommend strategies that will enable the construction of effective and reliable partnerships between the sectors that operate in the interests of the industry, and to publish these findings in a report that determines a strategy for the future.

mailto:[email protected]



Background Provision of agricultural extension in Australia is undergoing dramatic and rapid change. State departments of agriculture and primary industries have been subject to a process of review and re-structuring that has affected the nature of the services they are prepared to provide and the ways that those services are provided. The relationship between public and private sector extension providers is changing, as the private sector takes on an increasing role in the provision of extension services and the public sector withdraws from some areas of service provision. Research Information for the report has been based on available documents and reports and extensive formal and informal consultation with public and private sector personnel. A draft report was modified with the benefit of debate and discussion following a RIRDC-sponsored workshop, involving key public and private sector personnel, held at the Australian National University in Canberra on September 17th and 18th 1997. Outcomes The final report “The New Environment for Agricultural Extension in Australia: The Changing Roles of Public and Private Sector Providers” is a review of the changes occurring in Australia and elsewhere that are affecting the relationships between public and private sector personnel working in agricultural extension and research. The report has two major aims: to document changes to the provision of agricultural extension services that are occurring in Australia, and to identify and discuss the lessons, issues and challenges arising from these changes. The overall purpose of this report is to make some early assessment of the consequences of policy change in these areas. Implications Agricultural extension in most Australian states seems destined to face the same problems as have emerged in other countries which have implemented similar changes. This work should help identify appropriate responses to address emerging problems, and allow relevant Australian institutions to learn from positive and negative experiences in other institutions, other states or other countries. Project Title Implement and evaluate an integrated extension model for new pasture plant cultivars that enables faster and more widespread uptake by farmers and graziers RIRDC Project No: SED-5A Researcher: Mr. D C Jury Organisation: Seedco (South Australian

Seedgrowers Cooperative Limited)

: 78 Burbridge Road Hilton SA 5033

Contacts: Phone: 08 8234 9333 Fax : 08 8234 6133

E-mail: [email protected] Objectives • To develop, implement and evaluate an integrated

extension model for new pasture plant cultivars that would enable faster and more widespread uptake by farmers and graziers.

Background Concern amongst pasture research funding bodies and plant breeders that the rate and extent of adoption of new pasture plant cultivars was less than optimal. This was delaying the transfer of benefits to farmers that these new cultivars offered and also restricting the flow of royalty income back to the stakeholders. Research Three new pasture cultivars, Gosse and Denmark Subclover and Holdfast Phalaris were chosen for the project due to their suitability for widespread use in the high rainfall grazing zone of Southern Australia. An extension model was developed to stimulate demand for these cultivars in two target areas within this zone. A marketing plan based on the model was implemented over a two year period followed by a detailed evaluation of the project. Outcomes The project was successful in generating some awareness and uptake of the cultivars within the target areas during the two years of the project and more particularly excellent sales of all three cultivars since the principles of the extension model have been applied on a national basis. Implications The project demonstrated that the use of a coordinated extension marketing program such as that used in this project can successfully be used to launch new pasture cultivars onto the market leading to rapid and widespread uptake by farmers and maximising returns to all stakeholders. Project Title Managing farm safety program – Production of guidance notes RIRDC Project No: AHU-2A Researchers: Lyn Fragar, Shelley Blakely,

James Houlahan Organisation: Australian Agricultural Health

Unit PO Box 256,

MOREE NSW 2400 Contacts: Phone: (02) 6752 8210 Fax: (02) 6752 6639




Objectives • Development and publication of the information

section of the Managing Farm Safety package of Farmsafe Australia

Background: Farmsafe Australia, the national organisation of agencies working to improve farm safety, has produced a package, or risk management tool, to assist farmers to manage occupational health and safety (OHS) risk on the farm workplace. The package, Managing Farm Safety, has taken into account OHS risks on Australian farms as well as the legislated OHS responsibilities in each state. The package has 5 sections: Parts 1 & 2: Farm safety checklist (farm audit tool, specific to commodity) Part 3: Register of farm chemicals Part 4: Register of training of farm workers Part 5: Guidance notes on specific hazards and risk This project has assisted the development of the Managing Farm Safety package and training program through the development of Section 5: Guidance Notes. While the key objective has been the completion of the Managing Farm Safety packages, the Guidance Notes can stand alone as a useful collation of resources (a loose-leaf ‘textbook’ of farm safety risk management) not currently available in Australia. Research A Research Officer worked with an Editorial Panel of relevant persons, nominated to provide advice in the research and development of the Guidance Notes, targeted to meet the information needs of farm owners/managers, farm managers/supervisors and rural training lecturers and teachers. Outcomes 15 Guidance Notes were produced within the project, in 2 versions - a summary versions and a full version. These are available from the Australian Agricultural Health Unit. A further Guidance Note on Woolshed Safety was produced in association with the International Wool Secretariat funded project on OHS in the Sheep Industries. A further 5 Guidance Notes are in draft form and will be produced by the Australian Agricultural Health Unit, in the similar format to those produced by this project. A further 5 Guidance Notes are being researched or planned as at March 1998. Implications • The production of the Guidance Notes has

constituted an essential step in development of the Managing Farm Safety package and program in Australia, and the work will be ongoing in terms of reviewing the Guidance Notes already in use, and in terms of production of Guidance Notes addressing other key hazards on farms.

• Use of these Guidance Notes targeting farmers and farm managers, has highlighted the need for another

set of guidance material to be developed targeted at farm workers. Such would lay more stress on safe practice as distinct from risk management, would detail workers responsibilities for safety in the farm workplace, and provide both workers and their supervisors with authoritative material to improve safety.

Publications A catalogue of publications is available from the Australian Agricultural Health Unit Project Title Seasonal intelligence for rangeland managers. (Use by managers in rangeland environments of near real time satellite measures of seasonal vegetation response ) RIRDC Project No: DAW-37A Researchers: (Shane Cridland, Don

Burnside, Richard Smith, Alec Holm, Ian Watson)

Ian Watson, Richard Smith Organisation: Agriculture Western

AustraliaDepartment of Land Administration PO Box 483

PO Box 471 NORTHAM WA 6401

WEMBLEY WA 6014 Contacts: Phone: (08) 9690 2128 (08) 9340 9330

Fax: (08) 9622 1902 (08) 9383 7142

E-mail: [email protected] [email protected] Objectives • To develop a system of capturing NOAA-NDV111

data and integrating it with spatial resource information used for rangeland management;

• To develop “seasonal intelligence” products for rangeland areas using NOAA-NDVI data; and

• To distribute and promote the use of NDVI information products by pastoral land managers, government agency field staff and land administrators.

Background: Rainfall drives rangeland processes. Collecting and collating rainfall data and information on the effectiveness of rainfall has traditionally been limited to a small number of recording stations. Remote sensing technologies provide the opportunity to collect data over a broad spatial area and put the information into

1 NOAA (meteorological satellites owned and operated by the

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Organisation of the US government). NDVI (Normalised Difference Vegetation Index)





historical context. The Vegetation Watch project supported by the NOAA meteorological satellites. The high frequency of collection, low cost of the data, national coverage and nominal 1 km resolution of these data provided a unique opportunity to develop near-real time seasonal intelligence for the rangeland areas of Australia. A standard index, the NDVI, could be used to provide a measure of “greenness” of the vegetation. It was obvious that a range of products could be developed for use by those involved in rangeland management from the sub-paddock to state and national scale. However, it was also realised that considerable effort was needed to develop protocols for data processing, linking to existing spatial resource information and designing and testing a range of information products. Research Initial research was focussed on setting protocols in place for processing the data. Considerable effort was devoted to cloud masking and cross calibration between satellites in order to provide an historical context. A range of normalised, rather than raw NDVI values, were predominantly used in the information products. These included the maximum flush in relation to the previous season’s baseline and analysis of the change in baseline NDVI from year to year. Various input combinations were used to produce user-specific products. The inputs came from a selection of derived data, a range of spatial and temporal scales and a range of display formats. Outcomes Many information products were developed. These were customised to provide rangeland managers with information at a range of spatial scales. Seasonal intelligence information could be provided in near-real time so that a watching brief could be kept as seasonal conditions across the rangelands developed. The seasonal history of any area (paddock to state scale) could be displayed either as a colour coded image or by overplotting time sequential data. A crude estimate of rangeland condition was developed based on year to year changes in the baseline NDVI observed. Implications For the first time, wide area information on seasonal conditions can be captured and displayed for rangeland managers. Both on-ground managers and administrators can use this information to make better decisions. The large range of products can aid decisions at both the strategic and tactical level. Increasingly, administrators are relying on the products to provide a watching brief on Western Australia’s rangeland areas. Four of the products are routinely used as part of the ongoing cycle of pastoral lease reporting to government.

Project Title Community group and government policy in resource management: information exchange processes. RIRDC Project No: ANU-15A Researcher: Anna Carr Organisation: Centre for Resource &

Environmental Studies The Australian National University

CANBERRA ACT 2600 Contacts: Phone: (02) 6249 2197

Fax: (02) 6249 0757 Objectives The central aim of this study was to improve the policy and practice of information exchange within rural industries in Australia. It was directed at informing policy-makers with the intention of achieving more understanding of community-government initiatives in extension methodology. • Within landholder groups, to analyse factors

affecting individual’s abilities to learn and gain information from each other as well as establishing how groups can act collectively to improve productivity and sustainability on the basis of improved information exchange.

• Between landholder groups and government agencies, to explore the relationship between landholder groups and government agencies to improve information exchange.

Background Community-based landholder groups are responding with determination and creativity to the rural crisis in Australia. Landholder groups are increasingly the focus of government-funded extension aimed at agricultural productivity and rural sustainability. Research and Development (R&D) Corporations are recognising that adaptation – and not just adoption – of new knowledge, research or technologies is increasingly important through information exchange in groups. However, there appears to be a lack of information available and understanding about the current or potential role of landholder groups in information exchange processes. This project therefore investigates information exchange within and between landholder groups and government agencies. Research Qualitative methodologies using case-studies of landholder groups and a survey of key stakeholders (extension specialists, academics, agricultural extension consultants and landholders) were employed. Results were disseminated as the study progressed in the form of working papers, journal articles and at conferences and seminars. Outcomes Group formation – and associated issues such as ownership, agenda-setting, goals, motivation for joining a group, necessary skills and attributes – were found to all



be important factors affecting information exchange both within and between landholder groups. For a group to function successfully, issues of ownership, goals, agendas and process must be considered in the very early days of group formation, otherwise progress can be hindered. It is important also to include a wide diversity of interests; this will set the scene for an exchange of information on a broader scale and will generate a wider range of ideas and interpretations than would a more uniform group. There is a clear role for government officers to encourage: • A context for collective learning; • Diversity in group composition; • Opportunities for interaction; and • A network or bank of experts and resources. The potential for collaboration between landholder groups and traditional proponents of research, development and extension was raised on numerous occasions by interviewees. The scope, within present systems of research and development, for recognising local knowledge and for joint research ventures between scientists and landholders was explored further with key stakeholders. Lastly, the principles and conditions for collaboration between landholder groups and government agencies was discussed. Implications Because of the widespread extent of landholder groups functioning to disseminate information and conduct their own research projects (with or without assistance and collaboration from research and development agencies), it is important to recognise the critical role landholder groups play in extension. Government agencies must review their approach to collaboration with such groups in light of the likely continuation of this trend. Participatory methods of inquiry therefore require some critical thinking – as to the preparedness of groups to appropriate the roles of scientists and extension officers and the extent to which scientists and extension officers are trained to negotiate with landholder groups about the nature of science and research. Central themes underlying group process which relate to effective information exchange are identified as: • A sense of community; • A sense of place; • A local knowledge system; and • Empowerment. Project Title Options for improving accessibility of agricultural information on the Internet RIRDC Project No: BDL-2A Researcher: Jim Groves

Organisation: Baradel Consulting 82 Cypress Drive BROADBEACH WATERS QLD 4218

Contacts: Phone: (07) 5526 9698 Fax: (07) 5526 9685

E-mail: [email protected] Background One of the problems with the Internet is the sheer volume of information available - over 100 million pages on around 1 million sites. The largest directories of agriculture sites contain over 8,000 listings. Despite quite sophisticated navigation tools, much information remains difficult to find:- • the large number of directories of site cannot take

users to specific information from within sites • the quite powerful search engines return too many

irrelevant responses to search inquiries, despite the fact that they do not cover all the information that is available on the Internet.

To farm users, particularly those facing constraints of cost, time or poor communications infrastructure, this can constitute a significant barrier to them taking full advantage of the Internet. While the Internet community as a whole recognises this problem and is taking some steps to overcome it, further work remains to be done. Research RIRDC commissioned Jim Groves, a consultant specialising in Internet issues for the regional community, to analyse the special information needs of rural Australia and how to substantially improve access to their online information needs. Outcome This report presents a number of options for improving the accessibility of Australian agricultural information on the Internet. These options include: • development of a specialised search engine, that can

search only sites known to contain relevant and useful information for Australian farmers;

• development of an Australian agricultural "push" channel which would automatically update required content to users’ desktops;

• creating a directory of relevant sites with on-site "search facilities", with the aim of linking those search facilities in a manner able to provide additional assistance to users;

• encouraging improved user training in search techniques;

• identification and promulgation of "best practice" in Web site design among substantial providers of agricultural information in order to help them make their information more accessible accessibility;

• reviewing and encouraging regional initiatives to package information for farmers (and others) on a local basis; and




• creating an aus.agriculture newsgroup to provide an additional means by which farmers can communicate among each other via the Internet.

These options are provided for the consideration of content providers interested in improving content availability on the Internet for Australian farmers. Project Title A study of farm machinery safety RIRDC Project No: KDI-16A Researcher: Andrew Green Organisation: Kondinin Group PO Box 913

CLOVERDALE WA 6105 Contacts: Phone: (08) 9478 3343

Fax: (08) 9478 3353 E-mail: [email protected] Objectives • The objective of this project was to reduce the level

of injuries on farms in Australia. This was achieved by providing farmers with an operational guide, which contributed towards raising farmers awareness of the practices resulting in high accident and death rates on farms.

• This study specifically deals with farm machinery and focuses on augers, PTO shafts and machinery guards. A specific evaluation of PTO shafts and auger guards with the aim of documenting why these fail or are being removed from farm machinery.

Background: Farm machinery safety causes a lot of down time and lost income due to accidents that occur on the farm. Research has shown that agriculture is among the highest risk groups for occupational injury and illness, with Worksafe Australia research showing the industry has the third highest rate of fatalities after transport and mining. Farm safety is becoming a greater issue in the farmer’s eyes as they are being held responsible for the safety of themselves, workers, visitors and children. The number of accidents that occur on a farm has been steady for the past number of years. This report identifies key areas of concern where accidents do occur and the degree of seriousness. It also reports on the testing of new and old power-take-off (PTO) shafts. The project is part of RIRDC’s Farmer Occupational Health and Safety Sub-Program, which aims to reduce the level of injuries on farms in Australia. This will be achieved by providing farmers with an operational guide, which will contribute towards raising farmers awareness of the practices resulting in high accident and death rates on farms.

Research The project was based on a survey of farmers to determine what innovative practices they are using to prevent machinery accidents. The survey was used to reveal: • The extent of machinery accidents throughout

Australia. • The methods farmers are using to prevent such

accidents and injuries. Once the survey had been conducted and analysed, key individuals were selected to follow up material. Detailed descriptive information on machinery guards, motor bike safety ideas and the safe operation of general farm machinery was collected. The information together with the legislative requirements of farmers for machinery safety was packaged in a friendly format in the final report. The report was published in the Kondinin Group’s September 1997 magazine Farming Ahead No. 69, and is also available to a much wider audience through the RIRDC funded FarmLine information service. Outcomes This report will achieve two things: 1. Raise the level of awareness of dangerous farm

safety practices and activities.

2. Suggest alternative methods of improving farm safety. Many of these are farmer solutions to their own problems.

It is not easy to put a dollar value on farm safety issues. If this report were to save only one or two lives then the payback on the investment by RIRDC would be substantial. Implications The benefits to rural Australia on this project would be found in increased awareness of improved safety methods, which would lead to a reduction in farm injuries and accidents. This would then lead to a cost saving for farmers with reduced insurance premiums. for workers compensation payments. Although the official farm injury statistics show the highest occurrence of deaths occur with mobile machinery, it is known that there are many accidents and near misses not reported. Project Title Adoption of grain legumes: The importance of risk RIRDC Project No: UWA-26A Researcher: Dr. David Pannell Organisation: The University of Western

Australia NEDLANDS WA 6009 Contacts: Phone: (08) 9380 2538

Fax: (08) 9380 1098




Objectives • Use surveys of farmers to understand and measure

farmer’s perceptions of the riskiness of grain legumes.

• Use economic models and models of farmer decision making to understand how risk affects farmers’ decisions to adopt grain legumes.

• Use this information (in conjunction with other economic analyses) to assess grain legume species and varieties for release.

Background: The impetus for this project arose at CLIMA (Centre for Legumes in Mediterranean Agriculture) where considerable resources are being invested in development of new species of grain legumes for Australian growers. A crucial element in the success of this effort is adoption of the resulting crops by growers, which is influenced by growers’ perceptions of the riskiness of the crop. Prior to this research, evidence suggested that the grain legumes were seen by farmers to be more risky than other available enterprises. However, before this project began, there was little information available on the impact of perceived riskiness on adoption of a new enterprise and also how important risk is to Western Australian growers’ in general. Research This project utilised empirical data from interview-based surveys of farmers in the wheatbelt of Western Australia to rigorously examine the impact of risk on farmers’ adoption of new legume crops. Bayesian decision analysis and expected utility theory provided the framework within which the impacts of risk and uncertainty on adoption were measured. The survey information was used in conjunction with analyses using whole-farm bio-economic models to understand the place of different grain legumes in the farming system. Outcomes The final report “Adoption of grain legumes – the importance of risk” documents: (a) Western Australian farmers’ perceptions of new

grain legumes over three consecutive seasons from 1995 to 1997;

(b) The role that information from trialing and learning-by-doing plays in revising farmers estimate of the profitability of new crops;

(c) How farmers’ attitudes to risk and their perceptions of risk and uncertainty of grain legumes combine with other socio-economic characteristics to influence their adoption decisions; and

(d) The likely long-term roles of different legume crops when both profit and risk are accounted for.

Implications The implications for new industries are that research and extension programs need to recognise the dynamic nature of the adoption process involving learning and risky choice. The following extension activities are likely to be

of benefit to farmers in making the best possible adoption decisions: (a) Enhance grower learning especially through

regional trialing and peer demonstration of new enterprises;

(b) For each type of soil and management technique, provide information on the likely range of yield outcomes across different weather-year types; and

(c) Compare the behaviour of a new crop with a well known “bench-mark” crop in different types of seasons, not just “on average”.

The conceptual framework of adoption of innovations under risk and uncertainty developed during this research project can be applied to many other types of innovation. It appears that it may be particularly valuable to do so for sustainable farming practices. Project Title Incorporating an understanding of the process of research development and extension processes into VET courses. RIRDC Project No: VPI-1A Researcher: Lyn Hughes Organisation: Primary Skills Victoria Suite 10, Skipping Girl Place, 651-653 Victoria Street ABBOTSFORD VIC 3067 Contacts: Phone: (03) 5354 8262;

(03) 9428 9811 Fax: (03) 5354 8289;

(03) 9428 9931 Objectives • To identify whether a need exists for the production

of resource material that would assist TAFE trainers to incorporate the development of an understanding of R&D processes, practices and organisations in training programs delivered to young people undertaking entry level training.

Background: This project is Stage one of a two stage project. It was developed as a means of contributing to the range of strategies required to support the on-going relationship between the farming community and all aspects of the R&D process. Such strategies are required to encourage improved rates of adoption of R&D outcomes by the agriculture industry. The project targeted young people at the beginning of their careers in agriculture, those participating in new apprenticeships and other types of entry level training through the vocational education and training system. These young people are the farm owners, farm managers and farm workers of the future. Research The project was carried out through consultation with industry representatives, personnel in R&D organisations, TAFE and secondary school teachers,



practising farmers and students. The project aimed to identify: • The entry level training programs. into which R&D

information should be integrated; • R&D resource material currently available for use by

trainers/teachers; • The resource material that requires development; and • The appropriate teaching strategies to be used with

the target audience. Outcomes In response to requests R&D organisations provide resource material for students undertaking TAFE entry level programs. In addition some organisations carry out R&D activities with the target audience. However, with a few important exceptions, material is not developed specifically for use by these young people and their teachers/trainers. TAFE and secondary school teachers undertake many activities that expose their students to R&D processes, practices and organisations. In general the teaching method used incorporates a ‘hands on’ approach to learning. However, trainers provide these activities in an ad hoc fashion, with little support material and little exposures to each other’s practices or ideas. In addition, the shift in the TAFE system towards workplace based training requires the development of activities that can be undertaken and assessed on farm and by farmers. Implications Teachers working in TAFE institutions and secondary schools recognise that students undertaking entry level programs, for example new apprentices, benefit from activities that help them to develop an understanding of R&D processes, practices and organisations. Training providers would be greatly assisted if they had access to a resource kit providing support materials and a range of activities directed towards improving student/apprentice understanding of R&D. The activities should be able to be undertaken both on farm and/or off farm. Project Title Computer-aided learning in agriculture RIRDC Project No: PRM-1A Researcher: Anthony Hele Organisation: Primesoft Solutions

Lot 1 Mangrove Dam Road KULNURA NSW 2250


E-mail: [email protected]

Objectives • The project objectives were to increase the quantity,

quality, awareness and use of computer-aided learning (CAL) in agricultural education and training by documenting and disseminating information on current resources, initiatives, user experience and usage considerations and by stimulating further resource development by identifying and publicising market opportunities.

Background: Computer-aided learning (CAL) can be a valuable tool for education and training, offering advantages in terms of such factors as flexibility of delivery, user control, remote access, self pacing, immediate feedback on performance and economy of delivery. Research The project utilised focus groups, consisting of educational and software developer representatives, to gather information on computer-aided learning material usage and requirements. Information gathered was used to develop a written survey which, in addition to use and requirements information, uncovered information that allowed estimation of the market for software, in financial terms. The written survey was delivered to users through the project's electronic magazine and main information dissemination vehicle, called AgClass. Outcomes The project found : • Nearly all educators experienced a shortage of

information on available software and most also lacked information on how to use software effectively. AgClass has been successful in addressing this information shortfall and achieving its objectives of increasing the awareness and use of CAL in agriculture.

• The potential market for commercial CAL software

for agriculture is around $380,000 per annum. However, the current market is likely to be much smaller and closer to $50,000.

• Currently, educational software development in

Australia often tends to occur in isolation from the wider market, which limits both the quantity of titles available and their quality.

Implications As user skills and access to facilities improve the level of interest in and adoption of CAL will inevitably increase, as will the demand for AgClass-like information on resources and usage issues. Demand for more and better quality software titles will also increase. In the United Kingdom the Centre for Computer-based Learning in Land Use and Environmental Sciences (CLUES) aims to improve education through the application of computer-assisted learning and other appropriate information technologies. Given current Australian conditions and potential benefits, there may be




a case for establishing a CLUES-like organisation in this country and further study on this possibility is warranted. Project Title Conservation farming/grazing practices in the semi arid tropics (sat) - extension publication RIRDC Project No: DNT-21A Researcher: Fergal O’Gara Organisation: DPIF GPO Box 990 DARWIN NT 0801 Contacts: Phone: (08) 8999 2233

Fax: (08) 8999 2043 Objective • review the research and practical experience on

conservation farming/grazing systems recently brought together by RIRDC project AIA-5A and make this information available to the industry in northern Australia through a high quality booklet;

• provide this information to industry as part of a n integrated extension package to promote and facilitate the understanding and adoption of conservation farming/grazing practices in the Semi Arid Tropics;

• benchmark current best practice in relation to integrated conservation farming/grazing systems in the Northern Territory.

Background Due to the nature of the soils and climatic pattern in the SAT the potential for land degradation is much greater than in southern environments. Recognising this, conservation farming has been researched by several organisations (CSIRO, NTDPIF, CCNT) since about the late 1970’s. Considerable knowledge and commercial experience has been generated however little of this information has been published in a practical extension format and is still largely inaccessible to the industry. Research All relevant research findings and practical experience which has been gained in the Northern Territory was reviewed and documented in an extension format. Relevant information from conservation farming systems in other SAT countries and elsewhere has been included in this document. Local producer experience formed a major component of this booklet. Drafts were reviewed by both departmental, independent, and industry personnel to make sure that the information, style and presentation met the highest needs of the target audience. Outcome Striking the Balance is the culmination of many years work and is a fitting conclusion to the research and development which was undertaken in conservation farming and ley farming systems in the region. Along with two videos which were produced earlier as part of this work, and the 1995 Conservation Tillage Workshop

Proceedings, the book forms a comprehensive package of information which is accessible to researchers, students, advisers, agribusiness and farmers alike. Implications The book is a sound background and foundation for the understanding of agriculture in this region. It provides practical information on principles and practices of conservation farming and sustainable grazing. Much of the information has not been available to the farming community until the publication of this book. Although written specifically for the Top End of the NT, Striking the Balance has much broader application and relevance to other tropical regions both within Australia and overseas. It has already attracted interest from countries such as Zimbabwe, Uganda and Ghana. Project Title Australian Rural Woman of the Year Award and Rural Leadership Seminar – business plan RIRDC Project No: ABC-1A Researcher: Mr Andrew Buchanan Organisation: ABC Communicates 11 Northcote Road LINDFIELD NSW 2070 Contacts: Phone: (02) 9416 7233

Fax: (02) 9416 7233 Objective • To develop a business plan for the 1998 Australian

Woman of the Year Award and Rural Leadership Seminar

Research A report outlining a range of options for future management of the Award. Outcome The report was considered by the RIRDC Board in May 1998. The Board agreed that the next phase would be to ascertain support for the Award from commercial business houses and industry. Implications The aim is to continue to promote the role of women in agriculture through the award.



RESEARCH IN PROGRESS

Project Title The influence of seat modifications of trunk muscle performance, muscle fatigue and spinal flexion creep in farmers driving tractors RIRDC Project No: USA-3A Start Date: 1 November, 1995 Finish Date: 2 December, 1998 Researcher: Sheila Scutter Organisation: School of Physiotherapy

University of South Australia ADELAIDE SA 5000 Contacts: Phone: (08) 8302 2585 Mobile: 041 781 1029

Fax: (08) 8302 2766 E-mail: [email protected] Objectives • To determine the effects of seat modifications on the

incidence and severity of back pain in farmers driving tractors.

• To determine the effects of seat modifications on the biomechanics of the lumbar spine.

• To determine the incidence and severity of back pain in farmers, and factors related to the development of pain.

Current Progress In the last twelve months: Objective 1: symptoms of back pain have been recorded over a period of 16 days by a sample of 18 farmers. The farmers recorded their symptoms in a logbook, and were instructed on which days a C'aireCush air cushion should be used. Preliminary trials showed that the cushion decreased the back pain experienced when driving tractors. The logbooks were distributed in March/April, to coincide with the start of heavy tractor use during seeding. The logbooks were only recorded on days when at least 5 hours of tractor driving was undertaken. Objective 2: Ten subjects have been tested in the laboratory to determine the effects of the C’AireCush and of a swivelling seat on the components of lumbar spine flexion, rotation and lateral flexion used to achieve a rotated position such as would be used when driving a tractor (and looking behind). A 3-space tractor has been used to record data. Objective 3. A questionnaire has been developed and tested to record the incidence and severity of back pain among farmers working in South Australia. The questionnaire will be

distributed by the South Australian Farmers' Federation to a sample of 200 farmers. Project Title ATCROS on Internet (AOI) RIRDC Project No: TCC-1A Start Date: 1 November, 1996 Finish Date: 30 September, 1998 Researcher: Mr. David Noel Organisation: Tree Crops Centre

PO Box 27 SUBIACO WA 6008


E-mail: [email protected] Objectives • To mount the data files contained in "ATCROS", the

Australasian Tree Crops Sourcebook (as published) as a World Wide Web site on a suitable Internet host, for general public access.

• To maintain, regularly update, and progressively enhance this information.

Current Progress The last 12 month's work has seen the Atcros project through all major development phases and on to public release. The project places two groups of information relevant to tree and other perennial plant crops on the World Wide Web. Half relates to relatively stable data on crop tree properties, culture, names etc. The other half comprises a Directory of contact details and interest areas of all relevant Australasian organisations. This information is constantly changing and needs regular updating. The whole website was publicised and released for public use 1 August, 1997. Initial take-up of the site was pleasing and has increased regularly, currently achieving a very satisfactory 150 accesses each month. Current work is mainly on verifying, updating, and adding to Directory entries, now about 1200, up from 1000. Table updates have been regularly achieved about every 24 days during 1998. A proposal has been submitted for a major enhancement, the Consortium Web Project, which would allow non-profit Atcros organisations to place public-value information from their fields of expertise onto Web pages at negligible cost. A recent innovation is the quoting of Atcros 4-digit codes with articles and notices in the tree crop magazine 'Quandong'. This allows rapid access to organisations mentioned, through the Atcros site.





Project Title Why do farmers and 'expert' perceptions of training needs differ? RIRDC Project No: UT-18A Start Date: 1 September, 1997 Finish Date: 30 November, 1998 Researcher: Ms. Sue Kilpatrick Organisation: University of Tasmania

GPO Box 252C HOBART TAS 7001 Contacts: Phone: (03) 6226 2760

Fax: (03) 6226 2765 Objectives • To recommend on the structure and delivery of

marketing and management training for male and female farmers.

• To recommend strategies to change farm manager's attitudes to management training, as well as allowing an indepth examination of how farm management teams make decisions about knowledge and skill development.

Current Progress Eighty-five farmers from five States and Territories have been interviewed by telephone to find how they learn new management and marketing related knowledge and skills. A number of focus groups have been held in Western Australia to gather data on farmers' preferences for training courses in the area of farm business management. Data is currently being analysed. The preliminary results of the project will be discussed at a search conference, 'Managing Farming' to be held in Launceston on 16 June 1998. Around 100 farmers, trainers and other stakeholders from around Australia have accepted invitations to attend, comment on the preliminary results and assist in formulating recommendations from the project. Project Title RIRDC Postgraduate Scholarship "Host specificity of myxoma virus in different leporid species at the cellular and molecular level" RIRDC Project No: ANU-31A Start Date: 30 March, 1998 Finish Date: 30 June, 1999 Researcher: Louise Silvers Organisation: PO Box 84

LYNEHAM ACT 2602 Contacts: Phone: (02) 6242 1543

Fax: (02) 6242 9242 E-mail: [email protected] Objectives • To investigate the host specificity, pathogenesis and

evolution of both the Californian and Brazilian

strains of myxoma virus in selected North American and Australian lagomorphs

Current Progress • Review of the literature - currently literature

searches are being undertaken and relevant references are being sought and obtained

• Serological assays - confirmation has been made that immunoglobulins from Sylvilagus sp. can be detected by gel immunodiffusion assays using commercial reagents

• Myxoma virus stocks, Californian strain MSD and Brazilian strain Lausanne, and Shope Fibroma virus have been produced to use in productive infection studies in selected North American lagomorphs. The Californian strain will be used for productive infection experiments in the wild European rabbit also

• Through the Department of Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Sciences at Utah State University, Logan, Utah, access to laboratory and office facilities and experimental rabbits has been arranged and will be available by July 1998

Project Title Standardised classification system and thesaurus for Australian agricultural extension information RIRDC Project No: KDI-19A Start Date: 1 September 1997 Finish Date: 30 June 1999 Researcher: Mrs Ruth McIntyre Organisation: PO Box 913,

CLOVERDALE WA 6105 Contacts: Phone: (08) 9478 3343

Fax: (08) 9479 7509 E-mail: [email protected] Objectives • To improve the existing Agdex classification

scheme, to retain the current relevance of Agdex to information managers and providers for classifying and distributing Australian agricultural information.

• To develop a thesaurus of keywords to be used when indexing Australian agricultural extension information, for use by information managers and providers.

• Both the classification scheme and thesaurus would be applicable to all agricultural industries. Uniformity would lead to simplified integration of databases, speedier transfer on information, and economies in the adoption of technology.

Current Progress Sound progress is being made with the updating of the Agdex classification scheme. In February a meeting was held with staff of the DPI Queensland, and detailed improvements to the current edition were discussed. The updated version of Agdex is being developed on database software. In April a listserv was developed to




communicate and discuss proposed changes with all interested participants. The publisher of the previous edition of Agdex has given the Kondinin Group permission to publish the new edition. Development of the thesaurus is progressing well – detailed discussions have been held with Agriculture WA, DPI Queensland, DNRE Victoria and Infoscan Pty. The initial parameters of the thesaurus have been defined, and there has been in depth discussion of individual terms for inclusion in the thesaurus. A database of terms has been developed and a listserv has been established for constant communication with participants on the inclusion of specific terms, and to further develop the parameters of the thesaurus. At the request of Infoscan we have included all relevant ABOA Identifiers in this thesaurus. This thesaurus is intended to be used in conjunction with the CAB Thesaurus, approaches have been made to CAB International concerning its development and publication. Project Title Accounting concepts and costs relating to the environment: broadacre dryland farming in the Loddon catchment RIRDC Project No: RMI-5A Start Date: 7 February, 1997 Finish Date: 30 July, 1998 Researcher: Dr. Patricia Evans Organisation: Royal Melbourne Institute of

Technology PO Box 2476V

MELBOURNE VIC 3001 Contacts: Phone: (03) 9660 5703

Fax: (03) 9660 5741 Objectives • The principal objective of this research is to test the

hypothesis that adverse ecological impacts arise directly as a result of not incorporating maintenance information into an organisation's records, but could be reversed if incorporated into useful management accounting information systems using both financial and non financial information.

• Another objective is to evaluate current decision making by farmers, thus the major strategy used in this research is in-depth interviews with farmers and thier wives with a questionnaire based on a pilot study conducted in 1993 and secondary sources relating to the Loddon catchment.

Current Progress The survey conducted with broadacre farmers in the Loddon catchment in 1993-94 addressed four issues, soil quality practices and accounting used by farmers, as well as managerial skills and off-site impacts, the subject of reports to RIRDC so far. This study covered the wide range of farming practices advocated in the literature and tested them against what farmers do.

The reports to RIRDC to date show that farmers were able to identify and cost the effects of theirs and other farmer's activities on land water. This was indicated in two ways. The first indicator was the farmer's response. This often necessitated a change in farming methodology or a change in product, for example from cropping to grazing. As a result, many of the costs are hidden because farmers do not classify them as such. The second indicator was a measure in production loss. The farmers were asked to calculate the damage to themselves as a percentage of their production and this was multiplied by their gross earnings for the survey year. A final report will identify and propose guidelines for maintaining sustainable agriculture, the place of accounting based on farming practices, not just on theoretical prescriptions. Project Title Agriculture courses: student entry and exit attributes and industry needs RIRDC Project No: UCS-13A Start Date: 4 January, 1997 Finish Date: 18 December, 1999 Researcher: Dr. Brian Hemmings Organisation: Charles Sturt University

PO Box 588 WAGGA WAGGA NSW 2678


Objectives • Key objective is to describe and explain factors

which lead to student success and satisfaction in the first year of agricultural study at university.

Current Progress Survey instruments which address the first of the three key objectives have been developed and trialled as a pilot study. A model to explain and predict student persistence, satisfaction and success has been developed. Preliminary analysis of the pilot data including the use of the technique structural equation modelling has been undertaken. Data collection 'proper' for this project is proceeding. Project Title The impact of tax-driven financial investment on new industry development RIRDC Project No: AGT-3A Start Date: 1 July, 1997 Finish Date: 28 February, 1999 Researcher: Dr. Peter Chudleigh Organisation: Agtrans Research

PO Box 385 TOOWONG QLD 4066 Contacts: Phone: (07) 3870 9564



Fax: (07) 3371 3381 E-mail: [email protected] Objectives • To assess the effectiveness and economics of

investment of tax-driven capital raising schemes in new agricultural/horticultural industry development, effectiveness being measured in terms of increasing the rate of development of the industry and economics referring to the return on funds by the investors in the schemes.

Current Progress Prospectuses for agricultural and horticultural tax-driven investment schemes have been collected from trustee groups in Australia. Initial discussions have been held with representatives of trustee companies and the Australian Securities Commission. A database has been developed in MS. ACCESS to facilitate the compilation of key information for agricultural/horticultural tax-driven investment schemes that have commenced since 1983. Information for 40 prospectuses/projects has been entered in the database to date. Once key information has been entered for all available prospectuses/projects, a number of projects will be selected for further analysis. It is envisaged approximately 6 to 8 projects will be subject to further assessment in the second stage of the study. Within the assessment of each project, a qualitative and quantitative analysis will be undertaken to determine both the contribution of each project to new industry development, and the economic success of the project. Some general conclusions will be made following completion of the assessments of individual projects to indicate the importance and role of tax-driven investment schemes in the development of new and emerging rural industries. Project Title Creative research environments RIRDC Project No: SYC-4A Start Date: 1 September, 1997 Finish Date: 31 August, 1998 Researcher: Mr. Tony Gleeson Organisation: Synapse Agricultural and

Resource Consulting PO Box 3746 SOUTH BRISBANE BUSINESS CENTRE QLD 4004


E-mail: [email protected]

Objectives • This project will identify principles and models to

enhance the expression of creativity in agricultural R&D and related acitivities in ways conducive to their adoption and further examination and development.

Current Progress The project will lead to more effective agricultural R&D through developing and fostering the application of principles governing the expression of creativity. Several concepts of particular relevance to agricultural R&D have been identified through an extensive literature search. Excellent collaborative arrangements have been established with research institutions and an appropriate qualitative investory procedure has been developed to generate in formation on the attitudes of agricultural scientists to their current work environments. Approximately two thirds of the data required for this phase of the work has been collected. Arrangements are well advanced for a national workshop on Creative Research Environments to be held in Queensland in August 1998. Project Title RIRDC Postgraduate Scholarship- Kate Lawrence RIRDC Project No: UA-39A Start Date: 1 January, 1998 Finish Date: 31 December, 1999 Researcher: Kate Lawrence Organisation: Department of Social Inquiry, University of Adelaide,

Adelaide SA 5005 Contacts: Phone: 08 8303 3671

Fax: 08 8303 4346 E-mail: [email protected] Objectives • PhD thesis: Community, authority and vocational

training: a regional case study of the interrelationship between public policy and community-based decision-making in Australia.

Current Progress A broad literature review is continuing regarding: rural sociology; community/communitarian theory/regional communities; regions/regional development; vocational education and training and rural industries/enterprises; public policy theory; 1994-1998 public policy systems and processes pertaining to vocational education and training (VET) provision and consultation. There are two focal areas for primary research: selected VET policy texts and documents 1994-1998, and regional





organisations and networks within the Murraylands region of South Australia (observation, interviews and text-based research). Information from and about regions in Australia other than the Murraylands will be used to assist with critical analysis of the primary research data, and to test and extend theorising based upon the primary research data. As of June 5th 1998, I am making steady progress toward the thesis with a substantial literature summary/review, long-term observer status with key regional organisations, completion of the first stage of interviews, and production of three conference papers (listed below), with a fourth scheduled for September 1998. Lawrence, K (1997) 'The national vocational education and training system: issues of regional coordination and management' Rural Australia: Towards 2000 Conference. Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga July 2-4 1997 Lawrence K (1997) 'Regional 'empowerment' within the national vocational education and training system: an exploration'. Good Thinking: Good Practice: the 5th Annual International conference on post-compulsory education and training. Griffith University 26-28 November 1997. Lawrence K (1998) 'The politics of regional communities within the enterprise culture of the national training system'. Community, Citizenship and Enterprise Culture Conference, Deakin University 17-19 June 1998. Project Title RIRDC Postgraduate Scholarship Award - Ms. Nerida Donovan RIRDC Project No: US-37A Start Date: 30 March, 1998 Finish Date: 30 June, 1999 Researcher: Ms. Nerida Donovan Organisation: University of Sydney Objectives • To investigate the effect of tillage and crop rotation

on the long-term health of the soil, by examining soil biodiversity, disease suppression, mycorrhizal fungi and the activity of the microbial buffer.

Current Progress The project uses long-term tillage trials managed by the University of Sydney in Moree, and the Department of Agriculture in Croppa Creek and Warialda. Sampling over two consecutive seasons showed that crop rotation increased the diversity of Fusarium, a genus of fungi used as an indicator, in soil. Tillage was not a significant factor in soil biodiversity, although conventional tillage with stubble burning did have an adverse effect on the survival of mycorrhizal fungi in soil. Other investigations at the Moree site in 1997 examined the effects of rotation and stubble retention on: suppression of take-all (Gaeumannomyces graminis var.

tritici); displacement of Fusarium graminearum from infested straw; and general soil properties including basal respiration, microbial biomass, stubble and cellulose decomposition, total fungi, organic carbon, phosphate and nitrogen. All the experiments performed at Moree are currently being repeated at the Croppa Creek and Warialda sites. In addition a study of total fungal diversity is being conducted on soil from all 3 sites. Project Title Patterns of information technology use and their impact on farm management RIRDC Project No: USA-4A Start Date: 17 August, 1997 Finish Date: 17 August, 1998 Researcher: Dr. Lia Bryant Organisation: University of South Australia

St Bernards Road MAGILL SA 5067 Contacts: Phone: (08) 8302 4363

Fax: (08) 8302 4377 Objectives • To understand the patterns of information

technology use among farm households four major pieces of information will be extracted. Firstly farm households will be classified according to farm business type to give a specificity to the data obtained and ensure appropriately directed strategies are developed to enhance increased use of information systems.

• Secondly, a profile of users and non-users and their needs will be devised. Thirdly, the strategies developed by those who currently use information systems to overcome problems associated with technology use will be explored. Finally, relationships between technology use and farm practice will be investigated.

Current Progress Semi-structured telephone interviews have been conducted with 100 farm business in South Australia. A total of 20 detailed personal interviews have been held with a selection of the telephone sample. The 20 telephone interviews involve 10 individuals who are currently using IT for farm management and 10 who are not using IT but would like to or shortly intend to purchase a computer. Using the data a farm business typology was constructed which classifies farms on the basis of business structure and orientation to farming by heads of households. The aim of the typology is to place IT use, its impact on farm management and strategies to foster IT use within specific context which capture the diversity of farming business and farmers. The farm business types cannot be usefully described and the rationale for the typology explained in this short report.



However, the typology captures traditional family farms, investment properties, properties integrated with many other financial concerns, corporate farms and so on. All data is currently being analysed and reanalysed. Some key findings from the data include that 52% of those interviewed had a computer in the household while a further 70% without a computer were interested in using IT for farm business. Other than on larger farms, more women were likely to use computers than men, more women were likely to introduce the need for purchasing a computer and more women were likely to attend training courses. The data is analysed in the context of farm business type and gender and draws out the way IT is being integrated into farming and its impact on farm management. Project Title Developing a sustainable satellite fire monitoring program for rural northern Australia RIRDC Project No: BNT-1A Start Date: 15 May, 1997 Finish Date: 21 December, 2000 Researcher: Dr. Jeremy Russell-Smith Organisation: Bushfires Council of the NT

PO Box 37346 WINNELLIE NT 0821 Contacts: Phone: (08) 8984 4000

Fax: (08) 8947 2263 Objectives • To develop accurate, reliable systems for the satellite

monitoring and mapping of fires across the fire-prone savanna regions of northern Australia, through the critical assessment of errors associated with current WA and NT fire-monitoring programs using NOAA-AVHRR data To provide north Australian rural communities ready, daily access to remotely sensed fire data.

Current Progress Extensive areas of sparsely inhabited northern Australia are burnt each year over the seven month dry season, particularly across the Kimberley, the Top End of the Northern Territory, and around the Gulf of Carpentaria. Such burning affects land under all tenures and sectoral interests. From the early 1990s regional land managers in WA and the NT have increasingly come to rely upon satellite remote sensing methodologies for locating fires, and for mapping the extent of fires over the dry season. In the remote expanses of northern Australia such information is a valuable management tool. The satellite mapping of fires is also commencing this year in QLD. The project with RIRDC and a range of partner agencies in WA, NT and QLD aims to: (1) critically assess the accuracy with which such fire mapping can be undertaken through a comprehensive ground-based validation program; and (2) examine the best means by

which different end-user groups can readily access these mapped data on a daily basis. This fundamental research will assist with the development of reliable sources of fire data, and appropriate dissemination systems, of value to the whole north Australian rural community. Ground verification work is ongoing in the Kimberley, and a large project involving staff from all participating northern agencies is planned for the VRD region of the NT in late August. Information dissemination systems assessment is ongoing, with a visit by an international Internet specialist planned for later this calendar year. Project Title Scholarship - Anne Morgan. Development of Acacia baileyana and A. baileyana variet Purpurea for cut-foliage and cut flowers RIRDC Project No: UA-43A Start Date: 30 March, 1998 Finish Date: 20 June, 1998 Researcher: Anne Morgan Organisation: University of Adelaide

DHVO Plant Research Centre Waite Campus PMB 1

GLEN OSMOND SA 5064 Contacts: Phone: (08) 8303 666

Fax: (08) 8303 7116 E-mail: [email protected] Objectives • To characterise differences between the green and

purple leaf forms by examining their morphology, breeding systems, fertility, chemistry and inheritance of leaf colour, and genetic variation.

Current Progress Green and purple leaf forms of Acacia baileyana, plants in Adelaide, SA and Cootamundra, NSW were studied. There is no difference between the two forms in terms of breeding and fruit set. Both prefer to outcross but have the ability to self-pollinate. Large trees may produce 350,000 seeds from approximately 10 million flowers. Hybrid crosses between the purple and green forms were produced in 1995 and 1996. The leaves of the 1995 hybrids were scored for colour in 1997, while the 1996 hybrids will be scored in September 1998. Two major anthocyanin pigments are present in both the purple and green leaf forms, with the purple form producing more anthocyanins. Controlled temperature experiments indicate that the purple leaf colour increases in intensity with decreasing temperature. The final aim of the project is to investigate the genetic basis for photypic differences between the cultivated, weed and natural populations in A. baileyana. DNA has been extracted from samples collected from these




populations and a method (amplified fragment length polymorphisms) is being validated. Project Title Missed opportunities – harnessing the skills of rural women for economic, environmental and social development RIRDC Project No: DPI-24A Start Date: 1 February 1997 Finish Date: 31 January 1998 Researcher: Ms Helen Board Organisation: Department of

Primary Industries & Energy Edmund Barton Building BARTON ACT 2601

Contacts: Phone: 02 6272 3984 Fax: (02) 6272 4414

Objectives • To increase women's participation in mainstream

agricultural and resource management organisations at a national, state, regional and local level by developing strategies which foster and enhance involvement.

Current Progress The first stage of the project has been completed with the release of the missed Opportunities Report in February 1998. The report found that the greatest barriers to women’s expanded leadership in agriculture are organisational culture, family unfriendly workplaces and self perceptions among women. Other barriers included absence of role models and mentoring, lack of recognised experience and lack of access to training. The economic analysis in the report found that women contribute half of real farm income when it is defined to include the value of household work, volunteer and community work and off-farm wage income. The report identifies a range of strategies to improve the leadership role of women in agriculture. The next stage of the project will use case studies to assess how these strategies will work in practice. Project Title C. A guide to the Internet for farmers D. Coordinator of Australian Rural OnLine services RIRDC Project No: FW-2A Start Date: 6 May 1997 Finish Date: 30 October 1998 Researcher: Ms Rosie Simpson Organisation: Farmwide NFF House

14-16 Brisbane Avenue BARTON ACT 2600 Contacts: Phone: (02) 6273 6384

Fax: (02) 6273 6413

E-mail: [email protected] Objectives C. To produce a guide to the Internet that outlines

the functions, goods and services and information available on the Internet as well as a step by step guide for those wishing to connect. The guide will target new Internet users in rural and regional Australia. The guide will include a compendium of sites of use to farmers and those involved with agriculture and reference the content and quality of those sites. The guide will be distributed widely at modest cost.

D. To coordinate those involved in the provision of goods and services through on-line services to rural and regional Australia, in particular to farmers. The project seeks to enhance the online content available to this sector of the community and reduce duplication between Federal Government departments, farm organisations, research agencies and commercial enterprises.

Current Progress C. The Guide to the Internet for farmers was published in December 1997 and has generated strong interest and demand.

D. The coordinator of Australian Rural Online Services project has fulfilled a range of roles including assisting agencies with content development, facilitating chat sessions, disseminating information on the Internet and assisting in data collection. Further activities will include establishing a quorum of key content providers, running a workshop in conjunction with the Rural Telecommunications Conference in September 1998, developing an Agricultural search engine and identifying rural information gaps on the Internet. Project Title Piloting Internet delivery of APSIM support to farmers, advisers and scientists RIRDC Project No: CST-1A Start Date: 15 April 1997 Finish Date: 30 June 1999 Researcher: Dr Robert McCown Organisation: CSIRO Tropical Agriculture C/- PO Box 102 TOOWOOMBA QLD 4350 Contacts: Phone: (07) 4688 1390

Fax: (07) 4688 1193 E-mail: [email protected] Objectives • To invent and evaluate use of the Internet to increase

the cost-effectiveness of interactions among scientists, advisers, and farmers pertaining to the use





of computer simulation in learning, planning and decision making in dryland cropping and in research which supports this.

Current Progress Trials and evaluation of online Internet conferencing have been conducted and have proved fruitful. In summary the research has found that Internet based interaction, when coupled with a telephone conference call, is a viable way to interact on the outputs of the computer based simulator APSIM. Trials of forms for training purposes will increase during the next period of the project. Project Title The Australian Farmer’s Guide to the Internet updates and web site RIRDC Project No: FW-3A Start Date: 30 March 1998 Finish Date: 30 June 1999 Researcher: Ms Rosie Simpson Organisation: Farmwide NFF House


Fax: (02) 6273 6413 E-mail: [email protected] Objectives • To keep the site guide component of the Australian

Farmer's Guide to the Internet updated via the web, to allow for the growth in, and updating of, Australian and overseas agricultural web sites.

Current Progress About half the existing sites have been checked. Inactive sites have been removed and links have been checked. At least 60 new links have been added to the website. Consideration is being given to including a review of search engines on the website.

Project Title A. Assessment of the demand for online services in rural Australia B. Assessment of the capacity of the existing infrastructure to meet the demand for online services in rural and regional Australia RIRDC Project No: FW-1A Start Date: 6 May 1997 Finish Date: 24 December 1997 Researcher: Ms Rosie Simpson Organisation: Farmwide NFF House


Fax: (02) 6273 6413 E-mail: [email protected] Objectives A. Involves undertaking research and preparation

of a paper on the level of unmet demand for access to online services in rural and regional Australia and the factors affecting that demand.

B. Involves undertaking research and preparation

of a paper on the capacity of the existing telecommunications infrastructure to meet this demand in rural and regional Australia and to analyse the potential for emerging telecommunications technologies to meet this demand.

Current Progress A demand survey has been conducted and the results compiled. A review of technologies has been undertaken and sections of the report have been written. Finalisation of the project has been delayed pending the receipt of further data from a nationwide analysis of infrastructure. This data is expected to significantly add to the research findings.



human capital, communications, & information systems · sub-program 4.3 - human capital,...

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